CONCEPT OF DISASTER HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL

DISASTER  Water in the atmosphere

 Challenge, struggle, tragedy and suffering
 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER REDUCTION
(UNISDR) is a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and
impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
 It associated with LARGE-SCALE DESTRUCTIVE events
such as typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
The Philippines is vulnerable to almost all types of natural
hazards because of its geographic location
 Typhoons, Tornadoes, Drought, Thunderstorms and
Storm surges
ANTHROPOGENIC
 Influenced by Human activities
 Hazardous materials, Acid rain and Global warming
BIOLOGICAL
 Insect infestation, Epidemic and Wildfires
MAJOR DISASTERS THAT HIT THE COUNTRY

PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT  Flood

 Typhoon
 NORTH-WEST PACIFIC – Typhoon (ex. Philippines)  Landslide
 Storm Surge
 INDIAN OCEAN & SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC – Cyclones (ex.  Earthquake
Madagascar & Maldives)  Human-induced Disaster
 Fire
 ATLANTIC OCEAN – Hurricane (South, North & Central
America EFFECTS OF DISASTER

WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER? 1. PRIMARY EFFECT

 At least 20% of population are affected and in need of  Flooding, damage to property and loss of life
emergency assistance or those dwelling units have
been destroyed. 2. SECONDARY EFFECT

 A great number or at least 40% of the means of  disruption of electrical and water services
livelihood are destroyed.
3. TERTIARY EFFECT
 Major roads and bridges are impassable for at least
 lack of livelihood
one week.
 not experienced during the disaster but can be felt
 Wide destruction some time after the disaster has occurred

 Epidemics CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS

DISASTER RISK 1. PEOPLE

 combination of the probability of a hazard and its  number of casualties is assessed. Missing,
negative consequences potential losses in lives, health injured, sick, dead, persons who have been
status, livelihood, assets and services evacuated or relocated

FORMULA FOR DISASTER RISK

R =HxVxE 2. BUILDINGS/INFRASTRUCTURES
C
 damaged structurally or architecturally, have
 R = Risk collapsed, inhabitable
 H = Hazard
3. ECONOMY
 V = Vulnerability
 E = Exposure
 it affects all sectors-business, transportation and
 C = Capacity
communication

 loss of livelihood, employment and tourism

opportunities

4. ENVIRONMENT

 disaster can cause negative effects on the air,

soil, water, and ecosystem in a community
NATURE OF DISASTER
HAZARD
NATURAL DISASTER
 Is defined as a dangerous phenomenon, substance,
 are related to natural processes that occur on Earth human activity or condition that may cause the loss of
with or without warning. life or injury, property damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental degradation.
HUMANMADE DISASTERS
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
 often occur once the precursor sets in.
NATURAL HUMAN – INDUCED
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER
1.GEOLOGICAL 1. BIOLOGICALY HAZARDS
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS e.g. viruses, bacteria, medical
e.g. earthquake, waste, microbiological samples
 Earthquake, Volcanic Eruptions, Tsunamis, Landslides, landslide, volcanic or toxic chemicals
Floods and Subsidence eruption and 2. TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
tsunamis. e.g. accidents due to collapsed
 2. structures and explosion in the  can be anything that includes a physical phenomenon
HYDROMETEOROLOG industries associated with an earthquake that may produce
ICAL HAZARDS 3. SOCIO – NATURAL HAZARDS adverse effect on human activities.
e.g. atmospheric, e.g. overexploitation of land
hydrological, and other environmental EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAP
oceanographic resources
 TEN PROVINCES

EXPOSURE o Surigao del Sur

 Is expressed as the number of human lives and value of o La Union

the properties that can potentially be affected.
 Major Cities
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
 Laoag
1. PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
 Batac
 these are the elements that are tangible or can be
visually seen.  Dingras

2. SOCIOECONOMIC ELEMENTS  San Nicolas

 These comprise the institutional and government o Benguet

systems that dictate the kind of well-being and
o Pangasinan
lifestyles of communities.
o Pampanga
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS
o Tarlac
 These include ecosystems and natural processes
that are exposed to hazard events.
o Ifugao

o Davao Oriental
VULNERABILITY
o Nueva Viscaya
 characteristics and circumstances (physical, social,
o Nueva Ecija
economic and environmental factors) of a community,
system or asset that makes it susceptible to the CLASSIFICATION
damaging effects of hazard
 "likely to be influenced or affected by" 1. PRIMARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
 Disregard for environmental management
 Poorly-planned communities 1. GROUND SHAKING
 Poorly-constructed infrastructures and homes o is the vibration of the ground when an
 Lack of public information and awareness on earthquake occurs, usually recorded in terms
preparedness and risks. of intensity.

FACTORS IN ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY OF AN AREA 2. GROUND RUPTURE

OR COMMUNITY o is an offset of the ground surface when fault
rupture extends to the surface.
 Proximity to a hazard event
 Population density near a hazard event 3. LIQUEFACTION
 Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk o occurs when sand or soil and groundwater are
 Building codes and disaster policies mixed during the shaking of a moderate or
strong earthquake.
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CYCLE
4. LANDSLIDES
 The emergency management refers to the ability of an
o includes a wide range of ground movement
individual or institution to prevent or mitigate, prepare
such as rock fall, rock slide, debris slide and
for, respond to and recover from a crisis.
shallow debris flow.

2. SECONDARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

1. TSUNAMI
1. PREVENTION  is a huge wave caused by an earthquake that
 To avoid/stop an event originates under the ocean and can cause
MITIGATION great destruction when it reaches the land.
 To lessen/limit the impact HOW TO OBSERVE?
 Shake
2. PREPAREDNESS  Drop
 Community develops incident command  Roar
system
2. SEICHE
3. RESPONSE  is a standing wave in an enclosed or partially-
 EMC is put into action enclosed body of water.

4. RECOVERY 3. FLOODING
 Long term process  When tsunami hits a river can cause water to
swell and pour out on the areas beside the
HAZARD river.
 part of life and they are usually the source of disasters
for humans and nature.
4. FIRE
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS  Most fires were the result of candles or lanterns
that were tipped over because of earthquake.
  broken electrical and gas lines
PREPARE EARTHQUAKE SURVIVAL KIT
 First Aid Kit, Food, Bottled water, Flashlights & extra
batteries, Radio (battery operated), Lighters &
matches, Whistle, Knife, Blankets & spare clothes, Rope
– at least 7 meters long, Toiletries, Pen & paper,
Emergency contact numbers, Cash
WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE?
PROTECT YOURSELF
1. DUCK, COVER and HOLD
2. WATCH OUT FOR FALLING OBJECTS
3. KEEP CALM and DON’T PANIC
4. KEEP AWAY from GLASS WINDOWS and HEAVY SHELVES
PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY MEASURES
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
 Hang heavy items, such as pictures and mirrors, away
from beds, couches and anywhere people sit.
 Brace overhead light fixtures.
 Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas
connections. These are potential fire risks.
 Secure a water heater by strapping it to the wall studs
and bolting it to the floor.
 Repair any deep cracks in ceiling or foundations. Get
expert advice if there are signs of structural defects.
 Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable
products securely in closed cabinets with latches and
on bottom shelves.
 Strap or bolt heavy furniture/cabinets to the walls.
 Check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans
and chandeliers.
 Familiarize yourself with the exit routes.
 Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms, and
communication facilities are located. Learn how to
use them before hand.
 Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE (INDOORS)
 DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a
sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON
until the shaking stops. If there is n table or desk near
you, cover your face and head with your arms and
crouch in an inside corner of the building.
 Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and
walls, and anything that could fall, such as lighting
fixtures or furniture.
 Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake
strikes. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow,
unless you are under a heavy light fixture that could
fall, in which case, move to the nearest safe place.
 Use a doorway for shelter only if it is close proximity to
you and if you know it is strongly supported.
 Stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go
outside.
 Be aware that the electricity may go out or the
sprinkler systems or fire alarms may turn on.
 Do not use the elevators.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE (OUTDOORS)
 Stay outdoors away from buildings, streetlights, and
utility wires.
 Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops.
 If you are near buildings with glass panels, move
away from them as they have a tendency to be
squeezed out from their hinges, becoming flying
daggers.
 Move away from steep slopes, which may be
affected by landslides.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE (INSIDE A VEHICLE)
 Stop as quickly as safety permits and get out of the
vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees,
overpasses and utility wires.
 Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has
stopped. Avoid roads, bridges or ramps that might
have been damaged by the earthquake.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE (AT THE BEACH)
 Be aware of possible tsunamis if you are in coastal
areas. When local authorities issue a tsunami warning,
assume that a series of dangerous waves is on the
way. Stay away from the beach and move to safe
grounds.
 When you see the shoreline fall back and all you can
see is sand, expect the sudden rush of water towards
land. Use this time to seek higher grounds (at least 30
meters) or move inland (at least 3500 meters) from the
shore.
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
 Go out safely. Once the shaking stops, take the
fastest and safest way out of the building.
 Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are
usually less violent than the main quake but can be
strong enough to do additional damage to
weakened structures and may occur at any time after
an earthquake.
 Listen and be updated with the latest emergency
information using a battery-operated radio or
television.
 Use the telephone only for emergency calls.
 Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that
can fall off shelves.
 Stay away from damaged areas. Return home only
when authorities have said so.
 Help injured or trapped person. Give first aid when
appropriate. Do not move seriously-injured individuals
unless they are in immediate danger of further injury.
Call for help.
 Clean up spilled medicine, bleaches, gasoline or
other flammable liquids immediately. Leave the area
if you smell gas or fumes from other chemicals.
 Inspect utilities: Check for gas leaks. Look for
electrical system damage. Check for sewage and
water lines damage. If you have to leave the house
because it is not safe anymore, leave a note at the
door as to where you are going.
OTHER GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
RAIN-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
 If any rain or any source of water frequently flows
down a sloping area, the gravitational descent of
loosened soil makes it possible for landslides to occur.
TOP 10 LANDSLIDE PRONE AREA IN THE PHILIPPINES
 1. Marinduque  Report fallen trees and electric posts to proper
authorities.
2. Rizal
SINKHOLES
3. Cebu
 are depressions or holes on the ground that resulted
4. La Union from the collapse of the surface layer of the soil.

5. Southern Leyte THREE TYPES

6. Benguet 1. DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE

7. Nueva Vizcaya  Occur in areas where limestone is exposed at the

surface, or is covered by thin layers of soil or sand.
8. Batangas

9. Mountain Province
10. Romblon
SIGNS OF IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
 Springs, seeps or saturated ground in areas that are
not usually wet.
 New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street or
sidewalks.
 Soil moving away from foundations, or the tilting or
cracking of concrete floors and foundations.
 Sunken or down-dropped road beds.
 Rapid increase in creek water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased soil content.
 A sudden decrease in creek water levels even though
rain is still falling or just recently stopped.
2 COVER-SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE
 Occur where the cover material is relatively in
cohesive and permeable, and individual grains of
sand move downward in sequence to replace grains
that have already moved downward to replace
dissolved limestone.
3 COVER-COLLAPSE SINKHOLE
 Occur where a solution cavity develops in the
limestone to such a size that the overlying cover
material can no longer support its own weight.
SIGNS OF IMPENDING SINKHOLE
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
 Foundations that slant
 New small ponds that appear after rain

 Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders  Cracks in the ground

knocking together, might indicate moving debris.
 Sudden drainage of a pond
THINGS TO DO:
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
BEFORE
 Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a yard
 Know the landslide prone areas and learn the early
signs of impending landslides. THINGS TO DO:

 Monitor the news for weather updates, warnings and BEFORE

advisories.
 Cracks in interior and exterior areas of your home
 Prepare your family’s GO BAG containing items
needed for survival.  Doors and windows that don't close properly

 Know the location of evacuation site and the fastest
and safest way to go there.
 When notified, immediately evacuate to grounds.
DURING
 When inside a house or building and evacuation is
not possible, stay inside and get under a sturdy table.
 When outside, avoid affected areas and go to a
safer place.
 When landslide cannot be avoided, protect your
head.
 When driving, do not cross bridges and damaged
roads.
 Muddy or cloudy well water
 Previously buried items, such as foundations, fence
posts and trees becoming exposed as the ground
sinks
 A circular pattern of ground cracks around the sinking
area
 Localized, gradual ground settlement
 Formation of small ponds, as rainfall accumulates in
new areas
 Interrupted plumbing or electrical service to a building
or neighborhood due to damaged utility lines
 Slumping or falling trees or fence posts

AFTER  Sudden ground openings and settlement

 Leave the evacuation area only when authorities say DURING

it is safe.
 Mark the hole for safety but restrict access.
 Avoid landslide affected areas.
 If the hole is very large, contact local police or
 Check for missing persons and report to authorities. emergency responders, especially if the hole is a
hazard to the public, affects an occupied dwelling,
 Bring the injuries and sick to the nearest hospital. near a utility line, in a roadway, or on a sidewalk or
trail.
 Check your house for possible repair as necessary.
  Do not get too close.

 Do not allow unauthorized or inexperienced persons

to investigate the sinkhole.

AFTER

 Do not fill a hole with trash or debris.

 Use only clean soil or fill, without organic content.

 If the hole is large, the volume of material needed to

fill it may be too great or additional materials such as
concrete and large rock may be required.

 Contact an experienced individual to assist you.

 Try to divert any extra water away from a hole before,

during and after filling.