OLEOCHEMISTRY

 Oleochemistry is the study of vegetable oils and animal oils and fats
 Oleochemicals are chemical compounds derived from natural oils/fats
 Animal, marine or vegetable oil/fat sources
 Feedstocks for oleochemicals: palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil,
tallow, sunflower seed, rapseed, soybean, etc
 OLEOCHEMISTRY

 The formation of basic oleochemicals substances are by various

chemical and enzymatic reactions.
 Basic oleochemical substances: Fatty acids, glycerol, methyl ester, fatty
esters, fatty alcohols, fatty amines, etc.
 Oleochemicals are widely used in home and personal care.
 In industries, oleochemicals can be used as a raw material or as an
intermediary for the pharmaceutical, rubber, plastic, paint and lubricant
industries.
 RAW MATERIAL RESOURCES

Raw Materials Oleochemicals

Palm Oil Glycerine
Soybean Oil Glycerols ester
Sunflower Oil Fatty acids
Coconut Oil Fatty alcohol
Rape Oil Triacetine
Palm oil – world’s number one vegetable oil

Others Palm Oil

19%
30%
Sunflower
8%

Rapessed 14%
Soy
29%
 Fruit of palm tree

Kernel
Mesocarp
 Fatty acid
 Fatty acid
composition
composition
equivalent to coconut
equivalent to tallow
 Fractionated into
 Fractionated into
palm kernel olein and
palm olein and
kernel stearin
stearin
 Palm kernel olein is a
 Palm stearin is a
non-food /
non-food/
oleochemicals
oleochemicals
 Rich in C12 and C14
 Rich in C16 and
C18
 Component in Fruit of palm tree

 Crude palm oil is reddish because its contain high amount of

beta-carotene.
 Contain both healthy and beneficials compound such as :
 triacylglycerols (TAGs)
 Vitamin E
 Carotenoids
 Free fatty acids (FFAs)
 Gums
 Lipid oxidation product
 High in saturated acid and semi-solid at room temperature.
Concentration of Fatty Acid in Palm Oil

Type of fatty acid Percent (%)

Palmitic 44.3
Saturated Stearic 4.6
Myristc 1.0

Monounsaturated Oleic 38.7

Polyunsaturated Linoleic 10.5

Concentration of Fatty Acid in Palm Kernel Oil

Type of fatty acid Percentage (%)

Lauric 42.8
Myristic 16.2
Palmitic 8.4
Saturated
Capric 3.4
Caprylic 3.3
Stearic 2.5

Monounsaturated Oleic 15.3

Polyunsaturated Linoleic 2.3

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
OF PALM OIL
MILLING PROCESS

Sterilizing
Threshing
Fresh Fruit
Bunch

Clarification and
purification
Crude palm
oil
Screw press
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
(POME) Palm kernel
 PALM KERNEL PROCESSING

Palm kernel

Cracking

separation of palm kernel

and nut shell

Cooking Pressing
Crude palm
kernel oil
REFINING PROCESS

Degumming Bleaching
Crude palm
kernel oil

Fractionation Deodorising

Filtration
PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICALS
FROM PALM OIL
 Production of Oleochemicals

Palm oil /
palm kernel
Hydrolysis oil Transesterifications

Fatty acids Methyl ester

Glycerols
Hydrogenation Hydrogenation

Fatty alcohols
Amination Amination

Fatty amines
 Raw Oleochemical
Basic Oleochemical
Material Derivatives

Fatty Quaternary Ammonium

Amines Compound (QAC), Amine
Oxides, Diamines
Soaps, Metal Soaps, Fatty Amides,
Fatty Esters, Nonanedionic Acid,
Acids Decanedionic Acid
Palm Oil
Fatty Fatty Alcohol Sulphates,
&
Alcohols Alcohol Ether Sulphates,
Palm
Kernel Oil Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates

Methyl Alpha-sulphonated Fatty

Esters Acid Methyl Esters,
Alkanolamides, Sucrose
Esters, Soaps

Glycerol Alkyd Resins, Glycerides

Soaps, Epoxides, Fatty Acid

Alkanolamides
• Oil or fats are split into fatty acid and glycerol (glycerin) under the
combined action of water, high temperature and high pressure.
• Temperature: 250℃
• Pressure: 50-55 bar respectively
 TRANSESTERIFICATION

 Transesterification is a method of transforming an ester into

another when a vegetable oil is reacted with methanol in the
presence of a catalyst to give methyl ester, biodiesel and
glycerin.
 Glyceride reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst
forming a mixture of fatty esters and glycerol.
 A strong base or strong acid can be used as catalyst.
 E.g NaOH, H2SO4
TRANSESTERIFICATION
 HYDROGENATION1

 Hydrogenation of methyl ester at high temperature and pressure in

the presence of catalyst to produce crude fatty alcohol.
 Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are usually high-molecular-
weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, derived from natural fats and
oils.

O
Hydrogenation
R OH + CH3OH
R OCH3 H2
 HYDROGENATION1

 Fatty alcohols are mainly used in the production of detergents and

surfactants (non-ionic surfactant).
 They are components also of cosmetics, foods, and as industrial
solvents.
 Example of fatty alcohol: lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, cetearyl, cetyl,
isostearyl, nyristyl and behenyl alcohols.
 HYDROGENATION2

 Convert a liquid oil into solid fat. Used in the production of edible fats from
liquid oils.
 Stabilize the oil or fat (unsaturated fatty acids to less unsaturated) to
improve the shelf-life of food
 Catalyst: Nickel, Platinum, Palladium
Mixture of butter and palm & palm kernel oil
BASED PRODUCT OF PALM OIL/ PALM
KERNEL OIL
 Palm / Palm Kernel Oil Fatty Acids Application

Type Applications
Caprylic Acid (C8) Lubricant ester, cosmetic, PVC stabilizers, perfume and
fungicides
Capric Acid Lubricant ester, surfactants, cosmetics, PVC stabilizers
(C10) and fungicides
Lauric Acid (C12) Surfactants raw material, cosmetics, lauryl peroxides
and pharmaceuticals
Myristic Acid (C14) Detergent soap raw material and ester isopropyl
myristate-cosmetics
Palmitic Acid (C16) Esters, shaving gels, pharmaceuticals and metallic
pigments
Stearic Acid (C18) Metal and speciality soaps, rubber industry pearling
agent, candies and ester
Oleic Acid (C18:1) Cleansing soap raw material, metal soap for plastics
and lubricant ester
Linoleic Acid (C18:2) Quick drying oil for oil paints and varnishes.
Source : Astro Awani 25 Jun 2019
Sinar Harian (April 14, 2019) BH Online (October 15,
2019)

35
Source : Astro Awani 19 November
2019
 Astro Awani
20 November 2019
 Astro Awani
20 November 2019