A. Juvenile wood is the secondary xylem at the center of a tree formed throughout the life of the tree.

The width of
the juvenile wood zone decreases upward to the tree crown.

B. There are three general approaches to preventing wood decay. Keep the wood product dry. This is usually the
most effective and least expensive
approach. If wood buildings in temperate regions of the world are properly designed to avoid condensation and
leakage problems, the wood can last indefinitely. Second, where it is not possible to keep wood dry, wood should
be treated with
chemicals that inhibit fungi. If the moisture content cannot be maintained below 20
percent, the use of preservative-treated material is the most practical way to avoid decay. Third, in some cases,
it is possible to use naturally decay-resistant species rather
than using preservative-treated wood.

C. The photosynthesis: Conversion of the light energy into chemical energy and storage by the plant.

Photosynthesis is the process by which water and carbon dioxide are combined in the
leaves of green plants, employing the energy from sunlight to form glucose and other
simple sugars, with oxygen as a by-product (Fig. 3.1). Following its formation, glucose
may be converted to starch, or to other sugars such as glucose 6-phosphate or fructose
6 -phosphate and then to sucrose (C12H22O11) (Kozlowski and Pallardy 1997). Sucrose
and other sugars are then transported in the form of sap to processing centers located
at branch tips (apical meristems) and through the inner bark to meristems at the root
tips and to the cambial region that sheathes the main bole, branches, and roots. Upon
reaching the cytoplasm of individual cells in these various regions, sucrose is hydrolyzed
(combined with water) to form glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6). Trees use these sugars to make leaves, wood,
and bark.

D. The cellular respiration: C6H12O6 is stored and can be use by the plant as energy for the synthesis of organic
molecules (in addition to water and minerals), in the mitochondrion.

E. Growing of plants: Growing: cellular division, multiplication and functionalization.

In the length and in the width in the meristematic zones (where generative cells are).

Growth in the length: at the end of the stem or roots: the apex (primary meristems, first year of the life of the
stem or root). Primary phloem and primary xylem are build from the vascular cambium.

Growth in the width: starting from the second year of the life of the stem or root in secondary meristems:

The cambium: generation of the liber (secondary phloem) and wood (secondary xylem).
The phellogen (or cork cambium): generation of the phelloderm and the suber (or cork)

The cambium (generative cells): Contains 2 types of cells:

 Fusiform initials (tall cells, axially oriented): make axial oriented cells.
Ray initials (almost isodiametric cells – smaller and round to angular in shape): make radial oriented cells

F. Cell division in 2 directions: Periclinal divisions (radial expansion) Anticlinal divisions (tangential expansion)

Division parallel to the stem surface in a tangential plane that results in formation of either xylem or phloem cells is
called periclinal division. Production of new initials by radial partitioning is termed anticlinal division

G.
H.