CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

I. Introduction

The possible influence of mobile devices on higher education and their impact on

lifelong learning opportunities is still unclear and is an evolving field of study (Kukulska-

Hulme, 2007). It is not surprising that educators have considered using mobile devices

such as smartphones in education given their affordable, popular and practical functions

(Ismail, Bokhare, Azizan, & Azman, 2013; Pullen, Swabey, Abadooz, & Sing, 2015).

The appeal factor for learning through smartphones, and particularly through apps, would

be the ease and flexibility offered by mobile learning. It minimizes the barriers inherent

in traditional methods or activities that used to be carried out in schools and universities

(Valk, Rashid, & Elder, 2010). However, Abdullah, Sedek, Mahat, and Zainal (2012) re-

ported that university students often use their smartphones for personal communication

rather than for learning. A recent study done on college students by Tossell, Kortum,

Shepard, Rahmati, and Zhong (2015) found that smartphone use was perceived as favor-

able prior to study but later revealed students viewed smartphones as detrimental to their

educational goals in the end.

The smartphone, now the most widely used medium in Asia, has major educa-

tional implications. Most users, however, do not realize the smartphones potential for ed-

ucation, nor even for the communication functions for which it was originally designed.

Most educators still see the computer and the smartphones as unrelated devices, and the

tiny smartphones more as a personal accessory, especially for young people. With falling

1
prices and increasing functionality, however, it is virtually certain that not too far in the

future all of the world's students will have smartphones. This is sufficient reason and mo-

tivation for educators to explore the possibility of making smartphone an important tool

in the educational systems of developed and developing countries. This article describes

the experience of two major projects that are studying the potential of cell phone and

short message service (SMS) techniques for formal and non-formal education in the Phil-

ippines and Mongolia. The studies have yielded positive reactions from students and

trainees about the potential of these techniques, and are suggesting design and logistical

principles for use in educational smartphone implementation.

With this, the proponents came up with this study to determine if smartphones

really gives relevance to the academic purposes/activities of the students. Students use

their smartphones for many reasons, and many students feel that their smartphones are an

integral part of their lives (Gikas and Grant, 2013, p. 24; Marchant and O’Donohoe,

2014). Therefore, students could potentially be more effective and efficient in their eve-

ryday lives by completing their assignments and research directly on their smartphones.

Rather than needing to carry textbooks or even laptops, smartphones provide new techno-

logical opportunity for students to better manage their academic lives.

2
Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to identify the implication of smartphone and its rele-

vance in the academic activities of Senior High school students of Notre-Dame Siena

College of General Santos City.

Specifically this study seeks to answer the following:

1. What would be the level of smartphone usage of Senior High school

students in term of:

1.1 Social media

1.2 Communication

1.3 Academics

2. What is the academic performance of Senior High school students?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the level of usage and aca-

demic performance of Senior High school students?

Significance of the study

The result of this study will beneficial to the following:

School Administration. This study determines the relevance of smartphone us-

age to the academic activities of the student; as a result it can help the school to develop

programs and policies regarding smartphone usage.

Parents. This study may help them to be aware if the implications of smartphones

do really have relevance in the academic performance of their children.

3
 Students. This study may help the students by having self-awareness about their

responsible use of smartphones in accordance to their academic purposes.

Researchers. This study may help us to produce knowledge, to improve our un-

derstanding in the specific topic and also for a self-learning experience.

Future Researcher. This study may serve as a reference to guide them in the fu-

ture and related studies to their study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study would like to know the implication of the usage of smartphones and its

relevance to the academic performance of Senior High school students of Notre-Dame

Siena College of General Santos City. Specifically, this study aims to know the common

academic activities of Senior High school students that require the usage of smartphones,

the level of smartphone usage of the student in terms of: number of hours, social media

and communication. The implication of smartphones that give relevance to the academic

activities of the students and the significant relationship between the level of usage and

academic performance.

This study will be conducted for the first semester of this school year, July to Oc-

tober 2019. This study is only limited for the Senior high school students of the school.

The researchers will conduct the study by using survey questionnaires.

4
Definition of Terms

The key terms in the study are defined in the following:

Smartphones- Conceptually, smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated

computer and other features not originally associated with telephones, such as an

operating system, web browsing and the ability to run software applications.

Operationally, smartphone is a device used by the students to help them with their

academics.

Social Media- Conceptually, Social media describes the online tools that people use to

share content, profile, opinions, insights, experiences, perspectives, and media

itself (Solis, 2007). Operationally, Social media is the most frequently used by

most of the respondents.

Communication- Conceptually, Communication is a process of transmitting and

receiving verbal and non-verbal messages. It is considered effective when it

achieves the desired response or reaction from the receiver. (Murphy, Hilde-

brandt,

Thomas, 2011). Operationally, it is one of the bases in answering the statement of

the problem.

Academic Activities- Conceptually, Academic activities also known as “Extracurricu-

lar”,

are activities that are performed by students that fall outside the realm of the

normal curriculum of school or university education (Bartkus, 2012).

Operationally, this tells what students perform and do during their school hours.

Level of usage- Conceptually, Levels of usage is a traditional term for register, or the

5
 varieties of language use determined by such factors as social occasion, purpose,

and audience (Nordquist, 2018). Operationally, this indicates how much the

respondents use smartphones in their academic activities.

Academic Performance- Conceptually, Academic performance is a term used to

describe things that relate to the work performed in universities (Shelton, 2016).

Operationally, it is the academic achievements of the respondents.

Senior High School Students – Conceptually, refers to Grades 11 and 12, the last two

years of the K-12 program that DepEd has been implementing since 2012

(Formoso, 2016). Operationally, they are the respondents of this study.

Notre Dame-Siena College of General Santos City – Conceptually, it is a Catholic

Institution owned and administered by the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of

Siena. It is committed to provide quality Christian Education to its students (APK

Holic, 2010). Operationally, it is where the study is conducted.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter includes reading and studies which are related to the topic being re-

search. These readings support the idea of the researchers.

RELATED LITERATURE

Smartphones

A smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other fea-

tures not originally associated with telephones, such as an operating system, web brows-

ing and the ability to run software applications. The first smartphone was IBM's Simon,

which was presented as a concept device -- rather than a consumer device -- at the 1992

COMDEX computer trade show. It was capable of sending emails and faxes, as well as

keeping a calendar of events for the user, as opposed to simply making calls and sending

messages. Consumer smartphones evolved away from personal digital assistants (PDAs)

around the turn of the 21st century when devices such as the PalmPilot began to include

wireless connectivity. Several manufacturers, including Nokia and Hewlett Packard, re-

leased devices in 1996 that were combinations of PDAs and typical cellphones that in-

cluded early operating systems (OSes) and web browsing capabilities. BlackBerry re-

leased its first smartphones in the mid-2000s, and they became very popular with con-

sumers and in the enterprise. In 2007, LG released the Prada and Apple released the iPh-

one, the first smartphones to feature a touchscreen. HTC released its Dream smartphone a

year later, which was the first to include Google's Android OS. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Other major advancements in the history of smartphones include Sony's release of

the Xperia Z5 Premium phone with a 4K resolution screen in 2015. Networking ad-

7
vancements in Wi-Fi and LTE have also progressed over the years, improving the con-

nectivity of smartphones for faster use. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Cellphone vs. smartphone: A cellphone is simply a telephone that doesn't need a

landline connection. It enables the user to make and receive phone calls. Some cellphones

also offer text messaging. A smartphone has more advanced features, including web

browsing, software applications and a mobile OS. In turn, a smartphone also offers capa-

bilities such as support for biometrics, video chatting, digital assistants and much more.

Still, there is no standard definition that clearly delineates a smartphone; many devices

marketed simply as cellphones offer similar features to those marketed as smartphones.

(Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Important features: One of the most important features of a smartphone is its con-

nection to an app store. An app store is a centralized portal where users can search for

and download software applications to run on their phones. A typical app store offers

thousands of mobile apps for productivity, gaming, word processing, note-taking, organi-

zation, social media and more (Rouse, Provazza 2018). The following are some of the

other key features of a smartphone: Internet connectivity, a mobile browser, the ability to

sync more than one email account to a device; embedded memory; a hardware or soft-

ware-based QWERTY keyboard; wireless synchronization with other devices, such as

laptop or desktop computers; the ability to download applications and run them inde-

pendently; support for third-party applications; the ability to run multiple applications

simultaneously; touchscreen; Wi-Fi; a digital camera, typically with video capability;

gaming; unified messaging; and GPS -- global positioning system.

8
 A smartphone also has the ability to support accessories, including Blue-

tooth headphones, power charging cables and extra speakers. Because of the fragile outer

casing of most smartphones, users often also purchase screen protectors and more durable

cases in which to put their phones. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Because they run an OS and applications, smartphones get consistent software

updates. Vendors update their mobile OSes a few times a year, and individual mobile

apps in an app store see constant software updates that users can either choose to install

or ignore. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Popular vendors and manufacturers: Mobile OSes include Apple iOS, Google

Android, Microsoft Windows Phone and BlackBerry 10. BlackBerry said it will discon-

tinue its OS in 2019, however, and Microsoft has long been a distant player in the mobile

OS race. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

The top smartphone hardware manufacturers are Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG,

Lenovo -- including Motorola -- Oppo and several others. Apple is the only vendor that

builds the iPhone for its iOS operating system. Multiple manufacturers can produce An-

droid devices. As of April 2018, Android leads the OS market share worldwide with

about 40% of the market, according to StatCounter. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Popular uses: Many consumers use their smartphones to engage with friends, fam-

ily and brands on social media. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram,

Twitter and LinkedIn all have mobile apps that a user can download from their phone's

app store. These apps make it easier for smartphone users to post personal updates and

photos while on the go rather than at their desktop. Another common use for smartphones

is health and wellness tracking. The Health app for iOS, for instance, can keep track of

9
sleep behavior, nutrition, body measurements, vital signs, mental health exercises and

more. Third-party wearable devices, such as smart watches, can connect with a

smartphone to monitor an individual's health statistics, such as heart rate, and send infor-

mation to be aggregated on the phone. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Mobile payment is another popular use for smartphones. Wallet features allow

users to save credit card information on their phones to use when purchasing items at re-

tail stores. Apps such as Apple Pay also enable users to pay other iOS users directly from

their phones. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Smartphone use in the enterprise: BlackBerry devices were the first popular

smartphone many organizations offered to their employees for business use due to

BlackBerry's history with strong security. As smartphones added more advanced produc-

tivity features, security techniques and integrations with IT management tools, others

gained popularity in the enterprise. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

IT professionals in many organizations today must support employees that want

to use their smartphones for work. Businesses can adopt enterprise mobility management

(EMM) tools to control this use and develop BYOD policies to govern what users can do

with their devices. Apple and Google have both worked to improve the enterprise capa-

bilities of their mobile OSes, enabling IT to better support iPhone and Android devices in

businesses. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

Because the smartphone form factor is typically smaller than a desktop computer,

business users typically use it for quick tasks, such as sending an email. Tablets and 2-in-

1 devices have also joined the mobile device market as alternatives to both smartphones

and PCs for enterprise use. (Rouse, Provazza 2018)

10
 The world before smartphones was cold and unforgiving. People waited in lines

for minutes on end without entertainment. Bar arguments ended in fisticuffs or someone

finally exclaiming “I guess we’ll never know!” Ignoring friends and relatives at the din-

ner table required ingenuity and imagination. They truly were dark times. Jokes aside,

smartphones have irrevocably changed our lives. Mobile internet access allows employ-

ees to work from anywhere, while countless apps help people file their taxes, track their

spending, or simply stay in touch with old friends. But how did our pocket computers get

their start? (Jackson, 2018)

1970s: Shrinking size, expanding powers. Ever since the first mobile phone call

was made 45 years ago, phones and computing have advanced hand-in-hand. Discounting

earlier technologies like the unreliable WWI wireless field telephone, the accepted birth-

day for the cellular telephone is April 3, 1973. Standing near a 900 MHz base station in

midtown Manhattan, undoubtedly surrounded by bell bottom jeans and crocheted midi-

dresses, Motorola employee Martin Cooper dialed the number of Bell Labs in New Jer-

sey. We don’t know exactly what was said on this call. We do know that Cooper used the

Motorola DynaTAC 8000x, a product that wouldn’t go on sale to the public for another

decade. But that call was the beginning of a mobile revolution. By 1979, Nippon Tele-

graph and Telephone (NTT) introduced the first ever (analog) 1G phone service in To-

kyo. (Jackson, 2018)

1980s: The first mobile phone worthy of the name. The 1989 Motorola Mi-

croTAC 9800x, with a flip-up mouthpiece and retractable antenna, weighed less than one

pound and was designed to fit in a shirt pocket. Courtesy Redrum0486. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Alt-hough NTT gave Japanese consumers the first access to mobile phone service, it was

11
several years before the technology moved into the mainstream worldwide. On October

13, 1983, Ameritech Mobile Communications became the first company to launch a 1G

phone network in the US, starting with Chicago. On , the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x of

Cooper’s call finally went on sale—for $3,995. The 8000x wasn’t very mobile—it

weighed almost two pounds and took ten hours to charge for thirty minutes of talk time.

By April 25, 1989, the Motorola MicroTAC 9800x showcased true mobility with its (rel-

atively) compact size and flip-up mouthpiece. Of course, they both still had antennae, and

could only be used to place calls. (Jackson, 2018)

1990s: Simon says the future is calling. Introduced in 1994, IBM’s Simon was

ahead of its time, equipped with a touchscreen, calendar, address book and email capabil-

ity—all before most people had even heard of the World Wide Web. Courtesy Cold-

Fusion. Appropriately for a decade that saw the reunification of Germany and the official

formation of the European Union, the first GSM call was made in 1991. The GSM stand-

ard established a common network across Europe and provided users with uninterrupted

service even when they crossed borders. The first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, which

went on sale November 9, 1992, also introduced text-messaging. And here’s where we

preview the smartphone. When IBM’s Simon was released on August 16, 1994, it was a

bit early to the game. You could send email (and faxes!), sketch on its touchscreen with

the included stylus, and consult the calendar, world time clock, and address book. But

you couldn’t surf the web—after all, NCSA’s Mosaic browser had only appeared one

year earlier and home computers were just starting to adapt. (Jackson, 2018)

2000s: The day we lost our attention spans. When Steve Jobs introduced the first

iPhone at Macworld 2007, the world was more than ready. Courtesy Jonathan Turetta. If

12
the smartphone was born in the nineties, then it came of age with the millennium. NTT

DoCoMo launched the first 3G network in Japan on October 1, 2001, making videocon-

ferencing and large email attachments possible. But the true smartphone revolution didn’t

start until Macworld 2007, when Steve Jobs revealed the first iPhone. Previous phones

relied on keypads and could only navigate a watered-down version of the internet. The

iPhone’s large touchscreen could flip through websites just like a desktop computer, all

while looking sleeker than anything consumers had ever seen before. (Jackson, 2018)

2010s and beyond: So here we are in 2018, and worldwide use is expected to pass five

billion by 2019. We use our phones for so much more than calls: dating, job-hunting,

reading books, and watching movies. Maybe that’s why we’re seemingly unable to put

them down for even a moment. (Jackson, 2018)

The increased bandwidth of 5G networks heralds a technological revolution,

promising real-time telemedicine, on-demand virtual and augmented reality, and sleekly

integrated smart cities. Courtesy IntelFreePress. (CC BY-SA 2.0) The predicted for 2020

promise even faster speeds and increased bandwidth that experts think may enable like

real-time telemedicine, virtual reality training, and truly smart cities. With that kind of

connectivity, a smartphone might become your next (and only) work computer. Scientists

are even experimenting with building a supercomputer out of smartphones. The

smartphone’s journey may not be very long, but it’s definitely going places. Nobody

knows what the next Simon or iPhone will be, but we do know that whatever it is will be

incredible. (Jackson, 2018)

Social Media

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 Social media plays a big role in our lives today. We have the access to any kind of

information at just a button push away. Anything that is so vastly expanded has both

positives and negatives related to it. The power of social media is very high and has its

effects on each individual. It is difficult to imagine our lives with social media today and

we do pay a price for excessive use. There is a lot of debate about the effects of social

media on the society as a whole. Some feel that it’s a boon whereas other feels that it is a

curse. (Sharma, 2017)

Positive Effects of Social Media: Social media allows the social growth of the so-

ciety and also helps many businesses. It provides tools like social media marketing that

can reach a millions of potential clients. We can easily access information and get news

through social media. Social media is a great tool for creating awareness about any social

cause. Employers can reach out to potential job seekers. It can help many an individuals

to have social growth and interaction with the world without having any hitch. Many

people use social media to make themselves heard to the higher authorities. It can also

help you meet like-minded people. (Sharma, 2017)

Negative Effects of social Media: Many physiatrists believe that social media is a

single most factor causing depression and anxiety in people. It is also a cause of poor

mental growth in children. Increased use of social media can lead to poor sleeping pat-

terns. There are many other negative effects like cyber bullying, body image issues etc. as

well. There is an increased ‘Fear of Missing out’ (FOMO) at an all-time high in youth

because of social media. (Sharma, 2017)

14
 One must carefully weigh the positives and the negatives before en-gaging exces-

sively in social media. If used in the correct way social media can be a boon for mankind.

(Sharma, 2017)

Social media remains the most talked about things these days. Many debates are

going on regarding the fact that social media is good or bad. There are many views avail-

able to us and it is up to us to read and understand properly and reach a conclusion.

(Sharma, 2017)

Importance of Social Media: Social media platforms help its users to connect,

share and give information and content to millions of others. The importance of social

media cannot be ignored since it plays a very crucial role in our lives today. (Sharma,

2017). One is, Building a brand: Quality content, products and services are easily acces-

sible online today. You can market your product online and build a brand. Two, Custom-

er support: Before buying and product or service customers can read the reviews and

feedback and hence make a smart choice. Three, Social media is a great education tool.

Four, Through the use of social media platforms you can connect with your target au-

dience. Five, It is also a great way to access quality information. Six, Social media can

help you to get the news and happenings in just a click. Seven, Social media also helps

you connect with friends, relatives and helps you make new friends as well.

Advantages of Social Media: Social media comes with a lot of advantages in fact

we can owe a substantial part of our society’s growth to social media. We have witnessed

a blast of information and content in last few years and cannot deny the power of social

media in our lives. (Sharma, 2017)

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 Social media is widely used to create awareness for causes that are important for

the society. Social media can also help many noble causes run by NGOs and other social

welfare societies. Social media can also aid government in other agencies in spreading

awareness and also fight crime. For many businesses social media is strong tool for busi-

ness promotion and marketing. Many communities are built through social media plat-

forms which are essential for our society’s growth. (Sharma, 2017)

Disadvantages of Social Media: Social media is considered as one of the most

harmful elements that we have in our lives these days. Wrong use can lead to bad conclu-

sion. There are many disadvantages of social media like: Cyber bullying: many children

have become the victims of cyber bullying that has caused them a lot of harm. Hacking:

The loss of personal data that can lead to security issues. There are crimes like identity

theft and bank details theft that can harm any individual. Addiction: Prolonged use of so-

cial media can lead to addiction in youth. Addiction causes to lose focus of other im-

portant things like studying etc. People get so absorbed that they get cut off from the so-

ciety and harm their personal lives. Scams: Many predators are looking for vulnerable

users that they can scam and make profit off. Relationship frauds: Honey traps and MMS

porn are the most caused frauds online. People are lured in to relationships and love

schemes and then they are cheated on. Health issues: The excess use of social media can

affect your physical and mental health in a big way. People often complaint of becoming

lazy, fat, itchy eyes, loss of vision and stress issues after excessive use. Loss of social and

family life: Everyone busy on phone is one of the most common sites in a family gather-

ing nowadays. (Sharma, 2017)

16
 We have millions of users around the world that use social media on day to day

basis. There is a mixed bag of reactions regarding it. It does have a lot of importance and

advantages but also brings with it some hazards also. (Sharma, 2017)

Boyd & Ellison (2008) define social networking sites as web based services that

allow people around the world to create a public/semi-public profile within a restricted

system, invite other users whom they share a connection and can view their list of con-

nections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of

these connections could differ from site to site. It can then be concluded that for social

sites to be classified as SNSs they must have three common elements including a member

profile, ability to add connections and supported interaction between members who are

connected to each other. For one to join any social sites therefore one would need to cre-

ate an account first then build up a network by requesting friendship from existing con-

nections on the platforms and interact with them via messaging services.

Carruth (2011) stated that SNSs attractiveness is in their ability to connect indi-

viduals who would not have otherwise been able to communicate given their present cir-

cumstances of not being online. Carruth notes that most of the users joining the sites

aren‘t doing so to meet up with new people but rather they want to connect with their al-

ready existing social networks. Social accounts with the user profiles can be included

with information volunteered by the individual as well as pictures, videos, and status up-

dates which give a brief bio of the user‘s life. The information provided can be seen by

those that are in their network who could comprise their family, friends or co-workers

who also must be subscribed to the social network so as to view the others profile.

17
 After joining a SNS, simple questions such as ones age, marital status, interests,

political views, books read, favorite programs and so forth can be answered to begin the

personalization of the users profile; the user fills in an ―About Me‖ section, providing a

profile photo, if they so wish. Some sites also allow users to change the look and feel of

their profile, while others, like Facebook, provide a template to add information and ap-

plications to enhance the profile. The perceivability of a profile changes from site to site,

and many are up to the client's carefulness or the discretion of the user.

Some profiles, like on the website Friendster, may be visible to anyone on the internet.

Users on the site Myspace have the option to make their profile public or private, and Fa-

cebook, by default, allows users to view other profiles in the same network, unless the

profile owner changes their settings to private. After joining the site and filling in some

information, users are encouraged to find out others whom they share a relationship with.

The label given to certain relationships varies across different sites; for instance,

Facebook uses the label ―Friends‖ which can include not only friends, but other personal

relationships as well; Twitter uses the label ―Followers‖ which includes those people the

user follows and those that follow the user while LinkedIn uses the label ―Connections‖.

Public display of those the user is connected to is an essential component of SNSs (Boyd

& Ellison, 2008). The list contains links to each user‘s profile, enabling those interested

to search for relationships through others networks.

Most SNSs also provide messaging services, this allows users to send either a pri-

vate message or post their views/observations/comments on another user‘s profile. Face-

book for instance allows users to chat with others who they are connected with and hap-

pen to be on the website at the same time. Beyond these messaging services, SNSs also

18
provide a way for users to share photos, videos, and links to separate websites making

them a very attractive platform for communication purposes. Many SNSs, including Fa-

cebook, connect users living in the same geographical area or users who share specific

information, like high school, workmates and certain friends. The features provided by

SNSs present an adequate explanation as to why they are so successful and why individu-

als have incorporated them into their daily lives.

The Internet is very useful for a variety of purposes, such as convenient electronic

commerce, rapid sharing of information, contact with other cultures, emotional support,

and entertainment A smartphone combines the services of the Internet and a mobile

phone. Smartphones offer qualitatively different services in addition to the benefits that

the Internet offers. Young people watch videos, express themselves, communicate with

friends, and search for information using smartphones, while older people use their

smartphone for having video calls with their children living far away and for playing

games. The portability and accessibility of a smartphone make it possible to use it any-

where, for any duration. Patterson, Morahan, Scherer (1999)

Communication

Smartphones are mobile phones that perform many of the same functions as a

computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, Internet access, and an operat-

ing system capable of running downloaded applications. Smartphones have changed

the way individuals interact and bond with the entire world around them. In most

circumstances, smartphones engage individuals in many more ways than computers

can. With the many social networking sites that are available and popular to young-

19
er individuals, there is a way to communicate through any medium, whether that is

social networking websites, messaging, or e-mail communication. (Drago, 2015)

In the high-tech world, it is common sense that the cellphone has been playing

an essential and indispensable role in our daily life. The mobile phones change the

way of communication and life-style. people can get many other benefits from it such

as games, camera, business. Therefore, it can be found that cellphones are used

among people of all ages. Hardly can we image that without cellphones, what would

the world like? Everything has two sides. People ignore the bad influence on his or

her life when people enjoy the convenience and entertainment form the cellphones.

(Sun, Wang, 2015)

The emerging technologies of the century have greatly affected how people in-

teract personally and professionally. From 1990 to 2010, mobile phone users grew

from 12 million to over 4 billion worldwide; in fact, almost 90 percent of households

in America have a mobile phone. The creation of the mobile phone marked a new era

for America and the world. Phones have evolved from the “bag phone” to the Black-

Berry, and will forever change the way a society communicates. In the beginning of

mobile phones, people could make a call from their car to confirm an appointment or

talk with a peer traveling to work. (Wortham, 2010)

Thompson (2014) stated that the quick communications a smartphone provides

us also allows families to stay connected especially due to the geographic differences

and long distances. Communicating has become much more comfortable; if you do

not want to call your professor, you are able to avoid the awkward small talk and text

20
them. Communication is the number one factor why people buy cellphones. Everyone

wants the easiest, fastest way to get in contact with others. That is why communica-

tion has evolved into so much more than just calling.

A major aspect that has evolved other than cellphones is photography in

smartphones. We have a literal global network of camera operators with the ability to

capture breath taking moments, newsworthy events and transmit useable photos. You

may experience an amazing view or event and you want to share it with the world.

No worries, modern day smartphones have given humans access to an outstanding

digital camera inside of their phone; and have allowed humans to share the photo in

only a few seconds. Along with the crisp focus and crystal clearness there are multi-

ple filters and effects that applications provide us to enhance our photographs. (West-

enberg, 2015) stated that technology has changed the way we think, act and com-

municate with each other, and that’s not entirely a good thing. There’s no doubt that

the widespread of mobile technology has made communicating with each other

much, much easier. Back in the 1950’s, getting a hold of someone meant calling

them on their house phone, work phone or visiting them at their home. There were

no pagers or mobile phones, and certainly no texting, email or instant messaging of

any kind. If these three methods of communication were a no-go for any reason,

you’d need to resort to sending a letter… in the mail. Today I wouldn’t wish this

fate on my worst enemies, but years ago, it was actually a (somewhat) useful form

of communication.

Then our main communication methods began to drastically change around

the mid-to-late 90’s. With flip phones from Motorola, candy bar phones from

21
 Nokia, and very early PDAs from BlackBerry, T-Mobile, Palm and others, it was

easier than ever to reach anyone we needed to at any given moment.

Academic Activities

Student engagement in academic activities is a critical factor contributing to the

overall success of students studying in higher education institutions. Yet the factors influ-

encing student engagement in academic activities are still largely unknown. This study

begins to address this knowledge gap by investigating the influence of student connect-

edness (relationships with peers and teachers), motivation to study (sense of purpose) and

perception of workload upon student engagement in academic activities. During 2015, a

total of 209 students responded to a survey distributed to first-year undergraduate stu-

dents enrolled in a university business school in Queensland, Australia. Structural equa-

tion modeling was used to investigate the proposed relationships. Results suggest that

student-student (peer) relationships, teacher-student relationships, and students’ sense of

purpose for studying a higher education degree, were central to student engagement in

academic activities. In addition, teacher-student relationships, and a strong sense of pur-

pose were central to perceptions of student workloads. Finally, sense of purpose was

found to moderate the relationship between both teacher-student and student-student rela-

tionships and also, perceptions of workload and student engagement. The findings from

this study support the importance of developing effective teacher-student relationships,

facilitating positive student-student relationships and communicating a clear sense of

purpose to students, so as to improve their engagement in academic activities and opti-

mize perceptions of workloads. (Xerri, Radford, Shacklock, 2017)

22
RELATED STUDIES

The study of Dr. Jollie N. Alson and Ms. Liezel V. Misagal in the University of

Perpetual Help System DALTA - Calamba, was conducted to veer into the actual use of

smartphones among college students of two colleges of the University of Perpetual Help-

Calamba. Sending messages (SMS), calling, chatting, opening documents, checking e-

mails, internet browsing and downloading informative files among others have shrunk the

globe and erased the borders of getting information and learning processes in a very con-

venient way.

The benefits and actual use of smartphones were measured according to parame-

ters popularized by Lenhart, Maguth and others; while Flurry Analytics by Simon Khala-

fon and Mary Meeker was used to determine the types of users. The study further looked

into the difference on the perception of usage between genders.

Although Socialization in forms of Facebook, Twitter & Instagram are

smartphone features often used by college students, Aid to Learning like using it as cal-

culator, taking down notes and online search on urgent topic about the subject came very

close. Entertainment, like listening to music and taking pictures were also very popular

use of smartphones among students. However, despite that smartphone usage transcend

genders, majority of the female respondents were considered super to addict users (56%)

and 11% higher tendency to be addicted than males.

The study of Qiaolei Chloris Jiang entitled “Comparative Study on Smartphone

usage and mobile phone dependency among university students in China and Singapore"

from Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning China where Smartphone users

can engage in various activities on their phones similar to activities on personal comput-

23
ers, but with the advantage and convenience of compact size and mobility. However, re-

search has shown some potential associated risk that some users become dependent or

addicted to mobile phone, especially among young smartphone users. The aim of this

study was to understand the use and influence of smartphone, given the rapid adoption

and heavy usage patterns by users.

Methods: Data were gathered by using stratified random sampling among univer-

sity students in both China and Singapore. Results: A factor analysis of the sample of 572

university students in China displayed a set of mobile phone dependency (MPD) symp-

toms: inability to control craving and productivity loss, as well as escape and feeling anx-

ious. Meanwhile, a factor analysis of the 562 university students in Singapore showed a

similar set of MPD symptoms. MPD significantly correlated with Individual media de-

pendency (IMD) goals and psychological traits. Regression analyses showed that IMD

goals, MPD and psychological traits were significant predictors of smartphone usage.

Conclusions: This study clearly identified distinct MPD symptoms among university stu-

dent smartphone users. IMD goals and psychological traits such as self-esteem, leisure

boredom, and sensation seeking were significantly associated to smartphone users’ MPD

in both China and Singapore. In varying degrees, IMD goals, psychological traits and

MPD had significant impact on smartphone use behaviors. This showed that smartphone

can be addictive, and people use smartphone to achieve a range of goals and may easily

become addicted.

24
Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Intervening Variables Dependent Variable

Smartphone usage: Implication

Implication and
and
• Purpose of smartphone
•
relevance
relevance of
of
Academic usage smartphone
smartphone usage
usage
purposes • Students without to the student’s
to the student’s
• Communication smartphones academic
academic activities
activities
• Social Media • Students access to
• Others internet with the use of
smartphones

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework that give information about the

independent variable which is the impact of smartphone usage on academic purposes,

communication, social media, and others. The intervening variables which are the pur-

pose of smartphone usage, students without smartphones, and students access to internet

with the use of smartphones. The dependent variable is the implication and relevance of

smartphone usage to the student’s academic activities. This figure indicates that the inde-

pendent variable have a connection to the intervening variable and dependent variable in

a way that the dependent variables are the factors to determine the answers in the follow-

ing stated in the statement of the problem.

25
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of the research design, research locale and research re-

spondents of the study.

Research Design

Primarily, this research study is quantitative in nature. The researchers use a

descriptive method of research to determine the implication and relevance of

smartphones to the academic activities of senior high school students of Notre Dame-

Siena College of General Santos City that will be designed on how to know the ad-

vantage of smartphones. The concept of the study is based on the knowledge, observa-

tion, and perspective of most students which give an impact on it.

26
 Smartphone Usage: It’s Implication and Relevance to the Academic
Activities of Senior High-school students of Notre Dame-Siena col-
lege of General Santos City

Process
Input Output
(Descriptive)

 Determining the Re-

spondents

Smartphone usage:  Gathering of data

• Academic purposes Implication and
 Questionnaires/ Survey relevance of
• Communication
• Social Media smartphone usage to
 Analysis of Data
• Others the student’s academic
 Interpretation of Data activities

 Summary/ Conclusion
and Recommendation

Figure 2. Research Design

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Notre Dame - Siena College of General Santos

City, Purok Masagana, NLSA Road Extension, San Isidro, General Santos City. The re-

searchers chose the place of implementation in order to find out the impact of mobile

phone on the academic performances of the senior high students. Students will serve as

the respondents of this study. The study will be conducted in the finals of first semester

of the academic year 2019-2020.

27
Research Respondents

The respondents of the study are the Grade 12 Senior High School students of

Notre Dame- Siena College of General Santos City. There will be a total number of 100

students from the four (4) sections in Grade 12 Senior High School department. The re-

searchers chose the respondets since they stayed in the school for how many years.

Table 1.

Total Population (N) Number of Respondents

Grade 12 Senior High 133 100

School Students

Sampling Method

The researchers will apply the quota sampling to determine the respondents. Quo-

ta sampling is a sampling methodology wherein data is collected from a homogeneous

group. To obtain the sample size, the researchers will use the Slovin’s formula used to

calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e) com-

puted as n = N / (1+Ne2) with the desired margin of error of 5%. The total number of re-

spondents of this study is specifically one-hundred (100) students. There are four (4)

classes in Grade 12 Senior High School department, therefore the sample size which is

133 will be divided into 4 and will have a quotient of twenty-five (25). As a result, there

will be twenty-five (25) respondents per class.

28
Research Instrument

The instrument used in this research to provide and gather the data was a re-

searcher-made questionnaire. The draft of the questionnaire was based on the researcher’s

readings, previous studies, professional literature, published and unpublished thesis ap-

plicable to the study. The questionnaire includes a total number of 4 questions. State-

ments describing the circumstances or issues concern. Preference for the use of the struc-

tured questionnaire is bounded on several research assumptions such as a) Cost of being a

least expensive means of data gathering, b) abstention of personal bias and c) less pres-

sure for immediate response, giving the respondents a feeling of obscurity. The instru-

ment was approved by teachers before it is filed on the study.

Project Time Table

Date Specific Activities

July - September 2019 1.Preparation of proposal

2. Presentation of proposal

3. Revision of proposal

August - September 2019 1.Development of Research Instrument

2. Validation of Research Instrument

3. Data Gathering

29
 September - October 2019 1.Organization of Data

2.Presentation of Data

3. Analysis and Interpretation of Data

4.Writing of Chapters 4 and 5

5.Final presentation of research output

October 2019 1.Revision and Bookbinding

Statistical tool

The researchers will use standard deviation in analyzing and processing the data.

The standard deviation in statistics measures the use in quantifying the amount of varia-

tion of dispersion of a set of data values. Through this tool, fair distribution of data will

happen.

Data Gathering Procedure

In sub-problem 1, answers from the respondents will be summarized and analyzed

to achieve a conclusion on the Smartphone Usage: Its Implication and Relevance to the

academic activities of Senior High School students in Notre Dame Siena-College of Gen-

eral Santos City.

In sub-problem 2, answers from the respondents will be summarized and analyzed

to achieve a conclusion on the Smartphone Usage: Its Implication and Relevance to the

academic activities of Senior High School students in terms of communication purposes

in Notre Dame Siena-College of General Santos City.

30
 In sub-problem 3, answers from the respondents will be summarized and analyzed

to achieve a conclusion on the Smartphone Usage: Its implication and Relevance to the

academic activities of Senior High School Students in terms of social media purposes in

Notre Dame Siena-College of General Santos City.

The questionnaire undergone a grammar correction from an English teacher, fol-

lowed by revision and production of the validated questionnaire. In order to conduct the

study, the researchers sent a letter to the principal to ask permission. Then, with the help

of the approval of the principal, a letter will be given to the adviser and to the respondents

to ask permission about using their time and classroom as the venue to conduct their

study. The researchers will read the instructions before distributing the questionnaires to

the respondents and let them answer in the worksheet.

To interpret the data effectively and accurately, the researchers will use Grounded

theory or also called analytic function. Analysis of data and development of theories hap-

pen after the collection of data.

31
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION OF ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this chapter, the results of the data analysis are presented. The data were

gathered and processed in response to the statement of problems posed in chapter 1 of

this study. It discusses the smartphone usage: its implication and relevance to the aca-

demic performances of the Grade 12 students. The researcher provides series of tables

and graph that summarizes the response of the respondents in order to simplify the dis-

cussion.

The Level of Academic Performace of the Students

Average grade of 93 respondents

-87.36

The representation shows the average mean of the students’ average is

87.36. According to DepEd article, written by Mark Anthony Llego (2019) All grades

will be based on the weighted raw score of the learners’ summative assessments. The

minimum grade needed to pass a specific learning area is 60, which is transmuted to 75 in

the report card. The lowest mark that can appear on the report card is 60 for Quarterly

Grades and Final Grades. This implies the average mean of the average grade of the

respondents pass the range of passing grade of DepEd curriculum.

I. Profile of the Respondents

32
 This provides the basic information of the respondents based on their sex, address,

age, year level, and previous school. Its population is composed of the Senior High

School ABM students in Notre Dame- Siena College of General Santos City.

Table 2

Frequency Distribution of the respondent’s Section

Section
Students pro-
Grade 12 Grade 12 Grade 12 Grade 12
file
OLMM OLP OLGC OLMC Void Total

Frequency 24 25 24 20 7 100

Percentage 24% 25% 24% 20% 7% 100%

The table shows the frequency distribution of the demographic profile of the re-

spondents in terms of their section in Grade 12. From the overall population of 93 re-

spondents, 7 are unavailable during the data gathering and are considered void to the

whole analysis, and only in this table the 93 present respondents are classified by their

Section in Grade 12. It shows that 24% of the respondents are from the Grade 12 OLMM,

25% Grade 12 OLP, 24% from Grade 12 OLGC, 20% from Grade 12 OLMC and only

7% of them are void.

33
 Owns a smartphone
Students who owns smartphone Doesn’t Own a smartphone

Graph 1

Frequency Distribution of the Students who owns smartphone

From the data illustrated by the pie graph of students who owns and does not own
a smartphone. The graph shows that 93.55 of the respondents owns a smartphone while
6.45 does not own a smartphone.

2. Level of smartphone usage in terms of the the number of hours

34
Students number of hours of 4-5 Hours
5-6 Hours
smartphone usage 6-7 Hours
More than 7 hours

Graph 2

Frequency Distribution of the Students who owns smartphone

From the data illustrated by the pie graph of students who owns and does not own
a smartphone. The graph shows that 22.58% of the respondents uses smartphone 4-5
Hours, 21.5% of the respondents uses smartphone 5-6 Hours, 22.58% of the respondents
uses smartphone 6-7 Hours and lastly 33.33% of the respondents uses smartphone More
than 7 Hours.

Table 3

Frequency Distribution of the Students Most used purpose of smartphone

INDICATORS MEAN DESCRIPTION

1. Academic Purposes 1.29 Always

2. Communication 1.21 Always
3. Social Media 1.14 Always
OVERALL MEAN: 1.21 Always

35
 The table shows the Students Most used purpose of smartphone of the respond-

ents in Grade 12. From the data illustrated by the table, most of the respondents answered

“Always” to all the given common purposes of smartphone, Academic Purposes Com-

munication, and Social media statement with a mean of 1.29. Yet, among the three, So-

cial Media has the highest level of smartphone usage in terms of the given common pur-

poses with a mean of 1.14, followed by Communication and lastly, Academic Purposes.

2.1 Common uses of smartphone

Indicator
Mean Description

1 -I usually use smartphone for streaming videos. 4.31 Agree

2 -I usually use smartphone for social media. 4.25 Agree

3 -I usually use smartphone for playing games. 3.54 Agree

4 -I usually use smartphone for communication. 4.41 Agree

5 -I usually use smartphone for academic purposes. 4.19 Agree

6 -I usually use smartphone for shopping. 3.03 Undecided

7 -I usually use smartphone for business. 2.90 Undecided

8 -I usually use smartphone to listen to music. 4.01 Agree

9 -I usually use smartphone for dating. 3.23 Undecided

Table 4. Uses of smartphone

Table 4 shows the usually used purposes of smartphone. Among the nine given
purposes of smartphone, the top three most usually used purposes of smartphone are for
communication, streaming videos and social media. The result indicates that respondents
used smartphones usually for the purpose of communication and entertainment.

2.2 Common uses of smartphone in terms of Academic Purposes

36
 Indicator
Mean Description

By using smartphone, my assignments and other school re-

1 quirements are easier. 4.29 Agree

By using smartphone, I am updated about the school require-

2 ments and assignments and pass it on time. 4.29 Agree

By using smartphone, I can have basis for my homework or

3 any academic purposes. 4.15 Agree

By using smartphone, I can take pictures of abstract concepts

taught in class or save pdfs, power points, or any files instead
4 of taking down notes which requires a lot of effort and also 4.26 Agree
time consuming.

By using smartphone, it’s more convenient to do research that

5 can help me with my studies. 4.34 Agree

By using smartphone, I can set alarms and be able to attend

6 class on time. 4.21 Agree

By using smartphone, I can solve mathematical equations in

7 class using the the calculator application. 3.99 Agree

By using smartphone, it is more convenient & easier to do ed-

8 ucational presentation during our class 4.20 Agree

OVERALL MEAN:
4.22 Agree

Table 5. Academic Purposes

Table 5 shows the Common uses of smartphone in terms of Academic Purposes.

The overall mean is 4.22 which means that the respondents are generally agree that
smartphone is necessary for their academic purposes. This means that smartphone has a
good contribution to the betterment of the academic performance of the students.

37
2.3 Common uses of smartphone in terms of Social Media

Indicator
Mean Description

By using smartphone, it’s easier to receive and

share information that are either academically re-
1 Agree
lated and non-related through texts, email, face-
book, messenger or in any form of social media.
4.39

By using smartphone, it’s easier to post and see

pictures that serves as an update or videos that me,
2 Agree
my friends, my family, my classmates and others
have access on. 4.29
By using smartphone, it’s easier to access news
3 Agree
near me and around the world. 4.38

By using smartphone, it is easy to access my

classmates, teachers and family who can help me in
4 Agree
my school activities using any form of social me-
dia. 4.28

By using smartphone, I can utilize mobile learning

applications such as GPS, camera, voice calls,
5 emails, Google drive, and so forth, to create, up- Agree
load, download and share academic resources with
their friends or classmates. 4.21
By using smartphone, it is easier to interact with
6 Strongly Agree
my friends, family, relatives, clasmates, and others. 4.75

OVERALL MEAN:
4.38 Agree

Table 6. Social Media

Table 6 shows the Common uses of smartphone in terms of Social Media. The
overall mean is 4.38 which means that the respondents are generally agree that
smartphone is necessary for their social media. The overall mean of the table 6 has higher
overall mean compared to table 5, which is the common uses of smartphone in terms of

38
 Academic Purposes, who only has 4.22 as an overall mean.This means that social media
is the most prioritized used of the respondents among the smartphone’s common uses.

2.3 Common uses of smartphone in terms of Communication

Indicator
Mean Description

By using smartphone, my communication with my class-

1 mates is much more faster & easier Strongly Agree
4.73
By using smartphone, forgotten reminders of some teach-
ers will be delivered by communicating to us in messen-
2 ger, text messages or any other communicating applica- Agree
tion.
4.3

By using smartphone, it’s more convenient to contact

3 friends, family or anyone who I can contact that can Agree
help me if I need them. 4.38
I don’t usually use my smartphone more for having
4 Agree
“chit-chat” with my friends. 3.57
By using smartphone, all my personal communica-
5 Strongly Agree
tions are much easier and faster. 4.47

OVERALL MEAN:
4.29 Agree

Table 7. Communication

Table 7 shows the Common uses of smartphone in terms of Communication. The

overall mean is 4.29 which means that the respondents are generally agree that
smartphone is necessary for their communication. Communication through smartphone
has also a big role in the academic performance of the students since the overall mean is
4.29, which is higher than the Academic Purpose.

x y xy = -0.00703076

4.22 3.68 12.9904 (not associated)

39
 4.38 3.48 12.0060

4.29 3.74 13.0526

∑x= 12.81 ∑y= 18.14 ∑xy= 64.7594

Table 7. Correlation of Quality Service and Customer Satisfaction

Table 7 shows that there is no association between quality service and customer
satisfaction.

40
 Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the study’s summary of findings, conclusions and recom-

mendations based on the findings.

Summary of Findings

Based on the discussion of the study, the findings are the following:

1. For the Level of Academic Performance of the students, the results show the

mean average of the average grade of students is 87.36 which passed the range of

the passing grade of DepEd which is 75.00.

2. For the Level of Smartphone Usage regarding Academic purposes, Communica-

tion, and social media, majority of the students more likely to do research that can

help with their studies with a mean of 4.34. In communication, the highest mean

is 4.73 which indicates that their communication with their classmates is much

more faster and easier. And lastly in the Social media, the highest mean is 4.75

which indicates that it would be easier to them to interact with their friends, fami-

ly, relatives, classmates and others.

Conclusions

After analyzing and interpreting the data, the following conclusions were made:

1. The level of academic performance of the Grade 12 (ABM, STEM and

HUMSS) students for average grade are at good level. In addition to that, their

performance for the academics are at the Good Level.

41
Recommendations

The results and conclusions of the study lead the researcher to suggest the follow-

ing recommendations:

1. The students should know their limitation in using their smartphones at school espe-

cially during class hours.

2. The teachers should be stricter in regards to the using of gadgets inside the classroom

especially during class hours.

3. The students should strictly follow the one of the student’s handbook rules which is no

cellphone during class hours.

4. The students should know their limitation in using smartphone. They should be aware

of the “Think before you Click” quote because people nowadays are careless in using

their smartphones.

42
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