ASSOCIATION OF LOCUS OF CONTROL

AND COMPULSIVE SOCIAL MEDIA USE

AMONG GRADUATE STUDENTS IN A
LOCAL UNIVERSITY
 ASSOCIATION OF LOCUS OF CONTROL
AND COMPULSIVE SOCIAL MEDIA USE
AMONG GRADUATE STUDENTS IN A LOCAL
UNIVERSITY

BIENVENIDO S. CABARO, III

ERE LEE Q. SALANG

Final Presentation
Biostat 206.1 Research Methods II
November 23, 2018

2
1.
BACKGROUND
What the study is all about and
Why we did this..
 “
Facebook is a silent slayer instead of
being social, it turns us into a virtual
world of addiction.

Image and quote directly lifted from Uddin, M.S. and Mamun, A.A., 2018. Facebook Addiction
4 Disorder: Is Facebook Really Addictive. Abnormal Behavioral Psychology, 4(135), pp.2472-0496.
 BACKGROUND
Compulsive Social Media Use
▪ Increasing number of internet users population (6 th
place in Top 10 Internet Countries in Asia, 6 th Country
with largest FB users and 23 rd Highest total penetrated
population)
▪ Average internet time spent per day 8.59 hours,
Average time per day on social media use 4.17
hours ~ highest overall time in the world in 2017
▪ Most frequent users are youth especially students
Sources: Internet World Stats 2017, Philippine Internet and Telecommunications |
https://www.slideshare.net/likke13/the-state-of-social-media-and-digital-in-the-philippines-for-2017 |
5 Digital in 2017 Global Overview, We Are Social and Hootsuite | Albert, JR, et.al., Examining Trends in ICT Statistics, PIDS DPS 2016-16
 BACKGROUND
Compulsive Social Media Use

Generalized
Compulsive
Social Social Media
Social Media
Anxiety Addiction
Use
Syndrome

▪ When engaging in social media use, there is an

irrational fear within the interaction among virtual
people such as feelings of self- consciousness,
judgement, evaluation and inferiority that affects
the mental and physical well- being of an
individual
Sources: http://etec.ctlt.ubc.ca/510wiki/Social_Media_Anxiety_Disorder | Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet. 2008
6 Apr 4;371(9618):1115-25 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV and in the International Classification of Diseases
 BACKGROUND
Compulsive Social Media Use

▪ Online social networking with similar symptoms

to substance abuse or behavioral addition
▪ Mode of acquiring attention and boost up self-
admiration with deleterious effects on mental
health and welfare
▪ More complex clinical implications than substance
addiction since total abstinence to internet usage
is not possible

7 Sources: Echeburua, E.; de Corral P. 2010 | R.J.J.M. van den Eijnden et al. 2016 | Ersche, et.al., 2012; Hall, 2001 | Uddin and Mamun 2018
 BACKGROUND
Locus of Control
▪ a generalized expectancy of belief that a person holds on
the degree of being able to control one’s fate reinforced
either externally or internally
▪ factor that affect therapeutic treatment outcomes crucial in
regaining control measures and also in rehabilitation
▪ A firm belief in the irresistible power of others and higher
trust on chance in determining one’s own course of life has
higher the tendency of one being addicted to the Internet

Sources: Echeburua, E.; de Corral P. 2010 | R.J.J.M. van den Eijnden et al. 2016 | Ersche, et.al., 2012; Hall, 2001 | Chak and Leung, 2004
8
 deficient self- regulation
strengthens social media
dependence..

ARE CONTROL BELIEFS LINKED TO COMPULSIVE

SOCIAL MEDIA USE AMONG STUDENTS IN THE
LOCAL SETTING?

9
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
What are their types of LOCand Is there an association between
is CSMU present? LOCand CSMU for CPH UPM
describe the types of LOC graduate students?
graduate students have and the determine if there exists an
existence of a problematic association between LOC and
social media habit, gauged CSMU among graduate students in
through compulsive social a local university in Manila during
media use the Academic Year 2017- 2018
• Provide supplementary groundwork for behavioral and social science
research on the influence of a student’s LOC and CSMU in the Philippines
• Establish an indicator of a successful cognitive- behavioral control mechanism
over CSMU
10
 OBJECTIVES
Locus of Control Compulsive Social Media Use Describe Association
describe the types of determine the proportion of estimate the odds that
locus of control among graduate students who uses compulsive social media
graduate students in a social media compulsively use is associated with
local university in including their demographics students who have
Manila as being and other personality traits external locus of control
internally or externally compared to students
controlled with internal locus of
control.

11
 Provide local data in support for the
clinical awareness on related
symptoms on social media addiction

Estimate prevalence of the brewing

psychological disorder and the factors
associated with it

Provide relative information to school

management on better utilization of
ICT resources
12
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
▪ Enrolled students in one College at a local university in
Manila during the second semester of the AY 2017- 2018
▪ Self- evaluation surveys using an adopted scale- type
measurement
▪ Temporal ambiguity
▪ Limited to confounders of demographic profiles, levels of
self- efficiency, self- esteem, narcissistic personality

13
2.
CONCEPT AND METHODS
What is the designed concept and how
we measured the data..
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

15
 DEFINED CONCEPTS
Locus of Control
The type of LOC, obtained using the 5-
point Likert response 6- item locus of
control scale, adopted from the KMKB
Short Scales for the Assessment of
Locus of Control Orientations in
Population Surveys
Compulsive Social Media use
The compulsive use of social media
applications measured by a
categorically classified score of the 9-
item dichotomous Social Media
Disorder scale
16
Internal LOC
Higher mean scores in the first
three items of the KMKB Scale
External LOC
Higher mean scores in the last
three items of the KMKB Scale
With CSMU
5 out of 9 applicable items in the
SMD scale indicating problematic
social media use
Without CSMU
Less than 5 applicable items in the
SMD scale
 DEFINED CONCEPTS
Personality traits
results in the Ten- Item Personality
Inventory- (TIPI) which is a brief measure of
the Big- Five personality dimensions that
depicts the types of personality traits an
individual may have.
Self- Esteem
level of individual evaluation of positive self-
worth measured using an adopted 10- item
RSE scale on measuring social self- esteem;
Categorized into High if scores > 25 and Low
if < 25
Self- Efficacy
level of perceived self- efficacy Scale measured in
terms of the 6- item General Self Efficacy (GSE)
Scale; categorized into High if scores > 18.32 and
Low if 1< 18.32
17
Categorized into High or Low based on TPI scoring system with
average scores above the norms;
High if average TPI scores is above mid- level scores, otherwise Low:
• Extraversion (Items 1 and 6): TPI scores 4.29
• Agreeableness (Items 2 and 7): TPI scores 5.31
• Conscientiousness (Items 3 and 8): TPI scores 3.10
• Emotional Stability (Items 4 and 9): TPI scores 4.83
• Openness to Experiences (Items 5 and 10): TPI scores 4.34
Economic status
income class of the respondent taken from self- reported
combined average estimated income of the student and
his/ her immediate family (NSO category)
Age
age in years of the respondent at time of study taken
from survey
Sex
The biological sex of the student
 STUDY DESIGN
Analytic Cross-sectional Design

Graduate Students
Second Sem AY
2017-2018

With CSMU Without CSMU With CSMU Without CSMU

18
 DATA COLLECTION
Online Survey (Google Forms)
A link was attached in online and physical posters and letters distributed
to OCS and the different departments of the colleges

Physical OCS Directly

Directly sending
posters and sending link to
link to e- mails of
publicity e- mails of
referred students
materials in students
(snowball sampling)
FB sites (SRS)

8 months allotted for data collection starting Feb 27, 2018 to October 23, 2018

19
 SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling
Population of enrolled graduate students of UP Manila College of Public Health for the academic
year 2017- 2018 = 491 based from list of enrolled students provided by OCS

238
Sample size requirement
187
Total Forms received
(plus 20%contingency for data
loss/ non- response ) 78.6%
20
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
 The survey consisted of a total of 44 questions comprising 6 items for
LOC, 9 items for CSMU, 3 questions on demographic profile, 10 items
for TPI, 10 items for RSE and 6 items for GSE

▪ LOCScale ▪ CSMU Scale

Kurzskalen zur Messung von
Kontrollüberzeugungen in
Bevölkerungsumfragen (KMKB) is a
German Short Scales for the
Assessment of Locus of Control
Orientations in Population Surveys with
6- items. The first three items measure
internality; the next three assess
externality.
21
The Social Media Disorder Scale is a type
of test that contains clear cutoff points
to distinguish between disordered (i.e.
addicted) and high- engaging non-
disordered social media users. The 9-
item test has similar reliability with the
28- item test
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
▪ Personality traits scale ▪ Self- esteem Scale
Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) The 10 item RSE scale is originally used
scale is a 10- item measure of the Big to measure the self- esteem of high
Five (or Five- Factor Model) dimensions school students. However, since its
on Extraversion, Agreeableness, development, the scale has been used
Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability with a variety of groups including adults,
and Openness to Experiences with norms available for many of those
groups.
▪ Self- efficacy Scale
The General Self- Efficacy (GSE) Scale is concluded
as a reliable and valid instrument useful for the
economical assessment of general self- efficacy in
large multivariate studies and for screening
purposes
22
 DATA PROCESSING
Processing LOCData
Average total scores obtained from the KMKB Scale; if mean is above 22.18 categorized
as Externals (coded as 1) and if 22.18 or less categorized as Internals (coded as 0)

Assessment of Locus of Control Items 1 2 3 4 5

Internal Locus of Control
I like taking responsibility.
I find it best to make decisions myself, rather than to rely on fate.
When I encounter problems or opposition, I usually find ways and
means to overcome them.
External Locus of Control
Success often depends more on luck than on effort.
I often have the feeling that I have little influence over what happens
to me.
When I make important decisions, I often look at what others have
done.
Likert scale for External LOC items: Likert scale for Internal LOC items:
1=Strongly disagree 5=Strongly disagree
2=Disagree 4=Disagree
3=Neutral 3=Neutral
4=Agree 2=Agree
5=Strongly Agree 1=Strongly Agree

23
 DATA PROCESSING
Processing CSMU Data
Total scores obtained from SMD Scale was obtained; if score is from 9 to 24 classified as with
CSMU (coded as 1) and scores 25 to 45 as without CSMU (coded as 0)
Please answer the questions by thinking of your experiences with using social Yes No Maybe
media (e.g., WhatsApp, SnapChat, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+,
Pinterest, or forums and weblogs) in the past year. Answer the questions as
honestly as possible.
During the past year, have you regularly found that you can’t think of anything
else but the moment that you will be able to use social media again?
During the past year, have you regularly felt dissatisfied because you wanted to
spend more time on social media?
During the past year, have you often felt bad when you could not use social
media?
During the past year, have you tried to spend less time on social media, but
failed?
During the past year, have you regularly neglected other activities (e.g. hobbies,
sport) because you wanted to use social media?
During the past year, have you regularly had arguments with others because of
your social media use?
During the past year, have you regularly lied to your parents or friends about the
amount of time you spend on social media?
During the past year, have you often used social media to escape from negative
feelings?
During the past year, have you had serious conflict with your parents, brother(s)
24 or sister(s) because of your social media use?
 DATA PROCESSING
Processing Self- esteem Data
Average total scores obtained from the RSE
Scale and categorized as High if scores is above
25 (coded as 1), and Low if scores are 25 or less
(coded as 0):
Below is a list of statements dealing with your general
feelings about yourself. Please indicate how strongly you
agree or disagree with each statement.
1. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
2. At times I think I am no good at all.
3. I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
4. I am able to do things as well as most other
people.
5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
6. I certainly feel useless at times.
7. I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an
equal plane with others.
8. I wish I could have more respect for myself.
9. All in all, I am inclined to feel I am a failure.
10. I take a positive attitude toward myself.
25
Processing Self- efficacy Data
Average total scores obtained from the GSE
Scale and categorized as High if mean is above
18.32 categorized as High (coded as 1) and if
18.32 or less categorized as Low (coded as 0)
Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Below is a list of statements dealing with your general Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree feelings about yourself. Please indicate how strongly you Agree Disagree
agree or disagree with each statement.
1. If someone opposes me, I can find means and
ways to get what I want.
2. It is easy for me to stick to my aims and
accomplish my goals.
3. I am confident that I would deal efficiently with
unexpected events.
4. Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to
handle unforeseen situations.
5. I can remain calm when facing difficulties
because I can rely on my coping abilities.
6. No matter what comes my way, I’m usually able
to handle it.
 DATA PROCESSING
Processing Personality traits Data
Average total scores obtained from the TIPI Scale
Strongly Disagree Neither agree Agree Strongly
per items of the trait and categorized as High if disagree nor disagree Agree
average TPI scores is above mid- level scores 1 2 3 4 5
(coded as 1), otherwise Low (coded as 0): I see myself as:
1. ______ Extraverted, enthusiastic.
• Extraversion (Items 1 and 6): TPI scores 4.29 2. ______ Critical, quarrelsome.
3. ______ Dependable, self-disciplined.
• Agreeableness (Items 2 and 7): TPI scores 5.31 4. ______ Anxious, easily upset.
5. ______ Open to new experiences, complex.
• Conscientiousness (Items 3 and 8): TPI scores 6. ______ Reserved, quiet.
3.10 7. ______ Sympathetic, warm.
8. ______ Disorganized, careless.
• Emotional Stability (Items 4 and 9): TPI scores 9. ______ Calm, emotionally stable.
4.83 10. ______ Conventional, uncreative.

• Openness to Experiences (Items 5 and 10): TPI

scores 4.34

26
3.
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
What our study have found out..
 Distribution of Students with Internal or External
Locus of Control and Compulsive Social Media Use
LOCUS OF CONTROL Frequency Percentage (CI, SD)
External 105 56.15 (48.89 – 63.15, 3.64)
Internal 82 43.85 (36.85 – 51.11, 3.64)
COMPULSIVE SOCIAL
Frequency Percentage (CI, SD)
MEDIA USE
Yes 34 18.18 (13.25 – 24.43, 2.83)
No 153 81.82 (75.57 – 86.75, 2.83)

 75.9%(142/ 187) have at least one ‘yes’ in the SMD scale.

 CSMU exceeds the expected prevalence rate of addiction to use of

social networking sites and internet addiction at 6- 15%(Anderson
2001; Scherer, 1997; Masters, K., 2015)
28
 Cross Tabulation of Locus of Control
and Compulsive Social Media Use
COMPULSIVE LOCUS OF CONTROL
Total
SOCIAL MEDIA USE External Internal
Yes 23 11 34
No 82 71 153
Total 105 82 187

• 12.3%of the population are externally controlled

social media compulsive users.

29
 13% use social 22% use social
media compulsively media compulsively

Distribution of compulsive social media users by types of LOC

30
 20% use social 15.58% use social
media compulsively media compulsively

Distribution of compulsive social media users by sex

31
Mean age of all participants is 28.64;
Mean age of students with CSMU is 30.85 years.

8.1%

21.7%

31.6%

20%

Distribution of compulsive social media users by age group

32
 14.6% 17.8% 12.2%

9.5%

50%
41.7%

Distribution of compulsive social media users by income class

33
 Summary of Mean Scores scales Mean SD Min Max

scores of Students Self-evaluation beliefs

Self-esteem 23.86 3.99 12 33
according to Raw Scores Self-efficacy 18.32 1.93 12 24
Personality traits
of Psychological Traits Extraversion 4.29 1.71 1 7
Agreeableness 5.31 1.39 1 7
Self- esteem Scale Conscientiousness 3.10 1.67 1 7
Emotional Stability 4.83 1.37 1 7
Self- efficiency Scale
Openness to Experiences 4.34 1.59 1 7
Personality Traits Inventory

34
 21.7% use social
media compulsively

15.4% use social

media compulsively
9.6% use social
media compulsively

31.9% use social

media compulsively

Distribution of compulsive social media users by levels in

self- efficacy and self- esteem
35
 use social media
compulsively use social media
compulsively

Openness to Experience 46.52 53.48

Emotional Stability 15.51 84.49

Conscientiousness 6.42 93.58

Agreeableness 54.01 45.99

Extraversion 41.71 58.29

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Low High

Distribution of compulsive social media users by levels in

Personality Traits
36
 LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Screening for Possible Confounding Variables

37
 LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Test of Homogeneity for Assessment of Possible Effect Measure Modifier
Variables Chi-Square P-Value Possible EMM?
Statistic
Sex 0.05 0.8197 No

Order Assessment of Possible Confounding Variables Using

Preliminary Full Model P- values
Variables OR P-Value Order
Locus of Control 3.46 0.019 Exposure
Age 1.05 0.242 1st
Income 2nd
Income Class_2 37.05 0.003
Income Class_3 3.39 0.253
Income Class_4 1.48 0.683
Income Class_5 1.36 0.744
Income Class_6 2.03 0.489
Self-esteem 13.13 <0.001 4th
Extraversion 6.98 0.001 3rd
38
 LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Assessment of Possible Confounding Variables Using
Change in Estimate Criterion
Variables Full Model Reduced Model Percent Remark
OR Estimate OR Estimate Change (%)
Age 3.46 3.47 0.43 Remove
Income 3.46 3.07 -11.10 Retain
Extraversion 3.46 2.64 -23.56 Retain
Self Esteem 3.46 2.03 -41.24 Retain

39
 LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Final Logistic Regression Model to determine association of
Locus of Control and Compulsive Social Media Use
Variables Adjusted OR P-value 95% CI
External LOC 3.47 0.019 1.2297 9.8018
Income Class_2 24.31 0.007 2.4235 243.9676
Income Class_3 4.86 0.143 0.5857 40.3020
Income Class_4 1.25 0.822 0.1802 8.6669
Income Class_5 1.17 0.874 0.1666 8.2220
Income Class_6 1.64 0.633 0.2155 12.4869
Extraversion 5.80 <0.001 2.2057 15.2262
Self-Esteem 9.58 <0.001 3.2322 28.3944
Constant 0.01 <0.001 0.0008 0.0571

 Holding all other variables constant, the odds of having compulsive

social media use is 3.47 times more likely to happen in students who
have external locus of control than those with internal locus of control.
 Regression model explained 28%of the variability
40
 LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Power Analysis for Logistic Regression of LOC and SMD
Sample
Variables P1 P2 Alpha Power
Size
External LOC 0.6765 0.7579 0.05 0.80 146

41
 STUDY HIGHLIGHTS
👍👍 What were the main results of the research
investigation?

42
 SUMMARY OF Most of the graduate
students have
RESULTS external locus of
control;
What type of LOC do
students have? Prevalence of
compulsive social
medeia use is only at
What is the proportion of 18.2%but slightly
graduate students who exceeds other
countries’ estimates
uses social media
at 6- 13%.
compulsively?

43
 Students who strongly
believe in the role of
chance or the influence
of powerful others are
three times more likely

SUMMARY OF
to use social media
compulsively than

RESULTS
students who believe
they can control their
own outcomes, while
What are odds that
adjusting for income,
external LOC is associated extraversion and self-
to compulsive social media esteem conditions.
use?

44
 Being highly Having a high self-
extravert is five esteem is 9 times
times more likely to more likely to have
have compulsive compulsive social
social media use media use than
than being less having a low self-
extravert, while all esteem, while all
other predictor other predictor

SUMMARY OF
variables are held variables are held
constant. constant.

RESULTS

45
 THANK YOU!
Any questions?

bscabaro@up.edu.ph
eqsalang@up.edu.ph

46