CONTENTS

Chapter-1 General Introduction 1-50

1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Troposphere 2
1.1.2 Stratosphere 2
1.1.3 Mesosphere 3
1.1.4 Thermosphere 3
1.2 Air Pollution 4
1.3 Air Pollutants 6
1.3.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 8
1.3.2 Ozone (O3) 9
1.3.3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 11
1.3.4 Particulate Matter PM) 12
1.3.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 12
1.3.6 Lead (Pb) 13
1.3.7 Toxic Air Pollutants 14
1.3.8 Stratospheric Ozone Depleters 15
1.3.9 Greenhouse Gases 15

1.4 Air Pollution Modelling 16

1.5 The Dispersion of Air Pollutants 18

1.5.1 Advection 18

1.5.2 Diffusion 18

15.3 Wet Deposition 19

1.5.4 Dry Deposition 19

 1.5.5 Wind Velocity and Turbulance 20

1.5.6 Atmospheric Stability 21

1.6 Gaussian Plume Model 23

1.6.1 Characteristics of Gaussian Plume Models 24

1.6.2 Plume Behaviour 25

1.7 The Diffusion Equation 27

1.7.1 Source Boundary Conditions 30

1.7.2 Surface Boundary Conditions 31

1.7.3 Upper Boundary Conditions 32

1.7.4 Other Boundary Conditions 33

1.8 Air Pollution Modelling at Urban and Larger Scales 33

1.9 Historical Background 35

1.10 Methodology 45

1.11 Summary and Conclusion 47

1.12 Future Scope 50

Chapter-2 A Mathematical Model on Dispersion of Air Pollutants: Effects

of Constant Removal Rate and Variable Wind Velocity in Wave

Function Form 51-62

2.1 Introduction 51

2.2 Mathematical Formulation 53

2.3 Method of Solution 54

2.4 Results and Discussion 59

2.5 Conclusion 62

Chapter-3 An Analytical Approach to a Problem on Dispersion of Air

Pollutants: Effects of Constant Removal Rate and Variable

Wind Velocity in Power Function Form 63-76

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Mathematical Model 66

3.3 Method of Solution 67

3.4 Results and Discussion 73

3.5 Conclusion 76

Chapter-4 An Atmospheric Dispersion Model with Dry Deposition and

Settling of Particles 77-92

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Mathematical Model 79

4.3 Method of Solution 80

4.4 Results and Discussion 87

4.5 Conclusion 92

Chapter-5 Analytical Solutions of Dispersion Model with Constant and

Variable Eddy Diffusivity and Wind Velocity 93-110

5.1 Introduction 93

5.2 Mathematical Model 95

5.3 Method of Solution 96

5.3.1 Case I- Variable Eddy Diffusivity and Variable Wind Speed 97

5.3.2 Case II-Constant Eddy Diffusivity and Constant Wind Velocity 102

5.4 Applications 105

5.5 Results and Discussion 106

5.6 Statistical Method 109

5.7 Conclusion 110

Chapter-6 A Case Study of Lognormal Model for Air Pollution

Concentration 111-126

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 PM 10 Concentration Data and Lognormal Distribution 113

6.2.1The Method of Maximum Likelihood 113

6.2.2 The Method of Moments 115

6.2.3 Bayesian Estimation of Parameters 117

6.2.3.1 Marginal Posterior Densities of 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 119

6.2.3.2 Posterior estimate of 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 120

6.3 Results and Discussion 121

6.4 Conclusion 126

Bibliography 127-136