INTRODUCTION

This experiment is about to study the principal and operation of level

measurement using thermocouple and using RTD and calibration which is learning
how to use the Type J, Type K, and RTD Measured Temperature Tables, and learning
the ways to obtain the calculated temperature, E, and temperature deviation, F. The
first step is to switch on the main supply. Then, the pump suction and all pump
discharge valves (including MV) were ensured to be fully opened. Also, all the
by-pass valves (including pump by-pass valve) are confirmed to be fully shut. Later,
before pump start-up, the by-pass valve (BV) was opened. Next, the pump (P) was
switched on, (BV) was shut, and Tank T1 was filled until the overflow level. After
that, the caps of TE1, TE2, and TE3 were opened. Prior to every run of experiments,
dip in a thermometer in Tank T1 to record the temperature (C).

For every run of experiments which is RUN1 30C, RUN2 40C, RUN3 50C,
when it reaches the wanted temperature, 2 sets of temperature, A, were recorded in
order to calculate the average temperature. Then, the mV reading for TE1 and TE2
were obtained as well as the reading of resistance for TE3 (measured using a
multimeter) were recorded. Readings of mV for TE1 and TE2, as well as reading of
resistance for TE3 were compared with the actual values through the usage of the
Type K and Type J Measured Temperature Tables for mV readings, and RTD
Measured Temperature Table for resistance readings. The tank consists of type K
thermocouple, type J thermocouple, RTD transmitter and temperature gauge whereas
panel instrumentation which mounted on the control panel are temperature indicator
type K, type J, RTD, T4 and T5.

RTD is stand for resistance temperature detector. The RTD incorporates pure
metals or certain alloys that increase in resistance as temperature increases and,
conversely, decrease in resistance as temperature decreases. RTDs act somewhat like
an electrical transducer, converting changes in temperature to voltage signals by the
measurement of resistance. The metals that are best suited for use as RTD sensors are
pure, of uniform quality, stable within a given range of temperature, and able to give
reproducible resistance-temperature readings. Figure 1 shows the internal construction of an
RTD.

Figure 1: Internal construction of RTD

A thermocouple is constructed of two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end.

When one end of each wire is connected to a measuring instrument, the thermocouple
becomes a sensitive and highly accurate measuring device. Thermocouples may be
constructed of several different combinations of materials. The performance of a
thermocouple material is generally determined by using that material with platinum.
The most important factor to be considered when selecting a pair of materials is the
"thermoelectric difference"
between the two materials. A significant
difference between the two materials
result in better thermocouple
performance. Figure 2 shows the
internal construction of a typical
thermocouple.
 Figure 2: Internal construction of thermocouple

THEORY

Thermocouple is a device used to

measure temperature which consists of
two dissimilar conductors that
contact each other at one or more
spots. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the
reference temperature at other parts of the circuit. Thermocouple widely used for
measurement and control and also used to convert a temperature gradient into
electricity. Commercial thermocouples are inexpensive, interchangeable and supplied
with standard connectors. Thermocouples are self powered and require no external
form of excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is accuracy; system errors
of less than one degree Celsius (°C) are difficult to achieve.

The thermocouple is one of the simplest of all sensors. It consists of two wires of
dissimilar metals joined near the measurement point. The output is a small voltage
measured between the two wires.
 A thermocouple circuit has at least two junctions: the measurement junction and a
reference junction. Typically, the reference junction is created where the two wires
connect to the measuring device. This second junction it is really two junctions: one
for each of the two wires, but because they are assumed to be at the same temperature
(isothermal) they are considered as one (thermal) junction. It is the point where the
metals change from the thermocouple metals to what ever metals are used in the
measuring device.

REFERENCES

1) Abdullah E., Experimental Methods in Measurement and Instrumentation for

Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Universal-Publishers, 2000.

2) MEP 365 Thermal Measurements, RTD & Thermistor Calibration, Retrieved

from, www.surecontrols.com/rtd-vs-thermocouple .

3) Capgo Pty Ltd, Thermocouple theory for experiment from

http://www.capgo.com/Resources/Temperature/Thermocouple/Thermocouple.ht

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