For solid samples (cont.

)
iii. Ultrasonic extraction
- Use vibration of ultrasonic bath tto extract rtarget analyte using a polar solvent
(less volatile)
iv. Purge and trap
- How it works:
1. Solid sample is place on purge bottle
2. +water/ ethanol
3. Purge of inert gas
4. Use of aliquot of water/ethanol extracti
5. Trap VOCs in an adsorbent materials
v. Steam distillation
-How it works
1. Sample should be macerated
2. Pass steam to the sample
3. Steam carries dissolved target compound that condenses and is collected
and separated for LLE
vi. Supercritical fluid extraction
-SF CO2 or H2O
- less toxic and cheap method however CO2 (non-polar) requires modifiers to ________
polarity. Modifiers include methanol, H2O and CH2Cl2

C. For air samples

- can be a particulate matter and gas/ gas alone

- uses filter paper/adsorbent

-intermediate particulate matter

i. Soxlet extraction method

- used for target compound that are not thermally unstable.

- adsorbents includes: polymer adsorbent, polyurethane

 ii. Thermal desorption

- Desorption of target compound from desorbent materials

- Modern instruments equipped of an accessory for this function is used (ie. GC)

𝐴 [𝑆]
𝐾 = 𝐴𝑆1 = [𝑆]1 S2- solute in organic S2- solute in aqueous
𝑆2 2

(1−𝑞)𝑚/𝑉2
K= 𝑞 𝑚/𝑉1
q-fraction of solute extracted in aqueous phase
m= moles of S

V2= volume of organic solvent

V1= volume of aqueous solvent

Solving for q
𝑉1
𝑞=
𝑉1 + 𝐾𝑉2

q is dependent on V1, V2 and K

factors remaining in phase 1

𝑉
= q * q =(𝑉 + 1𝐾𝑉 )2
1 2

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝐷=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
[𝐻𝐵𝑧]𝑜𝑟𝑔 + 2[(𝐻𝐵𝑧)2 ]𝑜𝑟𝑔
𝐷=
[𝐻𝐵𝑧]𝑎𝑞 + [𝐵𝑧 −]𝑎𝑞

[𝐻𝐵𝑧] [𝐻𝐵𝑧]𝑜𝑟𝑔
[𝐵𝑧 − ] = 𝐾𝑎 +
, 𝐾𝑑 =
[𝐻 ] [𝐻𝐵𝑧]𝑎𝑞

[(HBz)2]= Kf [HBz]2
𝐾𝑑 (1 + 2𝐾𝑓 [𝐻𝑏𝑧])
𝐷=
𝐾
1 + 𝑎+
[𝐻 ]
 𝐾𝑑
𝐷=
𝐾
1 + 𝑎+
[𝐻 ]