Building 4 Storey Analysis in Staad

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ROAD No. 3, BANJARA HILLS, HYDERABAD
AFFILIATED TO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide report of the Project work of “Analysis, Design and
Estimation of a Multi-storey Building”
Carried out
By
SHAIK QAMAR UDDIN (04-09-1003)

AIRAJ AHMED KHAN (04-09-1033)
MOHD IRFAN (04-09-1035)
MOHD ABDUL WADOOD QURESHI (04-09-1042)
MD KHALEEL UR RAHMAN KHAN (04-09-1041)
MEER AIJAZ ALI (04-08-1049)
Students of Final year during the Academic year 2011-2012 in the partial fulfillment for the
award of the degree BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Civil)
PROJECT GUIDE
Mr. TOUFEEQ ANWAR

M.E. (Structures),
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, M.J.C.E.T.
ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 1

PROJECT REPORT
ON
ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION
OF
A MULTI STOREY BUILDING (G+4)

(2011 - 2012)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. TOUFEEQ ANWAR
Associate Professor, MJCET
Civil Engineering Department

Muffakham Jah College of Engineering & Technology
Affiliated to Osmania University
Hyderabad

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are fortunate enough to have an opportunity to present a project report

for the Analysis and Design of Multi-storey Residential Building. This project is
very good example of team work, is an outcome of rigorous & painstaking effort of
all the group members, without which one cannot imagine to materialize the dream
of perpetuating such a tremendous task which not only adds valuable information
to our knowledge but also increases our experience in the field of building
construction.
We greatly acknowledge our indebtedness to our guide, Mr.Toufeeq Anwar,

Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Dept. for his affable and amicable
guidance. His continuous motivation, comprehensive visionary guidance was a
driving force for us in completing the project successfully. His teaching ability,
skill full explanation and clarity of thought while interacting, helped us a lot to
complete the project with utmost care and interest.
We also express our deep sense of gratitude to our Head of Department,

Mr. Moinuddin Ahmed, for his undying support and encouragement.
Last but not the least, we owe the successful completion of this project to
our beloved Parents, Lecturers of Civil Engineering Department and wonderful
friends for their support and help they extended for the project.

CONTENTS
1. Notations
2. Statement of project
3. Introduction
4. Design of slabs
5. Analysis of structure
6. Design of beams
7. Design of columns
8. Design of footings
9. Design of staircase
10. Analysis and Design of water tank
11. Drawings
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography

NOTATIONS
A : Area
Asc : Area of steel of compression.
Ast : Area of steel in tension.
Ag : Gross sectional area.
Ac : Area of concrete.
B : Breadth of slab.
Bf : Effective width of flange
Bw : Breadth of web.
B : Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column.
D : Over all depth of beam.
Df : Thickness of flange.
d : Eff. Depth of beam or slab.
fck : Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete.
fy : Characteristic strength of steel.
Leff : Effective span.
Lx : Length of shorter span of slab.
Ly : Length of longer span of slab.
M : Bending moment.
Mx : B.M. along shorter span.
m : Modular ratio.
Po : Safe bearing capacity of soil.
Q : Moment of resistance constant.
Sv : Spacing of Stirrups.
S : Spacing of bars.
T : Torsional Moment.
Tv : Nominal shear stress.
Tc : Shear stress in concrete.
Tbd Design Bond stress.
Tc max : Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement.
V : Shear force.
w : Distributed load per unit area.
W : Total load.
Xc : Critical load.
Xa : Actual neutral axis.

Introductio
n

INTRODUCTION
The objective of structural design is to plan a structure which meets the basic
requirements of structural science and those of the user. The basic requirements of
structural design are safety serviceability, durability and economy. In this project work it
is proposed to design a multistoryed residential building consisting of 4 floors. Each floor
consists of 4 flats. The building is served by one stair case.
Importance of Multistoried Buildings:
The rapid increase in population and Industrial growth and of shelter there is
considerable rise in the price of shelter there is considerable rise in the price of city land
and as the space is limited, horizontal expansion is difficult. Hence vertical expansion has
become compulsory. This has led to the conception of apartments or flats. An apartment
consists of 3 to 7 storeys and each storey may accommodate 2 to 4 tenentments. The land
and other amenities of apartments are shared by all the occupants.
As our country is in developing stage, the economy of people may permit to

acquire costly flats. Hence for low income group, LIG flats are within reach and are most
preferred.
Multi storeyed building has been broadly classified into five types
 Load bearing constructions.

 Composite Constructions.
 Framed Constructions.
 Reinforced Concrete framed Constructions.
 Steel framed Constructions.
The first method has got the limitation that it will be economical only up to 2 to 3
storeys. By means of composite constructions technique, the economy is achieved if the
number is in between 3 to 5. Any building having more than 6 storey’s has to be dealt by
means of framed constructions building having more than 6 storeys has to be dealt by
means of framed constructions.
Advantages of Framed Constructions over other types:
1. Foundation cost will be lesser due to reduction wall thickness.
2. Considerable speed is achieved in the reaction of building.
3. Floor area will be more due to reduction in thickness of walls.
4. Greater glazing area can be obtained.
5. This type of construction permits removal or change of partition walls to suit

varying requirements.
Structural Descriptions:
The building has to be four storeyed with plinth area of and served by one lift &
staircase.
The Various loads considered in the design of this building are dead load, live
load. As the height of building is not more than 1.5 times the least lateral dimension,
wind load is not taken into consideration in the design of this building. Earthquake loads
are not considered in the design of this building.
Description of Structural Analysis:
Structural analysis is a branch of physical sciences which deals with the behavior
of structures in given design conditions. Structures are defined as the systems that carry
loads, and the word behaviour is understood to be their tendency to deform, vibrate,
buckle or yield, depending upon the conditions confronting them. The results of analysis
are used to determine the deformed shape of structures and to verify their adequacies is to
carry the loads for which they are being designed.

Considering that the deformation is the summation of strains and yielding is the
excess and further considering that stress and strains are related to each other by the
modulus of elasticity ‘E’, the analysis of structures, thereby, reduces itself to the
determination of the state of strain and or stress throughout the structures. Since the stress
stresses, on the other hand, are the limiting values of internal forces, what actually
remains to be done is the evaluation of internal force in the system.
Structural analysis along with stress analysis and design are the three basic topics
with which structural engineering is primarily concerned. All, inspite of being so inter-
related, are so distinct that they are often studied independently.
When the static equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient to analyze a
structure, the use of displacement compatibilities which rely on the physical properties, of
the structure become imperative. Whether the equilibrium equations alone are sufficient
or not, the results of analysis must always satisfy the following three conditions
1. Equilibrium
2. Compactibility
3. Boundary
Normally there are two kinds of equilibrium- static and dynamic equilibrium.
When the loads are applied on the structure in a quasilinear fashion (starting from zero
and reaching their final stage gradually), the structure will deform under these loads and
will rest in its final shape. From here on, the structure might change neither its position
nor its deformed shape. This called the static equilibrium position of the structure. To the
contrary, if loads are applied suddenly, the structure will undergo different deformation at
different times. At any particular time, any particle or any portion of structures is in
equilibrium under external loads, gravity forces, sporing forces and inertia forces act on
that portion of the structure. This is the so called dynamic equilibrium.
The compatibility principle assumes that deformation consequently displacement,

of any particular point of the structure is continuous and single valued.
The last condition specifies the way a structure is supported and is specified either
in terms of forces (nodal forces or member forces) or in terms of displacements.
Classification of Structures:

A structure in general, composed of interconnected members which, regardless of

their shape, are one, two or three dimensional. Actually, a member has always three
dimensions length, width and thickness. However, if width and thickness are small in
comparison with the length, as in the case of beams and columns such members can be
considered one dimensional or in the case of plates and shells, thickness is normally
smaller than the length and width of the member. As for the ratios between length, width
and thickness there is no clear-cut limit to them in accordance with which a member may
be entirely classified as one, two, or three dimensional. This is entirely up to the
engineer’s judgement and to the executed accuracy of the results.
The structures can be divided into the following three categories by considering
their members as one, two or three dimensions.
1. Skeletal structures.
2. Stressed-skin structures.
3. Solid
While the structural analysis relies heavily upon the principles of statics, the stress
analysis is treated in disciplines such as strength of materials, mechanics of materials, and
theory of elasticity. Structural design on the other hand makes sure that nowhere in the
body do the stresses exceed their allowable limits. To accomplish this, it modifies the
structure and requires that the analysis be repeated all over again. The cycle then
continuous until no modification is required. According to this cycle, the goal is to design
a structure, and the structural analysis is one of the tools to achieve such a goal.
Regardless of the analysis, the output is unique and depends on the input only.
Orientation:
Orientations means setting plan of proposed building in such a manner and

direction, that the occupants of building would enjoy whatever is good and avoid
whatever is bad from natural agency such as Sun, Wind and Rain.

According to Hindu Orthodox Principles, a building should not face SOUTH. But it is
also mentioned that, if there is another house constructed in front of this house-facing
north, then there is no objection in having face of house towards SOUTH. For good
orientation, the placement of different rooms in a house should be as follows:-
1. BEST FACING OF HOUSE TOWARDS NORTH OR WEST
2. BED ROOM - SOUTH WEST
3. STUDY ROOM - NORTH
4. KITCHEN - EAST
5. ROOMS MOSTLY USED DURING DAY TIME - NORTH (OR) WEST
6. STAIR CASE AND CARRIAGE - WEST
7. DIRECTION OF LONGER OUTER WALLS - NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION
8. DIRECTION OF SHORTER OUTER WALLS - WEST DIRECTION
9. SOUTH SIDE WALL - HAVE CHAJJAS (OR) VERANDAH
10. WEST SIDE WALL - CHAJJA BUT ONLY VERANDAH

11. WINDOWS - EAST AND SOUTH
12. VERANDAH - SOUTH AND WEST
Facing of the House is known from the direction of longer wall of the front
Verandah.
Principles of Planning and Designing:
The residential buildings need to be planned according to the kinds of occupants

and the particular category o buildings. The dwellings of the type of houses and blocks of
flats need to be planned on the basis of a family as a unit. However the number of
persons, their age and relation vary largely among the requirements in accommodation
therefore have to be provide accordingly. Parents with children, childless couples, singly
persons or widower, old couples and son on would be the kind of occupants, no hard and
fast rules or particular standards of accommodation can be laid down; however certain
desirable requirements are given here. Under normal circumstances, in addition to a
living room, dining space, kitchen, other utilities such as stores etc, and sanitary units,
provision of bedroom, dining in view of the size of family has to be made. A bedroom
when singly bedded should usually have an area of 10sq.m with a bare minimum of
9sq.m and a double room has an area of 15 to 16sq.m.
Following are the suggestions of providing number of bedrooms.
SNo. Size of family Desirable number of bedrooms
1. A couple (alone) 2 single or1 double bedroom
2. A couple with 3 single or 1 double and child. 1 single
3. A couple with 2 4 single or 1 double and children 2 single
4. A couple with 3 5 single or 2 double and children 1 single.
Requirements of Parts of Buildings:
Plinth:
The plinth shall be located with respect to the ground level such that adequate
drainage of the site is assured. It shall not be less than 45 cm from the surrounding
Ground level. Every Interior courtyard shall be raised at least 15 cm above the level of
the center of the nearest street and shall be satisfactorily drained.

Living Rooms:
It is a room, which is also referred to as ‘Drawing room or Drawing Hall’ parlor
of main living room and service many varied purposes. It is a lounge for relaxing family
members, a place for reception given to an occasional guest and may even provide for
some work done by the family members. This room is the main area of contract with
visitors and should, therefore preferably be located near the entrances. An important
factor in arranging the living room is due consideration to seating accommodation of
different groups. The best way to determine the size is to make layout sketch assuming
the number of persons in the family plus two visitors. However all the time this type of
date is not available. There is practice to reckon the dwelling up to units with one or two
bed room should be as 15-16 sq m however. 18-20 sq m is considered better. If dining
space is to be provided in the living room, an additional floor area of 8 to 9sq.m is
required.
Dining Room:
In a house the floor area of a separate dining room depends on the type of
furniture and the number of persons to be served at a time. It should not be less than 14 sq
m with a minimum width of 3-3.15 m. Generally the dining tables are having 1.10m
width though occasionally 0.75 m tables are used. 60cm of table length per person should
be allowed for straight table, but when chairs are to be placed t ends, additional length of
20 cm to 30 cm is necessary at both the ends to accommodate dished behind the chairs is
0.6-75 m.
The space for dining in this why is usually provided in the kitchen itself,
except in the housed of large families and rich people. However, it is available even in
case of every small housed to operate eating and cooking it possible. The width of such
dining room should be 2.5 m as minimum, for two rows of dinners facing each other with
sufficient about 0.6-0.7 m. But it is better to plan such rooms considering possibility in
future when table and chairs may be used.
The dining room may also serve alternative purposes such a children’s study
room, occasional sating room for ladies etc. It should be well lighted and ventilated.
Kitchens:
In every house kitchen is one of the important rooms. The primary function in
the kitchen or food preparation and service and may accommodate in addition to these,
dining, cleaning of plates and lastly but not least child-care, the cooking in sitting
position, despite good planning is most uncomfortable and laborious affair and dangerous
as well. Whenever a new kitchen is being planned it should provide for cooking in
standing position. The height shall be 2.75 m measured from the surface o floor to the
lowest point in the ceiling except that portion to accommodate floor trap of the upper
floor.
The area of kitchen where dining is provided shall not be not less than 5m 2 with
a minimum width of 0.7 m. It may be reduced to 4.5 m 2 when a separate store is
provided. A kitchen that is intended for use as a 2 dining area shall have a floor area of
7.5 m with a width of 2.1 m. It would be provided with a pantry for washing of kitchen
utensils, which shall lead directly or through a sink to a grated and tapped connection to
the waste pipe. It must have an impermeable floor, a flue a window or ventilators of
required size.
Bedrooms:
As a principle bedroom should not accommodate more than two persons. The
bedroom should be oriented in the direction of prevailing wind (particularly in summer)
and be provided with bathroom cum dressing room if possible. However the economy
does not permit this, the bedrooms, a water closets are very essential in the bedrooms
they are not only economical at initial stage but save floor space also. The planning of the
bedroom depends on its singular of overlapping activities, and required furniture. The
bedroom may also serve the purpose of Sitting room, study room etc. Bedroom should be
rectangular and in width not less than the length of the bed plus celandine of about 1.2 m
for passage and place of furniture if any. If the bed is placed sideways then the width of
bed 0.9m plus the same 2.1 m windows should be located where ever possible in the long
wall and with higher still level than in the living rooms, reaching the permissible height
for lintel level. As per municipal Bye-Laws the minimum window area required is one
tenth of the floor under-ground drainage is not available, (Where area is not with ample
the end of long wall preferably with a single shutter. In any case no Bedroom shall have
area less 10 sq m.
Bathrooms:
Now a days it is considered Bedroom without an attached bath room is useless.
However the economy may not permit such provision and single Bath room should
provide with equal access for all Bedroom size 1.45 m X 1.2 m.
If not water boiler is to be accommodated inside the Bathroom 0.6 m
additional length is required besides special provisions for drought and ventilation a
Bathroom containing hot water boiler should have preferably a size of 1.5 m X 2.4 m.
Bathroom should consists of glazed tiles or polished flag stones, side walls should have
aligning of flag stones for a height of 0.9-1.2 m a door for Bathroom should not be less
than 0.65 m clear, it should have a single shutter and hung in such a way, that when open
shall screen the place when the actual bath is taken.
No room containing water closets shall be used for any purpose except as a
lavatory ad no such room shall be open directly into any kitchen or cooking space by a
door, window or other opening.
i It shall have minimum headroom of 2.2 m.
ii A ledge or tank in a habitable room shall not cover more than 25% of the area of
the floor on which it is constructed and shall not interfere with the ventilation of
the room under any circumstances.

Mezzanine Floor:
It shall have minimum headroom of 2.2 m. The minimum size of mezzanine
floor if used as a living room shall be 9.5 m. The aggregate area in the building shall not
exceed 1/3 of plinth. It should be provided with standards of livings room such as
lighting, ventilation and shall not be divided into smaller compartment nor shall be used
as a kitchen.
Store Room:
The height shall not be less than 2.2 m.
Garage:
The height of garage shall not be less than 2.4 m.
Private garage: A minimum of 2.5 X 5 m.
Public garage: It depends on the number of vehicles parked.
Basements:
The basement shall not be used for residential purpose. However there can be
used for storage of household and other goods of ordinarily combustible material, strong
rooms, and bank cellar, air-conditioning equipment, other machines and parking spaces.
The basement shall be minimum 2.4 m height from the floor to undersides of roof
slab. Adequate ventilation is a must, the minimum height of the ceiling of any basement
shall be 0.9 m minimum and a maximum of 1.2 m above Ground level drainage should be
taken care off also seepage from underground and the access ground level should be
taken care off.
Parapet:
Parapet walls & handrails provided on edges o roof terraces, balcony, verandah
etc. shall not be less than 1.05 m and not more than 1.2 m in height room the finished
floor level.
Cabins:
The size shall not be less than 3 m 2. The clear passage within the divided space of
any floor shall not be less than 0.75 m and the distance from the farthest points place in
cabin to any exit shall not be more than 18.5 m.
Boundary Walls:
The requirements of walls are as follows:-
i The maximum height of compound wall shall be 1.5 m above the center live o the
front street. Compound wall up to 2.4 m height may be permitted if the top 0.9 m
is open type construction of design.

ii In case of a corner plot the height is 0.75 m for a length, 10 m on front & sides and
the balanced height of 0.75 m if it may be in accordance with (a)
Stair Case:
The minimum widths of staircase are:
a) Residential buildings 1.0 m
b) Residential hostel building 1.5 m
c) Assembly building 1.5 m
d) Education buildings 1.5 m
e) Institutional building 2.0 m
f) All other buildings 1.5 m
The minimum width of treat without nosing shall be 25 cm for residential building
and 30 cm for other buildings.
The maximum height or riser shall be 19 cm for residential building and 15 cm for
other buildings and there shall be limited to 15 per flight. The minimum head room in a
passage shall be 2.2 m.
Roofs:
The roof of a building shall be so constructed of framed as to permit affective
drainage of rain-water therefore by means of sufficient rainwater pipes of adequate size,
thus preventing dampness. The rainwater popes may be connected to drain or sewer tat &
termite proof.
Chajja:
It is the sloping (or) structural horizontal overhang which is usually provided over
openings in exterior walls. Their purpose is to provide protection from sun and rain.
Lighting & Ventilation:

These should have provisions for admission of light % air such as window &
ventilators, opening directly to external air or into an open verandah with a maximum
width of 2.4 m. notwithstanding the area of opening the minimum aggregate area of such
openings excluding doors and inclusive of frames.
a) 1/10th of floor area for day hot climate.
b) 1/6th of floor area for wet hot climate.
c) 1/8th of floor area for intermediate climate.
d) 1/12th of floor area for cold climate.
Colour Architecture:
The building may be structurally stable. But it is the colour, the perception o
which is attributed to human eye at first sight. The most important and predominate factor
that acts an interior decoration is the coloring scheme of walls and ceiling. Colour creates
a dramatic bold background. A dull cold room can suddenly become warm and gay (Light
hearted cheerful), simply by using red (or) orange colour.
For rectangular building, a length: width ratio of 1.2:1-1:5:1 is to be generally
followed. A room, with length longer than 1.5 times the breadth will give tunnel effect
and hence should be avoided. Similarly a small room with large ceiling height will
produce a cavernous effect. Hence room should be will proportioned.
However, at times it may not be possible to satisfy all these measurements, If,
due to any reason, it necessities to adopt for wrong proportional to length : width : height,
the resulting bad effects can be minimized by adopting suitable co lour architecture to
individual rooms according to their purpose as Bed room, living room, study room etc.
Architecture is a visuals art. For vision, light is essential whether it is direct (or)
indirect, natural (or) artificial.
Approval of plan:
The approval of plan means the acceptance of local authority of the following
requirements only:
Arrangement of stairs, lifts, corridors, doors, windows and parking
i Height of building and its various storey’s.
ii Minimum requirements with respect to areas of rooms.
iii Minimum requirements with respect to areas of rooms.
iv Minimum requirements of sanitary facility.
v Permissible built up area
vi Permissible F.S.I (floor space Index)
vii Permissible open space & set-back
viii Permissible use of buildings
ix Provisions for light & ventilation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design is an art and science of designing serviceable and durable
structures with economy and elegance. The entire process of structural planning and
design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge
of science and structural engineering, knowledge of practical aspects such as relevant
design codes and bye-laws backed up by ample experience in tuition and judgement.
Construction is an ultimate objective. An engineer is key person for successful
completion of any kind of project undertaken. Hence he should adopt all means to reduce
cost of project to minimum, without unduly reducing the serviceability aspect of the
project.
An engineering structure is an assembly of members for elements transferring the
load and providing a form, space, enclosure and or a cover to serve the desired function.
The objective of structural design is to plan a structure which meets the basic
requirements such as serviceability, safety, durability, economy, aesthetic beauty,
feasibility, practicability and acceptability.

Purpose of structural design:

The purpose of structural design is, providing a safe structure with user’s
requirements. The design should evolve a structural solution for safety and serviceability
throughout the design life, which gives the greatest overall economy for the first cost and
for maintenance cost. Satisfactory design must ensure the achievement an acceptable
probability that the specified life of a structure is not curtailed permanently due to
attainment of an unsatisfactory serviceability condition called “LIMIT STATE”. The
acceptable probability should be chosen in such a way that a satisfactory balance is
achieved between the cost of a possible structure and serviceability failure.
Advantages of Limit State Method:

It is a concept including some constants which are arrived at, after a series of
experimentation and also out of experience of many senior engineers, architects etc.
Limit states are concerned with structural safety and serviceability and covers all forms
of failure. A structure could be rendered unit in many ways and these factors are
conveniently grouped into main categories.
a) ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE: Collapse of the structure due to normal or severe

loading on the occurrence of catastrophic events like earthquakes etc.
b) SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE: Deflection, cracking and vibration.
c) OTHER LIMIT STATES: Fatigue, durability, fire resistance, lighting etc.

It is often possible that a given structure is required to satisfy one or more limit
states simultaneously. The usual approach then is to design on the basis of the most
critical limit states and check for the other limit states. Many times, satisfying one of one
limit state would satisfy other limit states. For e.g., a structure is designed to keep the
limit states for cracking within acceptable value, the limit for durability is also
simultaneously satisfied.
The concept of limit state provides a rational approach taking into account,
variations in material strength and loads. This is in fact a rationalization of the ultimate
load.
Four reasons to justify the design of structures by limit state method are:
i Concept of separate partial safety factors of loads of different combinations
in the two limits state methods.
ii Concept of separate partial safety factors of materials depending on their
quality control during preparation. Thus, γm for concrete is 1.5 and the
same for steel is 1.15. This is more logical than one arbitrary value in the
name of safety factor.
iii A structure designed by employing limit state method of collapse and
checked for other limit states will ensure the strength and stability
requirements at the collapse under the design loads and also deflection and
cracking at the limit state of serviceability. This will help to achieve the
structure with acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become
unfit for the use for which it is intended.
iv The stress block represents in a more realistic manner when the structure is
at the collapsing stage (limit state of collapse) subjected to design loads.

Analysis
&Design of
Slabs
(One-way & Two-way slabs)
SLABS
General:
A Slab is a flat, two dimensional planar, structural element having thickness small
compared to its other two directions. It provides a working flat surface of covering shelter
in buildings. It supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily
by bending action in one or more directions. The R.C.C. slab is essentially a bending
moment, like a beam, though it differs from beam with respect to following:
i The bending is in more than one vertical plane.
ii The slab is designed as a strip of 1m wide.
iii Shear stresses are usually low and shear reinforcement is not provided. However it
is critical in flat slabs.
iv Distribution steel is provided right angles to main flexural reinforcement to take
care of temperature and shrinkage stresses.
Method of Analysis:
The behaviour and strength of slab depends upon, the shape and geometry (span),
support and boundary conditions, loading level (service load, ultimate load) the state
stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic).
It may be noted that analysis of slabs is extremely difficult due to number of
variables stated above with the result that rigorous or extract method are not available and
therefore analytical, semi empirical methods are developed (IS 456-2000) allow design
based on experimental investigations.
Classifications of Slabs:
Slabs are classified on the basis of the following:
1. Shape (rectangular, circular & other shapes).
2. Support and boundary conditions (single span) slab known as one slabs, slabs
supported on 4 edges known as two way slab, overhanging or cantilever slabs,
simply supported slabs, slabs fixed or continuous at one or both ends.
3. Type of support: simply supported on walls, slab cast monolithically with the
supporting beams, slabs supported directly on columns (flat slabs).
4. Spanning direction: simply supported slabs, slabs fixed or continuous at one or
both ends.
5. Use (roof slab, floor slab, wall slab, foundation slab etc).
6. Sectional configuration: solid slab, ribbed plate, waffle plate, stiffened plate,
corrugate plate, folded plate). Solid slab is a flat horizontal plate without ribs or
stiffness). This is the most common type of slab.
Selection of suitable method for design of slab and classification of slabs for this
project:
I.S code method which is described in Annex-D of the code IS 456-2000 is
selected because of its simplicity and adaptability. Limit state method is used for design
of slabs. Clause 24.4, 37.1.2 of IS code states, for analysis of slabs spanning in two
directions at right angles yield line theory or any other acceptable method may be used.
Alternatively the provisions given in Annex- D may be followed.
The slabs are classified according to boundary conditions, ratio of Ly/Lx, loading
and span.
Assumptions in Design:
1. Using partial safety factors for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-
2000 as γf = 1.5γ
2. Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-2000 is
taken as 1.5 for concrete & 1.15 for steel.
3. Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000
combination of load.
D.L. + L.L. (1.5)
D.L. + L.L. + W.L (1.2)
4. Density of material used in accordance with Ref (IS) 875-1987:

MATERIAL Density
Plain concrete 24 kN/m3
Reinforced 25 kN/m3
Flooring material (c.m) 20 kN/m3
Brick masonry 19 kN/m3
Fly ash 5 kN/m3
5. Live Loads:
Live load on slabs 2 kN/m2
Live load on passage 3 kN/m2
Live load on stairs 3 kN/m2
Design Constants:
Using M20 & Fe415 grade of concrete & steel
fck (Characteristics strength for M20) = 20 N/mm2
fy (Characteristics strength for steel) = 415 N/mm2
Load on slabs:
 Dead load:
Self-weight of slab: This load acts as UDL and is calculated after assuming the
1m wide square strip & suitable thickness by stiffness consideration.
Floor finish load: This load also acts as UDL and is calculated after assuming
suitable intensity over 1m wide strips.
 Live load:
This is the temporary load on its intensity depends on type & occupancy of
building. As per IS: 875 - Part IV, the intensity of live load for this project is
taken as 2.5 kN/m2
Design Of One Way Slab

Preliminary Data
Short span Lx = 0.88 m 0.88 m

Long span Ly = 4.29 m

Clear cover to the reinforcement d1 = 20 mm

Diameter of the bar used ø = 8 mm
Aspect ratio Ly / Lx = 4.29 / 0.88 4.29m
= 4.875
Hence the slab is to be designed as one way slab.
Assume thickness of slab as 120mm.
Calculation of Loads
Live Load = 2 kN / m2
Weight of slab = 0.12x1x1x25 = 3.0 kN / m2
Weight of flooring = 0.05x1x1x20 = 1.0 kN / m2
Weight of partition wall = 1kN / m2
Total Dead Load = 5.0 kN / m2
Total Load = 7.0 kN/ m2
Total Factored Load Wu = 1.5 × 7.0 = 10.5 kN / m2
Effective length L eff = 0.88 m
Maximum Bending Moment M = WuL2/12
= 10.5X0.88 2/12 = 0.6776Knm
Factored Bending Moment = 1.5 x 0.6776 = 1.01 kNm
Depth of slab required d = √(M/0.138fckb)

= √(1.01x106/(0.138x20x1000)) = 19.12mm
Total depth required
dreqd = 19.12 + 20 + 8/2 = 43.12 mm
As dreqd < dprov (100 mm), the section is SAFE
Adopt overall depth = 120 mm
Area of Steel Required
Ast = 0.5fckbd/fy[1-√(1-4.6M/bd2fck)]
= 0.5x20x1000x100/415[1-√(1-4.6x1.01x106/1000x1002x20)]
= 28.15mm2
As per clause 26.5.2.1,min Ast= 0.12% bD
= 0.12 × 1000 × 120 = 144 mm2
Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars is given by
S= (ast /Ast)1000 = 3.14x8x8x1000/4x144 = 349.06mm
As per clause 26.3.3 b, spacing < least of the following:
1. 3 × effective depth = 3×100 = 300 mm
2. 300 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter (main steel) at an equal spacing of 250 mm c/c.
Distribution reinforcement:
Assume 8mm dia bars

a st 3.14 x 8 x 8 x 1000
A st  x 1000   201.06 mm 2
s main 4 x 250
a st 3.14 x 8 x 8 x 1000
s dist  x 1000   250 mm
A st 4 x 201.06
As per clause 26.3.3b, spacing < least of the following;
1. 3 × effective depth = 3 × 100 = 250 mm
2. 300 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter bars (distribution steel) at an equal spacing of 250 mm c/c.
Therefore to have uniformity of spacing & also to abide by the clause of code,
provide 8 mm diameter HYSD Bars as main steel at 250 mm c/c & 8 mm diameter
distribution steel at 250 mm c/c.
Check for Shear

Wu L x 10.5 x 0.88
Shear force Vu    3.08 kN
3 3
Vu 3.08 x 10 3
Nominal Shear Force vT    0.0308 N/mm 2
bd' 1000 x 100
Ast x 100 201.06 x 100

Percentage of Steel Pt %    0.20 %
bd' 1000 x 100
Tc = 0.32
Tc’ = k x Tc = 1.3 x 0.32 = 0.416 N/mm2
Tv < Tc’/2 (SAFE)
Check for Development Length
1000 x 3.14 x 8x8

Area of steel provided A st   201.06 mm 2
4 x 250
Moment of Resistance
 f y A st   415 x 201.06 
M r  0.87 f y A st d'   0.87 x 415 x 201.06 100 
 f ck b   20 x 1000 
 6.95 kNm

0.87 f y φ 0.87 x 415 x 8

Development length required L d, reqd    376.09 mm
4Tbd 4 x (1.6 x 1.2)
M1 6.95 x 106
Development length provided Ld, prov   L0   100  2356.5 mm
Vu 3.08 x 103
Ld,prov > Ld,reqd(SAFE)
Design Of Two Way Slab
Preliminary Data

Short span Lx = 2.14 m 2.14 m

Long span Ly = 4.00 m
Clear cover to the reinforcement d1 = 20 mm
Diameter of the bar used ø = 8 mm
Aspect ratio Ly / Lx = 1.86 4.0m
Hence the slab is to be designed as two way slab.

Assume thickness of slab as 120mm
Calculation of Loads
Live Load = 2 kN / m2
Weight of slab = 0.12x1x1x25 = 3.0 kN / m2
Weight of flooring = 0.05x1x1x20 = 1.0 kN / m2
Weight of partition wall = 1kN / m2
Total Dead Load = 5.0 kN / m2
Total Load = 7.0 kN/ m2
Total Factored Load Wu = 1.5 × 7.0 = 10.5 kN / m2
Bending Moment Coefficients (from table 26)

αx(+) = 0.087 αx(- ) = 0.068
αy(+) = 0.035 αy(-) = 0.047
Calculation of Design Moments
Negative BM at Support Mux = 0.087×10.5×2.412 = 5.30 kNm
Muy = 0.047×10.5×2.412 = 2.86 kNm
Positive BM at Mid Span Mux = 0.0656×10.5×2.412 = 4.0 kNm
Muy = 0.035×10.5×2.412 = 2.134 kNm
Design Bending Moment Mu max = 5.30 × 106 N mm
Depth Required From Maximum Moment Criteria

Effective depth required
deff = √(Mumax/(0.138fckb))
= √(5.3x106/(0.138x20x1000)) = 43.82mm
Total depth required, dreqd = 43.82 + 20 + 8/2 = 67.82 mm
As dreqd < dprov (120 mm), the section is SAFE.
Adopt overall depth = 120 mm.

M  0.87 f y A st (d  0.42 f ck bd 2 /Ast )
Ast required for -ve Moment at Supports,

Astx = 151.56 mm2 Asty = 80.60 mm2

Ast required for +ve Moment at Mid Span,
Astx =113.51 mm2 Asty = 59.878 mm2
As per clause 26.5.2.1, Ast > 0.12% bD
Ast = 0.12×1000×120 = 144 mm2
Spacing of 10mm diameter bars
S = (ast /Ast) 1000
Sx = 250 mm Sy = 250 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter HYSD Bars as main steel at 250 mm c/c
Distribution reinforcement:
Provide 8 mm diameter bars (distribution steel) at 250 mm c/c.
Therefore to have uniformity of spacing & also to abide by the clause of code,
provide 8 mm diameter HYSD Bars as main steel at 250 mm c/c & 8 mm diameter
distribution steel at 250 mm c/c.
Check for Shear

Wu L x 10.5 x 2.41
Shear force Vu    8.435 kN
3 3
Vu 8.435 x 103
Nominal Shear Force Tv    0.0843 N /mm2
bd' 1000 x 100
Ast x 100 201.2 x 100
Percentage of Steel Pt %    0.20%
bd' 1000 x 100
Tc = 0.32
Tc’ = k x Tc = 1.3 x 0.32 = 0.416.
Tv < Tc’/2 (SAFE)

Area of steel provided
Ast = (1000x3.14x8x8)/(4x250) = 200.96mm2
Moment of Resistance Mr = 0.87fyAst[d’-(fyAst/fckb)]
= 0.87x415x200.96[75-(415x200.96/(20x1000))]
= 6.96 KNm
Development length required
0.87 f y φ 0.87 x 415 x 8
L d, reqd    376.09 mm
4Tbd 4 x (1.6 x 1.2)
Development length provided
Ld,prov = 1.3 M1/Vu +L0
= 1.3(6.96x106)/(4.217x103) + 100
= 2245 mm
Ld,prov > Ld,reqd (SAFE)
Check for Deflection

Modulus of concrete Ec = 5000 (fck) 0.5 = 5000 x (20)0.5 = 22360.68 N/mm2

Modulus of steel Es = 2 x 105 N/mm2
280
Modular ratio m  13.33
3σ cbc
Calculate Depth of neutral axis from the equation below
0.5 x bX2 = m x Ast x (d-X)2
X = 10.927 mm
bD3 1000 x 1003
M.I of the gross section I gr    83.33 x 10 6 mm 4
12 12
Yt = 50mm
3.13 x 83.33 x 106
f cr I gr
Cracking Moment Mr    5.217 kNm
Yt 50
X 10.927
Lever arm z  d'  100   96.35 mm
3 3
M.I of cracked section
bx 3 1000 x 96.353
I cr   mAst (d  X)2   13.33 x 50.26 x (100  96.35)2
3 3
 5.74 x106 mmˆ4
Effective moment of inertia
I cr 5.74 x 106
I eff  
M z  X B  5.217 x 106 x 96.35  10.927 
1.2   cr 1   w  1.2  1
 Md  d  Bf  5.30 x 106 x 75  100 
 16.10 x 106 mm 4
Icr < Ieff < Igr
If Ieff < Icr, then I eff, con = Icr
If Ieff > Igr, then I eff, con = Igr
Therefore, I eff,con = 16.10 x 106 mm4
W l4 10.5 x 24104
Short term deflection δ ac    2.562 mm
384 E Ieff 384 x 22360.68 x 16.10x 106
Lx 2410
Allowable long term deflection δ perm    6.88 mm
350 350
δ ,ac < δperm (SAFE)

(Pt  Pc)
k 4  0.72x 1
Pt
k4 = 0.72 x 0.0502/(0.0502)0.5 = 0.1613
k 4 x 0.0003 0.1613 x 0.0003

Shrinkage curvature cs    4.03 x 10 7
D 120
Shrinkage deflection δsh  0.125ψ L2  0.125x 4.03 x 10 7 x 24102  0.292 mm

Ec 22360.68
E ce    8600.261 N/mm 2
(1  θ) 1  1.6
Creep deflection
Wu L4  1 1  10.5 x 24104  1 1 
Δc     
384 I eff  Ec E ce  384 x 16.10 x 10  22360.68 8600.261
6 
 4.099 mm
Total deflection δtotal = δac + δsh + ∆c

= 2.562 + 0.292 + 4.099
= 6.95 mm
Allowable short term deflection
Lx 2410
δ perm    9.64 mm
250 250
δ total < δperm (SAFE)

Analysis of
Structure
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
Analysis of a structure is the important constituent of structural design. A

wrongly analyzed building may collapse before its service life, endangering the life and

property of people. A thorough knowledge of theory of structure and judgment is required

in the correct analysis of the structure.
The primary function of a structure is to receive loads at certain points &
transmit them to some other point. In performing this primary function the structure
develops internal forces in its component members known as structural elements. It is the
duty of the structural engineer to design it in such a way that the structural elements
perform their functions adequately. The inadequacy of one or more structural element
may lead to malfunctioning or even collapse of the entire structure. The object of
structural analysis is to determine the internal forces & the corresponding displacements
of all the structural elements as well as those of the entire structural system. The safety &
proper functioning of the structure can be ensured only through a thorough structural
analysis. The importance of proper structural analysis cannot, therefore, be over
emphasized. A systematic analysis of structural system can be carried out by using
matrices. The matrix approach for the solution of structural problems is also eminently
suitable for a solution using modern digital computers. Hence the advantage of using the
matrix approach for large structural problems is evident.
By using matrix approach, the structural analysis can be performed in two
methods:
i) Flexibility method
ii) Stiffness method
In this project, the frames have been analyzed by using Kani’s rotation
contribution method as well as STADD Pro., Which uses stiffness method for analysis of
structure.
Kani’s Rotation Contribution Method:

The static analysis is carried out as per rotation contribution method
(Kani's method). This was developed by Gasper Kani of Germany. The method is an
excellent extension of slope deflection method. It has the simplicity of moment
distribution and can be used to analyze gravity loads and for lateral loads as well. The
following steps are used in applying Kani's method in the analysis of frames.
1. Draw a line diagram as shown in fig. considering each joint to be fixed, calculate
the Fixed End Moments and write them around their respective joints.
2. Calculate the algebraic sum of Fixed End Moments and each joint and write them
in the inner square.
3. Stiffness of each member of the Portal Frame is calculated using the formula K =
I/L where I is the Moment Of Inertia of the respective member and L the
corresponding length.
I
K
L
4. Rotation Factor (R.F.) of each member at a joint is calculated by
( 1/2) x (K of member)
R.F. 
(Sum of K' s of members joining at that point)
5. Displacement factors (D. F.) for each column in a floor is given by
( 3/2) x (K of column)
D.F. 
(Sum of K' s of columns in that floor)
FEM FEM
FEM FEM
RF
RF
RC RC
RF RF
RC RC
DF DF
DC DC
6. Rotation Contribution Moment (R.C.M) at a joint towards a member is equal to

Rotation Factor of the Member x (sum of the Fixed End Moments at the joint +
sum of the far end rotation contributions for the joint + sum of the Displacement
Contribution of the columns connecting the joint).
7. At the start of the calculation for the first joint the far end R.C's are assumed to be
zero.
8. For the calculation of the R.C of the second joint R.C. of the first joint is taken in
to account. Thus, the rotation contribution at all joints is computed.
9. The final moment at a joint = FEM + 2 x (near end R.C.) + far end R.C.
STAAD Pro
STAAD Pro, over the years, has developed to become the world's most popular
& powerful structural engineering software. STAAD Pro features a state-of-the-art user
interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis & design engines with advanced finite
element & seismic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis & design to
visualization & result verification, STAAD Pro is the choice of the design professionals
around the world for the analysis & design of steel, concrete, composite, timber,
aluminum & cold-formed steel structures.
Why STAAD?
1. Developed by practicing engineers for practicing engineers around the globe.

2. Evolved over 20 years & is constantly guided by a premier industry-based steering
committee.

3. Has building codes for most countries including US, Britain, Canada, Australia,
France, Germany, Spain, Norway, Finland, Sweden, India, China, Euro Zone,
Japan, Denmark, & Holland. More are constantly being added.
4. Fully COM (Component Object Model) compliant & is designed using an open
architecture.
5. STAAD Pro User Interface is the industry standard. Its powerful graphics, text &
spreadsheet interfaces provide true interactive model generation, editing, analysis
& easily generates comprehensive custom reports.
6. Can export all data to Microsoft Word or Microsoft Excel!
7. Supports multi-material design codes such as timber, steel, cold-formed steel,
concrete & aluminum.
8. Dynamic & soil-structure interaction capabilities along with exhaustive design
output.
Introduction to the calculation of the loads

The load on a structure varies in nature. In general all the buildings will be
subjected two types of loading-Dead loads & live loads. Dead or Static loads include the
self weight of roof slabs, beams, columns, footings, lintels, brick work, furniture, static
machinery, etc. These loads do not change their place where as live load include all such
loads, which are liable to change their position from time to time. The live load varies in
magnitude from building to building from a minimum of 2 KN/m 2 for dwelling houses, to
a 10 KN/m2 for factories. In the present case of the building project, slabs are assumed
130mm thickness from stiffness/deflection, consideration. Beams are taken separately &
the self-weight is calculated & added separately on the frame.
Loads on beams
1. Dispersion of load on slab to the beam: The load of slab is dispersed on to the
supporting beams in accordance with clause 24.5 of IS: 456 -2000, which states
that the load on beams supporting solid spans, spacing in two directions at right
angles & supporting uniformly distributed loads, may be assumed.
 L 
2
Wu x L x  x 
Load due to traperzoidal loading   3   
 
6  L
 y  
 
Wu x L x
Load due to triangular loading 
3
Wu = load/m on slab
2. Self weight of beams: This load acts on the beams as a UDL. This is calculated
after assuming the suitable cross section (by stiffness / deflection consideration) of
the beam.
3. Load due to brick masonry wall: Since the loads are transferred to the column by
beams, in framed structure wall does not play any significant part in carrying loads
& transference of loads, wall need not be excessively thick. Nominal thickness of
wall, so as to shield the wall will be transferred to the beams.
4. Point load from intersecting beam: If there is any beam meeting the beam, then
the load of that beam is considered as point load.
Dimensions of beams & columns

The assumed dimensions are:
Beam:
B1 = 230 x 230 mm B2 = 230 x 300 mm
Column:
C1 = 230 x 400 mm C2 = 230 x 450 mm
Height of wall =2.85 m

Design of
Beams

DESIGN OF BEAMS
Beam is a horizontal structure member subjected to transverse loads. When load

acts on the beam it bends. For simply supported beam compression acts at the two fiber
and tension acts at bottom and vice versa for cantilever beam. Beam has two axes:
1. Longitudinal axis and
2. Transverse axis.
In the cross section the load acts at the transverse axis, and the beam is
subjected to shear force and bending moment only. If load is acting eccentrically with
transverse axis then the beam is subjected to shear force, mending moment and torsion.
There are two ways to solve the problem. First, we may increase the depth of
the beam, which may not be feasible in many situations. In those cases, it is possible to
increase both the compressive and tensile forces of the beam by providing steel
reinforcement in compression face and additional reinforcement in tension face of the
beam without increasing the depth.
The reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive &
shear stresses induced in it by the loads on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in
compression but very weak in tension. Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying
capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in tension thus the tensile
weakness of concrete is overcome by the provision of reinforcing steel in the tension
zone to make a reinforced concrete beam.
The beam & slabs in concrete structures are cast monolithic. Hence a structure
becomes a slab which is stiffened by concrete ribs in which intermediate beams act as T-
beams & beams around staircase, support frames, openings act as L-beams. The portion
of slabs that act as flange of T or L beam depends on its thickness & span.
The flange of the T beam provides the necessary resistance to compression
while the vertical ribs provide the depth & hence the necessary lever arm. The width of
the rib must be such as to accommodate the tensile reinforcement. A certain portion of the
slab on either slab may be considered forming the compression flange. If the supporting
beam happens to be an end beam, the flange of the beam is present only on the side of the
beam in such a case it is called an L-beam.
The necessity of providing steel in the compression region arises due to two
main reasons:
1. The main reinforcement of a singly reinforced beam cannot be increased by more
than 25% of balanced section by increasing steel only on tension side.
2. At the support of the continuous beam the bending moment changes its sign. Such
a situation may also arise in the design of a ring beam.
The beams may be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. In case of singly
reinforced beam the main reinforcement is provided near the face of the beam subjected
to tension while in the case of a doubly reinforced beam, main reinforcement is provided
near the face of the beam subjected to tension & compression.

A doubly reinforced beam is generally provided in the following situations:

1. When the depth & breadth of the beam are restricted & it has to resist greater
bending moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.
2. When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the
support is usually designed as a doubly reinforced section.
3. When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.
Effective Span:
Since the frame is analyzed as continuous frame the effective span is the distance
between the centers of supporting members.
Guidelines for finalizing the beam positions:

1. Normally beams shall be provided below all the walls.
2. Beams shall be provided for supporting staircase fights at floor levels and at mid
landing levels.
3. Beams should be positioned so to restrict the slab thickness, to 15 cm, satisfying
the deflection criteria. To achieve this, secondary beams shall be provided where
necessary.
4. As far as possible, cantilever beams should not be projected from beams, to avoid
torsion.
5. Beams of equal depths shall be provided on both side of the expansion joint from
aesthetical point of view.
6. Where secondary beam are proposed to reduce the slab thickness and to form a
grid of beams, the secondary beams shall preferably be provided of lesser depth
than the depth of supporting beams so that main reinforcement of secondary
beams shall always pass above the main beams.
7. In toilet block provide minimum number of secondary beams so that casting slabs
and beam will be simple. ‘No secondary beam’ condition would be ideal.
8. Beams which are required to give a planer look from the underside shall be
provided as Inverted Beams, e.g. canopies. Alternatively hidden beams inside the
slab having the same depth as thickness of slab may be adopted. Such hidden
beams can be provided in toilet blocks, under partition wall etc. where a cluster of
beams can be avoided.
Load imposed on a beam:

Load on beam comprises of:
1. Dead load from slab on either side
2. Live load from slab on either side
3. Load from walls on the beams.
4. Load of the beam itself

Dispersion of load of slab on beam:

The load of the slab is dispersed on the supporting beam in accordance with
the clause 24.5 of code which states that the load on beams supporting solid spans,
spanning in two directions at right angles & supporting uniformly distributed loads, may
be assumed in accordance.
In the following pages the load on the supporting beam is determined by
adopting simplified formula. Since the loaded area is trapezoidal & triangular in section,
the calculation of load is rather cumbersome, that is why simplified formula has to be
adopted.
Equivalent uniformly distributed load B.M’s are calculated by using the
following formula for the longer span beam which produces the same B.M’s of
trapezoidal load for longer span beam.
For one way slab which are resting over two opposite supports, the load
carried by each supporting beam is given as load on support i.e. WsLx/2 /m run.

Design of Beams
FRAME
BEAM -
For Fe415 Steel fy = 415 N/mm2
For M20 Concrete fck = 20 N/mm2
For M20 & Fe415 Xu, max /d = 0.48
Width of the beam b = 230 mm
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 25 mm
Effective depth of the beam d = 385 mm
Limiting Moment of resistance Mu,lim = 0.138x fck bd2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x 3852
= 94.09 kNm
@ section 1-1
Mu = 29.07; Mu<Mu,lim singly reinforced beam
= 0.5x20x230x385/415[1-
√(1-4.6x29.07x10 /230x3852 x20)]
6
= 220.5mm2
Providing 2 no.s 10mm dia bars and 1 no of
10mm dia bars of length L/4 from either side of
the column
@ section 2-2
Mu = 40.7;
Mu<Mu,lim singly reinforced beam
= 0.5x20x230x385/415[1-√ (1-4.6x40.7x106/230x3852x20)]
= 316.19mm2
Provide 2 no.s 10mm dia bars and 2no.s 12 mm dia bars of length L/4 from either side of
the column
@ section 3-3
Mu = 37.94; Mu<Mu,lim singly reinforced beam
= 0.5x20x230x385/415[1-√ (1-4.6x37.94x106/230x3852x20)]
=293.4mm2
Provide 2 no.s 10mm dia bars and 2no.s 10 mm dia bars of length L/4 from either side of
the column
Minimum reinforcement Ast = 0.85bd/fy =181.3mm2

Shear reinforcement
Critical shear = 58.25 KN
Critical shear occurs at a distance of b/2 + d = 230/2 + 385 = 500mm
τv = Vu/bd = 58.25x103/230x385) = 0.657 N /mm2
Pt = Astx100/bd = 100x314.12/230x385 = 0.35
Tc = 0.408 N/mm; τv< τcu,max (2.8 N/mm2) (O.K)
τv > τc Therefore design the shear reinforcement.
Providing 6 mm Φ two legged stirrups
Spacing SV = 0.87xAsvxfy/0.4b = (2x3.14x6 2x 0.87x250)/(4x0.4x230) = 214.76mm
Spacing should not exceed the following:

1) 300mm
2) 0.75d = 0.75x385 = 288.7mm
Therefore, provide 6mm dia 2- legged stirrups at 120mm c/c
Moment of Resistance Mr = 0.87fyAst (d-(fyAst/fckb)

= 0.87x415x314.12x (385-28.34) = 40.4KN
Development length required
Ld,reqd = 0.87fyΦ/4τbd = 0.87x415x12/4(1.2x1.6) = 564.1mm
Lo is greater of the following
1) 12Φ
2) Effective depth = 385mm
Therefore Lo = 385mm
Development length provided Ld,prov = M1/V + Lo
= 40.4x10 6/75x103 + 385 = 924.46mm
Ld,prov > Ld,reqd (SAFE)
Check for Deflection

Modulus of concrete Ec = 5000 (fck) 0.5 = 5000 x (20)0.5 = 22360.68 N/mm2
280
Modular ratio m  3σ  13.33
cbc
Calculate Depth of neutral axis from the equation below
0.5 x bX2 = m x Ast x (d-X)2
X = 110.30mm

M.I of the gross section, Igr = bD3/12

= 230x3853/12 = 1093.77x106 mm4
Yt = 210mm
Cracking Moment Mr = fcr Igr/Yt

= 3.13x1093.77x106/210 = 14.9x106 Nm
Lever arm Z = d1 – X/3
= 385-110.3/3 = 348.23 mm
M.I of cracked section Icr = bx3/3 + mAst(d-X)2 = 386.15x106 mm
Effective moment of inertia
Ieff = Icr/(1.2-[Mrz/Md(1-X/d)] = 400.67X106 mm4
Icr < Ieff < Igr
If Ieff < Icr, then I eff, con = Icr
If Ieff > Igr, then I eff, con = Igr
Therefore, I eff,con = 400.67x106 mm4
Short term deflection
Δi = (w l4/384 Ec Ieff) = 2.94mm
Long term deflection
Due to shrinkage: (clause c.3.1)
αcs = k3ψcsl2
K3 = 0.125; l=4170
ψcs = k4 ECS/D
k4 = 0.72X0.255/√0.432 = 0.287
Shrinkage curvature ψcs = 0.287X0.0003/420 = 2.05X10-7
Shrinkage deflection Δsh = k3 ψcsl2 = 0.125x2.05x10-7x41702 = 0.445 mm
Deflection due to creep

Δc = [wl4/384 Ieff] x (1/Ece-1/EC)
Ec 22360.68
E ce    8600.261 N/mm 2
(1  θ) 1  1.6
Δc = (33.49x10-3x41704/384 x (400.67x106) x (1/8600.2-1/22360.0))
= 4.709 mm
Total deflection δtotal = Δi + Δsh + Δc

= 2.94 + 0.445 + 4.709 = 8.094 mm
Allowable short term deflection δperm = span/325 = 4170/325 = 12.83mm
δtotal < δperm (SAFE)

Design
Of Columns
COLUMNS
A column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits,

through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to
resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of
the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on
which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture "column" refers to such a
structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features. A column
might also be a decorative or triumphant feature but need not be supporting any structure
e.g. a statue on top.
A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primarily to support
axial compressive loads & with a height of at least three times it’s least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be axially loaded when the line of the
resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.G of the
column in the longitudinal direction. Depending on the architectural requirements & the
loads to be supported, R.C columns may be cast in various shapes i.e. square, rectangle,
hexagonal, octagonal & circular. Columns of L or T shaped are also sometimes used in
multistoried buildings.
The longitudinal bars in a column help to bear the load in the combination with
concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral
binders. The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting
operation & also check the tendency of their buckling under loads.
In the present are designed with Fe 415 and M20 mix having reinforcement on
all four sides of column. The longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and
not more than 6% of the cross sectional area of the column.
1. The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
2. There shall be minimum of four bars in rectangular column and six bars in
circular column.
3. Spacing of longitudinal bars along the periphery of column shall not exceed
300mm. This is a requirement of cracking.
4. If a column has a larger c/s area than that required to support the load, this
minimum area of bars shall be based on the concrete area required to resist
the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
Minimum Eccentricity:
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the
unsupported length of the columns/500 plus lateral dimension/30, subjected to minimum
of 20mm.
Effective Length:
The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points
of contra flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the
effective length for normal usage assuming idealized end conditions shown in appendix
D of IS-456 (Table24).

Cover:
The longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column shall have concrete cover, not less
than 40mm, not less than the diameter of bar. In the case of columns the minimum
dimensions of 200mm or under whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12mm, a cover of
40mm may be used.
Short and slender column:

A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness
ratios; Lex/D and Ley/b are less than 12.
All the columns in this building are designed as short columns.
Unsupported Length:
The unsupported length, of a compression member shall be taken as the clear
distance between end restraints.
A column may be classified as follows based on the type of loading:

1. Axially loaded column
2. A column subjected to axial load & Uniaxial bending
3. A column subjected to axial load & biaxial bending
Axially Loaded Columns

All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load
into principal directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare, if not
nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity.
Clause 22.4 of IS code specifies the following minimum eccentricity, e min for the design
of column.
Emin = L/500 + D/300, subjected to a minimum of 20 mm.
Where L is the unsupported length of the column (see 24.13 of the code for definition of
unsupported length) & D is the lateral dimension of the column in the direction under the
consideration.
Axial Load & Uniaxial Bending

A member subjected to axial force & uniaxial bending on the basis of
1. The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as
0.002.
2. The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected to
axial compression & bending & when there is no tension shall be 0.0035-0.75
times the strain at least compressed extreme fibre.
Design charts for combined axial compression & bending are given in the form of
interaction diagrams in which curves for Pu / (fck b D) versus Mu / (fck bD2) are plotted for
different values of p/ fck, where p is the percentage of reinforcement.
Axial Load & Biaxial Bending

The resistance of a member subjected to axial force & biaxial bending shall be
obtained on the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 & 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen
as to satisfy the equilibrium of load & moment about the two axes.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation: -
(Mux / Mux1) α n + (Muy / Muy1) α n ≤ 1
Mux & Muy - Moment about& Y-axis due to design loads.
Mux1 & Muy1 - Maximum uni-axial moment capacity for an axial load of P u bending
about& Y-axis respectively.
αn related to Pu/Puz
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc
For values of Pu/Puz = 0.2-0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1-2 for values
less than 0.2, αn is 1, for values greater than 0.8, αn is 2.
Assumptions:
The following assumptions are made for the limit state of collapse in
compression.
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
2. The relationship between stress – strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be
parabolic. The maximum compressive stress is equal to fck/1.5 or 0.445fck.
3. The Tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as
0.002.
5. The stresses in reinforcement are desired from the representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used.
6. The maximum compression strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected, to axial compression and bending, but when there is no tension
at the reaction, takes as 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the at least
compressed extreme fibre.
7. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending. When part of the section is
in tension is taken as 0.0035. In the limiting case when the neutral axis lies along
one edge of the reaction, the strain varies from 0.0035 at the highly compressed
edge to zero at the opposite edge.
Guidelines for fixing the Position and Orientation of Columns in the Plan
This is an important stage. It is skillful job and economy in design is achieved
by locating columns at proper and ideal locations.
1. Columns should generally and preferably be located at or near corners and

intersection /junction of walls.
2. If the site restrictions make it obligatory to locate column footings within the
property line the column may be shifted inside along a cross wall to accommodate
footings within the property line. Alternatively trapezoidal footing, eccentric
footing can also be adopted. In residential buildings, generally columns should be
located at 3 to 4m.c/c to avoid large spans of beam. This will also control
deflection and cracking.
3. While fixing the orientation columns care should be taken that it does not change
architectural elevation. This can be achieved by keeping the column orientations
and side restrictions as proposed in plans by the Architect.
4. As far as possible, column projections outside the walls should be avoided, unless
plans show contrary or same is required as structural requirement.
5. Columns should not obstruct door and window positions.
6. As far as possible, column should be so positioned, that continuous frames from
one end to the other end of building in both X and Y directions are available. This
will increase the global stiffness of the building against horizontal forces.
7. When the locations of two columns are near to each other (for e.g. the corner of
the building and intersection of the walls) then as for as possible only one column
should be provided.
8. As far as possible, column should not be closer than 2m.c/c to avoid stripped
/combined /continuous footings. Generally the maximum distance between two
columns should not be more than 8m.c/c.
9. Columns should be normally provided around staircases and lift wells.
10. Twin columns of equal size are desirable at expansion joints from aesthetic point
of view.
11. As far as possible every column must be connected (tied) in both directions with
beams at each floor level, so as to avoid slender columns.
12. As far as possible column supported on beam should be avoided.
13. When columns along with connecting beams from a frame, the columns should be
so orientated that as far as possible the larger dimension of the column is
perpendicular to the major axis of bending. By this arrangement column section
and there reinforcement are utilized to the best structural advantage.
Design of Column
Plinth

Total axial load on the column, Pu = 772.75 kN

Moment about X-X axis My = 3.1 kNm
Moment about Y-Y axis Mx = 11.95 kNm
Eccentricity about Y-Y-axis ex = Muy/Pu
=3.1 x 10⁶/ 772.75 x 10³
= 4.01 mm
Eccentricity about X -X axis ey = Mux/Pu
= 11.95x10⁶/ 772.75 x 10³
= 15.46 mm
Eccentricity should not be more than the least of the following;
1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (1200/500) + (300/30) = 12.4 mm
2. ex min. = 0.05 x 475 = 23.75 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm
1. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (1200/500) + (230/30) = 10.07 mm

2. ey min = 0.05 x 300 = 15 mm
3. ey min = 20 mm
Therefore, ex = 4.009 mm ey = 10.07 mm
ex & ey < emin, AXIAL BENDING.
Area of steel in column
Pu x 1000  (0.4 f ck bD)
A sc   817.43 mm 2
(0.4 f ck x (1))  (0.67 f y )
Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter.
Asc provided = 4 x 3.14 x 20 x 20 / 4 = 1256.4 mm²
A st x 100 1256.4 x 100
bd 300 x 475
Lateral Ties
 Diameter of Lateral ties should not be less than the greater of the following
1. 1/4th the diameter of the largest bar = 20/4 = 5 mm
2. 6 mm
Provide 6 mm diameter lateral ties.
 Pitch of Lateral ties should not exceed least of the following
1. 16 x diameter of bar = 16 x 20 = 320 mm
2. Least lateral dimension = 300 mm
3. 300 mm
Therefore, provide 6 mm diameter lateral ties at a spacing of 300 mm c/c.
Ground Floor


=1.279 x 10⁶/ 2382.93 x 10³
= 0.53 mm
= 47.14 x 10⁶/ 2382.93 x 10³
= 19.78 mm
Eccentricity should not be more than the least of the following
1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (3150/500) + (230/30) = 13.96 mm
2. ex min. = 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm
1. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (3150/500) + (450/30) = 21.3 mm

2. ey min = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
3. ey min = 20 mm
Therefore, ex = 11.5 mm ey = 20 mm
ex < emin and ey < emin AXIAL BENDING.
Pu x 1000  (0.4 f ck bD)

Area of steel in column Asc   5757.93 mm 2
(0.4 f ck x ( 1))  (0.67 f y )
Asc provided = 12 x 3.14 x 25 x 25 / 4 = 5890.48 mm²
Ast x 100 5890.48 x 100
bd 230 x 450
Lateral Ties
Provide 6 mm diameter lateral ties at a spacing of 230 mm c/c.
First Floor

=2.355 x 10⁶/ 1921.57 x 10³
= 1.22 mm
= 21.91x10⁶/ 1921.57 x 10³
= 11.402 mm

1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (3000/500) + (230/30) = 13.96 mm

2. ex min. = 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm
1. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (3000/500) + (450/30) = 21.3 mm

2. ey min = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
3. ey min = 20 mm
ex & ey <emin, AXIAL BENDING.
Pu x 1000  (0.4 f ck bD)

Area of steel in column A sc   4049.527 mm 2
(0.4 f ck x ( 1))  (0.67 f y )
Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter and 8 bars of 20 mm diameter.
Asc provided = [8 x 3.14 x 202 / 4]+[4x3.14x252/4] = 4476.7 mm²
Ast x 100 4476.7 x 100
bd 230 x 450
Lateral Ties
Second Floor

Moment about Y-Y axis Mx = 22 kNm
= 4.18 x 10⁶/ 1514.95 x 10³
= 2.76 mm
= 22 x 10⁶/ 1514.95 x 10³
= 14.52 mm

1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (3000/500) + (230/30) = 13.96 mm
2. ex min. = 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm
1. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (3000/500) + (450/30) = 21.3 mm

2. ey min = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
3. ey min = 20 mm

Pu x 1000  (0.4 f ck bD)

(0.4 f ck x ( 1))  (0.67 f y )
Asc provided = [12 x 3.14 x 202 / 4] = 3769.9 mm²
Ast x 100 3769.9 x 100
bd 230 x 450
Lateral Ties
Third Floor

= 2.77 x 10⁶/ 1112.835 x 10³
= 2.48 mm
= 21.18 x 10⁶/ 112.835 x 10³
= 19.03 mm
1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (3000/500) + (230/30) = 13.96 mm
2. ex min. = 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm
1. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (3000/500) + (450/30) = 21.3 mm

2. ey min = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
3. ey min = 20 mm
Pu x 1000  (0.4 f ck bD)

(0.4 f ck x (1))  (0.67 f y )
Asc provided = [8 x 3.14 x 162 / 4] = 1608.5 mm²

Ast x 100 1608.5 x 100

bd 230 x 450
Lateral Ties
Fourth Floor

= 2.317 x 10⁶/ 710.75 x 10³
= 3.25 mm
= 20.98 x 10⁶/ 710.75 x 10³
= 29.51 mm
1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (3150/500) + (450/30) = 21.3 mm

2. ex min. = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm
1. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (3150/500) + (230/30) = 13.96 mm

2. ey min = 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
3. ey min = 20 mm
Therefore, ex = 20 mm ey = 11.5 mm
ex < emin and ey > emin, UNIAXIAL BENDING.
Effective cover longer side

d’= 50 mm d’/D = 50/450 = 0.11
Pu /(fck bD) = 710.75 x 10³/ (20 x 230 x 450) = 0.34
Mu /(fck bD2) = 20.98 x 106/ (20 x 230 x 4502) = 0.022
Referring to chart 48 of SP-16
Pt /fck = 0.01 Pt = 0.01 x 20 = 0.2 %
Asc = 0.8 x 230 x 450 / 100 = 828 mm²
Provide 8 bars of 12 mm diameter

Asc provided = 8 x 3.14 x 122 / 4 = 904 mm²

Percentage of Steel
Ast x 100 904 x 100

Pt %    0.87 %
bd 230 x 450
Lateral Ties
2. 6 mm
3. 300 mm
Fifth Floor

= 1.915 x 10⁶/ 308.5 x 10³
= 6.21 mm
= 23.51 x 10⁶/ 308.5 x 10³
= 76.2 mm
1. ex min. = L/500 + D/30 = (3150/500) + (450/30) = 21.3 mm

2. ex min. = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
3. ex min = 20 mm

4. ey min = L/500 + B/30 = (3150/500) + (230/30) = 13.96 mm

5. ey min = 0.05 x 230 = 11.5 mm
6. ey min = 20 mm
Therefore, ex = 20 mm ey = 11.5 mm
ex < emin and ey > emin, UNIAXIAL BENDING.
Effective cover longer side

d’= 50 mm d’/D = 50/450 = 0.11
Pu /(fck bD) = 308.5 x 10³/ (20 x 230 x 450) = 0.15
Mu /(fck bD2) = 23.51 x 106/ (20 x 230 x 4502) = 0.03
Referring to chart 48 of SP-16
Pt /fck = 0.01 Pt = 0.01 x 20 = 0.2 %
Asc = 0.8 x 230 x 450 / 100 = 828 mm²
Provide 8 bars of 12 mm diameter
Asc provided = 8 x 3.14 x 122 / 4 = 904 mm²

Percentage of Steel
Ast x 100 904 x 100

Pt %    0.87 %
bd 230 x 450
Lateral Ties
2. 6 mm
6. 300 mm

Check for Bi-axial Bending
Bending about X – X axis
Pt = 0.85 %
Pt / Fck = (0.85/ 20) = 0.04
Mu / Fck bd = 0.07
Mux = 0.07 x 20 x 3002 x 475 = 59.85 kNm > 6.55 kNm
Therefore, SAFE
Bending about Y – Y axis
d’ / b = 48 / 475 = 0.10
Mu / Fck bd2 = 0.07
Muy = 0.07 x 20 x 300 x 4752 = 94.76 kNm > 11.39 kNm
Therefore, SAFE
Acc = bD – Asc = 300 x 475 – 1206.14 = 141293.86 mm2
Puz = 0.45 fck Acc+ 0.75 fy Asc

= (0.45 x 20 x 141293.86) + (0.75 x 415 x 1206.14)
= 1647.06 kN
Pu / Puz = 100.13 / 1647.06 = 0.06
Calculate α by interpolation from the chart
α = 0.77
α α
 M ux  M 
    uy   1
 M ux   M uy1 
 1  
α α
 M ux  M 
    uy   0.38  1
 M ux   M uy1 
 1  

Therefore, SAFE

Design of
Footings
FOOTINGS
Footing are the structural members that transfer loads from the building or
individual column to earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must
be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential
settlement & to provide adequate safety against sliding & overturning.
Most foundations may be classified as follows:

1. Isolated footings under individual columns
2. Strip footings & wall footings
3. Combined footing supporting two or more columns
4. Raft or mat foundation
5. Pile foundation
The size of the foundation depends on the permissible bearing capacity of

the soil which in turn depends on the type of the sub strata. In general the foundations
have to resist vertical load, horizontal load, & moments.
A Foundation is assumed to act as rigid body which is in equilibrium under
the action of applied forces from the structure & the stress in the soil. It is further
assumed that soil behaves elastically & the stress & strain distribution in the soil
immediately beneath the soil is linear. This permits the usage of theory of bending to
determine the stress distribution in soil for the given axial load & moment. All the limit
states must be considered in design to ensure an e\adequate degree of safety &
serviceability.
Objectives of Footings:
1. To distribute the weight of the structure over a larger area so as to avoid
overloading of the soil beneath
2. To load the substructure evenly and thus prevents unequal settlement
3. To provide a level surface for building operation
4. To take the super structure deep into the ground thus increase its stability
preventing overturning
Assumptions of Footings:
1. The foundation is rigid so that the variation of pressure under the foundation will
be linear.
2. The distribution of pressure will be uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides
with the resultant of the applied loads.
Requirements of Footings:
1. The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed the allowable soil pressure.
2. The settlement of the foundation is within reasonable limit.

3. Differential settlement is so limited as not to cause any damage to the structure.
Analysis & design of footings

The analysis & design of footings can be broadly divided in the following steps:
1. Determination of the area of the footing.
2. Determination of bending moment & shear force at critical section & fixing the
depth of footing.
3. Determination of the area of reinforcement.
4. Check for development length at critical section.
The area of footing is worked based on the load on the member
including self-weight of footing & bearing capacity of soil. The calculation for bending

moment, shear force, development length etc are made based on provision in IS code.
The various recommendations made in IS 456 for design of footing are given below.
Bending moment:
1. The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the
section a vertical panel which extends completely across the footing & computing
the moments of the force acting over the entire area of the footing on one side of
the said plane.
2. The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete
footing which supports a column, pedestal in 33.2.3.1 at section located as
follows: -
a) At pedestal face of the column, pedestal or wall for footing supporting concrete
column, pedestal or wall.
b) Halfway between the centerline & the edge of the wall, for footings under
masonry wall.

c) Halfway between the face of the column or the pedestals & the edge of the
gusseted base for footing under gusseted base.
Shear & bond

1. The shear strength of footing is governed by the more severe of the following two
conditions.
a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack
extending in a plane across the entire width, the critical section for the
condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of the
column pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of footing for
footings on piles.
b) Two way action of footing with potential diagonal cracking along the surface
of truncated cone or pyramid along the concentrated load, in this appropriate
provision specified in 30.6.
2. The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be
assumed at the same planes as those described for bending moment in 33.2.3 also
at all other vertical planes where abrupt changes of shear force occurs. If the
reinforcement is curtailed the anchorage requirement shall be checked in
accordance with 25.2.3.
Tensile reinforcement
The reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment or resistance at least
equal to the bending moment on the section in accordance with 33.2.3.
1. In one way reinforced square footing the reinforcement in the long direction shall be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing.
2. In two way reinforced square footing the reinforcement extending in each direction
shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing.
3. In two way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction
shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement
in shorter direction, a central b& equal to the width of
Reinforcement in central band width 2


Total reinforcement in shorter direction β 1
The footing shall be marked along the length of the footing & portion of the
reinforcement in accordance with the above equation shall be uniformly distributed along

the central b& Where β is the ratio of the long to the short side of footing, the remainder
of the reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed in the outer portions of the footing.
Transfer of load at the base of the column
The compressive stress in concrete at the base of the column or pedestal shall
be considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or
footing. The bearing pressure on the load area shall not exceed the permissible bearing
stress in direct compression multiplied by a value √ A1 / √ A2 but not greater than two.
Where A1 is the supporting area for bearing of footing, which is sloped or

stepped footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a
pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing & having for its upper base, the area
actually loaded and having side slopes of one vertical to two horizontal and A 2 is the
Loaded area of the column base.
For limit stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full area of
concrete shall be taken as 0.45 fck.
1. Where the permissible bending stress on concrete in the supporting or supported
member would be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided for developing the
excess force, either by extending the longitudinal bars into the supporting
members or by dowels.
2. Where transfer of reinforcement is accomplished by reinforcement, the

development length of the reinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the
compression or tension to supporting member
3. Extended longitudinal reinforcement of dowels at least 0.5% of the cross section

area of the supported column or pedestal & minimum of 4 bars shall be provided.
Where dowels are used three diameters shall not exceed the diameter of the
column bars by more than 3 mm.
4. Column bars larger than 36 mm, in compression only can be dowelled at the
footing with bars of smaller size of the necessary area. The dowel should extend
into the column, a distance equal to the development length of the column bar &
into the footing, a distance equal to the development of the dowel.
Depth of Foundation:
Depth of foundation is governed by the following factors:

1. To a secure safe bearing capacity

2. To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes are likely to cause
significant moment due to swelling and shrinkage of soils.
3. To penetrate below the zone which may be affected by frost IS 1080-1962

requires that in all soils a min. depth of 50 cms is necessary. However it good rock
is met at smaller depths, only removal of top soil may be sufficient. An estimate of
depth of footing below ground level may be obtained by using Rankine’s
formulae.
h = p/w (1-sinθ/1+sinθ) 2
Design of Footing
Total axial load transmitted from column (I8) = 2382.9 kN

Assuming 10% of axial load as self weight of footing = 23.829 kN
Total axial load P u = 2621 kN
Safe bearing capacity (s.b.c) = 400 kN/m2
Moment about X- X axis = 47.14 kNm
Moment about Y – Y axis = 1.28kNm
2
Area of footing = 2621 / 1.5 (400) = 4.36/ m
Therefore provide a square footing of size 2.4 x 2.4 m
B = 1.5 m
Ultimate bearing capacity
q = Pu/A +MX/ZX-X + MY/ZY-Y
A = 2.4 x 2.4= 5.76 m2
ZX-X = ZY-Y = I/Y = bd2/6 = 2.4x2.42/6 = 2.304m3
q = (2621/5.76) +(47.14/2.304) + (1.28/2.304) = 476.05 kN/m2
say 480 kN/m2
U.B.C < S.B.C Therefore, SAFE

Lx = (2.4 – 0.23) / 2 = 1.085 m
Ly = (2.4 – 0.45) / 2 =0.975 m
Moment about X- axis Mx = q (ly2) B/2
Mx =480 x 1.085 2 x 2.4/ 2 = 678.08 kNm
Moment about Y-axis My = q (lx2) B/2
My = 480 x 0.9752 x 2.4 /2 = 547.56 kNm
Effective depth required
d =√ (Mu max/0.138fckb)
= √ (678.08x106/0.138x20x330)
=862.8mm
dcons = 862.8mm
Take diameter of bar = 16 mm
Overall depth of footing D = dcons + 50 + 16/2 = 970.78 mm (say 1000 mm)
Overall depth considered D cons = 1000 mm
d = D,cons - 50 -16/2 = 942 mm
Reinforcement in X – X direction
= 0.5x20x2400x942/415[1-√(1-4.6x678.08x106/2400x9422x20)]
= 2032.6mm2
Provide 16mm diameter bars @ 220mm c/c in X direction.
Reinforcement in Y- Y direction
= 0.5x20x2400x942/415[1-√(1-4.6x547.56x106/2400x9422x20)]
= 1635.38mm2
Provide 16mm diameter bars @ 280mm c/c in Y direction
a1 = D + d1/2 + d1/2 = 230 + 942 = 1172mm

b1 = b + d1/2+ d1/2 = 450 + 2 = 1392mm
d1 = 200 + ((DCon – 200) x (Lx1 x 1000 – 0.5 Dcon))/ (Lx1 x 1000)
d1 = 200 + ((942 – 200) x (1.085 x 1000- 0.5 x 942))/ (1.085 x 1000)
= 619.9 mm
Area of punching shear A,rps = 2d’(a’ + b’) = 2 x 619.9x (1172 + 1392 )

= 3178847.2 mm2
Check for Punching Shear:
Critical section for two-way shear is at a distance of half effective depth all round
the column
Shear at critical section F = q {B² - a1b1}
= 480[(2.4 x 2.4) - (1.172 x 1.392)]}
= 1981.71 kN
Punching stress τv = (1981.71 x 103) / (3178847.2) = 0.62 N/mm2

Permissible stress τc = 0.25(fck) 1/2 = 0.25(20) 1/2 = 1.12 N/mm2
τc’= Ksτc = 1 x 1.12 = 1.12 > 0.62 N/mm2
As τv < τc’ (SAFE)
Check for One Way Shear:

Critical section for one-way shear is at a distance of effective depth from the face
of column
d11 = 200 + ((Dcon – 200) x (Lx1 x 1000 – Dcon))\ (Lx1 x 1000)
= 366.77 mm
b11 = D + ((B – D) x d1)/Lx1
= 450 + (2400 – 450) x 942/1085
= 2142mm
Lx3 = (Lx1 x 1000) – d’ = (1.085 x 1000) – 942 = 143 mm
Shear force, V1 = qLx3 x B = 480 x 0.143 x2.4 = 164.736kN

Shear stress
τv = Vu / (b11 x d11)
τv = 164.736 x 103 / ( 2142 x 366.77)
τv = 0.209 N/mm2
Referring I.S 456 we get τc(min)= 0.48 N/mm2
As τv < τc, (SAFE)
Area of footing Af = 2.4 x 2.4 = 5.76m2

Area of column Acol = 0.23 x 0.45 = 0.1035 m2
Stress induced
σ ind = (Pu x 1000)/bd
= (2621 x 1000)/(230 x 450)
= 25.32 N/mm2
Permissible stress
σ per = 0.446 x fck x √(Af/Acol)
= 0.446 x 20 x √ (5.76/0.1035)
= 66.54 N/mm2
σind < σ per (SAFE)

Design of
Staircase

DESIGN OF STAIRCASES
A stair is a series of steps arranged in such a manner as to connect different floors

of a building. Stairs are designed to provide an easy and quick access to the different
floors. The stairs should be thoughtfully located, carefully planned, tastefully designed,
serving its purpose and being economical in construction.
Stairs are provided in a building to afford a means of communication between the

various floors, they are called staircase. Since they have to perform the very important
function, the slab over which the steps rests should be designed properly to provide
maximum comfort, easy & safety. The most important aspect in providing staircase is its
location. The location of staircase should be such as to provide as easy access so that in
case of any casualty, e.g., fire break, earthquake, flooding etc. occupants should be placed
in the center or to the side of a building. The location depends upon the position of the
rooms & the type of approach needed. In commercial buildings, it should be placed
centrally so as to:
1. Provide easy access to all shops / offices.
2. Maintain privacy.
The inclined slab of a stair is known as height of stair while the straight portion
other than the floor level is known as landing. While song on flight, one travels vertically.
The landing is provided midway either to turn the position and lore to relax while going
up.
The vertical height o a stair is known as RISE and the available horizontal distance
on a stair is known as TREAD.
 Rise of the steps - 150 to 300mm

 Tread of the step – 200 to 300mm
 Width of the stair case – 1m in residential building to 2m or public building.
Classification of stairs:
According to structural aspect:
1. Stair spanning horizontally

2. Stair spanning longitudinally

According to arrangement aspect:
1. Straight stairs
2. Quarter landing stairs
3. Dog legged stairs
4. Open well stairs
GUIDELINES FOR FIXING THE DIMENSIONS OF THE COMPONENT PARTS

OF STAIRS:
1. The riser should be between 150 mm to 180 mm and tread between 220 mm to
250 mm for residential buildings. The riser should be between 120 mm to 150 mm
and tread between 250 mm to 300 mm for public buildings.
2. The sum of the tread and twice the rise ( T + 2R) should be between 500 mm to
650 mm.
3. The width of the stairs should be between 0.8 to 1 m for residential buildings. The
width of the stairs should be between 1.8 to 2 m for public buildings.
4. The width of the landing should not be less than width of stairs.
5. The number of steps in each flight should not be greater than 12.
6. The pitch of the stairway should not be greater than 380.
7. The headroom measured vertically above any step or below mid-landing shall not
be less than 2.1 m.
8. Avoid winders as far as possible.

Design of Dog-legged Staircase
Let the height of riser H = 150mm

4200
No. of risers   28
150
Each Flight = 14
No. of treads in each flight = 14 - 1 = 13
Let tread = 250mm
Length of the flight = 13 x 250 = 3250 mm.
Loading:
Let waist & landing slab be 120 mm thick

Self Weight of slab = (0.12 x 25 x 1.2 x 2) = 7.2 kN/m2
Weight of plastering = (1 x 1.2 x 24 x 0.02) = 0.576 kN/m2
Weight of flooring= (0.075 x 1.2 x 1 x 28) =2.52kN/ m2
Live load = (3 x 1.2) = 3.6 KN/m2
Total load = 13.896 kN/m2
Max. Bending moment = wl2/12
=13.896 x 3.252/12
= 12.23kNm
Mu = 1.5 X 12.23 = 18.345kNm
dreq = √ ( Mu / Rb)
=√ (18.345 x 106/ 2.76 x 1200)
= 74.42 mm
Cover = 15+ (10/2)
= 20mm
D = 74.42 +20 = 94.42 < 120 mm O.K
Therefore, D = 120mm
d = 120 – 20
= 100mm
We have
Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1- (Ast fy / fck bd)]
18.345x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x [1- (Ast x 415 / 20 x 1200 x 100)]
18.345x106 = 36.1 x 103 x Ast – 6.243 x Ast2
Ast = 562.98 mm2

Using 10 mm dia bars
Area of each bar = π/4 x 10 x 10

= 78.5 mm2
Spacing = Aф x 1000/Ast
= 139.43mm
Therefore provide 10mm diameter bars @ 120mm c/c as main reinforcement
Distribution reinforcement: 0.15% bD

= (0.15/100) x 1200 x 120
= 216 mm2
Using 6mm dia bars
Area of each bar is π/4 x 6 x 6 = 28.7mm2

Spacing = 28.7 x 1000/216
= 132.87 say 120mm c/c
Therefore provide 6mm diameter mild steel bars @ 120mm c/c as distribution
reinforcement

Analysis
&Design of
Water
Tanks
DESIGN OF WATER TANK
A Water Tank is used to store water to tide over the daily requirements. In general
water tanks can be classified under three heads:
1. Tanks resting on ground.
2. Elevated tanks supported on staging
3. Underground tanks.
From the shape point of view, water tanks may be of several types, such as
1. Circular tanks
2. Rectangular tanks
3. Spherical tanks
4. Intze tanks
5. Circular tanks with conical bottoms.
Design of liquid retaining structure has to be based on the avoidance of
cracking in the concrete having regard to its tensile strength. It has to be ensured in iys
design that concrete does not crack on its water face. Cracking may also result from the
restraint to shrinkage, free expansion & contraction of concrete due to temperature &
shrinkage & swelling due to moisture effects. Correct placing of reinforcement, use of
small sized bars & use of deformed bars lead to diffused distribution cracks. The risk of
cracking due to overall temperature & shrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting
the changes in moisture content & temperature to which the structure as a whole is
subjected. Cracks can be prevented by avoiding the use of thick timber shuttering which
prevent the easy escape of heat of hydration from the mass. The risk of cracking can also
be minimized by reducing the restraints on the free expansion or contraction of the
structure.
The Exact Method of Designing Rectangular Tanks:
The exact analysis is based on elastic theory. The resulting differential

equations are very difficult to be solved directly. IS: 3370 (Part-IV)-1967 gives the tables
for moments & shear forces in walls for certain edge conditions.

Moment coefficients for individual panels considered fixed along vertical edges,
but having different edge conditions at top & bottom are given in tables.
The coefficients for individual panels with fixed side edges apply without
modifications to continuous walls provided there is no rotation about the vertical edges.
In a square tank, therefore, moment coefficients may be taken direct from tables. In a
rectangular tank, however, an adjustment has to be made in manner of moment
distribution modification of fixed end moments in frame analyzed by the method of
moment distribution.
Design of Rectangular Tank
Number of persons = 4(floors) x 2(flats) x 6(person per flat) = 48 (residential)

Water demand per capita = 200 lpcd
= 200 x 48 x 2 = 19200 liters = 19.2 m3
Height of the water tank H = demand / perimeter of tank
= 19.2 / 2 x (4.72 + 2.4)
= 1.34m
Say H = 1.5m
Total height = 1.5 + 0.15 (free board) = 1.65 say 1.7 m
L / B = 4.72 / 2.4 = 1.86 < 2
h = H / 4 (or) 1 m, whichever is greater
=1.7 / 4 (or) 1 m
Therefore h = 1 m
Water pressure P = w (H – h) = 10 (1.7 – 1) = 7 kNm
Assume thickness of wall = 230 mm
Calculation of Bending Moments
B.M. at corner of long wall = P (Leff) / 12 = 10 x 4.952 / 12 = 20.41 kNm

B.M. at mid span of long wall = P (Leff)2 / 16 = 10 x 4.952 / 16 = 15.31 kNm
B.m @ corner of short wall = P (Leff)2 / 12 = 10 x 2.632 / 12 = 5.76 kNm
B.m @ mid span of Long wall = P (Leff)2 / 16 = 10 x 2.632 / 16 = 4.32 kNm
Direct tension of Long wall, Tl = P x Leff / 2 = 10 x 4.95 / 2 = 24.75 kN
Direct tension of short wall, Ts = P x Leff / 2 = 10 x 2.63 / 2 = 13.15 kN
Check for Depth
σst =150 MPa; σcbc= 7 MPa; m =13.33

k = m σcbc/ (m σcbc+ σst) = 0.383

j = 1 - k/3 = 1 – 0.383 / 3 = 0.872

R = 0.5 x σcbc jk = 0.5 x 7 x 0.872 x 0.383 = 1.169
d = √(M / Rb)
= √(20.41 x 106 / (1.169 x 1000))
= 132.13 mm
Overall depth D = 230 mm
Effective depth d = 230 – 25 = 205 mm
x = d – D /2 = 205 – 230 / 2 = 90 mm
Area of steel required
For long wall
Ast,1 = (M – Tx) / (jdσst)
= (20.41 x 106 - 24.75 x 103 x 90 ) / (0.872 x 205 x 150)
= 678.09mm2
Ast, 2 = T / σst = 24.75 x 103 /150 = 165 mm2
Ast = Ast, 1 + Ast, 2 = 678.09 + 165 = 843.09 mm2
Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 135mm C / C
For short wall
Ast,1 = (M – Tx) / (jdσst)
= (5.76 x 106 - 13.15 x 103 x 90 ) / (0.872 x 205 x 150)
= 170.6mm2
Ast, 2 = T / σst = 13.15 x 103 / 150 = 87.66 mm2
Ast = Ast, 1 + Ast, 2 = 170.6 + 87.66 = 258.33 mm2
Aas,min (%) Thickness of wall(mm)

0.2 450
? 230
0.3 100
Ast,min = 0.262 / 100 x 1000 x 230 = 604.571 mm2
Ast > Ast, min

Provide Ast = 604.571 mm2
Provide 10 mm diameter bars @ 130 mm c/c

Reinforcement for cantilever action
M = wHh2 / 6 = 7 x 1.7 x 12 / 6 = 1.98 kNm
Ast,pro = M / (σst jd ) = 1.98 x 106 / (150 x 0.872 x 205 ) = 73.96 mm2
Ast,pro < Aas,min
Provide Ast = 604.571 mm2
Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 185 mm c/c upto a height of 1 m from base.
Design of base slab
Assume thickness of slab = 200 mm
Ast = 0.3 x 200 x 1000 / 100 = 600 mm2

Spacing of 10 mm diameter bars = 3.141 x 102 x 1000 / (4 x 600) = 130.84 mm
Provide 10 mm diameter bars @ 125mm c/c
Distribution steel
(1) For Walls :-

Ast min = 604.571 mm2
Provide 12mm diameter bars @ 125mm c/c
(2) For Base slab:-
Aas,min (%) Thickness of Base slab(mm)

0.3 100
? 200
0.2 450
Ast min = 0.271 x 1000 x 200 / 100 = 540 mm2

Provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 200mm c/c
BIBLOGRAHY
1. Strucural analysis by Ramamrutham and Dr. Prakash Rao
2. Planning & Layout of drawings by using N. Srinivasulu, A.

Kamal and S. Subramanyam
3. National Building Code of India in 1983 and Building

Construction by Rangwala
4. R.C.C by A.K.Ashok, Devdas Menon and Pilley, Carvay and

Sha.
5. Code of Practice (RCC) IS-456-2000
6. Software
 STAAD PRO
 AUTOCAD

 M.S.OFFICE

Building 4 Storey Analysis in Staad

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building 4 Storey Analysis in Staad

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ROAD No. 3, BANJARA HILLS, HYDERABAD

AFFILIATED TO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHAIK QAMAR UDDIN (04-09-1003)

Mr. TOUFEEQ ANWAR

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 1

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION

A MULTI STOREY BUILDING (G+4)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Civil Engineering Department

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 2

We are fortunate enough to have an opportunity to present a project report

We greatly acknowledge our indebtedness to our guide, Mr.Toufeeq Anwar,

We also express our deep sense of gratitude to our Head of Department,

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 3

10. Analysis and Design of water tank

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 4

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 5

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 6

Importance of Multistoried Buildings:

As our country is in developing stage, the economy of people may permit to

 Load bearing constructions.

Advantages of Framed Constructions over other types:

1. Foundation cost will be lesser due to reduction wall thickness.

2. Considerable speed is achieved in the reaction of building.

3. Floor area will be more due to reduction in thickness of walls.

4. Greater glazing area can be obtained.

5. This type of construction permits removal or change of partition walls to suit

Description of Structural Analysis:

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 8

The compatibility principle assumes that deformation consequently displacement,

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 9

A structure in general, composed of interconnected members which, regardless of

Orientations means setting plan of proposed building in such a manner and

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 10

1. BEST FACING OF HOUSE TOWARDS NORTH OR WEST

2. BED ROOM - SOUTH WEST

3. STUDY ROOM - NORTH

5. ROOMS MOSTLY USED DURING DAY TIME - NORTH (OR) WEST

6. STAIR CASE AND CARRIAGE - WEST

7. DIRECTION OF LONGER OUTER WALLS - NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION

8. DIRECTION OF SHORTER OUTER WALLS - WEST DIRECTION

9. SOUTH SIDE WALL - HAVE CHAJJAS (OR) VERANDAH

10. WEST SIDE WALL - CHAJJA BUT ONLY VERANDAH

11. WINDOWS - EAST AND SOUTH

12. VERANDAH - SOUTH AND WEST

Principles of Planning and Designing:

The residential buildings need to be planned according to the kinds of occupants

Following are the suggestions of providing number of bedrooms.

SNo. Size of family Desirable number of bedrooms

1. A couple (alone) 2 single or1 double bedroom

2. A couple with 3 single or 1 double and child. 1 single

3. A couple with 2 4 single or 1 double and children 2 single

4. A couple with 3 5 single or 2 double and children 1 single.

Requirements of Parts of Buildings:

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 12

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 14

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 15

Lighting & Ventilation:

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Page 17