PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA

Balanoglossus​ (Acorn worm)

● Have ​stomochord​ instead of notochord
○ Flexible, hollow tube found in
hemichordates
● No postanal tail

PHYLUM CHORDATA
Characteristics:
1.) Notochord
2.) Postanal tail
3.) Dorsal hollow central NS​ (dorsal in relation to notochord)
4.) Endostyle​ (present in ventral part of pharynx; will evolve into thyroid gland)
5.) Pharyngeal slits

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Specimens
SUBPHYLUM SUPERCLASS CLASS SPECIMEN

Sea squirt
● Has 5 features of chordate in
embryonic stage
● Notochord until urogenital area

Urochordata

Branchiostoma​ (lancelet)
● Notochord until head

Cephalochordata

Without vertebrae - Hagfish

With vertebrae - Vertebrate

[Order: Myxiniformes]

Myxine​ (hagfish)
Myxini

Agnatha

“Jawless” (no lower

Craniata jaw)
(Developed Can filter feed or be [Order: Petromyzontiformes]
brain/cranium) parasitic
Petromyzon​ (lamprey)
Cephalaspidomorphi

Gnathostomata
With lower jaw

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SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA

Class Chondrichthyes​ ​(cartilaginous fish)

Subclass Elasmobranchii
Order Carcharhiniformes
Rhizoprionodon​ (fusiform)

Order Rajiformes
Dasyatis​ (dorsoventrally flattened)

Dipturus tengu

Subclass Holocephali
Chimaera​ (no spiracle)

---Endoskeleton had to be strengthened, hence came the Sarcopterygii---

Class Sarcopterygii​ (lobe-finned fishes; muscled fins)
Superorder Crossopterygii

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 Superorder Dipnoi
Protopterus

Neoceradotus

Lepidosiren​ (true lungfishes)

Class Actinopterygii​ ​(ray-finned fishes)

Subclass Chondrostei​ ​(some bones are ​ossified​, some are still cartilaginous)
Order Polypteriformes
Polypterus​ (bichir)

Order Acipenseriformes
Acipenser​ (sturgeon) → has the most expensive caviar

Polyodon​ (paddlefish; spoonbill) → extinct as of Jan 2020

Subclass Neopterygii (Holostei)

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 Order Lepisosteiformes
Lepisosteus​ (gar pike)

Order Amiiformes
Amia​ (bowfin)

​Division Teleostei​ (typical bony fishes)

Channa striata​ (snakehead)

Ostracion​ (boxfish)

Monocentridae​ (pinecone fish)

---Marine animals later had to get out of water and conquer the land---
Class Amphibia
Order Caudata/Urodela​ (caudate - ​“tailed​”)
Necturus​ (mudpuppy)

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 Ambystoma​ (Axolotl)

Order Anura/Salientia​ (​tail-less​)

Rana​ (frog)

Bufo​ (toad)

Class Reptilia​ → ​first ​amniotes​ (have amniotic sac; no need for water for reproduction)
Subclass Anapsida​ (no f​ enestra​ or temporal opening on the skull)
Order Chelonia
Chelone​ (turtle)

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 Subclass Lepidosauria
Order Rhynchocephalia
Sphenodon​ (tuatara) → marine

Order Squamata
Varanus​ (monitor lizard; bayawak)

Gecko

Draco

Snakes

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 Lizards (note: lizards include geckos, iguanas, etc.)

Skink

Subclass Archosauria​ (have fenestra)

Order Crocodilia
Crocodilus​ (crocodile) → more “V” snout)
Alligator​ (more “U” snout)

---Problem of reptiles: HEAT b/c they’re cold blooded and can’t thermoregulate---
Class Aves​ → ​became warm blooded & can thermoregulate (better for migration and conquering land)
Subclass Neornithes
Gallus​ (chicken)

Anas​ (duck)

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 Boteoboteo

Kingfisher

Class Mammalia​ → ​came from reptiles; have ​mammary glands​, live birth (some), and ween for their young
Subclass Placentalia/Eutheria​ (no more ​allantois​; parent secretes waste for baby)
Order Insectivora
Suncus​ (shrew)

Order Pholidota
Manis​ (pangolin)

Order Chiroptera
Rousettus​ (bat)

Order Primata​ → have opposable thumbs

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 Order Rodentia
Mus​ (mouse)

Rattus (​ rat)

Order Carnivora
Felis​ (cat)

Canis​ (dog, wolf, etc.)

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 Subclass Prototheria​ → ​oviparous (egg-laying) mammals; no nipples, but still with mammary glands
Ornithorhynchus ​(duckbill/platypus)

Echidna​ (spiny anteater)

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