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turia A. Mange
Departntent of Earth Sciences
Universit¡' of Oxford

Heinz F. W. Maurer
Hofstattw,eg l l
CH-3041 Sririsw,il
Sw'itzerland

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@1992 Maria A. Mange and Heinz F. W. I\,Iaurer

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A catalogue record for this book is ar ailabre from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data

Mange, Maria A.
Heavy minerals in colour / Maria A. Mange, Heinz F. W. Maurer.
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISB,N 0-412+39LU7 (atk. paper)
J.. Heavy minerals-Identificátion-Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Maurer, Heinz F. W. II. Title
Q8364.2.H4M36 1989
549'.1-4c20 89-9199
CIP
Contents 3tl'';,'/
l-'lt¿ /tl

Preface pagewi
Acknowledgments ix

Part I Heavy minerals in the study of sediments:

principles and practice

Introduction

Heavy minerals in the study of sediments:

their application and limitations 4
Hydraulic effects 4
Heavy minerals and grain size 6
The chemical stability of heavy minerals 6

Methods 11
Sampling for heavy mineral analyses 11
Preparation of samples 11
Size reduction, disaggregation and cleaning i1
Sieving 12
Heavy mineral separation 12
General considerations 12
Gravity separation 13
Centrifuge technique 1,1

Miscellaneous separations l-s

Preparation for optical analysis 15
Splitting of heavy mineral lractions l5
Grain mounts l6
N{icroscopic identifi cation 17
Grain counting 17
Study of varietal types 18
Advanced auxiliary techniques 19
X-ray diffraction 7t0
X-ray fl uorescence spectrometry 20
Electron-probe microanall sis 20
The scanning electron microscopc 20
Cathodol u minescence 22

Presentation and nurnerical analysis of heavl'

mineral data z7

5 Application of heavy minerals 29

Part II Descriptions of heavy minerals 35

6 Introduction 37
Abbreviations and symbols JÓ

7' Heavy mineral descriptions and colour plates 39

References 135

ldentification table t42

Mineral index r44
Gcneral index 145
Preface
Although some handbooks on the microscopic identi-
fication of heavy mineral grains are available, a
comprehensive manual illustrated in colour has not
been published until norv. Because the appearance of
minerals in grain mounts differs considerably from
those seen in a thin section, a different approach is
necessary for the identification of detrital grains.
Coloured photomicrographs, shorving their colour
shades, pleochroism and interference tints, provide
an excelient means of assisting recognition. As a
number of mineral grains have similar optical proper-
ties and morphology, it is equally importanr to
describe them verbally in detail, pointing out
characteristic features and differences.
This book is intended primarily as a manual that
describes and illustrates the transparent heavy min-
erals most commonly found in sediments. It is hoped
that such a manual will be useful as a ll'ork of
reference for students and research rvorkers alikc.
In Part I the concept of heavy mineral analysis is
introduced and the relative significance of factors
affecting heavy mineral assemblages is discussed. There
are brief references to the commonly used laboratory
methods and auxiliary techniques. It concludes with
some examples of the application of heavy mineral
studies.
Part II contains the descriptions of 61 transparent
heavy mineral species, including those which are
commonly authigenic in sediments. positive identi-
fication of authigenic minerals is important to avoid
confusion and to help recognition of diagenetic
events. In the mineral descriptions considerable
emphasis is placed upon detrital morphology and
diagnostic features. Optical properties and character-
istics are detailed, together with information on host
rocks. Each mineral description is accompanied by
one or more representative colour plates.
Acknowledgments
This book was completed while the authors rvere
engaged in research at the University of Berne,
Switzerland. I (MM) wish to express my gratitude to
Professor A. Matteq. His help and encouragement was
instrumental in securing the book's publication. I am
also indebted to N. H. Platt and S. D. Burley fo¡ their
constructive criticism and valuable suggestions. Thanks
are due to R. Oberhánsli for his help in the microprobe
analysis and for reading some parts of the mineral
descriptions. The manuscript benefited from fruitful
discussions with P. A. Allen, Th. Armbuster. A. J.
Htrrford, A. C. Morton, Professor E. Niggli,
K. Ramseyer and with several colleagues fronl the
Geological and the lv{ineralogical-Petrographical
Institutes of the Llniversity of Berne. F. Zw'eili has
kindly provided assistance with the scanning electron
microscope. We are grateful to G. Evans of Imperial
College, London for aliowing access to the heavy
mineral collection of the late Professor H. B. Milner
and to J. Waltzebuck of BEB Erdgas and Erdoel
GMBH, Hannover for permitting the use of several
heavy mineral grains from the Rotliegend of
W. Germany. Aegirine, arfvedsonite- and dumortierite-
bearing samples rvere kindly lent by A. C. Morton of
the British Geological Survey, Keyworth.
We acknorvledge the continued support and interest
shorvn by Roger Jones, norv of UCL Press.
Financial support was generously provided by the
Universitl, of Berne, the Srviss l-ottery Foundation,
Shell Expro (U.K.) and BP Exploration, London.
Maria A. Mange-Rajetzky
Heinz F. W. Maurer
J'PART I

HEAVY MINERALS IN THtr STUDY OF StrDIMENTS:

1 Introduction
High-density accessory mineral constituents of silici-
clastic sediments are called heavy minerals. In their
parent rocks they are present either as essential rock-
forming minerals (e.g. amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas)
or are accessory components, such as zircon, apatite,
tourmaline, etc., occurring in a wide variety of rock
types. Heavy mineral grains are seldom encountered in
appreciable quantities in sandstone thin sections; their
total quantity rarely makes up more than one per cent
of the rock. In ordcr to studl,hcavy mincrals cffcctivcll'
they need to be concentrated, and this is normally done
by means of rock disaggregation and mineral separa-
tion, using liquids with densities of 2.89 (bromoform)
or 2.96 (tetrabromoethane). High-density mineral
grains sink in these liquids, hence the name 'heavy'
minerals.
It is now more than 100 years since the study of heavv
minerals was established. The first part of this centur)'
witnessed the enthusiasm of early researchers as thel'
looked for and identified heavy minerals. During this
time methods were refined and there u'as a prolifera-
tion of publications (e.g. Thoulet 1881, Retgers 1895.
N{ackie 1896, 1923a, Artini 1898, Illing 1916, Milner
1929, Bosrvell 1933, Edel¡nan 1933. Baak 1936,
Doeglas 19-10). The popularity of heavv minerals until
the 19-10s stands in contrast to the general scepticism
torvards their valLre thereafter. The decline in popu-
larity was due in part to the recognition that hydraulic
effects cause selective sortin-t according to size, shape
and density, and also to the realization that other
phenomena may affect heavy mineral assenblages. For
example, the occurrence of several mineral species is
often grain-size dependent, and in addition post-
depositional dissolution may often profoundly modify
an initial mineral suite.
Largely as a result of these drarvbacks, but also in
part because of the arrival of more attractive and
fashionable new techniques, many geologists regarded
heavy mineral studies as uninteresting or useless.
However, the technique has by no means been neg-
lected. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s a number
of researchers successfully used the study of heavy
nrinerals in keynote 'rr,orks on a tvide rangc of geo-
logical problems (van Andel 1950, 1955, van Baren &
Kiel 19,50, Hutton 1950, Wieseneder 1952, Koen 1955,
Feo-Codecido 19-56, Sarkisyan 1958, Sindowsky 1958,
van Andel & Poole 1960, Baker 1962, Hubert 1962,
Füchtbauer 1961, 1961 , Hubert & Neal 7967, Gazzi &
Ztrffa I97A). These studies have greatly contributed to
a better understanding of the factors important in
modifying heavy mineral suites, and have opened the
n'ay for more sophisticated interpretations. The expan-
sion of heavy mineral studies into hitherto neglected
fields, the application of advanced analytical tech-
niques and of mathematical data treatment - have all
been important advances rvhich have led to a re.juvena-
tion of interest. Consequentlv, heavy mineral anall'ses
are no\\' more frequently employed and thcy yield
highly informative results. This can be simply con-
firmed from scanning some of the latest volumes of the
Bibliographl, and Index of Geologv, published by' the
American Geological lnstitute. There are nranv studies
in which heavl'minerais play a conclusive role.
Our intention is to provide further assistance and
encouragement for the study of heavy minerals and, we
hope. to help in achieving more accurate results.
 2 F{eavy minerals in the study of sediments:
their application and limitations
Where observation is concerned
chance favours only the prepared rnind
Louis pasteur
Heavy mineral fractions in sediments are often com-
posed of diverse mineral species, in which each grain
conveys its ou'n history. It is the sedimentary petrol-
ogist's task to decipher the message encoded in the
assemblages and apply them for the purpose of:
(a) determining provenance: reconstructing the nature
and character of source areas;
(b) tracing sediment transport paths: rhese are es-
pecially useful for cornplementing palaeocurre¡rt
analyses;
(c) mapping sediment-dispersal patterns;
(d) delineating sedimentary petrological provinces;
(e) outlining, and in suitable cases correlating, r,arious
sand bodies;
(f) indicating the action of particular hydraulic regimes
and concentrating processes;
(g) locating potential economic deposits;
(h) elucidating diagenetic processes.
Heavy minerals are particularly useful in studies
of sedimentation related to tectonic uplift, as the
evolution and unroofing episodes of orogenic belts
are faithfully reflected in their foreland sedimenfs.
Analysis of heavy minerals in foreland basin sequences
may thus prove valuable in constraining the structural
histories of both the basin and the tectonic hinterlands.
Heavy mineral studies are also widely used in pedology.
as they provide clues to soil formation.
From the moment the minerals are released from
their host rocks a se¡ies of processes come into effect,
operating until the assemblages are extracted from a
sediment for study. The significance of factors likely to
affect the reliability of heavy mineral analyses and their
interpretation have been discussed and evaluted in
many publications (Mackie I923a, van Andel 1959,
Blatt 1967 , Hubert 1971, Pettijohn et al. i973, Morton
1985a). The most important parameters are:
(a) Physiographic setting and climate of the source
area. These factors largely control the pre-selection
of mineral grains during host-rock weathering and
1922_95
thus determine the original input of heavy mineral
species into a sedimentary system.
(b) Abrasion and mechanical destruction during trans-
portation. These are related to mechanical dur-
ability of the grains themselves.
(c) Hydraulic factor. This operates during transporta-
tion and is controlled by thc conditions of the
particular h1'draulic regime. Its effects result in
selective srain sorting according to size, form and
densitr'.
(d) Post-depositional, diagenetic, effects (.intrasrratal
dissolution').
The last f\\'o parameters are especially important. The
hydraulic factor decides which mineral grains rvill be
deposited under certain hydraulic conditions. post-
depositional dissolution introduces a selection process
of a different kind, namely the elimination of the less
resistant grains. and it influences the ultimate heavy
mineral assenrblages of a particular sediment. Abrasion
during transport appears to cause negligible modifica-
tions of heavy mineral suites (Russel 1937, Shukri
1e4e).
Hydraulic effects
Rubey (i933) presented the first conclusive paper on
factors causing large variations in the relative mineral
abundances of deposits that have been derived from the
same source lithology. Rubey forrnulated the theory of
hydraulic equivalence which states that grains of
different sizes and densities, but of the same settling
velocity, rvill be deposited under the same conditions.
Consequently, the 'hydraulic equivalent size' is defined
as a difference in size between a given heavy mineral
species and the size of a quartz sphere with the same
settling velocity in water. To resolve the problem of
selective sorting, Rittenhouse (1943), in a study of
sands from the Rio Grande, introduced the hydraulic
ratio which he defined as '100 times the weight of a
mineral in a known range of sizes, divided by the
 HYDRAULIC EFFECTS
weight of light minerals of equivalent hydraulic size'
(Rittenhouse 1.943, p. fial.
Subsequent investigations, however, have shown
that the hypothesis of hydraulic equivalence is not
universally applicabie, and that in most sediments the
heavy and light minerals are not in hydraulic equili-
brium. Rittenhouse (1943), van Andel (1950) and
Briggs (1965) attributed this discrepancy to limitations
on grain-size distributions inherited from the host
rocks, and particularly to the deficiency of larger size
'heavies', relative to larger 'lights',. at source. van
Andel (1950) noted that the relative availability of
heavies varies consistently with transport distance;
Lowright et al. (1972) later demonstrated that this was
caused by hydraulic effects. In a study of the environ-
ment of Lake Erie these authors detected a systematic
divergencc frorii hydraulic equilibriunr in that thc
heavy: light settling-velocity ratios displayed a system-
atic divergence from those expected from conditions of
hydraulic equilibrium. They observed an apparent
source influence in the river- and river-mouth sedi-
ments, but in longshore transport the eft'ect of selective
sorting appeared to be predominant. T'hey concluded
that deviation from the hydraulic equivalence was due
not to source restrictions but rather to 'differential
mineral transport', rvhich resulted in the progressive
elimination of heavies from the transporting s)stem
with increasing distance of travel.
Hand (1967) recorded that, once deposited, heavy
minerals are more difficult to entrain than quartz.
This theory was further developed b1'Trask & Hand
(1985) in a study of the effect of h¡.'draulic sorting of
heavy minerals in longshore transport on the eastern
shore of Lake Ontario. Trask & Hand introduced the
concept of 'difficulty of entrainment' *-hich implies that
'the smaller size of heavy minerals nrakes them less
entrainable and less transportable than fall-equivalent
lights'. This is partly explained by the tendency of the
smali heavy grains to 'hide' in the interstices of the
larger light grains. Slin,qerland (I977 ,1984) pinpointed
factors such as 'selective grain sortin-s' during deposi-
tion and 're-entrainment processes', n'hich ultimately
exert most control on the final grain size of a deposit.
The dependence of marine concentrating processes
on the energy of a particular environment was shown
by Swift et al. (1971), Stapor (1973), Drummond &
Stow (1979) and Riech et al. (7982). In the area of
offshore Alabama and Mississippi, Drummond & Storv
(1979) observed that the smaller and more dense heavy
mineral grains (ilmenite, zircon, leucoxene, monazite
and rutile) are concentrated in low-energy environ-
ments, rvhereas the larger and less dense heavy
minerals (kyanite, tourmaiine, staurolite and silli-
manite) are found in areas of relativelv high energy.
The influence of bed configuration on heavy mineral
accumulations was noted by several authors. Hubert &
Neal (1967) revealed that bottom topography largely
controls sand dispersal patterns of deep-sea sands
in the western No¡th Atlantic petrologic province.
Steidtman (1982) stressed that the 'hydraulic equiva-
lence of grains is not only determined by conditions of
deposition' but also by the 'specific style of grain
motion and bed configuration'. The degree of hydraulic
sorting of heavy minerals differs markedly between the
upper and lower florv regimes. Steidtman advocated
that 'sampling and analytical techniques should take
such factors into account if a successful application of
hydraulic equivalence is to be achieved, either in
interpreting depositional proces.ses or in reconstructing
pr0venance'.
Results of recent stutlics, espccially those wliicli
investigated the mechanisms of fluvial and alluvial
placer evolution, have facilitated a better appreciation
of processes operating in the entrainment, concentra-
tion and hydraulic equivalence relationships of light
and heavy minerals (Slingerland 1977,1984, Salleneer
1979, Komar & Wang 198.1, Komar & Clemens 1986,
Peterson et sl.1986, Komar 1987).
The effect of grain shape on the settlin-g velocities of
heavy mineral grains was investigated bv Briggs er c/.
(1962). This work shorved that the 'variations in shape'
factor has an effect on the drag coefficient (a dynamic
reaction betrveen the fluid and the particle) of a similar
magnitude to that caused by variation in specific
gravity. Therefore 'sorting of heavy minerals by shape
is as important as sorting by specific gravity'. The
importance of hydraulic fractionation by shape in
addition to density n'as also emphasized by Flores &
Shideler (1978). erpressed as'shape-fractionation
index'. This is calculated by the ratios of bladed and
elongate minerals to equant minerals (e.g. pyroxene,
hornblende, etc., versus garnet and epidote). Flores &
Shideler showed that. during reworking of sediments
on the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf by the
Holocene transgression, the more equant epidote and
also the heavier grains had a higher selection rate for
permanent deposition.
Several attempts rvere made to evaluate quanti-
tatively the effects of the hydraulic behaviour of heavy
minerals on provenance determinations and correlation
(for details see Hubert 1971 and Morton 1985a).
However, the methods employed include time-con-
suming laboratory measurements as well as computa-
tion and they are not used in the general routine of
heavy mineral analyses.
In studies of heavy minerals, the extent and possible
effects of hydraulic sorting must always be considered.
Its effect may be minimized by carefully plannecl
 HEAVY II{INERALS iN THE STUDY OF SEDIIVÍENTS: 'IHEIR APPI-IC;\TION AND LIMIT;\TiONS
shmpling and selection of only those grain sizes typical
for, and representative of, the sediment under study
and the energy conditions operating during deposition.
Heavy minerals and grain size
A number of heavy mineral species have an affinity to
certain grain sizes. This reflects their initial size in the
source rocks, a factor controlled primarily by con-
ditions of crystallization, The tendency.of zircon to
occur as small grains is often mentioned in this context.
Other species, such as staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite,
andalusite, topaz, and not uncommonly
tourmaline and pyroxenes, often appear as fairly large
fragments.
As both the size of the individual heavy mineral
grains and the mean grain size of sediments are
controlled by factors operating in the particular de-
positional environment, a uniform grain-size range,
suitable for all heavy mineral analyses, cannot be
established. Probably the only compromise is to assess
the properties of the sediment in question and then to
select, by means of careful examination and operational
tests, a size range that will yield the most representa-
tive assemblage of heavy minerals and the maximum
information. This practice is frequently adopted
and two principal methods are used. The first limits
the grades into one, often narrow, size fraction
(e.g. Sindowsky 1938, 10G-200 ¡rm; Carver 19'11,725-
250 ¡rm; Gravenor & Gostin 1979, 75-150 ¡rm;
Morton 1985a 6!125 pm). This has the advantage of
producing uniform observational conditions and
eliminating apparent variations in heavy mineral pro-
portions, caused by differences in grain size. In
addition, using a narrow size grade helps to reduce the
effect of hydraulic sorting. This approach is ideal for
fine-grained, well-sorted sediments. However, in many
cases it involves the risk of leaving undetected some
diagnostic species, which are present only outside the
selected size grade. This method may thus provide
dubious results, especially in the case ofcoarse-grained
deposits.
The second practice employs a wide size range or
uses the entire heavy mineral 'crop' (e.g. van Andel
L950, van Andel & Poole 1960, 62-500 ¡rm; Füchtbauer
1964,63-400 ¡rm; Galehouse 7967 and Rice et al. 1976,
. : 62-2000 pm; and Milner 1962 and Pettijohn et aI. 1973,
' the entire heavy mineral aisemblage). These sizes will
,.,.'.. lnglude all potentially useful species and; in addition,
will provide a good characterization of the entire heavy
mineral spectrum of a sample. The drawback of this
- approach is that the presence of finé and coarse heavy
mineral grains within a single concentrate rnakes
t -. ,. '
=.oi;ar#li.r.,, i:, . .';;', '' i ; ., ,:' r'
::lr::,:-r¡ l:i.j:i:.,.;'r;.:i ' ';,:.;'::...:,,,:',l¡;,.1:..',,,1,¡.:..,,t,,..,,,,
:,ilf:-li::.'::lr,:t.r:i. l+, 't,' l.tt ,.:..,. a. ' :,,::':, .,..1 ',: .,r . :,.,.
mounting and analysis difficult. When abundant coarse
and fine grains are available, the problem can be
tackled by splitting the heavy residue into two (or
more) fractions. This may prove particularly beneficial
for the analysis of poorly sorted sediments or for those
rvhich include detritus from source terrains, comprising
complex lithologies and of various size grades. A far
less frequently used but probably more effective
approach is to convert relative percentages of healy
minerals to weight percentages (see p. 18).
Finaily, it must be borne in mind, that for correlation,
on either a local or a regional scale, only similar grain
sizes and similarly treated and analysed heavy mineral
garnet, suites should be used.
The chemical stability of heavy minerals
Dissolution processes of common rock-forming minerals
have been extensively studied both in soils and in
simulated Iaboratory experiments (among others,
Raeside 1959, Wilson 1975, Berner 1978, Berner &
Schott 1982, Nahon & Colin 1982, Anand & Gilkes
1984, Velbel 1984 (in soils); Huang & Keller 1970,
1972, Schott et al. 198I (in the laboratory); see also
Colman & Dethier 1986, Huang & Schnitzer 1986 and
Tan 1986). These studies have investigated the rate
and kinetics of mineral dissolution, and their results
provide some insight into reactions betrveen minerals
and solvents, into dissolution processes through pro-
gressive etching, or into the conversion of one mineral
into another mineral by replacement. Although these
investigations were limited to surface or near-surface
conditions, the processes probably take place in a
similar style during burial.
The importance of post-depositional dissolution
cannot be overemphasized. This can obscure proven-
ance by elirninating informative unstable rninerals,
leaving a residue of ultrastable zircon, tourmaline,
rutile and, often, apatite.
Details on the complex subject of mineral stability
versus dissolution are beyond the scope of the present
work. This is widely covered in the relevant literature,
and the reader is referred to some key studies and
reviews, such as Edelman & Doeglas (L934), Goldich
(1938), Bramlette (1941), Pettijohn (1941), Dryden &
Dryden (1946), Blatt & Sutherland (1969), Hubert
(197i), Grimm (1973), Nickel (1973), Morton (1984b,
1985a). Several earlier studies on the stability of heavy
minerals have been compiled and reviewed by Luepke
(1984). Morton (1985a) summarized previous works on
the chemical stability of heavy minerals and, basing hís
studies mainly on sequences from the North Sea, he
established a, realistic stability response'. of heavy
:
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'
 THE CHEIvIICAL STABILITY OF HEAVY MINERALS
minerals to acidic and alkaline geochemical environ-
ments (Table 2.1).
Thoulet (1913) was one of the first to note the
decreasing complexity of heavy mineral suites with
increasing geological age. Pettijohn (19a1) considered
that the general absence of many heavy mineral species
in older sediments could be attributed to removal of
unstable minerals by intrastratal solution. Pettijohn
regarded age as a major controlling factor on the
survil'al of minerals in sediments and this *'as expressed
in the 'order'of persistence' of heavy nrinerals (Table
2.1). Larer studies (e.g. Wieseneder & Nlaurer 1958,
Walker 1967, WalkeÍ et el. 1967, Grimm 1973, Friis
I971, I976, Füchtbauer 1974, Scavnicar 1979, Friis
et al. 7980. lvlorton 1982a, 1981b) dealing with sub-
surface formirtions u,hich experiencetl acid or alk¡rline
diagenesis have shed light on the conditions and
processes that account for the gradual dissolution of
unstabL- species. Horvcver, the overall behaviour of
heavl' minerals rnay be dependent on thc chemistry of
the individual mineral species in question. Mineral
behaviour m¿rv also reflect different gcological settings
and different geochemical environments.
In general terms, the stabilitl' of a prrrticular hear'1'
mineral species can be determined from thc- pH of the
geochemicirl environnlent, although caution is needed
rvhen using this simplistic approach since both Eh and
ionic compositiorr of pore ffuids are ¿rlscl likell'tc-r
influence heavr, mineral stability. Unfortunately, there
is still little data available on this sLrbjc'ct at present-
Heavl miner¿rl assemblages appear to rc-spond differ-
ently to extrelrcs of acid environments (such as those
ty'pical in lateritic or humid-tropical rvc'utherinq condi-
tions) and alkaline enr.'ironments (as trpical in desert
soils or as occurring in the saline brines ¡ssociated lrith
hy'clrocarbon reservoirs).
This difference of beh¿iviour is qell illustrated by the
response of apatite and girrnet under these extremes.
During acidic u'eathering apatite is highll' unstable.
rvith the result that soils and rocks sr-rbjt--cted to acidic
leaching are usually depleted in apatitc. The apatite
dissolution effect is particularly strong in carbonate-
free acid soils (Piller 1951). Lemcke et al. (1953) nnted
that in the presence of Ca2* ions the solubility of
apatite is reduced. Holever, it is comnronly present in
ancient sediments and in deeply buried rocks provided
they rverc not subjected to acidic leaching. lvlorton
(1984a, 1986) observed no dissolution of apatite in
North Sea sequences even at burial depths exceeding
3800 m. In deeply buried Rotliegend sandstones apatite
is present at even greater depth, rvhere it frequently
develops overgrou,ths (MM, unpublished data). As
apatite is rvidespread in detrital sediments, absence of
apatitc lrom a sedinent may be diagnostic of acid
leaching either in the source area or at some stage
during its history (Morton 1986).
Garnets are sensitive to acid leaching in the weather-
ing profile (Bramlette 7929, Dryden & Dryden 1946),
and their unstable nature in acids was confirmed in a
laboratory experiment by Nickel (1973). The stability
of nrembers of the garnet group varies according to
their chemistry. Humbert & Marshall (1943) found that
melanite garnets, as lvell as iron and manganese garnets
in the weathering products of basic rocks, were more
weathered than the garnets from weathered granitic
lithologies. Dana (1895) and Allen (1948) also noted
that garnets with high ferrous iron content were
particularly prone to disintegration. Morton (1987)
observed that garnets rvith the highest calcium content
s'ere least stahle and 'rvere dissolvecl at comparatively
shallorv depth in the Upper Palaeocene Forties Forma-
tion in the Central North Sea.
Recently, Velbel (1984) investigated the weathering
process of almandine garnet in saprolite soils and in
siream sediments in North Carolina. He demonstrated
the different beh¿rviour and dissolution of garnet in the
studied en'u'ironments as a response to controlling
factors such as oxidizing potential and influences of
organic and inorganic processes: garnet from the
inorganic environment of oxidized vadose saprolite
had a thick lay'er of gibbsite-goethite as weathering
products, thus pror,iding a Iayer which protected the
grains from corrosion and their surface remained
unetched. In soils u'here biological and biochenrical
processes prevail. and also in streams, a protective
Iaver cannot form and a selective surface attack is
shou,n by' numerous etch pits.
'I'he facetted forrns of garnet have attracted
consider-
able interest rihich provokecl debates on their authi-
senic - (Simpson i976) versLrs dissolution - (Gravenor
& Leavitt 1981. l\,laurer 1982, Morton 1984br. tsorg
1986) related ori-qin. Hansley (1987) carried our an
etching experiment on garnets, using organic acids, in
order to reproduce the deeplv facetted forms (conrmon
in the }vlorrison Formation in Neu'Mexico) and to gain
a deeper understanding of the process that produces
facetted forms. Hansley provided petrological and
experimental evidence, thus confirming studies that
attributed the facetting to advanced etching, and
discussed both the kinetics of etching and the factors
controlling the dissolution processes in the N{orrison
Formation.
The effects of mineral dissolution can be observed in
optical mounts, but the textnral critcria fclr its recog-
nition are most rr-'adily rliscerned using thc scanning
electron microscope (Hemingway & Tamar-Agha 191 5,
Setlow 1978, Berner & Schott 1982, Maurer 1982,
Ivlorton 1984b). Incipient dissolution procluces small
 THE CHEMICAL STABILITY OF HEAVY MINERALS

etch pits and mamillae on the surface of the affected abundant heavy minerals and informative assemblages.
minerals. As the process continues, the unstable grains, Oil infiltration into a sandstone halts or inhibits
in accordance with their crystailography and chemistry. further diagenesis, and hence prevents or slows later
shorv facets, ragged edges, deep parallel grooves and mineral dissolution. Yurkova (1970) demonstrated rhat
furrows or become 'skeletal'. Grimm (1973, pp. 1.17 & oi1-saturated zones in the productive horizons of
120) illustrated the progressive stages of dissolution for Sakhalin contain significantly more unstable accessory
the most common heavy minerals. Of the numerous heavy minerals than the adjacent rvater-bearing forma-
etch patterns, probably the 'hacksarv' or 'cockscomb' tions. Morton (1982a) found similarly well-preserved
terminations of pyroxenes and staurolite, the 'fra1'ed' unstable minerals in the oil-saturated Tertiary sand-
edges of amphiboles, and the 'etch facets' of garnets are stones of the North Sea Balder Field and also attributed
the easiest to reccrgnize under the li-eht microscope. their preservation to oil inhibition of diagenesis.
Horvever, caütion is necessary before ascribing ali these Although intrastratal dissolution can profoundly
features to dissolution effects. Edelman & Doeglas modify initially diverse heavy mineral assemblages, an
(1932, 1934) noted that similar textures are often impoverished heavy mineral suite cannot be universally
initially causcd by mechanical processes and then regarded as a consequence of diagnetic loss of the less
enhanced b1' subsequent corrosion. Hubert (1971) stable species. r'an Andel (1959) argued that the
arguecl that, in some cases, ragged outlincs ntight absence of unstablc heavies is in many cases due to
reflect the ori,einal habit of mineral -erains in the host parent rock compositions or to loss before deposition in
rocks. Some irregular shapes are also produced bv areas of intensive rveathering. van Andel stressed the
breakage during transport. In the course of our u'ork prime importance of the geological settin_9: platform
u'e have seen typical 'hacksarv' terminations on freshll' facies sediments, receiving detritus from cratonic
eroded pyroxenes in beach anci river s¡rnds fror¡ sources, are generally characterized by stable assem-
southern Turkey and St Lucia. It therefore seems blages; in contrast. sediments shed b1' orogenic sources
probable that grains may already possr-ss inherited contain diverse hear,y mineral suites. In tectonically
ragged outlines. superficialll' resembling etch leatu¡es. active settings, high relief. strong erosion and rapid
hcforc ttrc timc of dcposition. burial provide conditions favourable for prescrl'inu an
In deeply buried porous sandstone bodies. the 'initial' composition of sediments faithfully reflecting
dissolr.rtion process is most likell'to modifl the original the litholog,v of source lands.
nrineral suite. Hulrert (1962) suggested the zrR index Only' a few studies of this kind have bc'en carried out
as an ¿rid to the quantitatire definition of nlineralogical on pre-Cretaceous post-orogenic sediments, but their
mirturity in heavy mineral suites. The zrR index is 'the resr¡lts appear to support van Andel's argument: thc-
combined percentage of zircon. tourmalinc-. and rutile Perrno-Triassic molasse of the pre-Ural re_{ion contains
among the transparent heav) mincr¿rls omittins mic.ls uell preserved pvroxenes and anrphiboL's (Sarkisian
and authigenic species'. This index is useful as a scalc- of 19,58;. 1y¡,¡tn the clastic Upper Dl'oni¡rn series in rhe
the 'degree of modification. or maturitr. ol entire axial zone of the Pyrenees, Stame-rger (1976) distin-
he¿rvv mineral assembla-ges of sandstones'. In most guished a'u'estein' heavy mineral province. t¡pified by
greyrvackes ¿rnd arkoses the zTR index is about 2-3993. hornblende-zoisite-clinozoisite-epidorr'. rvhich stood
Horvel'er. it usually exceeds 90?,., in orthoquartzitc-s. in sharp contrast rvith the adjacent heavy mineral
This reflects the general increase in ZTR inder uith provinces containing stable species only,. The heal'y
increasing geological age of the sediments as a result of mineral composition of these provinces was controlled
the progressive dissolution of unsiable minerals. bv source-area lithology and not by post-depositional
Early cement¿rtion may seal pore throats and isolate effects. Pyroxenes and hornblende are common consti-
the rocks from circr-rlating pore fluids. thus protecting tuents of the Devonian Old Red Sanclstone (regarded
the unstable minerals from dissolution. Cclncretions, as a post-orogenic mol;rsse) of Scotland (Anderton
thinly bedded sand bodies rvith frequent muddy et al. 1979, pp. 111-25). Cawood (1933) studied the
horizons, and silty mudstones, usually have restricted compositions of detrital py'roxenes in early Palaeozoic
fluid migration and thus contain better preserved heavl' rocks from the Nerv England Fold Belt of Australia,
mineral suites (Bramlette 1941, Weyl & \\¡erner 1951, and Weissbrod & Nachmias (1986) have reported
Ludrvig 1968, Blatt & Sutherland 1969, lr{orton 198.1b, the presence of unstable minerals from the late Pre-
1985a). Recently Blatt (1985) drew attention to mud- cambrian Zenifim Formation of the 'Nubian Sandstone'
rocks as potential ancl reliable rock types for proven- in Israel, and from similar assemblages in southern
ance studies. Nludrocks are abundant in most seclimen- Jordan.
tary environments (they form 65% of the stratigraphic To sumnlarize, it is necessrry to assess the iocal
coh.rmn) ancl the silt fraction of silty mudstones ¡'ields conditions prevalent in cach indiviclual study area
HEAVY

whethér
 3 Methods
Sampling for heavy mineral analyses
The value of heavy mineral analyses largely depends on
the accuracy of sampling. rvhich consequentll' should
be carefully and meticulously planned. To a large
extent the purpose of the study and the nature of the
depositional ehvironment or environments in question
rvill dictate the ntode of sampling, but it is very
importaut to design a dense sampling procedure and to
collect unrveathered material. Taking samples hap-
hazarcliy will almost certainly -vield meaningless and
clisap¡rointing results. Sanples should be takert at
regular intervals as well as after changes of stratigraphl"
lithology, facies, texture, flow regime, bed configura-
tion, etc.
Though grain size may influence heavy minerai
compositions, usually the fine-to-medium grained sands
or sandstones yield the optimum heavy mineral assem-
blages. Siltstones and silty mudstones can often provide
good results.
Almost all sands and sandstones contaiu at least
some heavy minerals, even if 'dark spots'. or streaks.
indications of heavy minerals, are not apparent $'hen
investigating clastic sediments ri'ith the naked eye or
under a hand lens. Heavl' mineral rich lirvers are
composed of hydraulically selected and -concentrated
grains of normally high densities (in most cases oplques).
Thel' are important in recorcling specific hl clraulic
conditions (lvfcQuivey & Keefer 1969. Cheel 19.S:1). but
are not representative of the overall heavv mineral
content of a formation. Therefore, sampling these
accumulations alone should be aroided.
Preparation of samples
¡-.
I The mass of a dry sample for heavy mineral analysis
t may vary between 100 g and 1000 g. From sands,
It immature sandstones or volcaniclastics, a sample of
I intact, but a prolonged immersion is necessary to
:- 100 g to 200 g rvill usually yield a sufficient quantity of
heavy concentrate, but mature sediments and those
rvhich contain high proportions of cement necessitate a
larger bulk-sediment sample size.
The following sequeitce of treatments usually pre-
cedes heavy mineral separation:
(1) disaggregation of coherent sediments, to liberate
individual grains;
(2) acid cligestion, to elintinatc carbonates, and alter-
1t
natively washing with water to dissolve soluble
salts;
(3) removal of organic substances;
(4) freeing the grains from adhering clays or iron oxide
coating;
(5) cleaning of bituminous or crude oil saturated
samples;
(6) sieving to extract required grain sizes.
Size reduction, disaggregation and cleaning
The size reduction of many hard rock samples is best
achieved by means of a laboratory roller-crusher or a
jau'-crusher with aperture set to produce 5 mm chips.
These in turn can be treated by chemical means until
complete disaggregation occurs. For some samples a
ceramic or iron percussion mortar and pestle are
sufficient. The pestle should be applied u'ith a crushing
action (the force exerted vertically) to avoid destroying
the original shape and size of the grains. Fine particles
should be sieved out frequently to avoid over-grinding.
Mechanical disaggregation may introduce the danger
of fracturing mineral grains. Ho*'ever, Henningsen
(1967) experimentally demonstrated that the percus-
sion method causes only negligible breakage of heavy
mineral grains.
Acid digest is applied to dissolve unrvanted carbonate
material. The technique can facilitate the removal of
calcareous particles from unconsolidated sediments and
the release of other mineral grains from carbonate-
cemented samples. Either dilute HCI (10%) or 10%
acetic acid (CH3COOH) is used. The former rapidly
dissolves calcite but remor.es dolomite onh'rvith boiling.
The serious handicap of HCI treatment is that it also
eliminates phosphates. In view of the importance of
apatite in fission-track dating and in studies of the
thermal history of a formation, the HCI treatment
should be avoided. Acetic acid leaves the phosphates
dissolve calcite (1-3 days, and subsequent boiling may
still be required). Silica-cemented rocks may be dis-
aggregated by alkalíne digest, using KOH or NaOH
solutions. Flowever this treatment can seriously attack
silicates.
Several other methods which serve to disaggre-
gate coherent fine-grained rocks were described by
Krumbein & Pettijohn (1938), Can'er (1971) and
Allnran & Lawrence (1912), and many' of these can bé

successfuly applied to sandstones. The ultrasonic
method functions by breaking dorvn the rock by high-
frequency mechanical agitation. The technique is
carried out using 5% sodium carbonate solution and a
smail quantity of rvetting agent (e.g. Teepol) in
beaker rvhich is placed in a sonic tank for 5-30 minutes.
All these treatments should be follou'ed by a thorough
wash with water.
Grains may need to be cleansed of adhering clays or
cement, and aggregates and flocculated particles should
be dispersed. This is achieved by agitation using either
a mecha¡rical stirrer or ultrasound. The addition of a
dispersant. such as sodium metaphosphate or sodium
silicate, pronlotes efficient cleaning. Subsequently
tl-re fine suspension is decanted, the residue sands
are poured onto a sieve of 0.063 mm, alternatively
0.053 mnr aperture (us Standard mesh 230 or 270,
British Standard sieves 2,10 or 300) and the fine
particles are rvashed through by a spray of u,ater.
For removing a pervasive iron oride qrain-coating
Leith (1950) suggesled"oralic acid"and aluminium. A
piece of aluminium is placed in a beaker containing a
solution of i5 g oralic acid and 3tl0 ml \\'ater, the whole
sample is added, and the mixture is boiled gently for
1G-20 minutes. It may be necessary to add more oxalic
acid to remove all iron. This treatment should be used
cautiously as it attacks apatites, causing intense surface
corrosion, alteration to a greyish-brou'n colour and a
tendency towards aggregate polarization.
Samples containing fluid hl,drocarbons and asphalt.
or other bituminous substances, can be cleaned with
petroleum distillates or with benzol, chloroform, erher,
trichloroethylene or carbon disulphide.'Soxhlett'
equipment provides an effective method, in which
crude oil is extracted from the samples rvith hexane
(CuHr.).
Certain formations contain abundant authigenic
minerals rvhich may settle in the heavy residue and thus
mask the detrital population. Drilling mud also intro-
duces contaminants into cuttings samples. Milner
(1962, pp. 123-a) described the follorving methods for
removing the most frequently occurring authigenic
contaminants, but these techniques also destroy many
detrital species.
Warm water dissolves gypsum and anhydrite. The
heavy residue is placed in a fairly large beaker (500 ml)
Mineral Treatment
anhydrite hot, strong hydrochloric acid
baryte concentrated sulphuric acid
gypsum hydrochloric acid, ammonium sulphate or
bromoform-benzol solution
pyrite 15% nitric acid, or warm hydrogen peroxide
IUL,'IHODS
rvhich is fi1led up rvith de-ionized rvater kept at about
30'C. The rvater needs to be changed oncc or tt'ice
daily and should not be allorved to evaporate, as this
will promote precipitation. Anhydrite and gypsum
a usually dissolve rvithin one week.
Sieving .
Komar & Cui (i984) as u'ell as Wang & Komar (198-5)
pointed out that sieving involves not only grade
selection but also grain-shape selection. This is parti-
cularly relevant in the case of heavy minerals, u,hich
exhibit much nlore variation in shape than do light
grains.
Before the main grading commences, unwanted finer
particles are removed from the loose sands and
disaggregated materials by a spray of rvater ('ivet
sieving') using a sier,e of 0.063 nm or 0.053 mm
aperture (230 or 270 LrS Standard mesh, 2.10 or 300
British Standard sieves). The selected grain-size range
is extracted from the dry samples by standard sier,ing
(Ingram 1971). Ifpossible, the sieves should be agitated
for 10 minutes using a mechanical shaker. A thorough
cleaning of the screens after each sieving is imperative.
A test run may be necessary to reveal the grain sizcs
yielding the optimum results for a particular study. This
can be done using a ferv representative samples, u,hich
are then sieved into narrorv size grades and carefully
weighed. Follou'ing heavy mineral separation and
weighing the heavy residues of each size grade, a
microscopic examination will reveal those fractions
containing the optimum of heavy mineral assemblages.
If appropriate, t$'o or three narrow grades can be
combined for a subsequent routine analysis.
Heavy mineral separation
G en eral c ons i d erations
Concentration of heavy minerals is performed by
means of high-density liquids. There is. a considerable
difference in densities between the framework consti-
tutents and heavy accessory minerals of a sediment.
Upon immersion of a sample in a liquid of an inter-
mediate density 'sink' (higher density) and 'floar'
(lower density) fractions are produced. These are
commonly called heavy and light fractions respectively.
The acquisition of reliable heavy mineral data largely
depends on minimizing laboratory errors. The choice of
techniques used rvill also have an effect on the quality
of the results obtained. Rittenhouse & Bertholf (1942)
compared the effectiveness of gravity settling and
centrifuge separation. They observed that the weight
12
 HEAVY MINERAL SEPARATION
percentages of heavy mineral concentrates obtained by
the trvo methods differ significantly, but the number
frequencies of the individual heavy minerals are the
same in both cases. Recently, Schnitzer (1983) pre-
sented startling results of his laboratory experiment on
T'riassic Buntsandstein samples. FIe found high fluctua-
tions in heavy mineral percentages from samples
separatecl simultaneously, using either different
liquids (bromoform or tetrabromoethane) or different
separation techniques (gravity or centrifuge methods).
Variations aiso occurred when different settling times
or cliffering áensities of bromoform were used. The
causes of these fluctuations are not completely under-
stood. However, Schnitzer's rvork underlines the
inportance of considering the possible influence of
separation technique on heavy mineral data.
High density (highly toxic) liquids norrnalll' used for
separation are:
Density
t;;g'
bromoform (tribromoethane)
tetrabromlde)
tetrabromoethane (acetylene 2.96
(di-iodomethane)
methylene iodide 3.32
solution
Clerici's 4.24
The latter is a high-density aqueous solution of thallous
formate-malonate. It is of particular use for the
concentration of some of the 'heal'ier' minerals such as
garnet or zircon.
Washing liquids suitable for removin_e the heary
liquids from the grains are: carbon tetrachloride,
benzene, alcohol (ethyl alcohol or methy'lated spirit)
and acetone. Because of their lorr' toxicitv, alcohol and
acetone are most frequentiy used.
Re-qardin-q diluents, IJist (1973) recommended iso-
amylacetate as a stabilizer and diluent for bromoform.
and orthoclichlorobenzene for methylene iodide. IJlst's
tests indicated that use of a rveight proportion of 1%
isoamylacetate to the bromoform will produce a stable
solution which has a cpnstant density (2.82) and will not
decompose during use or storage. He obtained similar
results with methylene iodide and orthodichloro-
benzene solutions.
Recently the non-toxic sodium polytungstate
(3Na2WOa.9WO3.HzO) has been proposed for heavy
liquid separation to replace the highly toxic heavy
liquids (Callahan 1987). Sodium polytungstate is avail-
able in either liquid or porvdered form from soMETU
(Falkenried 4, D-1000 Berlin 33, West Germany). It is
lvater soluble and the mirleral separates can be cleaned
u'ith distilled $'ater, though rvith some difficulty
because of the high viscosity of the liquid.
In geological laboratories trvo basic techniques are
employecl for'standarcl' heavy liquid fractionation:
13
(a) gravity settling or funnel separation, and (b) cen-
trifuge separation. The latter is best for separation both
of very fine (<63 ¡"rm) and of sand-size sediments. This
technique was already advocated in the mid-1920s, but
rvorkers consistently encountered difficulty in achieving
complete and uncontaminated recovery of the trvo
separates from the centrifuge tubes. The introduction
of 'partial freezing' (Fessenden 1959) largely alleviated
this problem and vastly improved the centrifuge separa-
tion technique so that it is now in very widespread use.
Fessenden (1959) employed solid carbon dioxide (dry
ice) to the lower part of the centrifuge tube, permitting
freezing of the separate containíng the heavy fraction.
Scull (1960) suggested liquid nitrogen as an alternative
freezing agent.
Centrifuse methods which omit freezing the heavy
iiquid employ various modiflcations to the centrifuge
tube design (e.g. constricted tubes or a 'tube within
tube'arrangement). In such cases the tubes are
equipped with a closure rod or stopper to ensure a
clean recovery of the heavy fraction (Hutton, in Tickell
1965. Allman & Lau'rence 1972 and Gautier & von
Pechmann i98.1).
Gravity, separotiort
All separations must be carried out in an efficient fnme
cupboard. Rubber glol'es are essential to prevent
contact u'ith the liquid.
Figure 3.1 illustrates the arrangement of equipment
used for separation bv gravity settling. The hear,y liquicl
is filled in the separatins funnel, thr. dry and u'eighecl
sample (marimun 10 g) is then addecl to the liquicl
rvhich should be stirred to ensure that the grains arc-
thorou_qhlv $'etted. Grains aChering to the stirring rod
or the side of the funnel are removecl using a jet of
heavl' liquid. Heavy minerals u'ill accumulate in thc-
bottom of the funnel above the pinch clip. When no
more grains sink (normally after G8 hours separating
time). the pinch clip is opened slowly, thus allouing the
heavy fraction to pour onto the filter paper in the lower
funnel. The pinch clip is closed, leaving a layer of clear
liquid belorv the li-eht fraction. A ner.r'funnel, rvith filter
paper, is placed under the separating funnel. The light
fraction is then drained into the nerv funnel. Subsc-
quently the wall of the separating funnel is rinsecl with a
jet of heavy liquid in order to remove any aclhering
grains. Both fractions arc rvashed thoroughly lvith
alcohol or acetone and set aside to dry. The used heavy
liquid and rvashings are collectecl in iabelled botties.
The heavy liquid can be re-used. After drying, the
ireavy fraction is r.veighed and bottlecl in glass vials.'

Figure 3.1 A.rrangement of equipment for hear'¡i mineral
separation by grayitt seftling
(a) Retort stand, (b) u'atch glass. (c) separaring funnel. (d)
position of light fraction, (e) heavy liquid. (f) funnel supporr,
(g) rubber tube. (h) position of heavy residue. (i) pinch clip.
(j) filter funnel support. (k) ñlter funnel, (l) collecting bottle.
Centrifuge technique
Allorv 1G-15 minutcs in the centrifuge for the separa-
tion of fine-grained sediments. Separating times can be
shorter for coarser sediments. Centrifuge speed is
usually set between 2000 and 3000 rpm.
The sample volume should be in proportion to the
capacity of the centrifuge tube. The best results are
achieved when the ratio of sample to heavy liquid is
1 : 10. Extreme size differences should be avoided.
Separation is most accurate when the particles are of
fairly uniform granulometry. The most commonly used
centrifuge tubes are shown in Figure 3.2.
Partial freezing method Dry and weighed samples are
poured into the centrifuge tubes, heavy liquid is added
and the mixture is stirred or shaken thoroughly to wet
all the grains. The stirring rod and the rvalls of the
centrifuge tube are washed with heavy liquid, then the
I4
Figure 3.2 Commonly used c€ntrifuge tubes
(a) Standard slass rube. (b) glass tube u,ith tapered encl, (c)
constricted. ('Hurron') tube and closure rod.
cc'ntrifuge f ubes are balanced. While the centrifuge is in
operation. t\\o sets of funnels and filter papeis are
arranged. \\'hen the centrifuge has stopped, ¡he tubes
are carefullr lifted and placed into a test-tube rack over
'dry ice', or held bv crucible tongs, lorvered onto liquid
nitrogen or liquid air. The lower part of the liquid.
which contains the heavy fraction, will freeze lr'ithin
seconds. The liquid above rhis frozen plug is poured
into a funnel and the walls of the centrifuge tube are
rinsed carefully u'ith a jet of heavy liquid from a
squeeze bottle held in inverted position. The frozen
plug is ernptied into another funnel and the centrifuge
tube is rinsed u'ith heavy liquid to recover all heavy
grains. The separation process is completed in a
manner similar to that used for the funnel separation
method.
'Tube v'itlti¡t tube' method (after Gsutier & von
Pecltmarut 1931) This scparation involves uo frcczing.
It requires standard 100 ml centrifuge tubes fitted with
a tapered inner tube (Figure 3.3). The inner tube has a
collar attaching it firmly to the rim of the centrifuge
tube. The tapered end of the inner tube has an opening
of 2 mm in diameter which can be closed with a pvc,
polyethylene or Teflon rod. The filling level of the
heavy liquid is marked on the tubes. It is important to
regulate the lelel so as to prevent lifting the inner tube
by hydrostatic pressure.
The inner tube is filled with heavy liquid near to the
level mark then the closure rod is inserted. The sample
is poured into the inner tube and the rnixture is stirred
with a glass rod which is then rinsed with heavy liquid.
The closure rod is extracted and rinsed from adhering
particles. The centrifuge tubes are balanced and the
centrifuge is started. The light fraction will float rvithin

(3. 1) recovc-n' of the lieht and h!.¿r\'! fractions.
Figu re 3.-1 Procedure of hear'¡ mineral separation b¡ 'tube in tube' method (afre r Gautier & rrn Pech m ann 19E1)
( l ) Arranue ment of tubes. hear v liqu id ancl bulk seclime nt be fore separurion; (2 afte r centrifuge separation. L: lish t fraction, H: hear
the inner tube, but the heat'y grains rvill escape through
its opening and settle on thc bottom of the outer tube.
After the centrifuge has stopped, the closure rod is
c¿rrr'fulh inserted. The inner tube is then re moved and
the light fraction is dc.carlted into a funnel. The hear.r.
fraction is emptied into another funnel and the centri-
fuge tube is rinsed of remainin-9 grains rvith a jcr of
hear i' licluid.
lll is c el I an eo us s ep a t¿t ti o n s
Ponnirtg may be use d to reduce the initial volume of a
sample. Hutton (1950) sr.rggested panning in the field as
a method to pre-concentrate loose sands and soii
material. Panning is usualll' follorved by heavy liquid
separation to gain a clean concentrate.
The concentrating or shoking table is used in mineral
processin-q and in cases where minor accessories such as
minerals for radiometric dating or chemical analyses
need to be segregated from large bulks of material.
Recently, Stervart (1986) proposed its application for
the routine separation of heavy' minerals. Bearing in
mind the he alth hazards of heavy liquids this technique
may be viable as a safer alternative, br-rt it may not be
efficient for the separation of small volumes.
Magnetic separution of sedimentary minerals is often
carried out on ireavy nineral fractions for the purpose
of scgrcgating a certain nlineral spccies or group of
15
:':.:.-'l:.:.
,;'tt:i.i,l .;j.._.::
==
*-_-
\-:
)
E
l f racti.n
minerals based on their different magnetic susceptibili-
ties. lvlagnetic separators are usuarlly supplietl ivith
practical notes for application and tables shou,ing the
magnetic susceptibilities of commcln minerals (e.e.
Hess 19,i6;. Tables indicating magnetic susceptibilities
and the best extraction ranges \\'ere compilecl bl.
Rosenblum (19-58), Tickell (196-5, with refr.rence to
Flinter 1959), Parfenoff e¡ al. (1970) and Ailman &
Larvrence (1912). This techniquc- is particularh' useful
for concentrating garnets. pvroxenes and amphiboles
for chemical analysis, or apatite and zircon for geo-
chronolog\'.
Details of the above techniques together with the
description of several additional methods developed for
concentration or segregation of minerals with special
properties, u,ere described by Krumbein & pettijohn
(1938), lv{ilner (1962), Tickell (1965), Parfenoff e¡ a/.
(1970), Carver (197i) and Muller (1917).
Preparation for optical analysis
Splitting of heavy mineral fractians
If a heavy residue is too large to be mounted evenly on
a microscope slide, splitting becones nccessary and this
has to bc performed precisely; many analysts clo not
 II h]-liOl)S
realize the ser"iousness of errors il1\rolved in carelc--ss
splltting. Sprinkling part of the residue from a i'ial onto
a microscope slide incluces grain sorting. Hutton (19-50)
advised strongly against 'the common practice of taking
sarnples rvith the point of a pen-knife'.
Microsplitters (small devices used for splitting) are
efficient l.neans of producing sniall portions for grain
mounts. Krumbein & Pettijohn (1938) described
several types. When a microsplitter is noi available a
method suggested by Hutton (1950) serves as a qood
alternative. A small funnel rvith an upper aperture of
about 25 mm diameter and a horizontallv cut lou'er
aperture is placed onto a large microscope slide, or
onto a piece of sheet glass. The heavy fraction is poured
into the funnel. uhich is tapped gently to shake dorvn
an1' adhering grains; tl.re funnel is then lifted slou ly off
the plate. The cone of grains. formed this u'av. can be
divided by quartering rvith a razor blade.
Graitt nloutlls
For temporary ntounts varir.rtts inlnlersion liquids
are used. the ntost contnlonlt' used L-'t-'ilrg clore oil.
(n : 1.53), monobromnaphtalene (rr : 1,653). ccdar
oil (n : 1.7-1) or methvlene ioc'lide (n = 1.71).
Pennanettt portial unbetldíttg and Iiquid ittttttetsiot't
merhod The principle of this technique is to stick the
grains onto the microscope slide and then to applv
successive refractive index liquids to the same assen-
blage. After inspecting the minerals in a liquid of a
particular refractive index. the slide can be u'ashed.
Another liquid u'ith a different refractive index mav
then be applied. This nethod is hclpful either for
routine analysis or as a special aid for distinguishing
between minerals of similar appearance lrut different
RI.
Various agents tnay be ernplol'ed to adhere grains to
thc microscope slidc. Spencer (1960) recommendecl
Collodion (rr = 1.505). This is only successful u'ith silt-
size particles. Nayudu (1962) suggested gelatine for
sticking the grains onto the glass slide. andGazzi et al .
(1973) used gunr arabic. The latter is commonly
employed by Italian sedimentary petrologists for
routine heavy mineral analysis (G. G Zuffa, personal
cornmunication 1986), and in the preparatiorl of the
grain mounts for the illustrations in this book. I (tvtlt)
also used gum arabic before applying the rnounting
resin.
A mixture of 1:4 gum arabic and distilled rvater is
spread onto a rnicroscope slide and allowed to dry for
about three hours. Grains are sprinkled evenly onto the
surface of the dry gum aratric film. To fix the grains the
surface is moistened by breathing onto it and then dried
for a ferv rninutes under a lamp. hnmersion liquids may
16
then be appiied u'hich can bc subsequently removed
s,ith acetone. A single slide may be used rvith a itumber
of successive immersiou liquids.
For pennanent tnounts, r'arious rnounting nedia are
available and tlte type ernployed depends on the
preference of the individual analyst. The classic resin,
Canada balsam (n : 1.538), has been largely replaced
by s1'nthetic resins, but rnany t'orkers still prefer to use
it and it is easilv obtainable. The advantage of liquid
Canada balsam is that it has a lnolassic consistency
u'hich is excellent for 'crystal rolling', enabiing exam-
ination of grains irr differerlt orientations and thus
greatly assisting the identification of difllcult minerals.
lf necessarl'. grains can be easiiy recovered later rvith a
sharp needle fo¡ auriliary anah'ses. Retrieved grains
are placed in a drop of benzenc- or rylene for cleaning.
\,iounts ¡nade in liquid Canad¿r balsanr have to be
stored flat on a tra,v. Alternatilely. the balsar.n can be
hardened bv helting at l1)'C.
Slnthetic resins u'ith lorv refl'actire indices are Eukitt
(l = 1.,5-1).Lakcside (n : 1.,-iJ).Pcrnrount (rt : 1.-567)
antl Entellan (rt = i.l9l)-1.-itJ(i). The latter is 3 new
embedding agent inrended to replace Caedar and
produced br' \Ic-rck (Darmstadt. Wcst Germanr).
l\,fany n'orkers favour high-index resil'ls. as these
pcrmit Otr,lt'tglirrn berveen species by comparillg the
refractive indices of the minerals u'ith higher and lou'er
refractive indices than the resin. Horvever. it is difficult
to study lo*.er-inder minerals, especially those tl.rat are
colourless. as their outline is alnrost invisible in a high-
inder resin. and surface textures and cleavages are
hardlv detectahlt'.
A nerv range (rf mounting ntedia are available in the
'Cargille lrf eltnount' series. produced by Cargille
Laboratories Inc. (55 Co¡.nmerce Road, Cedar Grove,
Nerv Jerser,.0;009-1289 us.+). These are specially
formulated optical-quality thermoplastics and are ideal
for ¡rermanent rnounts. N'{eltmount 1.539 is recom-
rrended as a replacement for Canada balsam. Of the
high-index series. \leltmount 1.662 is a direct replace-
ner¡t for Aroclor 5442 and Meltmount 1.704 for
Naphrax. In addition there is a series of other
Meltmount media rvith refractive indices: 1.582, 1.605
and 1.680. All ihese products are fluid at 65"C, require
no curing tinle antl are thermally reversible for particle
retrieval or re-orientation. They are soluble in toulene,
acetone, ethl'l ether and methyiene chloride' Mounts
are made on a hot plate (this should be set first at about
80"C to melt the resin, then reduced to 65-70"C for the
mounting procedure). Grains are placed on the micro-
scope slide, covered rvith a cover glass, and a few drops
of Meltrnount are applied with an eyedropper until the
grains are surrounded. Meltrnount sl"rould not be
overheated, as bubbles form easily.
 GRA]N COUNTING
Pipcrine (n : 1.68) \yas suggested for use in grain
mounts by Martens (1932).
Mounts in epoxy casting resins Methods emplof ine
this technique were described by Chatterjee (1966),
Middleton & Kraus (1980) and Leu & Druckman
(1982). We use Araldite D and Hy 956 hardener in a
5 : 1 ratio and prepare the mounts on a hot plate to
speed up curing time. The hot plate is heated to 90"C, a
drop of Araldite is placed on a microscope slide and the
grains are sprinkled onto it and then stirred in a circular
motion with a dissecting needle to ensure even grain
dispersal. The tcntperature is raised to 120'C, causing
the hardener to evaporate in about t\\'o minutes. A
mount prepared this u'av is very durable and is easy ttl
polish. When onh' a fetr', coarser grains are available.
they' may' be mounted on a microscope slide u'ith
double-sided adhesive tape. A mould is made b1'
placing a plastic ring around the grains, filled *ith
Araldite and then treated as above. (Note: some
Araldite is birefringent and not st¡itable for ordinarl'
grain mounts; therefore caution must be taken to ttse
non-birefringent Araldite).
Heavy mineral grain nrounts made using this tech-
nique are suitable for the identific¿rtion of associ¡rted
composite grains and rock fragments and. if necessarl .
for the stiiining of carbonates or sulphates. Uncovered
and polished, these mounts can be used for electron
microprobe or cathodolurninescence anall-'ses.
When preparing grain mor.rnts, it is essential tcr
distribute the grains er enl\' on the slide . avoiding
overlapping and dense packing of grains. Even dis-
persal and preferred grain orientation arr- promoted b\
ger-rtly sliding the cover glass backu'ards and fonvards
w ith plastic tweezers or a pencil eraser rvhile the
mounting medir-rm is in a liquid state.
Microscopic identification
N{any publications deal uith the identification of
minerals by their opticai properties (Heinrich 1965,
Tróger 1969, Phillips & Griffen 1981, Nesse 1986,
Pichler & Schmitt-Riegraf 1987), and discussion of the
topic is unnecessary here. Horvever, as most optical
mineralogy textbooks convey information and illustra-
tions almost exclusivell'for the investigation of minerals
in thin section, it is important to point out some major
differences arising during examination of the same
mineral species in the form of detrital grains.
In grain ntounts, in contrast rvith thin sections, all
grains arc surrounded by the mounting nedinm, aird
relief is pronrincnt. The techniqrre of parlial embeclding
(p 16) is especially advantageous for a good approxi-
11
mation of the refractive indices. This is carried out
either by using the farniliar Becke method or by
'oblique illumination', otherrvise knorvn as Schroeder-
r,an-der-Kolk test (see lVfuir 1977, pp. 4-5-7). Van
Hilten (1981) proposed the technique of 'oblique
observation' rvhich needs no out-of-focus manipulation
of the microscope. It is based on the phenomenon that
light rays, departing from an'interface'(i.e. the
junction betu'een trvo grains or betrveen a grain and a
mounting mediurn) are denser above that which has
higher refractive indices. Looking obliquely into the
microscope by moving the head slightly will cause
blocking of the higher- (or lo*'er-) intensity part of the
light beam. In the former case the result is a darker
interface as it receives less illumination, whereas a
brighter contact uill appear rvith the opposing move-
ment. Observation is promoted by slightiy closing the
substage diaphragrn.
When the precise measurement of the optical con-
stants of individual anisotropic mineral grains b1' the
immersion method is necessarr', the spindle stage
proves a valuable tool (see Bloss 1981, and Nesse 1986,
p.2ea).
Detrital minerals often appear in diverse forms and
take up various orientations upon mountin-q. Those
u'ith a good cleavage or parting settle in the immersion
medium on their best cleavage. but rrrany species,
known to sho*' g,rod cleavages in thin section, fail to
display any in srain mounts. Gr¿rins are usually thicker
than their counterparts in thin section, hcncc colour,
pleochroism and interfercnce tints are trrorr- intense
and could bc- misleading. Prefc-rred particlc oric-ntirtion,
poor preserr'¿rtion or strong interference colours can
inhibit thc dc-termination of the optical character and
elongation. Irregular habit ancl l¡ck of visible clcavages
may' hinder the nleasurement of the extinction angle.
Though the above factors ma)' cause confusion. most
detrital minerals have fairly consistent diagnostic
features lvhi:h assist identific¿rtion (see Part il).
Grain counting
To determine the relative abundance of heavy nrinerals
in a sample, three cliffer.'nt point counting methods are
used (van Harten 1965, Galehouse 1969, 1971):
(a)'Fleet ntethod (Fleet 1926): All grains are countecl
on the microscope slide, and relative abundances
. are calculated to give number percentages.
(b) Line cottnting: The microscope slide is moved by
mc¿rns of a mechahical stage along linear traverses
('lines') and indiviclual grains rvhich are intersected
by thc crosshair are i.lentiliecl ancl counted. 'ftie

. rcsults are number frequencies. Thís methoci is
grain-size sensitive, as the 'lines' intersect the
larger grains more frequently than the smaller
ones, thus leading to a distortion in favour of the
larger grains.
(c) Ribbon countíng: This technique involves rarclomly
selecting ribbons (bands) within rhe microscope
slide. Grains within the bands are counted rvhile
the slide is manoeuvred by a mechanical stage. The
width of the ribbons can be measured conveniently
using a micrometer eyepiece. The results of ribbon
counting are independent of grain size and they
yield nurnber frequencies. Judging frorn references
to counting methods, ribbon counting seems to be
the most popular.
When anaiysing heavy mineral assernblages the non-
opaque, non-micaceous suites are nonnally counted
excluding authigenic minerals. Some researchers count
opaque grains and 'alterites' (weathered unidentifiable
or composite grains; van Andel 1950) separately and
express their abundance as a percentage of the totai
grains counted. In assemblages dominated by the
volume of a prominent mineral (e.g. garnet or apatite),
this species may be counted separately, similarly to the
above (Füchtbauer 1964), thus allowing more accurate
estimates of rare but diagnostic minerals. The number
of grains counted is usually recalculated to equal 100 %
and the abundance of individual minerals is expressed
in percentages by number.
The precision of heavy mineral analysis is Iargely a
function of the number of grains counted on
microscope slide. Dryden (1931) graphically illustrated
the reliability of heavy mineral data in relation to the
number of grains counted and observed a rapicl
increase in accuracy with increasing number of counts
up to 300. Above this number the probability of
inaccuracies is grcatly decreased. I¡r a tcst on Rhi¡le
sediments, van Andel (1950) counted separate batches
in multiples of 100 berween 100 and 600 grains. He
found some variations in the proportions of the most
abundant minerals, though these variatio¡rs never
exceeded 5 %. Rare species were encountered only
when 200 or more grains were counted. In view of such
experiments it is necessary to count at least 200 non-
opaque grains to arrive at a reasonable estimate of
mineral proportions and also to detect rare but often
diagnostic species reliably.
The efficiency of the analyses increases considerably,
when other mineral characteristics, such as morphology,
colour, etc., are noted at the same time as the grains
are counted. For example, distinction between euhedral
and rounded forms of zircon, tourmaline and apatite
may permit the recognition of different sedimentary
histories (see below).
t\lEtl.IoDS
Some authors have atternpted to convert numl-cr
percentages to u'eight percentages (e.g. van Andel
1950, Ludrvig 1955, Hunter 1967, Norman 1969, Mange-
Rajetzky i983; this method was also referred to by
Füchtbauer 1971 and Brix 1981). Conversion calcula-
tions are based on the densities of the individual
minerals and on the total rveight of the heavy fraction.
Weight percentages provide reliable values for the
overall frequencies of a mineral species in a sample and
are especially useful when several size grades are
analysed. For accurate resuits all species should be
counted, making this a very time-consuming approach.
Study of varietal t¡'pes
Bramnral (1928) pointed out that 'the t,ariefal features
of a species in a detrital assemblage may be of greater
significance than the mere presence of that spccies'.
Indeed, during the history of heavy mineral anall'ses
many studies have proved that the value of results has
increased considerably u'hen the various types of a
particular mineral (or of a mineral group) u,ere
distinguished and counted (i.e. rhe varietal r)'pes).
Recording of r,arietal fearures may facilitate the success-
ful correlation or distinction of sand bodies, and may
also yield clues about progressive recycling of a
particular formation into successively younger deposits.
The recording of varietal characteristics will also permit
more refined reconstruction of source-area lithology
a and provenance. Focusing on one particular mineral or
mineral group helps to minimize the effects of the
h1'draulic factor and of other (e.g. diagenetic) factors
acting to modifl' the members of an original heavy
mineral suite. Varietal studies can be conducted on
criteria of ph1'sical properties, such as mineral colour,
inclusions, striations, tiiinníng, or,'ergrou'th, zoning,
etc. These characteristics may be studied under the
polarizing microscope or alternatively under cathodo-
luminescence. Grain size and the degree of rounding
may also be recorded.
The use of phlsical properties may be'applied to all
t1'pes of sedintents, provided that the selected minerals
are sufficiently abundant. It is necessary to count
75-100 grains of a particular species, recording the
informative varietal types in separate categories. Zircon
is an ubiquitous detrital mineral and its variations in
morphology, colour and textural characteristics all lend
themselves to successful varietal counts (see details
under zircon in Part II). For instance, the proportions
of zoned and unzoned zircon grains permitted the
correlation of members of the Karroo System in
southern Africa (Koen 1955). The colour and morpho-
logical criteria of zircons in the Morrison Formation of
18
 ADVANCED AUXILIARY TECHNIQUES
New Mexico assisted in distinguishing betrveen zircons
sourced by Precambrian and Mesozoic intermediate
intrusive rocks and those derived frorn Tertiary rhyolitic
airfall tuffs (Hansley 1986).
Tourmaline has many varietal types. However, these
are not always consistent, even within a particular host
rock formation, and hence provenance reconstruction
on this basis alone should be avoided. For example
Staatz et cl. (1955) found significant chemical and
colour variations in tourmalines between the rvalls and
core of a single pegmatite. In contrast, Porver (1968)
and Henry & Guidotti (1985) showed that the chernical
characteristics of tourmaline compositions can be
useful petrogenetic indicators under particular condi-
tions. Krynine (1946) summarized the use of detrital
tor.rrmaline in tracing sediment provenance. Beveridge
(196t)) was able to distinguish three major parent-rock
types in the Lower Tertiary Formations of the Santa
.,rnia on the basis of tour-
Cruz Mountains c
maline shapes and c.- , In a study conducted by lrrt
on sediments from Tunrsia. slender green prismatic
tourmalines with a darker nucleus were reliable markers
of several sedimentary formations lvith a common
parentage.
The crystal form, colour, characteristic strings of
inch.rsionsand pleochroic cores of apatite are all
informative properties for varietal studies. Fleet ct
Smithson (1928) traced the source of several deposits in
Wales and the British N{idlands to the Leinster granite
lvith the aid of cored and dark apatites. Varieties
characterized by parallel strings of dark inclusions u erc-
useful index minerals in sediments deríved from a
common source in lulvl's studf in northern Tunisia.
Rutile, which is found in a number of varieties in
sediments, is also a suitable candidate for varietal
studies (Galloway 1972, Riech et al. 1982).
Inclusion-free staurolites indicated a Catalanides
source, whereas those which contained abundant
carbonaceous or quartz inch.rsions indicated a Pl renean
parentage for the Oligocene sediments of the eastern
Ebro Basin (Allen & Mange-Rajetzky 1982). Hanslei
(1986) also noted a change of staurolite r-arieties
between the lower and uppermost part of the Westrvater
Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation, New
Mexico.
A more advanced approach involves mineral chem-
istry. The varieties of a mineral species or group may be
distinguished by their chemical composition. lvlorton
(1985a) summarized the results of several studies by
this method. Pyroxencs, amphiboles and epidote
minerals are most suitable for varietal stuclies by
chemical means, since their compositions shou' great
variability through solicl solution series; but, orving to
thc unstable nature of these minerals, their occurrence
i9
limited to younger sediments. Morton (1985b)
is usually
advocated study of the cornpositional varieties of
garnets as they are relatively stable, faithful indicators
of their mode of origin and are widespread in sediments.
Advanced auxiliary techniques
Though the petrographic microscope remains the
fundamental tool in heavy mineral identification, in
recent years additional advanced techniques (such as
X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, scanning
electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence) have
also been employed, further assisting optical identiñca-
tion. Use of these techniques provides information on
chemical composition, structural and textural charac-
teristics, and thus considerably increases the accuracy
of heavy mineral analyses, permitting more confident
interpretations to be made. The techniques are applic-
able to detrital minerals just as they are to their
counterparts in'hard rocks'. However, sample prepara-
tion mal be laborious.
Sufficient quantities of a particular mineral species
can be concentrated either by conventional separation
techniques or by hand picking. As in most cases the
number of available grains of a particrilar species is
limited, hand picking is often the onll' approach
possible. N'IcCrone & Delly (1,973) and Nfr.rller (1977)
described several useful methods for manipulating
rninute particles. Fine needles are important for hand
picking. Ther¡ can be made from dissecting neeclles by
grinding them to a finer point, or from 2-l-6 eauge
tungsten uires and a sodium nitrite (NaNO¡) stick
(N{cCrone & Delll' 1973). 'Tunssten reacts exother-
mically' *'ith sodium nitrite- to form sodium tunssr¿lte.
This serves to chemically etch the tungsten ancl. when
appiied to a rvire, a frne-tip needle is quickly produced.'
A stick of sodium nitrite is held or,er a Bunsen burner
and, lvhen the needle is red hot and the tip of the stick
begins to melt, the rvire is gently' struck through the
sodium nitrite melt, thr.rs producing the fine-tip needle.
It may be useful to include a few hints abor"rt isolating
grains, as this seemingly difñcult process might deter
rvorkers from applying further tests. Different mineral
species can be recognized, and easily selected, under
the stereobinocular microscope by means of their
colour or morphology. Colourless, irregular and rare
grains are easier to detect under the petrographic
microscope rvhen immersed in a drop of alcohol,
distilied u'ater, or in partial embedding and immersion
liquicl mounts. 'Ihe location of the grains may be
marked u.ith a fine marker pen or by placing a small
chip froin a crushed cover glass over it, so that it may
still be founcl after the slicle has been transferred to the
 N{ETIIODS
biirocular microscope, f¡om rvhere the grains may be
n.rore easily retrieved. The selected grains are trans-
ferred onto a microscope slide and a drop of distilled
water or alcohol is added. Evaporation of the fluid
causes the grains to adhere to the slide and helps to
prevent loss. Further preparation rvill depend on the
nature of the analysis planned.
X-ray diffractíon
X-ray diffraction (xRD) aids mineral identification by
providing data on crystal structure. XRD can also be
useful for identifying opaque grains (Harrison 1973)
and for obtaining a general knon,ledge on bulk heavy
mineral composition (Pryor & Hesrer 1969). The X-ray
method requires finelv ground (1-10 ¡rm) crysral
pou,der. Pou,der cameras are used because the quanti-
ties of material available are usually minute. For
further details of the X-ray technique, the reader is
referred to Guinier (i964), Klug & Alexander (1974)
and Zussman (1977).
X-ray fluorescence sp ectrametry
X-ray fluorescence (xnn) spectrometry relies upon
bornbardment and excitation of elements by means of a disc. The disc is then poiished u'ith progressively finer
primary X-ray beam; this results in the emission of
X-rays with characteristic wavelengths for each element.
This radiation is detected by an X-ray spectrometer and
is then used to identify and estimate the concentration
of elements in samples (Norrish & Chappell 1977).
XRF may be used on the whole heavy mineral
fraction and may prove advantageous for distinguishing
between similar lithological units and petrologicai
provinces by the trace element contents of their detrital
minerals (Riech et al. 1982). For more informarion on
this technique, see Norrish & Chappell {1977).
E lectro n- p rob e micro an aly s is
The electron microprobe plays an essential part in
identifying unknown or ambiguous grains, and in
distinguishing between individual members of a mineral
group or series by providing the necessary data on
crystal chemistrv. Several recent studies have proved
the value of the electron microprobe in heavy mineral
analyses. Knowledge of the mineral chemistry of
detrital pyroxenes (Carvood 1983) or Ca-amphiboles
(Morton 1984b) permitted the reconstruction of plate
tectonic setting in both cases. Mange-Rajetzky &
Oberhánsli (1982) deduced the timing of uplift and
erosion of subduction complexes from studies
'of
different generations of blue sodic amphiboles in the
20
Peri-Alpine lvlolasse. N4orton (1985b, 1987) used garnei
chemistry to trace provenance.
For rapid gathering of qualitative information, grains
may be mounted on sticky tape or partially embedded
on a microscope slide in adhesive. If sufficient grains
are available, then they can be mounted in epoxy resin
(see description on p. I1).
Mounting a fel, small important grains without
damaging or losing them is often a problem. Jürg
Meggert, in the Mineralogical Institute of the Univer-
sity of Berne, obtained exceilent results using moulds
filled with Buehler No. 2G-3400 AB Transopric powder.
Moulds are made in a Buehler 'simplirnet' Hydraulic
Press (obtainable from Buehler Ltd, Metallurgical
Apparatus, 2i20 Greenwood St, Evanston, Illinois
60201, usA and Buehler-N4et GmbH, Lessingstrasse
66168,D-46 Dortmund, West Germany). About 7 gof
Transoptic pou'der ivill produce 25 mm dianteter and
10 mm thick discs. The grains are placed onto a
removable mould base. covered immediately u,ith some
pou'der. and rhen rransferred into the pr.rr. T1l. :.est of
the powder is added and the pressure and temperature
are set. The mould is formed u,ithin 30 minutes and is
left to cool completely under pressure in the machine.
The melt surrou¡rds the grains, but they will not move
and they remain in place vcry near to the surface of the
diamond pastes and finished by hand on a polishing
cloth-
The scannittg electron microscope
The scanning electron microscope (srrr,r) is probably
the most frequently used auxiliary instrument in heavy
mineral studies. A modern SEM is equipped with an
energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer which facilitates
elemental analysis and thus assists mineral identifica-
tion. Robson (1982) described a computerized sErv,r and
energy-dispersive spectroscopy (ros) technique used to
identify and count the constituents, including heavy
minerals, of unconsolidated nlarine sediments.
For heavy minerals, the SEN{ is used to inspect
general morphological characteristics (Robson 19g4,
Mallik 1986). However, rhe majority of studies focus
on the examination of surface textures. These, revealed
by the SEM in great detail, rnirror the effects of
subaerial or subsurface dissolution processes and aid
assessment of post-depositional diagnetic modifications
(Setlow & Karpovich l9J2,Hemíngway & Tamar Agha
1975, Setlorv 1978, Morton l9i9a, 1984b, Berner &
Schott 1982, Maurer 1982). Figure 3.4 shows some
common dissolution features on garnet, pyroxene,
amphibole and staurolite.
Surface textures of quartz grains have been used for
over a decade (Krinsley & Doornkamp 1973, LeRibault
Figure 3.4 scanning electron photonricrographs illu.strating prominent etch f'eatures
(A) Garnet shoning mamillae and incipicnt etch faccts (Devonian. North Sea); (B) garnet uith *ell dcveloped erch face rs (TriasSic, North Sca)l
(C) garnet -erain sho\i'ing aclvatlced stage of etching (1'riassic. North Sea): (D) aueite clominaterl by'hacksaw'tcrminaiions (Oligocene, Barrémc

st¿rttrolitcgrain(Oiig,lct'nclvlollssc,lrfurgt-nth¡l.ssitzcrlend).Sc¿ilcbarrcirr.sents3tlrtnlin(A-E)antl 5 rirnin{F).
 IIET[.IODS
1977). He avy mineral surface textures have receiveci far
less attention (see Stieglitz 1969, Setloiv & Karpovich
1972, Lin eÍ al. 1974, Gravenor 1979), in spite of rhe
fact that the morphology and surface patterns of first-
cycle heavy ininerals may in fact provide better
information on environmental processes than can be
obtained from quartz, which is usually polycyclic.
For SEr.{ inspection the grains are mounted on
standard aluminium stubs which are covered with
double-sided adhesive tape.
Cathodolumínescence
The property of certain minerals to emit enerey in the
form of light when bombarded by electrons is knorvn as
cathodoluminescence (ct ). This property is prompted
by the presence of impurities ('activators'), often
manganese or rare earth elements incorporated in the
mineral lattice; on the other hand it may be inhibited by
other elements ('quenchers'), e.g. iron. The relative
proportion of quenching and activating impurities u'ill
determine the cathodoluminescence properties of the
host nineral.
CL is observed either using the electron microprobe,
r¡'hich is useful as it also reveals the identity of the
'activators' (Srnith & Stenstrom 1965, Górz et al. 1970).
with the SEM, or with Cl microscopes (Herzog et al .
1970). Nuclide Corporation AGV Division (Box 31-5,
Acton, Mass. 0i720, USA) has recently introduced an
energy-dispersive spectroscopy (ens) accessory which
can be fitted to a Nuclide Luminoscope. This facilitates
elemental identification as well as qualitative and
quantitative analysis, while viewing the specimen. The
hot cathode luminoscope constructed by Zinkernagel
(1978), modified and improved by Ramseyer (Ram-
seyer 1983, Matter & Ramseyer 1985), f ields excellent
results with sandstones and permits observation of faint
and quickly fading luminescence.
The capacity ofcL for revealing internal textures, the
partitioning of trace elements, etc. - properties not
detectable through the petrographic microscope - has
made it an important tool in sedimentary petrology
(Nickel 1978).
Heavy minerals have so far received little study
under CL. Ohly the luminescence of apatite was studied
systematically (see belorv). Reports on the CL be-
haviour of other heavy minerals merely describe the
luminescence colour and intensity of a particular
species, often without referring to the host rock from
which it was extracted. Dudley (1916) and Mariano
(1917) reported the luminescence of a ferv detrital
heavy mineral species from sediments. Data available
to date on heavy minerals are shoivn in Table 3.1.
22
Additional infomratiorr can be found in Marshall (1988,
pp.37-s6).
Srrith & Stenstrour (1965) recognized rhat rhe
luminescence colours of apatite show affinities to
particular parent rock types: e.g. alkaline plutonic
rocks from Greenland yielded a lavender-coloured
luminescence; Precambrian microcline perthites from
Finland contained minute yellowish-luminescing
crystals, whereas those of pegmatites exhibited a
variety of colours, including green. Some greyrvackes
studied by these authors contained two or three types
of apatites, each recognizable by their individual
Iuminescence properties.
In addition to manganese, Portnov & Gorobets
(1969) identified additional acrivators in apatite as
Ce3*, Sm-l*. Eu2* and Dy3* ions. They studied the
correlation betu,een activators and luminescence colours
and establislted four different groups, each one associ-
ated with particular petrogeneses (after Nickel 1978):
I Bluish-r'iolet CL: apatites from carbonatites. and
from mafic to ultramafic rocks.
II Lilac cl-: apatites from alkalic rocks.
III Pinkish orange to l,ellorv CL: apatites frorn grani-
toids. and from their genetically related mineral-
izations.
lV Yellorv CL: apatites from metasomafic phlogopite
deposits in metamorphic rocks.
Mariano & Ring (1975) examined the luminescence
of both apatites from carbonatites and genetically
associated igneous rocks (the apatites displayed light
blue to violet lunlinescence which was activated by the
presence of europium) and apatites from low-tem-
perature porphyry copper deposits (exhibiting bright
yellow luminescence rvhich was activated by Mn2+).
They found that the degree of europium activation in
apatites is specific for different petrogenetic environ-
ments. It may be strongly dependent on crystallization
temperature; for exarnple low-temperature crystalliza-
tion conditions inhibit lanthanide intake in apatite.
Under these conditions Mn2* is the likely activating
cation.
These observations have significant' implications.
The tendency of apatite to select particular activators
under different crystallization conditions makes it a
valuable indicator of specific source-rock types.
The differing luminescence colours and internal
textures of zircon may also prove helpful in defining
certain parentages. Observations by K. Rarnseyer and
MM oil hyacinth zircons from West African alluvial
consentrates, on zircons fron the Oligocene-Miocene
Numidian Flysch Formation of norther¡r Tunisia, and
from orthogneisses from the southern Alps, indicate
 ADVANCED AUXILIARY TECHNIQUES
their potential use. The West African and orthogneiss
zircons exhibited blue luminescence and extensive
internal zoning parallel to their long axis (Figure 3.5A
and B, page 143) which was invisible under the
polarizing microscope. The Numidian Flysch contained
trvo varieties of zircons, one type showing non-
luminescent overgrowth on a yellow luminescent core
(Figure 3.5C, page 143) and the other displaying blue
luminescence and sharply defined internal zoning, not
detected under the petrographic microscope. These
observations bear significant implications regarding the
cL properties of zircon and the corresponding petro-
genesis which may be deduced by examining zircons
under Ct..
The ct- properties of zircon and apatite, ubiquitous
species in both ancient and young sediments, have
23
much to offer in clastic sedimentary petrology. Sand-
stone units may be characterized by the presence of
zircons lv;th distinctive luminescence or internal texture
(or both). These features may also serve to correlate or
distinguish between certain sandstone units or forma-
tions. 'fhe homogeneity or variability of apatite and
zircon lurninescence colours within a sandstone unit can
also be valuable in tracing parentage, or in indicating
specific or mixed provenance. (However, these pro-
perties have yet to be exploited.)
Uncovered and polished grain mounts are often
necessary for high-quality ct- anall'ses. For the hot
cathode luminoscope the most suitable mounting media
are the high-temperature-resistant resins. A very thin
coating of carbon, gold or aluminium will protect the
slides frt'rm destruction by heat.
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 4 Presentation and numerical analysis of
heavy mineral data
After analysis, data are tabulated and the quantities of
the individual heavy minerals are expressed in relative
or weight percentages. This gives the first insight into
the heavy mineral spectrum and provides a basis for
deciding on further data treatment.
Cumulative heavy mineral compositions can be
shown graphically when the heavy mineral variations
are plotted horizontally against distance or vertically
against depth. Pie-diagrams are informative in de-
picting the spatial distribution of the heavy minerals
being studied and are useful in highlightin_g differences
in heavy mineral compositions between sedinlents from
different petrological provinces in a study area. Mineral
dispersal patterns are best illustrated rvith isopleth
maps. Binary plots (scatter diagrams) and ternary
(triangular) diagrams permit characterization of a
group of samples, particularly when data points cluster
within a certain field on the diagram. Such character-
ization in turn helps to outline a unit, a petrological
province or formation.
Although visual inspection of figures allon's detec-
tion of the more obvious trends, the less marked
differences can easily be overlooked. and hence the
employment of advanced numerical techniques is of
considerable importance if data assessment is ro be
objective. Modern computer techniqLres allow selection
of the most suitable programs from a *'ide range of
available options.
Imbrie & van Andel (1961) introduced computer
analysis for the interpretation of heavy mineral data,
using Q-node factor analT'sis. This analysis is most
applicable in studies involving complex and remote
source regions and far travelled, mixed sands. The
Q-mode analysis produces maps shou'ing regional
variability patterns useful in revealing the areal distri-
bution of mineral assemblages. This method also assists
the pinpointing of priucipal sediment supply areas and
the correlation of distribution patterns rvith geological
events and processes.
Q-mode factor analysis, coupled with varimax rota-
tion, for processirlg heavy mineral data has yielded
useful results in several Recent depositional basins such
as the Orinoco-Guyana Shelf (Imbrie & van Andel
1964), the Bering Sea (Knebel & Creager 1974,
Gardner et al. 7980), the South 'lexas Oute¡ Con-
tinental Shelf in the Gulf of lv{exico (Flores & Shideler
1978), the Bristol Channel, UK (Barrie 1980) and the
27
East China Sea (Lirong et al.1984). Galehouse (1961)
applied Q-mode factor analysis to determine the degree
of mixing and the compositions of source assemblages
for the Pliocene continenta! Paso Robles Formation,
California. Maurer et al. (1978) and Maurer & Nabholz
(1980) used Q-mode factor analysis of heavy mineral
data to distinguish several depositional units within the
Oligocene-Miocene Molasse sequences of the Linden-1
and Romanens-1 boreholes from Switzerland.
Stattegger (1987) applie d rhe extended e-mode
factor analysis of Klovan & Miesch (1976) for a
statistical treatment of heavy mineral data in order to
investigate its potential for reconstructing source-rock
lithologies and provenance. This method was ñrst
tested on heavy minerals from river sediments of
known provenance from northern Austria. End
members, calculated by the extended Q-mode factor
analysis, led to relevant source rock lithologies and, in
addition, they yielded information on mixing effects.
Subsequentll,Stattegger used the model to treat heavy
mineral assembla-ees of the Alpine synoro,qenic Gosau
Formation (Late Cretaceous). The results permitted
the differentiation of three major lithologies, and
indicated the particular plate tectonic setting of the
depositional areas and that of the hinterland.
Principal component analysis - one of the multi-
variate techniques and contributing part of all factor
anaiytic schemes - transforms the original variables of
a data matrix to a set of theoretical independent
variables called 'principal components' (Rice er c/.
1976, Davis 1980) and deals with eigenvectors of a
valence-covalence matrix. These components can be
used to explain most of the variance within a much
larger set of original variables. Rice el a/. (1976) used
principal component analysis to identifl' major heavy
mineral distribution patterns along the southern Cali-
fornia coast. Pirkle et al. (1984) employed rhe same
technique to elucidate processes controlling the accu-
mulation of Recent heavy mineral-rich sand deposits of
north-eastern Florida. In a subsequent study pirkle
et al. (1985) successfully unravelled the original heavy
mineral composition and provenance of two economic-
ally important formations from the Miocene of Florida.
This approach also facilitated the identification of two
different sedimentary facies rvithin the large Miocene
delta.
Linear discriminattt analysis \vas employed by
 PRESENTATION AND NUIVfERICAL ANAI-YSIS OF I,IEAVY ]\,{INEIIAL DATA
.Demina (1970) to differentiate betu'een two contrasting
sediment derivation paths and by Gwyn & Dreimanis
(1979), who recognized discrete heavy mineral suites
useful in distinguishing betrveen different glacial lobes.
Stattegger (1982) succeeded in delineating Ordovician
and Upper Palaeozoic rocks in Steiermark, Austria, by
use of heavy mineral data treated by the above
technique.
Flores & Shideler (1982) employed stepvtise multiple
discrimínant analysis in a study of the Outer Banks
barrier system of North Carolina, hoping to distinguish
between foreshore, berm and dune sub-enr'íronments,
28
but this approach was unsuccessful.
Cluster anolysis of heavy mineral data rvas tried by,
among others, Rice er al. (1976), Maurer et al. (1978)
and Maurer & Nabholz (1980). Cluster analysis is
generally used combined rvith another multivariate
routine, usually factor analysis.
The studies mentioned above all give more details
on the precise nature of the mathematical modelling
and computing techniques employed in each case.
The reader is referred to these works for further
information.
5 Application of heavy minerals
If a man will begin with certainties,
he shall end in doubts; but if he rvill be content to begin with
doubts, he shall end in certainties.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
The following exarnples demonstrate ttre uJrsatility and
u'ide application of heavy mineral techniques.
The properties of heavy minerals allou' an insight
into the petrological character of sediment source
terrains and pci'ntit their e xtcnsil'e use )n trucittg
provenance. An association of characteristic heavy
minerals is intimately related to particular source
lithologies and may often be correlated u'ith a¡r identifi-
able source terrain. Recognition and mapping of the
spatial distribution of heavy mineral associations fur-
nishes information on sediment dispersal patterns. A
survey of the regional variation of heavy mineral
compositions enables delineation of heavy mineral
provinces. A heavy mineral province is characterized
by the presence of volumetrically important hear'1'
mineral species that are absent or rare in adjacent
provinces. Analysis of heavy mineral content through a
vertical profile (e.g. in outcrops or in boreholes) mav
also reveal the presc'nce of heavl' mineral zones.
typified by volumetrically irnportant heavy mineral
species rvhich are absent or rare in the underlying or
overlving beds.
Heavy mineral studics on ntodertt basi¡¡s hal'e
provided actualistic analogues which iead to a better
understanding of the geological historl' of their ancient
counterparts. Baak (1936) demonstrated the co-
relationship of source areas, transport processes
(fluvial, glacial and marine) and the five heavy mineral
provinces in the surficial sediments of the southern
North Sea.
The Gulf of Mexico and adjacent regions have been a
fruitful area for heavy mineral studies (Goldstein 19'12,
van Andel 1960, van Andel & Poole 1960, Davis &
Moore 1970, Flores & Shideler 1978). These studies
revealed the presence of important heavy mineral
provinces and provided clues to the pathrvays of the
Pleistocene fluvial netrvork on the shelf during low sea-
Ievel stands. Heavy minerals also permitted mapping of
Pleistocene river mouths and indicated the extent of
reworking and rcdistribution of the shelf sediments
during the Holocene transgression.
Other stuciies enploying heavy minerals to yield
29
information on sedimentary processes include those of
McMaster & Garrison (1966) in a study of the South
New England shelf, Hubert & Neal (1967) working in
the North Atlantic, Kelling et al. (1975) working
offshore from the L{id-Atlantic tlsA, Knebel & Creager
(1974), Gardner er a/. (1980) in studies of the Bering
Sea, Gazzi et al. {1973), Rizzini (I974) working in the
northrvestern Adriatic Sea, Belfiore (1981) in the
western Mediterranean, van Andel (1961) in the Gulf
of California, Barrie (1980) in a study of the Bristol
Channel uK and llfange-Rajetzky (1983) in the eastern
Mediterranean.
Lateral movement of beach santl was detected using
heavy mineral studies in Portland, Australia (Baker
1956), on the Rhode Island shore (McMaster 1960), on
the continental shelf off Accra, West Africa (Brückner
& Morgan 1964). and on the northern coast of
Columbia (von Erffa 1973).
The study of van Andel (1955) on the sediments of
the Rhóne delta is an example of how heavy minerals
ma1'be used to indicate sediment distribution patterns
rvithin a single river delta system.
Mange-Rajetzky (1979) studied tlte heavy mineral
composition of Quaternary-Recent sediments along
the southern Turkish coast u'ith the view to contributing
to the modellin-q of molasse-type sedimentation. The
analyses revealed distinct heavy rnineral associations
lvhich were linked to specific source-rock compositions.
Sedimentary petrological provinces, delineated on the
basis of light and heavy mineral data, mirrored their
relationship to prominent source-rock lithologies and
also indicated processes distributing the sediments
derived from them.
Heavy minerals are often the only means of recon-
structing provenance in sedimentary sequences. A
comprehensive study by Füchtbauer on the Molasse of
the Northertt Alpine Molasse Basin (1964, L967; sum-
marized in English in 1.974) has contributed greatly to
the understanding of the type basin of Molasse sedi-
nentation. Heavy mineral data provided essential clues
for the interpretation of sediment provenance, assistecl
in distinguishing between tlie loads of the major
 APPI-IC;\TION OF HF-AVY i\4INlrRAi.S
alluvial fans feeding the basin, and highlighted sedi-
ment transilort and dispersal directions rvithin the
basin. Allen & Mange-Rajetzky (1982), in a study of
sediment dispersal and palaeohydraulics of Oligocene
rivers in the eastern Ebro Basin, combined heavy and
light mineral analyses with palaeodischarges estimated
for rivers of differing parentage. The integration of
these two approaches resulted in the delineation of tu'o
major sedimentary petrological provinces and several
sub-provinces, all of which showed intimate links rvith
two opposing source areas: the Pyrenees to the north
and Catalanides to the south-east. Prolonqed tectonic
activity in the Pyrenean chain promoted an increasing
Pyrenean dominance through time and this is reflected
in the progressively greater areal extent of the Pyre-
nean province, Heavy mineral analyses assisted in
revealing the sources of sand supply and helped to
elucidate mechanisms governing the accumulation of
tidal sandbanks in the Burdigalian sea of the Swiss
N{olasse Basin (Allen et al . 1.985). A combined study of
rock fragments and heavy minerals in the lr4iocene
Marnoso Arenacea Turbidite Formation in the
northern Apennines (Gandolfi et al. 1983) shed light on
the nature and evolution of this complex deep-sea fan
system. Six sedíment source areas were identified,
dispersal pafterns were mapped and the progressive
north-eastward migration of source terrains and depo-
centres during the Apenninic orogenesis was recog-
nized. Hansley (1986) applied the stratigraphic varia-
tion of heavy minerals and some of their varietal types
in a study of the Morrison Formation, New Mexico.
This work permitted the determination of provenance
and the reconstruction of diagenetic episodes of this
economically important uranium-bearing formation.
Use of mineral chemistry and varietal studies can be
readily applied in reconstructing provenance. A poten-
tial approach is outlined on pages 18-19.
It is commonly believed that heavy minerals have a
limited value for tirne-stratigraphic correlatio¡r. Resulfs
have been unsatisfactory in regions where the source
areas (usually cratonic terrains) and sediment accu-
mulation rate remained constant for a considerable
length of geological time. Carroll (1940) stressed that a
large number of rvell located samples is necessary for
the accurate correlation of subsurface sediments rvith
their outcrop counterparts.
Dense sampling in closely spaced boreholes yielded
accurate stratigraphic correlation of heavy mineral
zones in the San Joaquim Valley, California (Reed &
Bailey 1927). Similarly, identification and correlation
of stratigraphic units by means of heavy minerals have
proved successful in Venezuela (Feo-Codecido 1956).
Koen (1955) applied heavy mineral studies in the
correlation of rnembers within the Karroo System in
30
the northern part of South Africa. His rvork perrnitted
locaI correlation and allorved clarificaiion and correla-
tion of the existing stratigraphy.
Lithostratigraphic units are commonly associated
with particular heavy mineral assemblages. Deposi-
tional breaks or unconformities are often characterized
by rnarked changes in the heavy mineral suites. This
emphasizes the stratigraphic significance of lteavy
minerals. Tieh (1973) applied heavy mineral analyses
and rvas able to characterize and distinguish strati-
graphic horizons of the Eocene to Miocene sediments
of central California. Stattegger (1976) shou,ed that
each formation of the Cambro-Ordovician to post-
Variscan (Stephanian) clastic series in the axial zone of
the Pyrenees is identifiable by a characteristic heavy
mineral suite. Time-stratigraphic units of the Peri-
Alpine Molasse can be clearly recognized by their
distinctive heavy mineral compositions (Mange-
Rajetzky & Oberhánsli 1982, Maurer 1983). \\/oletz
(1963, 1967) anall'sed Cretaceous and Palaeogene
sediments from the Austroalpine dornain and found
that several tectonic and stratigraphic units can be
typified by their particular heavy mineral associations.
These units índicated links to parentages rvith *'hich
they fornred intimate tectonic relationships at the time
of sedimentation. Weissbrod & Nachmias (1986) used
heavy mineral data to define stratigraphic units rvithin
the Precambrian to Mesozoic 'Nubian Sandstone'
sequence of southern Israel, southern Jordan and Sinai.
These units coincided with previously defined litho-
stratigraphic units and could be used for stratigraphic
correlation. Changes in the heavy mineral assemblages
aided the recognition of paraconformities that $'ere
otherrvise not readily apparent.
Briggs (1965) developed statistical means and modal
separation for the recognition and correlation of
independent mineral provinces.
Heavy mineral studies have been proved to be
important contributors to the analysis of sedintenlaÍion
associated w'irh tectottically active hinferlands. The
vertical and stratigraphic evolution of heavy mineral
assemblages of the basin fill provide a rnirror of
tectonic events and the erosion history. of the source
terrains. In sediments, eroded from orogenic belts, the
heavy mineral suites commonly become increasingly
complex in a vertical sequence, this evolution reflecting
the uplift and erosion of successively more complex
lithologies in the source area (unroofing). The se-
quence of heavy mineral zones are seen in the inverse
order of the sequence at source.
Heavy mineral assemblages are generally *'eil
preserved in sedimentary settings associated rvith
pronounced topographic relief because of the conse-
quent high sedimentation and burial rates. The Lower
 APPLICATION OF HEAVY MINERALS
Oligocene to Upper Miocene Peri-Alpine Molasse
basin evolved in response to tectonic events in the
Alpine mountain belt. Consequently, the succession of
heavy minerals in the Molasse sediments mirror the
progressive uplift of Alpine structural units and thrust
movements. Minerals diagnostic of early Alpine mcta-
morphism are well preserved in these sediments, even
though in the source area they may have been
overprinted by later metamorphic episodes, or either
eroded or buried under thrust sheets in the hinterland.
Analysis of these mineral assemblages provides much
useful information, facilitating the more accurate
reconstruction of the orogenic and sedimentary
histories of the region. The first appearance of index
minerals from each of the multiple phases of Alpine
metamorphism in the sediments indicates the time
when erosion of their respective parertt rocks com-
menced (Vatan 19,19, Füchtbauer 1974, ange-Rajetzky'
N'f
& Oberhánsli 1982, 1986, Maurer 1983). The frequentlv
observed marked changes in heavy mineral assem-
blages at prominent stratigraphic boundaries within the
Molasse sequence document important changes, as rvell
as reflecting evolution in sedimentary environments
and changing transport mechanism through time.
Winkler & Bernoulli (1986) reported the occurrence
of detrital high-pressure-low-temperature index
minerals in ¿i late Turonian flysch seqtrence of the
eastern Alps. These minerals rvere formed by ltlid-
Cretaceous subduction-related metamorphism, and
their presence in the late Turonian sediments indicates
uplift of their parent rocks from about 20 km depth
within a rather short time interval. This has important
tectonic implications bearing on the possible mech-
anism responsible for such rapid uplift.
Heavy mineral studies have been rvidely used to
clarif¡, specifc problems and to complement other types
of research. The presence and abundance of euhedrai
zircon indicated volcanism in the Lorver Tertiary' of
centrai Texas (Callender & Folk 1958). Weaver (1963).
Spears (1982). and Winkler er a/. (1985) emphasized
the interpretative value of heavy minerals in recogniz-
ing volcanic clays and distinguishing between primary
and secondary bentonites.
Heavy minerals of air-fall origin in a detrital assem-
blage reflect contemporary volcanism, and their
chemistry may provide clues to the nature of the
volcanism (Morton 1982a). Heavy mineral assemblages
have also been used in mapping and correlaling tephra
/nyeru (Juvignd & Shipley 1983).
Investigating the mineralogy of glacial sands can
prove a valuable means of beclrock mapping in glacíated
te.rrains (Callahan 1980). Grvyn & Dreimanis (1979)
investigatcd the heavy minerals of tills in the Great
Lakes region of North America, and succeeded thereby
31
nat only in distinguishing various individual glacial
lobes but also in determining their respective proven-
ance and bedrock lithology in each case. Heavy
minerals incorporated in ice-rafted debris may be of use
in pinpointing the source regions of these materials
(Alam & Piper 1981), especially when applied in
conjunction with other petrographic analyses. Heavy
minerals of stream sediments in remote terrains can
yield valuable information on rock formations in their
scarcely known or inaccessible catchment areas (Mange-
Rajetzky 1981). An interesting application of heavy
minerals in the detection of the sources of Recent dusl
fallout deposits caused by dust-storms in Kuwait was
reported by Khalaf et al. (1985).
In recent yearc geochemicql methods have been
increasin-ely used in the study of heavy mineral assem-
blages. Silver & Williams (1981, 1982) investigated
the morphology and physical properties of zircon
populations, together rvith their chemical and isotopic
compositions to asskt the modelling of ttranium
mineralizatio¡? processes in the Morrison Formation
(southern Colorado Plateau and San Juan Basin, New
N{exico). Their approach can also be applied to other
heavy' mineral species in detrital sediments, and may
hel¡l to obtain more refined information on the nature
of provenance.
Thomas et al. (1981) used analysis of rare earth
elements (nee) incorporated in sphene, all¿rnite and
monazite, to clistinguish particular source rock charac-
teristics. They demonstrated the potential of their
method in distinguishing between sediments derived
from different sources and proposed its rvider use for
the correlation of unconsolidated sediments. Orven
(1937) denonstraied that concentration of hafnium in
detrital zircons is a l'iablc- indicator in provenance
studies. Owen used this method to reveal petrogenetic
relationships betrveen sandstones which rvere derived
from the same proximal source.
Heavy minerals of alluvial deposits have lons been
used for prospectitrg for gold, platinum and diamonds
(e.g. Raeburn & Milner 1927). Zeschke (1961) used the
presence of scheelite in stream sediments to trace
valuable tungsten deposits in Pakistan. Goldfarb (1981)
located mineralized skarns in the southern Sierra
Nevada, California, b1' applying geochemical tech-
niques to heavy minerals extracted from river sediments
down stream.
It{ertie (1979) demonstrated the value of heavy
minerals in regíonal geologícal exploration. Saprolitic
accessory minerals assisted the delineation of the
economically significant monazite belt in the south-
eastern uSA. Accessory minerals also proved useful in
indicating the metasedimentary or migmatic origin of
granites oI this region.
 APPLIL-A ION OI] I.IEI\VY \4INERALS
The analysis of úeavy mineral concentrates fron.r
'alluvial and colluvial deposits as well as frorn soils is
a technique widely used in kitnberlite prospectittg
(Kresten et aI. 1975, Leighton & McCallum i979,
Hearn & McGee 1983). Brown (or chromian) spinel
can be a valuable signal of diantond place¡s. In Namibia
it is commonly associated with Recent diamond placers
(Zimmerle 1984) and it is found in fossil diamond
placers in the northern Urals (Bekker et al. 7970).
Several earlier papers on the economic analysis of
heavy minerals in sediments were compiled and briefly
reviewed by Luepke (1985).
The contribution of heavy mineral studies to the
solution of problems in basin analysis, petroleum
exploration and reservoir management is considerable.
When allied rvith other sedimentological and/or strati-
graphical and geochemical techniques, they have much
to offer towards a better understanding of the history of
a basin. The study of heavy minerals proves especially
informative in Iithologically uniform clasric hydro-
carbon reser\¡oirs, as they can reveal the petrological
heterogeneity of the successions. Such heterogeneity is
highlighted by the presence of distinct heavy mineral
zones in reservoir successions, recognized in the
distributional patterns of heavy mineral species and
paralleled by similar trends in the ratios of selected
mineral pairs. Major changes in the heavy mineral
spectrum usually coincide with peaks in the plot of the
ratios, thus permitting delineation of independent
heavy mineral zones. Heavy mineral zones rvith similar
characteristics and containing similar varief al and
morphological heavy mineral types can be correlated.
Therefore the use of heavy minerals has considerable
importance in basin-wide lithostratigraphic correlation.
Heavy minerals are sensitive indicato¡sof sedimentary
processes and are useful in signailing changes of the
depositional environment or facies. This capacity can
be used to assist facies analysis, important in evaluating
reservoir properties. The morphology of many species
may help to distinguish and correlate aeolian horizons
in successions where fluvial and fluviolacustrine sedi-
ments are interbedded with aeolian deposits (Allen &
Mange-Rajetzky i989 and in prepararion). Recording
characteristic varietal types and computing their ratios
provide important clues to the identification and
comparison of different sand bodies and to unravelling
the recycling paths of older sediments into successively
younger formafions. The presence or absence of certain
varietal types of the ultrastable suite is especially
important in this respect.
Structural events in the hinterland, resulting in the
exposure of new lithologies, are mirrored by distinct
changes in the heavy mineral compositions. These
changes are recognized as marker horizons in the heavy
32
mineral spectra ancl can be correlatecl basin-u,ide.
Heavy mineral assemblages are useful inclicators of
proximality/distality of a location to the source regions;
they provide clues to the definition of sedintent
dispersal patterns, thereby helping the assessment of
sand body geometry.
In the knotvledge of their chemical stability, heavy
minerals contribute to the evaluation of diagenetic
episodes and burial history of reservoir successions.
Heavy mineral analyses can be performed on drill-
cutting samples, thus providing valuable data for the
interpretation ofuncored sequences. Studies by N{orton
on the North Sea (1979b,1982b, i984b, 1985b, Hursr &
Morton i988) and my published (Allen & l\{ange-
Rajetzky 1989. \lange-Rajetzky 1989) and unpubtished
data on petroleurn resen,oirs in different countries har,e
assisted in the reconstruction of the depositional
environntents of marine and terrigenous clastic sedi-
ments, and hale helped f o provide an extensive
information data base of use in rnore accurate modelling
of ¡eservoir derelopment and quality distribution.
Although the purpose of this book is to provide a suide
for the identification and use of transpare¡rt heavv
minerals, it is necessary to mention the intportance of
the opaque suite. n hich often constitutes the bulk of rhc
heavy mineral fraction.
Use of polished sections and reflected-light rnicro-
scopy are essenrial for the identification of opaque
grains. but this technique is generally neglected by
sedimentary petrologists. However, the value of
opaques in provenance reconstructions has been
demonstrated in the few studies carried out (Blatt 1967,
p. 1038). Sanders & Kravirz (1961), by summarizing rhe
results of several studies, emphasized the importance of
opaque mineral determinations in palaeomagnetic
research, economic geology and in the understanding
the origin of red beds.
Stumpfl (19-58) pointed out the significance of many
opaque species in interpreting hinterland lithologies.
An assemblage of ilmenite confaining finely exsolved
lamellae, together n"ith 'pure' magnetite and ilmenite-
haematite, is tvpical of acid plutonic source terrains.
Ilmenite, and ilmenite with exsolved broad titano-
magnetite lamellae, occur in basic plutonics. pseudo-
brookite is characteristic of volcanic rocks. Hilmy et ol .
(1971) investigafed rhe opaque constituents of recent
beach sands in Kurvait. Their analysis has revealed a
diversity of opaque minerals and has proved useful in
tracing the source of these beach sands to various rock
types present in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Iran.
Luepke (1980) used the magnetic opaque fracrion of
beach sands on the south-rvestern Oregon coast to
distinguish betu'een source and wave-sorting effects on
 APPLICATION OF HEAVY MINERALS
the distribution of heavy minerals in the area.
Darby and Tsang (1987) focussed on the variation in
elemental composition of detrital ilmenite grains in the
- sediments of three large drainage basins in Virginia,
USa. Their analyses indicated that ilmenite composi-
-- tions remained virtually unchanged along major river
courses and also that the compositions were specific for
-1 -)
different drainage basins within their study area.
Granitic, mafic igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
sources were clearly identifiable from different ilmenite
compositions. Darby & Tsang concluded that this
approach can provide an additional means for distin-
guishing tretween the sediments of adjacent drainage
basins and for determining sand provenance.
PART II

DESCRIPTIONS OF HEAVY MINtrRALS

paSe

SILICATES 39 Amphibole group 83

General considerations 83
Olivine group 39 1 Iron-magnesium-manganese amphiboles 84
Zircon 4t Anthophyllite and gedrite 84
Sphene (titanite) 41 2 Calcic amphiboles B5
Garnet group 45 3 Sodic-calcicamphiboles 85
A1
Vesuvianile (idocrase) Tremolite 86
Sitlimanite 49 Ferroactinolite, actinolite B7
Andalusite 50 Hornblende series B8
Kyanite (Disthene) 52 4 Alkaliamphiboles 91
Topaiz 53 Glaucophane-riebeckite series 91
Dumortierite 5,1 Arfvedsonite 93
Staurolite 5-5
Chloritoid 57 IVIica group 95
Muscovite (including other white micas) 95
Glauconite 96
Biotite 97
Epidote group 59 Talc 99
Zoisite -s9 Chlorite group 100
Clinozoisite 60
Serpentine gror.rp 102
Epidote 6l Prehnite 103
Piemontite 63
Allanite 61

Larvsonite 65
Pumpellyite 67
OXIDES 104
Tourmaline group 69
Axinite l2
Cassiterite 10rl
Corundum 106
Rutile 701
Pyroxene group Anatase 109
73
General considerations 73
Brookite 111
E,nstatite Spinel group 712
74
Hypersthene 75
Diopside-hedenbergite series 77
Diallage 78
Augite 79 SULPFIIDES 113
Aegirine-augite 81
Aegirine (acmite) 82 Sphalerite 113

35
 LIST OF I{EAVY MINERALS

SULPHATES 1I4 PHOSPHATBS 125

Baryte 1"14 Apatite minerals 125

Celestite L16 Monazite 128
Gypsum 1,I7 Xenotime 130
Anhydrite 118
Jarosite 119
MISCELLANEOUS 132

CARBONATES 120 Scheelite L32

Fluorite 133
Calcite 1.20
Siderite t22
Dolomite-ankerite series 123

36
6 Introduction

Go my sons, buy stout shoes, climb the mountains, search the valleys,
the deserts, the sea shores and the deep recesses of the earth.
lr{ark well the v¿rrious kinds of minerals,
note their propertics and their mode of origin.
Petrus Severinus (1571)

said that 'a picturc is *'orth a thousand rvords', but a picture

It has been
accompanied by'a descriptive anallsis is even more l'aluable. We hope
that the full-color.rr photomicrographs in this part of the book will assist
the accurate identification of hear'1' minerals by complementing the
clcscriptions of grain molphologl'. optical and phlsical propertics.
Multiple grain mor.rnts of each heal'l mineral species uere prepared
for the images. Heavy minerals u ere selected from a varietl' of
sedimentary environments in order to provide the most informative
illustr¿rtions. Grains affected b1 dissolution and the most common
varictal types are álso inclucled.
Cargille Meltrnount series resins n'cre used for mounting the grains
and the particular mounting media in e¿rch case is indicated at the end of
the mineral descriptions. Nfeltntount 1.-539 and i.-581 rvere employed for
minerals rvith lori'to nredium Rl. and Nleltmount 1.661 trls used for
those minerals nith a high relief. This approach ma) present some
problt'ms rvhen compnring reliefs. but uas necessar) to achieve the bcst
possible presentatir.rn of optical and phvsical propl-rties.
The individual grains \\'er!- first stuck onto a gum arabic base, thus
securing their position. Thr'resins ur'rc then applied. In spite of
painstaking efforts. in a feri'c¿rses a little air became trappL-d bet*een
griiins and the gum arirbic filrn. This appc¿rrs in thc illustr¿rtions as one or
more small bubblcs. These nrar easilr be distinguish.--d from surf¿rce
patterns and inclusions and shoulcl not be confusing.
t In order to facilitate the best oLrsc-rvation of pleochroism and
interference colours, the polarizcr u as rotated instead of the rnicroscope
stagc.
The age and locality of the dcposit fron rvhich the minerals u'ere
obtained is indic¿rtecl for all illLrstrations, except for those lvhere
commercial confidentiality still applies.
The optical diagnosis was confirmed bt' microprobe analysis for
minerals u,hich required chemical means for positive identification
(e.g. amphiboles, pyroxenes, carbonate and sulphate minerals and rare
species).
Chemical formulae, optical and physical properties and occurrence
rvere taken from Deer et cl. (1962,1963, 1978, 1982, 1986). These u'ere
complemented in some cases rvith additional data from lvlilner (1962),
Heinrich (1965). Parfenoff et al. (197A), Phillips & Griffen (1981),
Boenigk (1983) and from nrany other publications.
The chemical stabilitl' of the heavy minerals is cliscussed in Part I, and
in acidition the stabiliti and plrtictrlal scdimentary occurrence of sonre
prominent species is brieffy summarized uncle¡ 'Remarks'.

37
 INTRODUCTION TO PART II

' The descriptions of heavy minerals are arranged in systematic rather

than in alphabetical order. This facilitates liaison between the English
and German editions.

Abbreviations and symbols

CB Canada balsam
CL cathodoluminescence
Mmt Meltmount
n refractive index
r)v (or r<v) the optic axial angle is greater (or less) in red light than
in violet light
RI refractive index
2V optic axial angle
x, y, z the crystal axes
o, 13, y least, intermediate and greatest refractive indices
o, fJ, y the vibration direction of the slow, intermediate and fast ray
e refractive index, extraordinary ray
co refractive index, ordinary ray
6 birefringence
A density
Elongation: positive : length slow
negative : length fast
Length of scale bar: 100 pm

38
F#
d
s F€*avy etaiga*sal dcscs'ipÉá*eas
and cq;l*ur pBeÉ*s

gELECAg'flS

ülivÉsae Grerup
lii¡steritc ftr;rv:rl¡ic,l*l'i*s
r¡¡llr,rrllrrllrlrr(. l¡rlrsrlrl ( i ) t )

ibrsteritr i;rv¿rlitr:
fulg.Sii ],t l-. 'Si{ } ¡

rtt t.l¡-aJ5 ttlt. l.¡il7

rlt l.{i5I ;rli l.-\ó9
it"i i.f7{l r¡y ¡.H7iJ
i-! ll.tl-15 ¡, (i.il5l
n +..it!
Fti¡'sir:r'iic (Mg olivinc) and i:ry:rlite {Fc-olivi¡lci ars ihL' en{l
¡r*nrhcr: q¡i :r :;ulitl :;riluiii-r¡t sct'ics :rt¡tl, rvitc¡t chcniical at¡itl vsis
h¡is ili¡t ir,-,c¡¡ t:¿ittietl rtui lo po:;iÍivclv irlrrrtil-v :r !rartir,:r,¡lar
ilrlrt¡rtr*r. gtnitrs in r:edi¡ne¡ri-*:ttt usually rlesignail:ri a:; eilivine.

Fi¡ren i¡¡ .trdi¡ttt¡tís: iipcr:iirrens {¡¡} ar¡il th} lirrsteriÉi<:

olivi*es. e-irei¡¡s ir;¡cluretl. l¡ngr¡iar, irregt:i:ri'tir ¡rit¡¡ttic¡1,
¿¡r¡: ::.5----- ==
oftctr aiiainrn¡¡:r irigh:;1.lit.-'i'i.-:iiy lu¡rpr:r)-'! fre! lrct¡trcnllv
i:¡rc:li¡:;r: minuis- ilplrrluc impuriiie:; rnii :;h¡r-* ii¡tv b¡ iqh'r.
------=-
7:= =
=
¡imme,-i rii:;s,-¡lu'rion it,-iili¡u,'s;¡¡tri r,¿ilirit¡: c:iah ¡l:itia:ins on ¡heir
l'o¡::ae rilc:: r¡l serplrntini::cd hrlir::s ¡irar,' lie :ii;rcl¡e r-l ir¡ = =g-
=utfar:c-
.tr tuvctcLl lrv :¡ yr'llt¡wi-sh rl¡ P¿ilc ::frtLt¡l íihr,iu:; :e t ¡;ctrtitrc. == = -
,-:..'=
e.ilivincs oi' tr:irirsive rcck:: :r¡:¡rc;ii' ia :¡ v:rrie iv r¡i li¡¡ ¡¡l:;. e¡id t--: =,:==

:rrc erl¡r,-i¡ai. ¡rri:rnatic, ir'¡,:sula¡ wrih rc¡nchriitl;¡l fr';rcItt¡c:r. --

¡ t¡t¡nriq,El {rt vL^lv ivl-'ll rr}tt!l{lcr1. lncittsi,r¡t-: itrlr v(}lcii¡ric ¡rlirt¡ ir .

:;pinel, iipaiitr. !¡yr¡.):ienu- plagiiicl:rst, ::i¡ c¡¡¡¡ ¡¡rd il¡ntnitc. :-re

Alier¡itit¡r¡ ¡irur!uris ¡-r[ .:¡lir:i¡te ¡tii¡¡tr:¡ls :¡¡e iir¡¡¡ q¡:ii!c:;,
iddingsitr,. :i,:¡'¡rri¡ii¡¡r- i)ulvitir¡rP¡¡s. at{ .

!- -i -..--
4,,€.-tl(iEli-: l.iiísi.jrtic l: L.-¡l<¡r¡tlc:s i¡¡ va¡'t ¡::ic ':-rr:rn. ilihrr
:¡livi¡rr:s :ra!: .jiíÉ¡.j! f..r¡¡iutlt-!:i, ii¡ ¡;;¡i,,: ¡ir¡ii
Eiir¡i¡-:v i,,¡:ili:iv

lt !r,:;>¿: hr;= i s ¡;¡.' lr¿rr::¡r¡iiir :.¡!i.,,!¡¡"., :iiu ;¡¡r.l-¡l!:iirhr,:!ir:

F¡v:rliiie l=j1!fir-:iiri:r ,rii:-¡il:rv rrt;ik- i...!lr¡1: iii i.r.;i!¡.!:ü :rrll.f*
lllÉt¡t ! I ! ¡ rl:'-! I I .

fiirt.fi'ittottt<:é-'.- ir4i¡ii.,'r;¡¡r i,; :-iri¡i!:-: i;i¡ri¡i¡¡gr¡:¡r iú:li!li:- !!¡

.¡i.;id i¡-lt.:ri*r*nc.-'lrrlla¡!!t:t i¡í tiltt(i'r¡rd*t ¡:it:F:- velLrt::irt,-i
gicen- lj+t:!-'r;¡l i¡¡¡rti+tl¿lr-:¡: ¡--'ir¡Ui l¡:r¡tri:::!Fll!!'tr¡:iií:?i¡::.ri
--i¡hc¡ in a¡,;i¡aLrirtria riugr; ii; ¡iarali,-'i rviiil ¡irr c¡':-,:;¡:¡l i¡uiiir¡r
!¡¡¡:glr!at ¡]¡ il¿ilfl'!'!: l¡!!l¡i¡::;iiir.:!t eiiiiii¡i:: :ir,' !ií;i fiim.¡:.¡¡i.
i hicL ¡:¡':¿i¡i:. rii:;¡i!:i'; :tr.; hir¡ii ,.ri,Jrr .;tllcr.,'i:;it-'+liiii: ai: ¡:iiiL,
iilieiii¡e¡¡ce ¡int:;

!-,i*;egr:Éktrt: F:'-¡!¡triti! i¡r i'!r!!¡gliri!i gL.irii:, h;+c ¡ai::lic!

i:::i;ii(iii!¡¡i.

!--.....i .--..-
iiltL-t l\,("Al\'i .,r,qÉifd_, F ¡¡i..i,'iEíl{ :ili1:i¡r':: ¡i¡i::i¡ 1,iii¡!-:r,li.rll

',,it!ü t!¡¿ir r::i:.. il;:t¡ri:. ..viiÉr :¡¡i f,i!¡i!¡::i :iit;r:rl!i i:;iig.,,r.'.

 IltrAVY I\llNl;ltAl" I)lrS( l{ll'l'l()NS ,\NI) ('()1.()tll{ I'l ll,S
^
surrountlcd by nunrerous hright colorrrccl isochlrrrr:rIic rings.
- -OccasionallV
bisectrix litures with p:rlc isogyrcs lrrd l:rrgc 2V
,._can bc ttbscrvcd. Othcr oliviltc vlrrictics ¡rrovitlc biscctrix
ligurcs rvitlt either poor or wcll-dclinerl isog\,rcs u¡ltl scvcr;rl
_..colour rings. Dctermin¿tion o{ thc opticiil chunrclcr is dilllcult
as the dcnsc colour rings obscurc otrscrvation.

Elongatitttt: Eithcr |t,:itivc or rrr'.r:;rlire .

Distittguisling feoture s: Olivincs are diurnosctl by lairly

'- high relief. palc tints or Iuck ofcolour:nrd stronq bircfr irlrtcrrec.
irencc vivid intcrfcrcncc colours. 'l'hc fleclucncy of tlissolution
fealures is also clistinctilc. Sel'pcntinizalion or itldinqsitc.
_ *hen prcscnt, is diagnostic. P¡'rorcncs alrd antphibolcs ure
usuaily associÍrtcd r¡ ith t¡livincs in scdinrcnts and thcir
--occurrcnce rray signal its prcscncc. Prisnratic olivinc grrrins
resemblc cnstatilc. cspcciall¡' u,hen both are sc-r¡renlinizcrl.
-'However, enstatite sliou,s pyroxcnc clcavages and oftcn
:t¡ntains exsolution lanlellae. The bright intcrfcrcnce colt¡urs
' -'of olivincs rescnrble thosc of clinozoisitc and t()il¿iz, but lroth
Savc trctter cleavases ancl lack the characteristic dissolr¡tion
pallerns frequcnt on olivincs. Pale-grcen olivines can bc
.. _Jistingui-shed fronr epidotc by thc highcr rcfractivc iniliccs:rntl
lrlcochr.ri.ru of lhr' l:rltcr.

Occ'urrettc:a: N'f c¡nbcrs of thc olivinc group ir c ¡rrintip:rl

-constitucnts of nranv basic it¡rrcous rocks. Forstcritic olivincs
rrc importanl rock-fornring ltlinerals oi nriflcs lrnrl trltr¡nllrlics
---and are also gcnerated by the thernlrl nrctarnor¡rhisnr of
'mpurc dolontitic limestones. Iron-rich olivincs fr¡rnr in
'alkaline
felsic rocks such as sonre sl,cnitcs. rhyolitcs and
.__ lolcrites. The nrelanrorphisnl of iron-rich sedinrcnts ntav alsrr
Fcrl('rirtr' f;rl lrlitie,rlir incr.

Renlorks: Duc to the ir hishiv unst¿¡[)lc n;r1¡:lc. olir iltcr rrc

--usually found onlv in Quatcrnary lo l{eccnt scrlilrc¡r1s.
' 'Graitts
front: (a) Bcach sanrl. sr¡uthcrn Turkev: (b) rivcr
:and. Centovally. S*'itzerland: (c) beach sancl. Tcncrifc.
-Canary Isiands (tr,lnrt 1.-582).

40
 .¿li{{-'i ¡I.j

Einee¡ac
-_€
7,rs,¡{ }.t
. r- g É ¡
ictltg,:rnal" rrnil¡.r¡ul i + )
:: E É :
¡I(tt i ''t:'i ¡'t¡¡¡
Ítt l.!¡i'rl l.{}i5 .=.'.8
il i|-t|-il {,.{iñ.i :,=: =.!
.\ -! {t I i t:;E
==,é
F¡¡rru i¡t ,";¿:ili¡¡u:n!:;: 7-iri:r¡¡¡ in¡i¡rs iu)f)rjr¡r rvitl¡ a r,t r'!' i¡iglr
ri:lir:l'lrnrl Ih,,'v arc srrrr]rulrlLrri [ry;r [rlirr:k h:rlir. {'¡vsi;¡l:-:¡¡c
gcttcr-ally':;nr:tll; ilrcir;¡v{ir-iirr lengtl¡ i¡¡::;r¡¡tlsIr¡rrrs ar¡rl;rrk-osrs
is (1.15 i|-15 ¡¡lnl ;r¡lrl th;rt iri siltstorres is [].(l-i.(].lj ¡¡r¡tt -F.: 5
( Polcl.--rvaurt i955). 'l'hc ¡ni)r phol()g¡eirl ch:tracte ristics i¡l'
=

zirr:tr¡l ítrc (lctcl-nlinLr(l hv thc plrysiell :rnti chc¡tticlrl colrtlitit¡¡ts

5:# ,-' -:
tluring grorvtlr: thcrr:tirr.-' ;rir'^on tncrphrtkrgf is rvirle lv t'cgarrlcri -:Eg -+ .-: =
i¡s a pL:¡rdglt¡.lctic i¡rqlica¡or. (A.-ilnilcnsctl rcvicrv 0l t'rpcri- =:É]i-F-
==:=
=;.-:.-=lE='
E "-= -E ;r :=
¡¡rr='¡ltal xnil pt: t!'!)l()!licirl slr¡ilics or¡ uiteo¡r is iivcrt bt.-.' !i¡reti'
i9ti(f.) 'l'lri: Lrl.)¡lg;rti()!i (or i.ltJ) ¡-iriios oi ;:ircotrs (lcirgtir
elivicletl bv brerrt!th) generally i¡idic:tte ihc nittt¡¡'e qri lli:;l - ffi
¡'i¡cks: in igncous rr¡ek:; thc:¡vrt:lgl: rkr¡t¡¡¿¡lio¡r ¡:tli,¡ is l,-,s:: il¡lt¡t
-i.(1. tlrousl¡ iiictc;¡rc r:¿i:-e:, rslrcr:i:illv itt ¡rvriii:lasíi.t i¡¡.1::;
.Jhcrc il is grralcr th:r¡¡ -l {! i{-g- .{{}t¡t',rl ihr ¡:r'irins irt rr¡t¡rt:r'}.
U:;u:rlly ihc rvi,itl¡ r,l¡:itrt¡tincs É¡¡c si:¿L: di t¿¡!r-'1]¡l in .!
lr;rÍi¡(:uiii¡ sii(:: ifiil'li()n. rxtlre r ¡hft!r tlre length. In :;crlimu¡ti:;
ihc inoi¡'ihokr¡¡1, uI tircrrtt !if:tins v:uifs ftottt slt;iL¡r .-:tthcr-it;tl
crysfi¡ls ih¡r¡r¡gl¡ ¡¡¡ is¡¡¡:¡irc lrld .inhcrirxl fra:lnlt'nts. gt rtirrs ;viilr
gcntlv riltrn(lccl icrfiri¡r:¡tii¡¡rs iii rtcll-tiiutrtled ii¡r¡trs :r¡rtl
arlnrplelc :;phercs (lowct). Rriurrdirtg ¡s ilr(irc ¡i,-lr,;r¡¡rrri il¡r
lalgr-i glliirrs. 'i'hu srr¡ íi¡,r: ol il.tr Lr¡ur¡rl*l gr:tins nrlrv he ¡riti.:tl
aild í¡ristcil- liiaiistii:s indir'rrir: ihiri Tirc{ilr ¿ri ¡¡ti¡::i :antlsio¡rd:
i:; tcParr:tc¡¡t¿-:rl ¡rierkrriiirt;iniiy [rv ¡(tundctl eL:riils Qr ;¡flgul;ii
I'rxgmt:¡lts. :¡¡¡(i t:t¡hc(lr:rl rrf.,,:riiils ¡rrr: st¡l¡<ittli¡t¡ic- Flv crr¡!1r¿¡si.
¿irccits qrf :rfkose:; lirt mosfly sharp rttiiedr:il c¡vs;il¿l:: lr
etrl¡r:ilrlrl g¡¡¡i¡¡s'"viih ¡¡--¡-¡¡¡r-lgr-l icr¡¡¡i¡r:¡ii¡r¡ts, l¡uí wcll-iqru¡irieri
iitrtrts:rrr, ¡¡íri i{im¡¡()¡1. i'.iicOn:; :lic ¡rfiq:¡t inil<)i¡¡(igc!t!,-(}t!s ;¡nrl
,t"a¡¡1¡l ir,,¡:r::: ,.¡i :¿r¡¡rit¡g it¿¡vc hec¡¡ ,-li:;tin!:r¡i-thcrl o¡¡ il¡c h::r;¡r 'i q

iyrit ;rnrl urr.qiir. í.-!n d,--lri¿:rl *r;ii¡¡s il¡r: ír¡l!orvi¡¡'¿ i'/¡:i-'s r:i
:-':i..¡¡ i ¡¡g i:a r¡ hr t*r:it*¡t i::er-i :
íai 7-rining iL:srriii¡r:r i'¡'r¡¡¡r e¡r¡rii¡¡¡rtrrrs *¡rir¡th. l'hi:; i:: :;c*:r :rs
vc¡v lir:t i--errrls gen.,t'liil'¡, ¡rlr:r!!cl i<i Ílre ct'-vsial buunrir¡¡v_
l¡ee<¡¡¡ri¡lt tie¡¡ser nrer !ilu Pea¡lrltü¡ (qcc()nil irirgc :rririr!!e i
',,
(bl Disei¡niinu¡¡r¡:. ¡¡¡t¡s,alt is ¡i!(i¡cittcri h1, r.:vcrgrcrvi!r:r:rr,i
iltligt(¡rrih. 'l i¡r: iq;l¡¡rtr ait¡¡ ita i()t¡l! rvilr_:t:,' :¡ ¡irc,:rn ::ft¡¡¡¡
íeuhc:qlr¡l :¡¡ wril r¡¡t¡¡¡ril:,ii i:; t¡iira:i:illv ilvr-:i::t(l!1.¡i i-;v :r
l;lk-:i gc¡r:t¡¡tii¡¡¡ oi ,:¡rci;¡! ¡¡¡¡ti !r::::; ri¡¡¡r¡qr¡iqlv ::r¡:¡¡ii¡¡r*_
:liÉ¡!r!r!t!{i;¡}g ii i;¡¡ ¡ll :;iiie:; q¡;ir¡¡¡¡ I ,--¡ Ei:i.ii:i: ír!..i-
rt¡¡*,iii rir:ti:li¡¡i-{ i¡il i;¡¡r ¡r:ril i-ra ih! .J.fitin i:]i_.¡1¡¡¡q! ¡;¡¡¡
¡¡¡i¡?¡llr i

l'h.j. ! 1r.l¡¡¡i.!t!c ii ¡r:r!tiirj¿!l:iilrr :¡¿lv;¡ni:¡!:ci¡t¡s i¡r i,:rrt¿¡lrErl ihi

il¡iariar {}i "rii¡¡ing l¡¡t¡i iira!g¡i}:vti¡- i<:gcil¡r:¡'triih iE¡L: Éri{-'::L!¡ft'
¡;i r.¡di¡r:lrtivt :rncl ¡alL: i-:¿¡tili c!r!¡trnis 1li*rirriir'la¡;r:i ii.!7lr-
:er:rl:ri¡,¡r. l: l,l).€a-¡uigiil.xth:.:irr_'¡rsrailtiiiu! FrhrrEir:¡ri;trii-.lll j:e

irar¡ie.i¡(!!!:; ¡'3¡¡q: i+'ili') rr,'É;r¡!: iF"¡il ;i r'L'tl:i;¡¡ i¡,, {rig-!:¡.

.i
ls¡t?r:¡i. ! h.,.; er¡¡¡ i:t' ¡i¡cci¡r {}r ::rr}(¡i¡iir!:. }¡ri¡ ¡Jcliraic ¡r¡¡iur.:
:ilrggrj:;i:i lhiri a¡lav arr Éq¡l¡¡¡r:il '¡¡¡ .,¡¡¡¡ t¡t :iliii¡¡¡rnar-, ai rt ::
<¡¡tiikcrl:r'¡i¡:¡í ihe:;r iri¡lt!aij':i:.t¡¡vivt rfr¡::i¡¡rl :irid it;rir:;!r(!ii:li;{}ir. =
-!-l¡.se
.i!r+i¡¡:. iiilr:¡.-':lrihit :i:;!i:tiL:tn !ii fí;teiaii'i-':. c¿¡nrmc¡rlr,
::trli:rir i¡i¡m i!¡rj.:r:¡li¡f. i¡su¡!lv:l:r¡ti¡¡g !.i¡*r inIlrrs¡(i¡i:.
E iu¡i.rr¡ i i!.i5ill :¡ai¡ iiit!irr! iltis ¡:lri:ni:rnenrin ic ilie ¡':r.-ii¡:lrci i - it',
':l !hc ¡¡ri¡¡¡:¡:¡i. Ii¡tlu:;ir;n:;;¡rL' ::¿¡::;!¡¡!; iittiri gichult:::. írli:i¡¡t!a:;-
.'rir,:c¡¡.:.:q:¡;iiii¡rú. !¡!i;ti;!¿¡ia- hir¡ai¿t ¡uiiit. ci!:r:.;ii.!=i¡L. Lr¡rir
:¡r;llin<: l¡n¡i ..iíriti!uL i lL¡::í-

ti
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í'¡¡i¿.¡¡;¡' l"i¡ttr¡¡i i:: fiilrlt!iir-:,:.- ¡r,rtL. ¡,ur¡r1.. reri i¡i:!lrlr:.

it:lii;1i. 1;t¡1,¡'r hii:r t¡¡ Éi¡t-1,, i iv:r¡'i:¡ili i:: ih.. piril: ¡rttt¡r1,.
:ill;rrir,, -!-h!' i'rltl,ti:ii iii ilri¡!¡:¡l :iii.-i!i!:; :irL Li¡li¡ur!r':;:; i¡¡¡il
Fil 1,. !¡¡-¡¡ f iq' oi vf :i{-¡E :.[¡i¡tlr.:; ;¡¡ I :]1!irii!.!¡!t:¡¡i,: -

{'ir'nt¡'it¡'t ¡i.;¡¡¡- '. r.¡.. ri....¡1.. r!! .,irir¡rit, i ! !rl.itr¡Lr: t.!!l,.itr\

ii!itl.iiÍti!;i
lj: --.- !'=-:==
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i¡lietlrir¡¡rr'1'1rl!r!!¡:- iui-'Iii::i¡ l¡¿l+::.,,¡iiÍr- r¡.,i;ii¡sh lrllou.¡¡¡.
¡tinl: in !hir:!.ei s¡:¡i¡t:-.'i'iri¡:¡¡c¡ r:1ai:¡¡:;!!;Li i¡:irntn!ii.;.1:ttihii
iiri:liii 'r,r:ili;r+. {!iir¡ii.r- i¡reetr lrilil ¡q:.: ¡¡iii::. ¡t;¡:allr,,.viiir r:r.i:u1¡!
i i: i rjIi Lj!-.j¡ri-'i, r:i,iq ttr ¡ l::¡ ¡ttls.

l=i.ti!rz¿'!!¡¡¿¡: Ér!t::iq:ririi ga¡in:: :rilrr\¡.' ¡i;i;;r!ir! i-':.:i!i;riir;ir

i;¡i;':'.ia';¿'¡l<'¿: ili:l-;ft:': Ileirii::l ::irq'i¡¡r:; lrir:1., !r¡r¡-,,irlt. rqri¡i!

i¡ric¡ ir:ri:¡lcr' íi!:r¡¡'r:: !ir¡l¡¡¡,-!rri :rrrri pi i::i':i:tiir. i:raia:; Lririt!lli!!E..
virlt! i:li¡¡¡ l-'i:l::i:li íiur¡¡'i,::r. s.it;li¡¡:. erl¡¡!r¡i¡it¡ ir;r::rl :rr¡!r,¡1:. r¡¡
ft¡ri¡ltl¡'r! gr:i:n:: l:iViitL ¡¡r:i¡! ¡i] illr¡t !i:::.:rl ¡ri:r¿t'-iir_i irteogrii;:rr-l
hi,' ¡,t.tr, l;itc!ti¡t,.lrlrr::l¡til il¡t-ii-¡!{lfÚL:.,i ¿-ii i¡¡¡:il¡¡¡¡¡!¡-.ir
cl-.li!!.Iir:¡¡¡. lr!(iviLir: aci'¡lrr{l Ür Frrit!ly ¡.¿:¡¡i¡r-:ri U¡ti:i_ri;;! iiril¡r:
in:: rviriir: fir:l¡1. tl'i1l¡ o¡ r",,iili¡-¡ui i:.,crh¡on¡c:;. !::ir.nr,
rlii¡l r¡i,'rr ir '.,'l¡lrittr i lsllrlq'
:=
ElttngtlÍitttt: !r(is¡¡¡\k:. hLr! tlilli¡--uli tr¡ $hse rvc.

[=ei:;tinEuishifi!:.í-r.íriurc:;: É::ri¡r¡¡ir-';eli,-'i.,-.harar:i¡-'risii¡
m{r¡ Flr(rl(igf ¿t|ld irir(il¡g biicll iirgcn..]a:" logrrll¡r:¡ n,ill¡ ih¡,. l:rck :,,
()l:i-tf{il}li cillot!i:;. ii¡r {liililnr)stir (r¡ /:ii(i}!1. l¡ i: ¡¡l¡r,.rii lhr
lcrlrlilv iderrlili:rblc ¿l¡:tri¡¡i i!¡iilL:¡¿tl:;i¡¡,-! r¡nlt it¡ a;¡rr L:r:;c:; c:¡tr
ii be ur¡tirr:r¡-:ri rir¡ili :iUcl¡ r-'r:rilt:: :¡:; spltctir.. ¡¡¡{r¡i;11:¡ie. ¡l!iilr.
qr;tii:rit(jriLc :rnd ::r:n¡ifi¡ut . Th¡: l¡i¡i:i¡.in!:e¡1.r. .)i s!lhr,:!l.j ¡:_
strililg.:r. ¡t¡r,-l t¡¡r¡n:l;:i¡c lr:r:; ;l l¡iw,:! ¡*li¡-.{. vcllorvish c¡
!tltjf,Iri:ih colol¡r::;¡tr¡l lir-'1¡1¡¡¡¡:ir¡iiita!. !)¡iii¡!t hr'w¡rish
'¡
stai¡r:r (ir¡c tr-r deeiii.¡rrisiiirrr¡. lt¡ arkiiii.¡i ihr chlrL¡cir:rislir
:rbsor¡riio:i littr's ¡ii lr¡r¡¡¡:r¡ ilc (scc ultdqi. ¡i¡Qnil1i1¡-' o¡ rcn0{intlr )
Iticl ;r prrsilivr rli:;iini:tir:r¡r. I{utilc h;¡:; :¡ highi:¡ ¡,:liq.i- tlr_rr:¡tei
coloun a¡rcl i:; t¡:rtri¡llv plcor:liroic-. {';¡:r:riicriir-.li:r:;:r¡r alireirlr:
t-clir:1. sir'olige r cnlor¡r:: ¡ittrl bilrlt in{cncc. 'l hc til til .itrroti¡r¡c
i:. lorvr:r anti ii c:llitril: highi'¡ -qr¡ tle r.. ;rlnos¡ ¡rr¡iiill ¡¡¡ rvhite _

l¡(ilati:¿¡rlio¡r coloufs. .{cll,-rtir¡rc cil!.} i¡l:;(} irc tlisti¡¡gui:;hc¿i liv ii:r

Ithsor¡r¡i1r¡¡ :ipccl rl¡¡.
P.atli:ttir¡tl tl:tt¡t:tg-e. rcsllii¡u liqrr¡ r:rtli¡¿rr:liyc ihr¡¡iui¡t:rr¡tl
r¡rarriurr¡ it¡ ziic,tr¡. c(invcrfs ctvsrl¿rllinr zirr.on inlo:in o¡iticall-1,
¿nnotl)ll(irt:. slfll(:tul'a. l'!te ltroci::: istrrrrlrd mcl;lnritliz¡rtioll
antl nret¡¡¡ricÉ or nllll¿tcol¡ zirer¡¡ls; :rrq ilLlsk.,, ,l;lrk ¡rcv. b¡¡rrvl¡
js,rlrl¡ri1..
"r ltl:rtk l¡url rrrrr;rllr
Llu:ltrrt:¡tt't: Zirq-¡rn is a rcnr:¡rk¿¡frlt' r,.,itlts¡rre :rtl lr!-ü-.ssory
rnir¡cr;rl i¡r toaks ()l cruslal urigin. ll is plrlliuularlg lrlli.ir!iiorlr
i¡r silieic ;¡¡¡rl il¡iernrcrlilttc ieile()us ri)aks. !l alsc liilnls il¡
nt;rnllc rr:nlrlill¡:-. lunat ¡'r¡e!,,:;rntl ¡¡lcic()file:i- ?'-i¡co¡¡ ¡lr¡v
tc¡eh hir:h ¡tr)¡tcr:ntr;rii¡¡t! in sor¡rr ltr-l¡r_'h s;¡¡rr1:. ;rirrl pllrt_:i-.r.s.

11¿,¡ttufks: Nc olhi:l iic¡jr5:-{}rv rilitrrr':i! h;r:; hr:E:¡¡ slrrclictl ;¡:;

in¡r:ttsii,,-'1,t, :r:; z:iii:i¡¡1. l-l¡i::
'::rr¡ l¡i, ¿¡il¡.iht¡iri! i. r¡tr:r:i;rl r¡rr:ililir::-
sLrcl¡;r:: ii:; rrl¡iilLriiriu:: ilrL-5Lt¡l.r_r !¡l:¡lr¡¡l:ri lrll lvirr:, (rí il,.1::;.
ii:; titotpl:iilogi{,':¡l clliti¡t(:iL:fif:iir: :rntl }riglr ¡lrcc!i;lnir,';rl :r¡rt!
r:ltc¡¡ti¡:l¡i silrhilit'v- 1,,'¡;lut¡irrqu:; ¿t¡rrl cxlltusiir-.t:ilt¡(iir,:: !¡¿tvc ==.:..
loct¡sccl (l!i ilic trbilvi' ;!spar'i.i i.r'r' S¡t¡r¡¡. l1¡g1¡ lir¡ ltrlct,-:lrrrJ- =.=
=
-==. t.
7-ircti¡t ¡ni¡rf'lt¡¡iiir:r, ¡r, ,t¡¡.-tt usr-.¡-l lo rleiernri¡r. i!rr. ¡t¿rlrrr.t: == --=
Irntl gcnesi:. t¡l il¡c r¡rr-k:;. ln ini¡rrsivr' gr:ltril.r¡(l:r :,¡t.!.1!lr is t€,.=t=
qcnat:illV er¡ltcilr;¡l. lltr clt:rt;r,tle¡ i¡l ¡i:liti ::lrcq¡i: ilr irtr:ii¡= :
rlt()fftlrie t{i{ k:t ieacepi m!{nt;,tii{i,::;) llutrr hr:r ke.,, i¡t i¡riliulii¡tt:
thc igneorr:; oi sc:i-lint¡nl:¡rV origirr o! llr.j p.oiiiliil¡- l].i¡r¡n¡lcii

J'
 Z-IRCON

shape, especially high rounding index, is regarcled as a

criterion of detrital origin, though occasionally this may be
caused by magmatic corrosion. The ternlinations of zirct¡ns of
orthogneisscs are often curved and zircons of kimberlites ¡re
rounded (Krcsten et al. 1975). During intermediate ancl high-
sradc metamorphisrn, zircons retain their inherited shape;
therefore rounded zircons may be supplied by variou:
metasediments, schists and parzr-gneissesl If conditions are
favour¿rble during metanorphism. grains may develop over-
grorvth. in migmatites. anatexites and somc cont¿ict-meta-
morphic rocks. the majority of zircons recrvstallize to euhcdral
crystals but the presence of ¿r relict core is not uncontrllon.
The n¿rture of zircon in seclimentarv and igneous rocks uas
highlighted by Poldervaart (19-55. 19,56). Extensivc studies on
zircon morphologr' ('tr,pologie') and implications were ntadc
by Pupin (1976), anct Pupin & Turco (1972. 1981; see also the
many references in the latter).
The purple colour of zircon is attributed to prolongecl
radiation bombardment; consequentlv rhe intensitv of shacics
increases *'ith the anlount oI radioactive elentents in lr grlrin
and also uith geoloqical agc. Studies b1' lvfackie (lql3b).
Tomita (195-1) and Zimnrerle (1972) assumcd that rnost purplc
zircons ol sediments *ere derived from Precambrian source
rocks. Gastil et al. (1967') noted that hyacinth zircons lose thcir
colour pro{ressively rvith incrcasing metamorphism.
Zircc¡n is regrrrcled irs one ol tlte nr¡st .stablc ¡nin¿ruls. The
mincralogical maturit\, of he¿tvy mi¡rcral assembluscs is
defined bY thc zirct:rn tourntalinc-nrtile (zrn) inclcx (Hubert
1962). Zircon pcrsists througlt severrl scdiment¡r! cvclcs antl
cliugcncsis, as rvcll as through ntetilmorphisnt. lts rcfrlct(,t)'
naturc is *cll kno*n. 'I-hc rcsistancc of zirco¡l is ¿rttributctl ttr
srnall size antl lack oi clcavaqc. Undcr ce rtuin conrlitiLtns it rs
susccptible tc¡ ¡lkaline leaciring (Carroll 19.53, Blumcnthal
l9-58, Colenran & Erd 1961). Carrt¡ll listccl s*,eral rvcakncsses
rvirich arc duc to zoning, fractures, inclusions and brt)kcn
faces. lvletarnictization results in structural instabilitl,. Thor,rgh
thesc factors cxist. they influencc onlv a negligiblc proforrion
t¡f zircon p<lpulations.
Zircon in palacot¡cographic stutiics shoultl bc trcatctl
clrtttiotrslt'. as its slrlrJrc antl sizc nury bc trrrilornt throrrglrorrt
rr [orrnltion. l)ronoLrncctl chan_{cs, howcvcr. lnlrv incliclLtc
diflercnl s()urccs. [)u¡:in (197{r) rlcrrronst¡¡¡¡¡'rl tl¡ l¿¡luc oi
zircons in tracing the sor¡rcc ot tlet¡itus ol thc []crnro-'frilssic
s¿tnds!oncs in south-cast [;nrnce.7-ircolt plit]s an intportant
rolc in t¡cochrurrokrgv (Faurc 1977).

Crains frortt: ?-irst page. uppcr: (a) Uppcr Eoccnc tuff

horizon, Possagno, Italy; (b) Carbonifcrctus. borcholc Wciach
129-1 rn, Su'itze rl¡ndl (c) zircon u'ith ovcrgrorvth. Carboni-
ferous, borcholc Wci¡ch, l.lJ I nt, Srvitzcrl¿nd: lvlicldle ro*:
Carbt¡nilcrous, borchole Wciach. 143 I ln, Srvitze rlancll l_orvcr
rorv: Buntsanclstcin, Triassic, boreholc Kaistcn. l{)6 nr.
Srvitzcrlancl (lv{nrt 1.662).
First page, lorver: Zircons exhibiting various clcgrces of
rouncling - selectecl fro¡n scvcral ancicnt sedinrcntarv cnvir-
onnlr:nts (lvlmt Ló(r2).
Seconcl page. ntiddlc: Zircons exhibiting rlultiplc stages of
growths, lluntsantlstein, -fri¿rssic, borehole [,faflhau-1, 1822 nr
(Aroclor).
Secontl pitgc, lon'cr: Zircons rvith (plcsuntablv xcnotimc) out-
grorvths, -['riassic. North Sca (Mmt l.(162).

43
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!'..t-íi¡¡¡:ii¡¡n: [,]iir¡¡rc¡rrl sh:rpr-'i.i gliit:: !¡l¡.,,c s!,¡¡¡r¡¡.:i¡ ir;¡!

e::íin,-jti.:in. lit¡¡itrg rlisirt¡::iO!r ¡.:-u!i:i itr iririiil¡tictc c\iit.t(:tlillt.
in.itr.ii:rtnt't f i¡1urt:: (i¡¿ri¡:. thar sl¡r-rl ;u¡¡.¡nr:rLrus rricr
fcrcnaL'!'ill()t¡i:.-:l¡rri ilrr0lnplciL'r:=:l¡¡lrt¡¡rrn _vir-:ki eerrtred or
slightlv oil:ce nt!c ;r{-:riir hiscct¡i:: ligu¡-es :¡¡rsl. iir¡rt-,rrdrrg on
thr Ti=aOt!lcni. sontiil.,,h¿!l vilti:rlrlc ]1t'- 'I hr- i:rrgy¡.¡1 l-,cd)nta
h{i}ll.l{l! ri¡ rlii-lusr lorv¡rilS thL. LrXicti(!i' oÉ tlir Iigurc i¡tr(l:¡f'j
sttat{rur¡daii !rv iltlt¡t,-,rilus tlril¡ i::or:lt¡ri¡¡l¡tt¡c {-uf\.t:i- t i'*.
Itr:rrk.^illV {LrCllcl iilt{illl:il¡-¡r¡:; inirrlercttr='r'r'qrkrL¡ilr, St:trrr0lii.'i:;
rlisiinctlv lllc{)(:hr{ri(-.- !r¿r:; lorver rel rai'tit,r' i¡1,-licc::- rvr:rk-ci
hilr,l¡ingenct: lrn(l nri¡.ti¡:tl prrlariz;riiiiri tilrts. l:,i¡tile erl¡ilrri::;r
lrightr rcliel. rli:lirrr'i ¡riror:lrlrris¡ri :lnrl nrtft¡litl ini¡'tl._.rLltuu
t:irlo¡l¡:;.
{- )ct: tl rretu'c : S¡rhi-:nr. is ;i tvide:;¡rtc:trl i¡r,ra!'5a!}i.r riiir¡cr:rl i}i

(licirri :.i1rrt i:; c::l ¡r:¡¡cl v ::t¡ uns-
i:-i;tittiilíirirt: {-}lr:;e¡i'uiio¡r qrí ilic- elt¡¡tguii{r¡l is Ll¡ili(juit r5
i¡rio¡.¡i:: riar ijlr:;eutr{l br,!¡ii:l¡-r¡rtlci inicti¡r.:n.'e iillis.'l'hc
tlil¡¡¡¡i-¡t,-i-::l¡;riirri :r;¡ili:: tt¡a lfii!ih !:lsi i¡r i!¡q, ¡litr,:r:1ir¡¡l r¡i il¡e
Irl!iF !i iii:-1()r¡iil.
!ii:;ii¡tt.:t¡i:;hiitl: i'cr!!i:ía.\- !i¡rl:r:uc i:,,-li;¡i:¡¡i¡::r:¿i l¡v hir¡h
iil:i'i!a, a¡.1¡eillr: ¡q:liri. :i¡ii]!rq hi¡i'lí;nltrncr-' itn(É u:it!:tl¡v
-l'lt.-
:rhiir;rrrl:tl ¡riii:tri;t;tiiiiii L-i!¡tit!t:t, rh:rr:¡,-i':¡ iriia ¡¡ir-'¡ ict{'r¡¡,r
iig,riri: lrntl s1t¡r¡tg iii:;Ft:¡::io¡¡ i-c al:.ii iii;¡r¡¡rir;iir i{lonJ./.ltu.
a:ia,r::iiijiiir'. tt¡t¡la- r:ri¡s¡1f irll{-¡:iitrr!i{¡¡ilf ¡il::1 lei{'ilil¡lr':;¡rlir:ire.
! Ii¡rv+.,'i:¡'. ¡l(i¡l:¡;r.rla !¡¡:. k,s,-'t R-l ;r¡ttl l,-iwq¡-r¡¡drr i¡rlL'rl!r('¡¡rj(:
rtii..iLr!:t- l lrc ntrir-¡rltriiogr,, iri ct¡:;:;i1c¡ii,_. i:.: rithet pri:;lu:rtiu rrr
irlegul;rr. ii:: i:i¡lorrrs atr ritr:¡rr:t :r:iil oilc¡r aFplrílt i¡t :; p:rir:liy
¿¡ff¿rl¡ga¡lrriri. l,oisilc i¡u:.:i l!r!'Jci i(-:l¡ci itltr! i1 ili:;l¡l:r1,:;
un(lcrs;liuiirlr(i :!nrl i¡!i('t¡1lc(li:r{e ¡tlrrlonic trick:. li nre! lill¡i¡
i¡i pr:grultliir:;;rirri i;r l¡rr".-i¡:¡rrllrr';riufe Al¡iittr'-1r.,¡rr iein::. lll:;¡¡
it¡ sl:l¡t¡t-s. lt i:: le :::: .:-cnl11¡¡)n in volelr¡rir' ¡'srr:l;c, h4cl rrn¡l plti '
:;ciri:t:;. s¡=;r¡iiit sr¡eiss.':,. ;rrtt¡thitr,-ilitcs :l¡rtl r¡rr-'i;r¡rorPhixril
irnprtrc r':ih:ril¡a:ri!"!.!.'k:i c¡rtlir¡lolill.trrrt{;riit::¡tlreirr
!i,+tn tt f i'-s : 5¡rhrnt' i:-,'h,-.rnic:rll.: rr¡t:ri;rhL :rr¡¡l rr::rr;¡llr ili::
:r(rlur5 ;ri :¡¡r etrl! ili¡::!' oi rli;rg.,,lr.::i:. !it ::¡rcri;rl c;r:,.:: ii
dec0tit¡-lilsc:; inlÚ lr;1¡q1¡¡;¡¡¡¡:. {lu;!íi:--':it¡rl,-';ilCiir (F.,tÜ¡:tri ó-
¡ilil¿tl¡;trr l(iSi) ri¡ irr¡¡¡r:., rrri¡rilir. ilt!iltiFrni( ¡-:t.!r:iiitl:: i()gq:illa¡
rvitlt :rrrllri¡¡rrti,. lii:r¡¡iuin ¡rri¡rr:lrls ((irill¡:li:.elirv lilt',l. I ¡,rr1i ¡
I r,!('!{.i. Al(l¡rll;r¡r .! lt-i o¡ ;:ri I
(.¡llri
i.
Grui¡t:; ./ir;,';t.' t r1-¡-¡¡ r(!w: I crl¡:¡iv iniillins .¡l ¡r:nl1ti\
'I'urk-cv; l-¡¡rvr:r a¡rr..,: {':trl¡rr¡tilrruu:-.
¡ror:kcl-:;. Sir-V,,li:-chii-
Nottlr Sc;r (f.lrnr l.ñt1,-ri.
 { i¡1 FiN l:'l' C l{(-¡tl tu

{ia¡rr¡cÉ grc¡eap
isii¡rrct¡ ir:

Itvr':rls¡ri1e t;ri ncts

n
alr¡ur¡lili¡re l-cr'Al.lsi{}rl, l.s.j(l L t^.i.l
slte:;:.atiine futn,.{i.llii{i,,1, l.fi{X) .r.s -i.i
Fv!()irc il'lsrAl. l:;¡i)rl. l.l11 r.l 1. ¡r

l-l gnr¡rcliti: {;rrr¡c¡:;

¡¿A
utrrssu llt I lla¡Al. lSi(),lr 1.71.1 .1.4-.l.ft
;r¡rrlr;r,,litr atxrf;c."lsi()rl, l.sli7 i.7-+. 1

r rv;¡ r¡ iv ii,' {-a1(-r. l5i{-},1, LHaf} .1.+.l.s

f"t¡r¡n i¡t sadi¡n{!11fs: i,)ctiitirl t¿r.ncts i)r'cur us er¡lterlt'ul

ct'ys1:ils (uppt:r. Íirst Íru'), sltirt¡r itl-tlgttlar lrltgnlctrts (t¡tirltllc.
r¡l¡Fur ror.v) lrn!l \uhr()u¡ldeLl t() r.)tlll(lL:(l g-rllilrs (ntirltllc.
rttirkile riirv)- llneven 0t tottelrt¡itlttl brcltk;tgc P¿llt¡-'ftls' itflr <
tll¡e ¡t crl¡iliited. Dissolutior¡ Ir:ltlttrcs ¡t¡c[¡ :rs rtt¡ t¿rt:c Pittillg.
r¡r:r¡nill:re lttrl rw:ll-lirrntr='il c-leh lacels ltcr¡tt,:trtlv ilcvelop oit
gr¿!¡nb (llraiilg cli:rgcncsis (¡¡¡i,-Lllc. ltilut titrv). (lle:n:rue i';
:lhsei¡i hui { l(lt)} ¡rartirtg (itl itl¡t¡itn!litrc ¡n;rv ll¡o¡,lt¡r:c pl:¡iv
¡¡tirin:;. lrrr:ltisi.ttr: rrl rltutrtz. irtrn ,rrt. :rPiliii!. ¡ileott. rtttilc- ==#
i:--e::-
F-----._=
¡iilr:.ci¡r'ite. lliQiit(-' att(l gti¡Phitc llfc e()¡t¡itt(ttl. = : -:- ==
j:--
-:-
=.4 s-=- -5
d'ol¡tu¡': !:'vi':rls¡riic::il¡nfi:i:rrc r¡rhrtttlcss. light ¡r:rlc ¡rink, --
:-
¡r;rlc tc,-l (rl i)ink¡sh lrtorn. {-irtisst¡l;rt ril iltc ugt;tttclilr g¡r'np i5
=-
c()l()iltlcss i() ilille grcc¡.r. :urtlr:¡dite is ¡r:rle to ,-lcclt [¡L,r*'tr ;t¡rtl : ==::
É---
=-=:

ur,i:li(iviiü i:; ¡ralr r-rcen.

: --=- -:l
i-i i ir ini:t ntÉ.' !'vi ii¡rc u¡icl al¡¡r:rndinc erc i¡ t¡lv isoit,rtrie.
rt: :--'-
::¡rc:;:.:rftillr ¡r'iaf shrlw tligltr artistrtlrr¡)is¡ll. iln(l ihc ttg¡rtnilil,:
gtortp. i-':;pur-'i:illv gtr;-:st¡llrr;¡¡lrl:r¡rrli:rrlitc. ei¡¡¡lt¡tonlv ltavc
.Ji::lk irii t'ifil¡t¡rl¡cc ;r¡rrl sh{)!ii ¡:f(-'v or' bltri:;l¡-rvltiit: iniLr¡ tLl Lrncc
ci¡lorr¡:; (lcrvuri.

f nii:ri i:r tntc: fi ¡4trt: : Arris,itr r,¡,ir' L:ri¡re[\ :rrc unirrri:rl or

l¡i:ri¿i:rl ¡iee¡tir.¡ i1.¡¡11 .,,n¡i;¡11lc lV ¡ntl :.r¡nrciit¡u-'s :;tr¡¡r¡r
i-lis¡r.-,rsiiirr. í'(¡r¡i;!ai r¡¡cianl()tllh¡L'giifnci:l il¡¿¡V :;hrii+- :rltet¡t;¡
ting isoiro¡-rrr: ¡¡¡ttl I'itt:iringr:¡ri ¿i)¡¡cs irit¡'ltll.-:! 1() lhu ('¡.v:illil
i-ace::, -Pic sha¡rctl'wcilg-es ¿rr scctor trrinnir¡l: lkrrver. righi)
llt;li l¡,'.r.,rl¡lr.,rrllt t¡ir:li ri;ri¡¡:.

I,ti:;íi¡zH¿¡ishin!: ií:í!it!F<'.::: i irrr ¡r.-:i i:; r:i¡'ri¡¡.r¡r i¡¡ r;cri!r¡tr ¡¡í:'

¿i¡¡¡.iiiri l¡igh itlici. irigcihci iviih i:.oirripir dll:riricíui. '-'¡r:rl-il!::;
:iH ¡.1:1t ,li.riirrrrr:, l-ir':r ¡:¡, q ¡'. i',ilr'¡r !,r,.',, nr .i!¡' ;tii'¡
,lisiinciit¡,- É:liiriri¡r:lcrii !-:r¡ iir:i::. ¡lrili .:;lt!sr-' !a¡!¡iL!:;i(::il- hui
iila¡¡ ld1! i¡¡i.:¡ii-'¡e¡tcr cr¡!rir¡l:: :r¡¡ri ¡iini¡r:: {r. isi¡¡¡tinr ii:.:-rri ¡¡l
iht: irL:¡riiíir':ríii¡¡i. l'ht ri¡luu¡ ll :pinrls i:; clec¡rei.:;!iiilrrli¡1r..
thr=.., <L:;plu'; ,niiliirfLl¡:r! ¡ri;iiiiil ;rrril :ri. ¡ir!l! i:;iiirilpic

¡i i¡_'¿-'u¡'f¿'Ei¿'¿:: ii;i¡tr¡-:i i:: eíli¡1¡ixii1 in;t.,.itÍi¡-'ii; oi :iicilrnii;iphi.

¡¡¡r'!::.:iiiri i:; iil:r{i il!e::ri¡i iti ¡rirri+irir iglirriti-; irir:k\, ileÍli¡i:r!ir..-

in rtli¡;¡¡rt:¡ii,: r;rr'ir-'tit:; :r¡¡ri iir :i¡i¡rq: :lcirl uoic:r¡iir:; í :t-g:t¡¡rtis
(u'¿ra¡¡rlite:;) ;r¡. iL-:-iriLiL'rl i.:' .i¡¡lilr(i !¡¡ai;irirr¡rirl¡iir i¡npui.l
ii¡¡rr::;iii¡re:;. i¡¡.-'ii¡::(¡il¡i!{ia:;k:¡¡¡t:; li¡ttl i(r.;r'ili::i.; í!iiiilrii ii,r¡li
i¡¡¡¡¡rrir: li¡¡¡.-rsttinLr.i l-1r:, a{¡:¡i}¡Lii !¡rri:ri¡li¡Li}il¡!t¡i. l-ig¿¡¡rir;ii¡ r'. :t
iii¡r,: -rllr(:iri:r :¡¡¡,1 ir: ii¡u¡tri iil ¡rr¡i,-ltitil,-,s t)¡ :{-:¡Fr-:rrii¡liir'" ¡!r
::r'rli¡ilrtlts:rlit¡:r¡¡,,1it¡e ir- ii¡r ¡¡¡Q:;í E¡dc:;il¡'e:!(i gi!iii('i.

l?¿'¡¡lqrl;:;: i h.:,- t¡r¡¡¡ii':¡! ( (!¡¡lir.¡i;iii(i¡r -i g¡¡¡;¡¡¡¡1.. i::l ir¡¡rr:iir¡¡r

I'i i¡re .th,-'ii¡iL;rl :riiri ¡' I i<¡:t¡litiri¡¡:: duti¡l:: LÍtr:,iitl gtiiu'ilr'
ihr-rr-lirrc ¡: lr.i¡(¡.s!a.ig(: r¡i ilc¡¡ii;¡l l;t¡¡¡ei tlit¡¡ii:.i¡';:ill(i

4-q
 HF-AVY MINEI{AL DL,SCRIPI'IONS AND COLOUI{ PLATES
conrpositional zoning is a reliable tool in rcconstructing srlurcc
rock t)pes and p¡ovc¡¿¡lse (Morton l9g5b). Carncts aic fairly
sensttive ro acid leachins (see p. 7) but they can survjvc
rec¡'cling and, (o a cerlain degree, burial diagcncsis. In
decply buried rocks, faceletl garncls are often found togclher
with highly resistant zircon, tourmaline, rutilc and, not
uncommonly, apatite.

GrAinS frOm: lJpper: Llpper row: srream sancl. Melezza.

Switzcrland; Mitldle rr¡w. lcft: Oligocene glass sancl. Laussach,
southern Gcrntrnl,; ¡nidtllc: Oligocenc, Barrénre Basin,
Francei right: Carboniferrlus, North Sca; Lorvcr row: Oligo_
cene. B.arrér¡c Basin, Fr¿rnce (Mmt 1.662).
Micldle: Upper rorv: Cart¡onifcrous, North Sea; lr4idclle row:
Borehole Leyntr'n-1. 252nr France; Lo*.er rorv: etched
grains. Devonian. North Sel (Mmt l._5g2).
Lou'er: anisotropic and tu'inned grains, Oligocene lVfolasse.
Saro¡. Francc (l\lnrt l.ó6:).

46
 Vi:.:lt.rVlAN I-I'l : (I tr( i{'RASF )

VesuvEanite { idoerase}
{-l r,,( ¡\l,Fc3 ' N.ls,l cr ' ) ,(si.( }7).r( sior )ri}(o.ol I.F) r,
) r,,(
tctln.¿o¡ul. uni:rxial ( - )
itt 1.7(xI l.74rr
nt't I.7(1.3- 1.752
ii tl.()(ll t)-(ltl¡i
'1 i.:r-r-.i..1,,1
F'r¡r¡n in seitiftt¡tts: Vesuvianiir: r¡ecr¡rs as short t¡¡, nr¡¡re
rare ly, long ¡:risnrs. ¡rt-ismlrt¡c lragrricnts; ltl-stt sh;trp a¡rgulrr,
irrcgtrlirt rlt equant gritins. l{tiurtded er¡r¡tcrs ¡¡ltl tottnrled t0
wcll-rountlcrl lirlnls arr: n(){ trnci)¡¡¡t¡l(rn. Clc:ltvltgcs :¡rc se kkrt¡t
observed, 'l'hc plisnratic lragnrertts arc t¡st¡:tllv tround rviih
¡rlailr. rvcri crvsial faces:rntl thcir sttri¿tc.-s m:ry sli(t\v -cl¡litll
Lrtch pits. cracks or dark diser¡1,.¡ttt-atir¡n. Inclusititl¡i ¿ll-L:
inlrequcrtt.

{¡slour: (icncrallv colourle:;s, Lr¿llL: vcllow or prlc srlr.rn.

Tl¡ickr:¡' gr¿ri¡ts oceasiotrallv displav crilttur zortittg or ir¡r'gula¡'
c¡rlour- rlistritruti0n.

Itleu¡:hr¡lis¡¡t' (- irkrured grain:; rtr:rv sl¡orv Iairlt plcor:lriiii:;rir

B i.rej'ri tryen t'r.' Wcah, :rntl grains crhihit fir:.;t-orclcr rlcrp-

ycllow cr dull grel,ish-ysll¡rrv i¡rlerlerencc ettloLtts rvhictt ;r¡c
¡rltrir¡ lrl(riflLr(l ¡rc;rr criinctir¡n ¡rrtilri. fuft)st striking :lrc.
l¡<¡wevcr. ihc ;r¡tom:rl0u:. illlcfiLirc¡1L-L- tints, rvhir:h f ¿¡¡lgr-' if(ln]
ilcc¡r dark yrll,rr,v- b¡'rirv¡rirh ycilorv lhrottglr pur[]k: i(] intcnsc
trl¡,rc (Ecrlin hluc) or rla¡'k ¡¡¡attvc. Srr¡nc crvstlls:;ftr¡rv
hotr¡rgcr¡rt¡u:; polirrization r(tkiuf::, iillre r:; displ:ry ;r f¿r¡lsri (if
ihe ¡rl¡r¡ve sh:¡tic:" rrftcr¡ v;rrvirrg rvithili :r :;inglc gnrirr. ,/.onal
:rt'¿¡¡lgcnrant l¡i ihc vell,rrv r¡t airri¡llirlrius c¡rlcur:; is oec;rsi, rt
allv dcir:r-tahlr:.

E¡¡i ¡lt:íit¿tl : I¡ris¡¡¡atir: gi ;rir:s huve per:rIlcl rrtineiion.

lnii'rie r,-:il.t:,: figure:: { }ficn ¡rorirlv ilisplavcd. fui:rnv qr:rnrr

:;how faint ilashcs oi hi;r:i:rl isogvres ..vith lalgc lV in a qlull
dark lrr,.ru,¡lish ve lli¡rv Iieltl. Wcll-.lclinr,rl isoeytcs ¡¡n<l ilistinei
,-li:;per:ri,iu ilay hc tlisce ttrihlc r)¡r s()¡nf, rpccimen:: and ¡rtr¡tr
¡'arr:lv an oíf q:cnIr!: u¡ril¡xial Íigur.: is::cr-ü. The biaxi:¡l rty:.t:tlr
¡¡e eiilrc¡' iliriicallv prisitivc iir rtes;¡iivr-', hiri iirtiaxiiil gr:tin'
gün¡-r;lll\ ..irrrrr :r nt g:rtirr' .¡i,¿rr-

di
t,t¿ ttl'ital ¿i eÉt. i ¡ l:,¡il:,'.li\lll:li rl( .'irirr' . 1{'¡llt;r¡riIl

!.ii:;li;r.qt:i:;!ti;t:: i;'r!it!¡'i'.\: !!irir ¡, li, l ;rnrl , h:r¡:¡r'it;i.,ii,

r){-¡laiijriiiiilil Li¡irirrts ;lir iliagrtostir Éfur.*rvcr. ihr laiic¡ ¡ir;r,.
1.::r-l iir .:rrr¡lir:;ir¡¡¡. iitisi:rkirtg ve:.uvi:rti[e lirr ;oi:-ile-,-li¡¡ri
;'.rigi¡i,: 1;¡= :.!.rhcíic, í'li¡¡c;r-ii:;iie li:r:; gririd ,:ltavare:i- ituí il¡r':+
:¡Lt ¡;¡tci".'rli:-¡rl;ivtrl iry r't:-itvi:iiriir 'l ht ycll,rr': :jh:t!is:j !ti i¡lf
.:ciis¡ii: aliil(¡?riisiir, i¡tciieiet¡ee ii¡¡is l¡e rii hi;¡hr:r'r¡¡rlc¡ ;!¡trl
thr iier,:[¡ purFle !]¡;!uvc :r¡rd !lrili¡r hluc r-'i]l{-rLrr:i afr' ¡rlr:;er!i.
li¡'rhcrir h:i:;;r higttcr ¡tliei.;r disiirtct::tr¡'i;¡ee iriler:iiritt:i¡t,l
:;irong rlis¡tr:i:;ii¡¡r. ili¡eiringeni -gri¡::rrl¡¡r g;rritei. ivhieh i:- iiitttt
irir:ii¡.:i;rlLr(i '*iih -:i:r:rrvi;rnitc. hlr: gr'-vi:;h q'hiit i¡tir:ticlr¡tr:r:
ri¡l,it!¡=:;:iil,l:.iiQtigllj ¡ttriitlci-l !i!'¡¡i¡aiullri.)iv r:rlinriioil

i.!¡:<:iirr+:;t<:¿':: l'!rc ¡iiiirci¡'rlri ÉlIre¡ri iriL:k:, ¡rl vr::;rrvil¡¡r¡it .rr,-

i:.i¡lÍ:!a:Í ¡¡rcil!!¡li).¡ihic i]¡lrilger¡r:ir:. ;l:isr!cia¡tur! n.viih i¡npr¡rc
ii¡¡¡c-ri¡ir¡t:..:. xy'c::u..,i¿¡¡titi: :¡l:ri i¡ce(¡is in :;kar¡¡s anil ,rec;i:;i¡tnltllv
in greeit:;ciri:;i:..- A:; e ¡r:;ttlt oi *xll:iunr ntaÍas()fiririisrr¡ il liir¡¡r:.
yLriti:. i¡l r!itr;ilr:t:tit-- rock:;. in :;er¡rcritinites ¡ntl if i:. ;r t:h:,rr;rcle¡
isiie ¡¡¡inr¡:il ,ri ¡t"lingites.
J7
Z

IIf:AVY MINF.."ItAI- I)E,SC'RII'I'IONS ANI) ('OI-OUI{ PI-A'fi:S

U
, Re¡¡tarkt. Vcsuvian.itc in setlinrcnts has l¡cclr rcporlcd fronr
various Iocalitics (sce Milncr 1962). It was ulso mcntione(l l)y
\_. Cazzi & Zuffa (197()) fronr tlrc Palucogcnr' Emilil¡ sa¡xlslt¡ncs
of lhc northcrn Apcnnincs antl it is c()r¡nl()lr in srr¡nc
\.- (Jligocenc fornr¡tions of llre Barrémc Ilasin. southcnl Frlncc
(Evans & Mange-Rajctzky l99l).

Graitts from: L)pper: Oligocenc, Barrónrc Basin, France

\.-- (\{mt l.-582): Lo\\'cr: same locality (Mmt 1.662).

\_.
\J

\J

48
 :;tt.t_tMANt t !..

tiüllimas!Éce in a hcavv ¡ni¡¡rral suite ntiry indicatr: ilre pri;sqncr: of

sillimanitc.
Al:oIsi()4l
lrthorht¡mbir:, bia.,{i¡l ( + ) {}c(urrenct:: Sillimaniic crv:it¡!ll¡zcs in high-ieinperalurc
rnetlrnrerrphic r,.rcks :¡ntl ocrlrr: in sillinranite .-corulie rile gncis-
¡t(r l 654-l.irrrl sc:; ¿rntl biotilc sillirn:¡¡¡itc l¡ornftlscs. lt is also prr::ilrnt in
rrf't 1.653*1.ú62 granulite i:¡cies ¡ ocks. High-g,ratlc ¡ ertir¡nal mclamorplrisnr,rl'
it! i.ó7j I.ó¡i-l
¡ {}.{tl0 {).{t2l ¡relitic nruk:; ;rl:o pro{ucr:.s :;illint¡nite -
Á _1.23 3.21 {ir¿¿irls ./i'r*it: riral; :;iimirlc, F}crt rii Bcira. M()zatrrbi(pie
(Mmt 1.5,!2).
Ft¡r¡tl i¡t :;<:dintt:¡lls: Sillinranite nrost commonly (ict-rrrs :rs
Iong sleniL:r prisr-rrs cleiugutcd on r', sh()rt stout prisrlatic
frag,mcnts, cquant grairrs and also as c:lclrvagc inrgmcnis or
irrcgularly shapctl particlcs of largcr crystals. (irains nrl¡i
rlis¡rlay a crrrtain rlr:grcc of tountling. Elcsirlc thc prisrnalic
nrrirplrrilogy, sillirr-¡r¡nite cry:;tallizcs in a llhrous style whieh is
usually callccl librolite. Thc laiter Ílppelrs as fine nctdlcs in
parallcl or st¡bparallcl intcrgrorvth a¡¡d also as intclllcittg tttitts
of fihrcs (l'). {)ccnsionally hoth habits can l¡c ritrsen,cd in a
singlc grain (SF). fitxrtl {lll(}} cleave¡ic is c.xhitritcrl hv ¡nany
spccimens. I¡¡clusir¡lr:; rií s¡rinel, l¡itrtitc a¡rtl zirr:on arc oftcn
pte se ili -

t¿¡lt.tl.¿r: Pri:;nratic gr:riirs are colourlcss. Fihriilitc ¿!l)l)firis

witli a pale gi'ccri (ir palc blown hue .

Plto¡:hroisnt" Slight prk: trrqrrv¡r to pi¡lc vcili)rv plc<ielrroisnr

is rarcly dcteciahlc ii¡¡ lil:r,.ius grain:;.

llirefrin¡¡t:rut:ar.' ful()(lerai.r tii iairly strong. A slighi 'twink-

ling", c:;pccialiy o{'the iihrcs. i:; niiiiccat¡lc rin ¡i¡t:¡tion. Itris¡¡ls
and iibrcs display b¡illi¿¡1 -ceeor¡rl= anti thircl-ordc¡' i¡rletlcrcncr'
ci¡iour; rvith ycllow. grecn anil ili.:.1¡r ¡-iink us riorninant shadcs.
E3asal íragmcnts h:li,e krw i:ircfringcnce , hence iheir ¡;oluri:.:;r-
Li0n colours :l¡-c iirsi-rrrrle ¡' gt'.-,_V ;lnd yclkrrv.

!t),ri!¡ztti¡t¡l: iii ih.j pr¡:r¡l:r ¿¡¡rd fi[¡r'es is -prar':rllel,

Initrjtt'i:ttt:t: J"ig,urc: Prisr¡atic grains antl clc:rvagu inr{- 5F

¡rtcnls Vickl Íla:;h íigurc:;. A rvcll-ccntrctl ¿icüte t)isfctrix iigure
c:rn iL- i¡i¡f¿titted ironr iragmr,nls ancl ,ch!i¡'t plisnts rvhich lay,irr
lheir b¡sal Brlane r¡¡ r¡illcd o¡tu their b:¡s;¡l plarrc in r)frllrr i!) ry
q¡i.riai¡t an i¡¡íertcrcni:i,' íigure. lsogvre:; rppea¡ in ¡l ivhilc ¡i¡'
"vtlL¡...r iield wiihi¡rrf isoc-htr¡¡itesl. lV is ¡t¡r¡di:r;¡ic

*c ! c fig ¿¡ ! i ¿,¡ r!- : P+r;i i i v,-:.

LPi:;iitz'¿t:i,rlti.ilt¿ iÉ:r¿ii¿í€3, ¡]Éisi¡!¿ii¡r' halriÉ ;¡¡rd b¡ illi:¡ni

i¿¡iri'iíjaer¡c- c,-¡lGUi'x:ir,: i;rirlv '-li:;¡ineiita- E-¡¡:iii:i¡ic L)!Érr¡¡i:.
wlil¡ :;i¡¡¡ila¡' ¡cii,-:i n¡a./ hc ru¡rluseii 'rviih ::illi¡ra¡¡ii,:" i¡ui É¡if
ii!iEr.ji iit.: t!:;r¡:¡llv bri¡;¡iÉr:r. i:ttrttl:¡¡ :¡¡¡ri :¡hrr.,v !i¡.¡:r¡- hi¡ciri¡r
gt;rc=. Itt ;u-k!itit¡n ihcy {:líici¡,-':i¡il¡ii r:.::;t;lt¡iic¡r la¡¡¡',.lll¡.,.
:;tL-t¡¡"r¡itr¡ri:.::¡iioi¡ :!i¡r! i-a)arlfnl¡Í¡ly a¡rPriti r.viih ¡:rggctl c¡lgr:s ,¡i
c!i.",=l¿iy r;the: :;i:¡n..: oi ilist::i¡lr:ii,.::1.
-Í'hin :;illi¡n:¡¡riii-'
ir¡'i:;nr:, *iiÉ¡
wc;ikct lr(¡!:rri?,r,¡airlil aall(it¡¡:; ¡¡-':;enrt¡ir :r¡r:riiír:. ht¡1 ihr: i:riir:r r:.-
!errgiEr iasi. Anrl¡rlr¡:;iic l¡rs a li¡t",'c¡' ¡'clici" un irriig¡!l;ti hal-'it, !¡
i:: lcngih iilsi iii¡d rrsti:iliv plcochi.ii!-. +ilittoplr!:lliir ¡rri:ir'..
;¡¡;,rv i¡¡: La.)nít¡::eil rviíh :;illi¡¡¡:¡¡tiio-:. hrr¡ il¡e ir¡¡¡¡¡ei ¿'lr;¡v l¡rr
liLriir::llllr' itc¡¡iriii,t- Fr:¡r:tutl,qi ,tt ¡¡¡¡¡¡lrlt-'rl gt;rirts atr iiicr,:
driiir¡rii io jiie¡.¡iiiy. Fihri¡!iie :.irliiigly rc:i.:inlrle:: ihe íil¡ru¡¡¡:.
:iiiiliii¡rhviliti: vl¡ii,-:t!,gcri¡iir, i¡=i¡¡¡l ivhicl¡ dislinr:flq¡ii bv ¿¡l-'Íir-::ri
i¡¡g¿i¡¡-r ltlr-¡¡tc ¡s iicií al\,t:¡¡",,:::;t:cac:;:ií¡ri. {icdritr: hii:; ilcc¿rc;
¿raie br,rwir.¡t E:1.¡v.j haí¡É¡i L:!¡11)ut:1,:inri ttstt:ill1,rli:;;rliiu:;
lia:¡li ii¡:tiarH!: Élgichtrti:;¡¡t- l-l¡;¡uriiliie . kv;l¡iie :rnri :ri¡d:¡l¡¡:;iii:

,1q
 llF:,¿,i1Y h4ll'Jl:liÁ1. lllr:l{'!{i!!'!!(ji{:rl AFlt-r {'i.}1.{}i¡i-i: t¡l á¡t-.:l

Aa¡daEu,-;ÉÉe

.41.{!l:=:ii¡rl
orth,:r¡'h¡¡!i¡bia. l¡i:l;i:r! ( i

s¡{t ¡.¡lq f.ii4{}

tr[!' !.ri.]:i L{-'.+4
¡ti ¡.{'}.3:-l l.i¡;tl
r1 i).0{ifr-.{1.!t |!t
A I i-l l.lt¡
Ft¡rnl i¡t :;€riiftlcttf :i: 'l'hc morpholoqv ci tlct¡ ital ;¡nt!¿¡lu:;iar
i:i ;1ilqulilr irrcgLtlar, ocr:;rsiiinailv llt¡::nt¿!t i.t. sr¡ hn ¡r ¡trL:¡,1 l¡¡ ¡ri¡

rat'cl,l' we ll r,-run,-led. {-'le:¡v:rgr: lr¡cL^:; itrL' l'!).irlv .l!s¡r!;ty-.j(1.

g-i!-¿¡ii¡s í¡trluenilv er¡ckr:;e c:rrl¡ont¡ecorr:; ini¡--Lrr-iii"-:;- A¡¡.l:llr¡-
siti,: i:; iltirly l;r¡ge ¿inii i:; i¡¡..rt,¡¡t l'i¡t¡r¡rl ir¡ il¡t Lr¡¿rr:;r:¡ pr:¡dt::

{'o!our: i'ril()l!rlqs:i or ii l¡¿i¡i ar ¡iiirkish íi¡r!:,,.,'!'i¡c r:¡¡,:

i¡l:!¡lgi!¡r.¡iur r-'itairtv v;r¡{¡inf i:: tr,:c¡r ;rrrrl ¡rlcriehroic i¡r ¡l¡;tili:::
ol' en¡erirltl grcc¡¡ :r¡rii vcllilrvish i:¡-(rrt¡r.

Pl¿:t¡¡:ltf¡-tiS¡¡L'ljrrnre g¡airr:; itrr t)(.)tr,f)leoeltrr¡ic (klrrcr r,irv.

lcft). othcr:; ilisplay li ,li:;lintl1ivr ¡rlcochr',risu: (1. r{}-sr: pink (ir
velk*v: f,l irnd 1. colcurles::, p:rlc ve llo*,^ grccnish vclkirv. 'l'he
ltitikrf¡ cl Plcoehfrristlr is usuallV ittllornosr,nous ¡rlrd tlrctc ¿¡re
rton-pL,ocltroie a¡¡rl st ronglv plciie'lrrtii.-' ¡iul chr-'s rvitlr irr :r si rrgl.-
gra i n.

Ii irt:Jrütgc ttt-.'¿'.' Wc¿k. Interlercncr: colour:: ure lirsi orclc¡'

g.rev and whitc. htrt thcs* ¿irc scen rr¡llV orr tl¡iri itaenlrr¡li:;. 'l'lic
trtajrrlity ol arldaiusitc grains clis¡rla.¡ scr:orrcl-orelcr ¡rL¿r¡gc. reel
:lntl g¡-ci:trish-blttc irticrlereiice e¿rlour::. ()rving tr¡ tlre
irt e gular shapc lrird lrnLrr?cn thicktrass ()1 nl()st glains, the
intcrlcrcttcc citlouri slr{)rv :l disrlrdcrlv pilttct'n. {}r¡ rrruntletl
grain:- thc conccltttic inltrii'rerrcc h:rnds irrc sinril:rr tc tirosr: oi
?=:
ilctr'itiil qu;rrlz.
. -{=:.
E.+linctit,tn: Iiarallcl tc clc¡vagc tliir(-:s ¿¡l¡r-l crvst:¡l l¿rccs. but :a: -:+=.
.-=
----
-=:.:
-
i=; "-
,
.'
diflicult tii rrbstrLvc l¡ecausc oi thc irrcgr¡llr¡ strripe ol tl¡r :. ::
griri rrs.
: .:::
- i-.: l:: j;
::

Inter.[ereni'c Jigure: l]:rsll ll'l¡srrcnts yicirl ¿rr¡ ¿re r¡le

triscctrix ligurc rvith !arg* 2V antl werrk rlis¡rc:r'sion. {lle:rv;u.:c j
fngnrcnts shorv :r llush figulc-

E k t ttgtt l io n : Ncgative.

I)i,ttinguishin!4 f(eftrrcs: Pleochroic an,lah¡sirc c¿rr¡ lrc

e¡rsilv rcr-'rrcnizetl lty its distint:tivc pleocl]r(]isrl^ cou¡tlccl rvith a
nlrirler¿rte rrlici. l)¡cnl(intitc h¡rs high nr irnd i-r [riaxial positilc.
Hv¡rcrstltcne is n.¡rrstlv ¡rrisrnalic. it i-'xhibit-s a hiehcr relicf.
ltYroi:etrf clc:tv;tgcs atrrl ¡rrisitivc clonglrti¡tn. Silli¡nanile ct,l¡t-
nl()nlV oacurs ¡ts rvrrll-defiIted Jrrisrrts ilr lilrr0r¡s at.1rreg:trcs; it is
trrrn-plcoclircie . bi¿rxial ¡xrsilivc ;rnrl lcnqllr sltrrv. Anr!:rlu:ilc.
w"hich is ll-ce of c¿u'tron¿rcr('us inclr!-\i{rns ¿utd litcks pleochrrri:,nr.
r:all lrr: conl'u:;cd rvith toplrz. l li¡*,cvcr. 1l¡r: latti:r gtrre rally
vicltls a gr)o(! ir¡terlcrcncrr fi.qure with a prisiiirr-'sirrn.

{}¡:<'Urft'¡t¡,r:Anilalrrsite i::r tv¡riclillv rlei:rrnor¡rlric nri¡¡rnrl

in argill:iccous foc:kr- (}1 .-:{rnl¿tci
Itncl :tppcars ¡¡l(]st c{ltn¡r:(}nlv
itulctilr::; irf{rUn(l igrrc{)ur iltttusir¡l¡-.- ll is c0¡nnon i¡¡ ¡lr.-,i-tsc:.
:¡rttl:chist:-

Ilernarks: {lhiastolite i:; un unil;rlusitt vu¡ic'rr'. Éll-nc.u1Lrd xt

relativr,:lv lqtw tctnpclittr!r'c:;. lt co¡r1:ritt:: ahunrl:¡lrl .r¡r'a¡rlritc:rrrtl

a{}
 ANDALUSITE
carbonaceous inclusions which are arranged systent&tically
within the mineral, appearing as dark bands or as a black cross
in a basal section. The form of detrital chiastolite is irregular
or rounded, sometimes prismatic. Rarely basal fragments
occur. It is colourless and non-pleochroic.

Grains from: (a) Aquitanian, Nerthe-Chain, provence,

France; (b) glass sand from the Oligocene Nfolasse, southern
Cermany (Mmt 1.582).

-sl
 ¡'il.t!-R...f lll :iq liil'lliit=l!; .+¡-.ri-r í.'r]l_{it iR !'¡ ;1 ! t:::.
¡1
KyaeeÉÉe idásÉEree¡e! A f¿'t'¿t!'i't'llt'a': i..\;rlltir .r.i.r!!:, t¡! .¡tii¡\\,.'. ,,¡.¡¡'¡¡li¡1.,. ;r¡¡¡l
¡reliiii'sr:hi::ir; ..vl¡ieh ¡rr,. sr¡ir¡¿tril i¡r,, i!rt ¡-r,gi,.¡¡¡l¡! !¡(:lit¡l!ri¡
Al.{ }l:;t{ r.,l ¡:hi:rn iii't¡1.)::Íly iicl¡iir fúak-:-, !i i: ai¡!t::¡iLr¡r:{i ll::r¡: i¡¡ili¿:l¡!ii¡ ci
r¡rcli¡ri.:. liil¡¡:ia! i !i lhL' tnrlli¡1ti)tlrhi.: trt*t t¡igher t!rtn Ilr¿: o¡lr: i¡¡ !1,¡¡i{l} :-i::r!¡r¡l¡l¡,.
i r¡r¡¡¡:: l¡L¡i ¡ttret-'rlirir :il im:lni ir- r¡;rt ic.
I

it.:. ¡.7¡l i,7!l:

,ili 1.1:.1 l.i:3 !--:.:fnüi F:S: Év¡¡¡iir i:- ;¡ .-,1¡llt,¡l rl.:t¡ il¡rl r¡ri¡¡¡-'¡:¡!- !¡ i::
tt": I .727 .7 i1 1
ri:¡rl5i¿¡¡1¡ kr :¡r:irli,: rre:lllleling {(irirr!!r¡ 197-j- }Ji,'kcl l{}7:i ¿n¡rl
i=¡ {}.{}ll ll.{ll{"
i:: iairlv -rt¿ll¡ie iii ihr rlirgrnetic r]nlji¡(;n¡tr:ni. \L,'iii¡ irrr¡e:l:ilrc
ii r. r1 1-qlt
{¡r:¡rtl! rif [¡urial !t ¡-ils-rolvr:: l¡rlorr ¡t:ruroliir' iFl¡rri¡i¡¡ lt]H.llr),

f"or¡tl in :i.:íliÉ|ti:ilis: F-var¡iir, gi:iiir:; ilirv lrr..q1¡¡ir !aigr:rirri iifai*:;.jrttftt' {¿i¡ { ii¡h.!:i¡nPlr. ['r¡¡t ril ljr:ir;i. ir4¡r¿¡rnil¡iilt¡e .
¿lr'a miria fter¡ucni i¡¡ Ilr* ro¿irs¡.¡ gr;riir:¡, l¡t¡i :;l¡¡¿;ll ,'1,-':¡r,¿r¡:r ilr'l I-i;wr-i h4iqri:.-'nr-: F..'1nl:l:su. i"iltltt¡:.r¡lr !=i;rsi¡¡. E:¡;¡¡¡t:r
ilake:; ;llrr¡ ;ipptar in line griiincr! sedin¡cnls. iirai¡¡:: ¿¡a, rrrrr:,i
i liliilt ¡ .lllr- ¡
L:(¡!1.r!11it¡!!v ;rttgu!ar. l¡latlr¡i ¡r¡ Pfi$tlríltir :rnr! ;:rt tjli;ni:airLi ilri
r'. 'l l¡cv u:;u:¡liv lii: iin thr t l{}t}l l:rcc. rvirirl¡ i:; tliij a--'lrnr o¡
¡tcliici clcavlrge . llc:;r.:lting from i]ie er¡¡nl¡iti¡¡tio¡¡ ¡r! {l{}¡l}
clcavtgc anr! p:rrting riii {{i{il } at alrno-:i rghí ;rnglr-r: io lhr:
lrngtli oi the cry:;lal:-- gi':iiit:; r,xlribii L:h¿iract{:ri\ii.'Lirír:::
fr¡rctur,:s atrri ste¡i=lik-c l'r:¿¡iutc:;. l{rtutrding oi 1l¡s L:¡r¡n.,-r:; ¡r::r't
be frequcni. (ta !ll:Lltsiorlíjllv rvr:ll-ror¡nrlerl liirins appeai
'l'lrct-c ¡re sr¡ualc-shaperJ lragmcnl:; shorvitrr rrrr r:L:;rvirgr-
traces attd also s,ntlr whielt a¡c l¡r:¡¡l rit itlcgLlliulv sl!apl-{l
Irtraslt!írIitl sr1!luti{)n p¡lxhlt^c-! finr-: r:1ch-fllr:cts on lhc etlgcs ol
the grains ¿rnd on thr parling. ¡rl:rne:;- Irlrrid inr:Lrsiol¡:-" alsr¡
rul¡k:. itpillit!:. graphite. ct(:.. ¡rc conl¡¡¡{)n.

(lnlour: (i¡'l¡ins ¡ic donrinl¡¡¡tly !'.)¡{rr!rlL^s:; ¡rr ¡arelv bluc.

often rvith ln urirvf¡i eokrur distrihulicn.
d
!:t l tt¡dt roi:; ¡tt-' i3h¡e-ci¡loureri ::¡rccinrcnr: havr rve:rl.: pli:c-
r:ltrr¡i-cIt¡: rt, colourle:i:;; [i, violet l]lue ; i', cobali lilur,

IlireJringentc'.' Modcrale and tl¡ir¡ clr;rvaqe llakcs cxhibit

lifs!-.if(lfr g¡cv lillal vlrlhiw illtL:rlerrn(jr r¡rlou¡s.']-llc.se nrav b
riulFe trl srcond¡rrder {)nlngc, plrrpL: :rrrtl blr¡t' in lhiekr:r
grains.'l'hr-: slt:lt-like u¡¡rvr:¡i thickrtcss r¡llr¡¡ rrsull: iu ;l , =::=:.:-=
¡
:-.
.i :

s¡recllcul:rt irrrirlgcmcnl ol thc inifrlcr(:rtr:t: trrliilrts. i¡¡r¡rsi¡¡ t_ii

irrg palc gfcv {)rt tlrr thinnr:r crlgr,s arid dec¡r ¡ir.u.¡rle or hlrrc irr !T-
tlrc thir:kel p;r¡ts.
=¡- ¡=.;.

E-tÍitttÍi¡tn: l'hc extirrctir¡n ariglc nrcirsr!r'c1! orr { ll}{)} is

lirrgc, ranging helwc*n 21"- 12. Glri¡rs lavi¡¡! on {{)l{l} have =:#
parallcl cxtinction.

I nf crJ'erente .f i,qu rc : Í l{}f) } qcctir rr* ¡rrrivirle wcll-ccnll qrl

{1r ¡rcarlV ecnlr{j d ile utc bise c1¡ix ligulcs with l¡rr.se lV.
Isogvtes;lllllc:rr {)n il lvlr¡tr or velkrrv lii:lel lvith {)r w¡thqtLrt
istlclttorncs. flis¡rg¡ -sion is wr,lrk.

fi I on ¡4af i t t tt : tro:irivc'.

flistittgui,shing J'eulufr:,r: !L¡l¡it, thc corrrhirr;rlion ol'

Fe! lcel clci!\r¿tgc ltnrl ¡i;rr'littg, l()gi:lhLrr r',,ith ¿¡l¿rrgc rxl¡r¡rli('rr
iltlg,lc;rnd lt grrod inlqrIcrr:¡¡cc litrrrc, ¡rrovirlc il! r:it!-y
r-li;tgno,ri,r. 'l hq: irlc¡rtiiir:;rlicn of' r'ourrrlerl ;uirl hi'lhlv i'1ehcd
irrcgular g.!¡!¡n¡ iF n-¡o¡-q- rliificult- In thesc e¡ls*; ctrc ¡rl lhr:
rliagtioslic clltt'irL:lL:t islie.'; nri!y lrc vi:ihlr.:, !r.:;lr!ing lo rcc¡rg¡liiiu¡r.
'l'he lurge rxlinrti{}ri ;rrrglc lr::sists i¡l rlisiiruui-clril¡u kvrlritr
hu-c ¡ l¡rrvr'r' r'{ilirl.;lrtc! il is lc¡rslh
lronl sillin¡altilc. ¡1nrl;rlrrsilc
Ia-ct. 5(nrtc barVlc rle¡rr,¿rg,f l!'ilgnlr:nl-s rcsr:nllrlL: kvarritc lrill
It¿tvc hrwcr Rt ansl sn¡¡rllcr c:{1¡¡ll:lir!11 irngh.

{1
 i{il'Á,¡
3'clglaz
Al_(tlsi(1,ltI;"(]H ),
o¡'thr¡thi¡nrl¡ic. l¡iaxiul (* i

,ttt 1.6{Xrl.6li}
,¡li I.r)()q l.r¡3:
n i l.6lirl'ñ--iH
;) t).{x}s-í}.{}l I
;r- 3..i1]--1.¡7
i ::1
F¡tr¡rt in :;td¡ftlt:ftts: T()p:r. :rpFe irrs :rs ungul:rr i¡resul:¡r i¡r
.;{irllLrIimcs roundr:el grainr. [:ilrs;rl lragmcnts trsrtall¡- clis¡rlirv
tLat:trs ol pclici:t .i(X)ll clclvagc. 'l'he suri:rce ol- thr gr;rirrr i: r=:
=: .::
:..

cti¡r¡nr¡rrrlv nuuketl bv- crescent-sh:rpctl indcntations. Fluiri,rr

(iparluL: inclus¡(ins ;rrc ircc¡ucnt,
_u-
! -_-
:: =- -
:.'
. ::
{lolclur: futt¡st rle trit;rl sr:rins aLc cokrurlcss rvith ;¡ noticc¡iirlq:
bluislr-rvhitc tingc- []ut ¡urle-coloulerl ¡rell,iw. pink, r.--rl ;r¡r(i
hluc grairt:; :rrc also rc¡xrrted.

l'le¡tChrt¡i:;¡tL' ;\[)scnt t¡r l,e rv rvr-:iik (in thick {r:rin::: ir. ¡rrlc
(il lrrtrtvn: fi. p¿tlll r}l-l¡n':L-: i'" plrle ¡rink-
vell{iw-

llirt.f'ringtnt¿:.' !\ic;ik. ;i¡rrl Íhi¡r Iri¡g¡¡rcnrs vickl fi¡':;r-rrrtlc:

¡tL.:v. rvhitc or palc ve lliiu, inte rlcrcncc toktr¡r:;. Tlrick rL:liit;rl
gt iri n-! -!ll( iW n ¡ iillllc {) í' L:()l(itl ts U P fi) ¡ccrin(l-()¡-(lcr (!faflflu-. rr-rl.
hh¡e a¡rrl tr.^e i¡-

E.f íin¡'ti¡ln: !'u¡'allcl io,-:lcavallLr Íi¿rcr:r unil to prisnurtic tu.-r,:s

.¡n¡| s\lnnrtlric:rl,'l¡ htrsl¡l :iur'liUni.

{ntcrJr:r'enit figttrL: {inrins luving r)n il.¡L'ir hasul ¡rlarr.:

.vir:kl r cenired irr:ulc l¡i:;ectrir iieurc witl¡ :¡ rlistinct ¡ -.v
tlirlrcrsi,rr-. fulanv riclrit;il i¡)tli!¿ .tr¡t i¡c rli¿rgnr¡:er,l *'itl¡
.üii:riitiy by rr¡lli¡lg ihL:¡!r iir :r lir¡uitl int¡lrc¡:;i¡11 inL-rliur¡t (rittrl
ilt.^i¡-basl¡l ¡rllrti.:. rvl-rir:h thcrr u,ill irÍ{!iri(lc;r el,l;rr intc¡iu¡cncc
íigure. {ir;rilrs ¡¡rie¡ll:ri¡:rl :re,jortling t¡r the h:rs¡l ¡rl:rnc tlispl;rrr
lorrur-orilel interfcle¡¡cc r:iilottt':r (lt¡ivr:t, (;r) r'i!.tlit-her¡rl i:r:rin).

f',Ío¡tf:ufiQ¡t: !'osiiir,,, to ¡-ir¡,:;ial tlong:rtion. i)trd ircg:liivr.irl

clca!.:rgc ii:rccs.

!ji,::tint:ui:;hi¡t¡< i;'aiur;::;: tilui:;h-ivhirc iingc:rrrtl irrr irir:

gul:¡r iir :.,trht¡;Lt¡t,lrrl iiitnt iviiir iicr,¡rrerri irlrle¡¡i:¡tiii¡t:; ;¡¡r<.1

i).jflcdt t);rs:rl elc:rv¡lgr: a¡'r r-rh;lritairjti-{tic. ll r:r¡l ire r:i:-ily

¡¡ri:;i;¡ke¡¡ ir)t il¡r¡l-lllc,.ichi'¡¡ic ;¡nri¡irr:;i1c i=.tri il¡.-: l;¡iir,:r i:
c¡riically iiei¡:tiivr: ithirrl::h ii oiir¡i iirils iii ::h¡rt :¡ rlisc¡¡¡¡il;k:
¡i¡i.jficaÉ'¡r¿1r lku¡q)- F-iciicil. t¡tl¡ttii,l t!r¡:.ir:!iiir clivi¡¡e.sr:rlir
r¡:::r:nlt-.!c iiipi!,-r: il(i*r,;!'r iire ir t.t¡ ¡t¡ttl hi¡'L-:i¡ ilr-qr,:¡tu. :¡i._-
rq¡¡1:;irler:liriv hir:h'-¡. i'he i¡:lir-:i i¡i :ifi;lii¡d i:i higlr.-:¡,
'i r.-
rt¡ti;¡:¡i;ri:rn,l le¡rgili ii¡si- útt:i¡i:t h:ls lr¡rvc¡ rel¡:r.-iivc- i¡¡.ii.:.:s.
{i¡¡iwit¡netl l:ru::;t¡i¡i¡c. ..vhielr ;¡l:-,¡ r::l¡iiiiis :¡ t¡h¡i:;h ¡r¡r-gc
.;inril;¡¡'ini,:¡lc¡rnce ct:i¡iL!t:;" r:.rfinciir¡¡r:r¡rd i¡¡clrr:;ii¡¡r:..::rrr ir.:
cri¡riLt:,ed rvitlt itiliit-::. hr:i l;r+:t¡¡iiic.gr;¡ins;r¡e ihinner. pllriicr'.
ir:i.,'c :r higl¡cr ¡clict' a¡trl l;tigrr JV li ¡n;iv l¡e rliiíi.:i¡l{ i¡¡
¡lir.iinsuish ccriciii¡c, l ililr¿¡z it(i¡il sc iiei i i::e¡-l ;¡ nd:¡ h¡:i Íc,

..
!
r¿r¡r.¿¿il. !¡-)p.lr: is i(!ir¡rc.l pfiF¡¡iiif i!l giatiii,r. ¿t:tiril.:
¡ ,..,.
JÉ 1

tllrPnliliitc :¡rrrl i¡¡ grr:isi='4. Higlr-tcnt¡-1.-'r';lf!lrc vLin:t :!r¡,! r¡¡r

:i¡:[rt¡:;iis :ls 1r]L'll i¡:; al!r.,iíici. .¡i¡al lis:]r!íe:; Qi ¡ei,l i!,,k:: ¡i¡;lv
"lli::;.
:¡lsi¡ i:r¡¡¡i;!i¡¡ ii)pit¿. ¡t ilr-:Lt¡¡:i ;¡: itrci;tittot¡:liic ¡i¡i:k:; Éi¡l¡nc,l hv
i-.!i¡aí:is{)iitaii:;iti ir¡lri i:¡felv r¡¡ i¡¡u:.i:¡¡viii: k:;:tt!iiL'-:.,ahi:;i:;-

í lr¡in:; f;ts¡n; 1'¡¡ l.r¡u.,c¡ fuiir¡cc¡ir !:!,.i1:r:sr:, n¡r:,rlluh-

1',rviiz,:¡la¡¡ri; (ir) lrt;rch::lrr¡il. Sl lvc:;. [j¡r¡l;¡¡¡il IN,in¡t 1.5.1¡.¡).
<1
¡.1
.
 ili:¿VY l':.ili-lt:li¿1. !iÉr:;É'l¿ll¡il{}F]S ¿l'J¡-¡ {-a!l.aii¡!r. FE.,...i'tr:i

ilFccÉ€a{enÉ!eniÉe

{ia.l.Er.''' }.i-},i¡lí ¡,il:i¡{ i, l,

¡¡¡il¡¡il'hq¡nrhit:. hil¡::i;rl [ ¡

itt! i.ft55 l.{¡ii{'

,¡t' i fii¡ I l "
i.n¡i+ ¡.7:1,.:
{r.(}l{f {t.{t1;
tlil

l:¡t*¡tr itt :;rdi*rcrlÍs: Li.i¡itul ¡iu¡r:¡i¡ticriic i:; !:c¡¡e¡:rl!".'

¿¡ec¡r¡ili¡¡¡ l¡r ii:; krnl' ari:;. I'r¡:
:;lt.!ii !ifis¡¡ti!ii(-!¡i .l(tt¡-q:!irai
(rtlrmonlv- irre;.:ular {lapnttttl:; itlt¡tr:it! . ::ífiitii!ili:; ¡t:rr:rllel *'ith
thc lcrrrtl¡ oi lhr Pti:rurs tl:i1'lrc,]llrihit.r.¡ l-!v:;{!¡ilt s¡lcriiit, ll:
-['hr c,!¡:,,:: rrl iht {;tti¡i:; i)u!::¡s¡or¡irll-t :;l¡itn' trtrttt,iitti:. !}rsii¡tri
{ I { i{ I j r,:ic;tvl gi-::; lr.: ¡rcc:t:ion:¡ I l'v vi:;it¡i,:.

i=l¿¡it¡tlr: [jitrc. {rr.-nisl-. trlrrr- !:lvrrl¡-ic¡. ¡rink. rr-rlilish -.!11.,:¡.

!ti¡:rx'hr¡lis¡l¿-- Strun!: ilnLl di:ii¡!r.iilv.-'. ll a¡r¡rr:it:. iit i'iit:

trasti¡rr: sltarlt:. ri[ (l(:c[r ll!ur:. ittrligii iir rr,,!-viqil,'t:,¡. bitl.-
virllcl. !:trlrill¡sh blttr:: [i, eriltrrttlcs;- lilrl-r'rillrl prrle lila,-.
!-cll!)rv:-i- üill(lurl!:s.r, llilla hltl!, llilL' P-recll. h'llrirrtttt¡l
:rbsorpli(r¡ ;lllllcilr:: whcn thc lenetlr r¡l t¡¡c .l\.rslll!:l i:: per:rllel
1o ilrc vibr:rtior¡ Jircctiotr rtl thr ¡;rrlltri;:r-r

itift'.['ringenti¡'.' Wi:¿tk 1(r nr(xlcrill.]. a¡¡tl ¡i¡:¡:ti¡ittttll ittir:¡

lcrc,nce colouls rangc i't'cm lir::t-'¡trle ¡ Erhii(-', r)tiittga ;intl pirrk
io sccrir¡d-order l¡iue :rrrrl yglll¡rr.: qi¡¡ ihick l'rag¡rrcnt:;.

F.x¡i.w'tion.: !':rr:rlle I tc thc lcngth ol thr ¡riistrts {¡i :iitiili¡{}trs.

= I

Ittte r.frre ntc .fi¡4ure : { l{x)} cltlrvugc ii':rgtttcttl:; 1.,ie Ll oblusc

hiscclrir: li¡¡urcs g.ith l-i(x)Ílv dclinrri i:;r¡tlttrrt¡tl¡lie ct¡¡r,t:s.

lil t tngu! it ttt : Ncgalivt

I ) ist i tt i s lt i tl g j¿'a I u r(,\ : l'4ulcr';¡1e rcliel. et,Lr¡-rr- vcLv'

gu
irrle nsivc plcochreistr an(l rrcgirlivf, rlongati¡rn lrrr iliagrt,r.''tic.
Stlonglv plcoeltroic tot¡rnralinc is liahlc lo bc conluscd u,illl
rlunrortiet'itc. l¡ut tounn:rline i:- uniir::i:rl :urd tt-' rrta,iit¡luttl
;¡hsr¡lplio¡r is n,rtnt¿tl trr tlrc r,ilrr'¿iiotr ili¡r-'ciiot¡ ril lhe ¡rolat izt-t.
'l his is a rlrliairlL: proPLrrt,v thirt assisl-\ irr ilistirr¡:uishirrg lrclwccn
thcsc trvo mincr;lls. Siitlic irnr¡rhiholes hav.-' inelined cxl i trct ion
-l-he
anrl anr¡rhiliole cleavages, tt ol coru¡du¡i is highcr anrl it
is t¡¡iiaxi¿rl. PiL:n1rut¡lc h¿r-: a disli¡rctlv stronuL-r lclicl' ¡¡nil ;r
posil ive sitn.

()fCtttn'ttt't': |)illlt¡rlticritt r\'(ur\ in i'.t;lt)tlü l)!linl:rl¡t('\.

aplilcs irnd.lul¡tz vlrilrs. ll is ¿¡lsii ¡.r'cscrtl in sor¡re (lr!;rrtrites.
in granil.'gnsisscs a¡ril miea:;chists,:is rvell i¡s ¡rr hvdrrltlttnn-
ellv ¿rltcretl t¡rr;rrtz-lclitspll rtitrks.

{irain.s .lt'itnt: l-1p¡rer': Lou,er' {lrccns¡rtrl. ilretaeeous.

Llorking 1..'ilir llil! L)isirict. Errglanrl (r'tt) Ijrortt tlrc col[,c-
lirrtr r'l I l. li hlilrt, r

Midrllc: Wi:altlcn ll¿¡:.in. liri::lol {'hanncl. F.ngl;rni! iF;llni

l-51i2|- {'¡iurtcs-y of A, (-. h4or¡iirr.

e,t
 s',t A t jt{{ }¡,1'¡ tl

SÉ¿¡unqlEiee € --=
(Fe:*Mg).(AIFc'* ),,tl,.lSia) I l(o-a)t i ). ;-
r¡.¡otrilc!inic. p:;!:u(li)-.]rtll()rht¡¡¡rbir:. hill:;i:¡l i + ) .
=:: .:
1:.
¡to. 1 .7 ]() 1 .711 :. 1..:
rrfi 1.745 i.75,1
it"i l''152 1.161 .. u -:1rt
t.:'a?:
ir r).{}l: {}.U1.+ ZJ
\ -
1.74 .i.fi=i
^ i
:: .
For¡¡l in ,trili¡ne¡lÍs: Sti¡u¡''lite r¡celr¡:. i¡s i¡rcgrrlui. a¡rgul:rr.
srlr¡lcwhul platv. olt'-n l'r:¡cirrrcd gl'irins which rih{)\r pltr)rlv i,
dcli nLr(i cL:lvil!1c ¡ r¡lccs- R;rrc lv, di;¡ rnorttl-sh:tpr:il liaslrl srl i ir rri\ ::-- .'
:rrc fiir¡¡rd. iirrggeri oullitrr. ctelr lr¿l¡tenli rt¡rrl ¡n:r¡¡rill:tc lte
iir.:i,¡ucntlv cxhihiicrl trv urai¡t:. rvl¡ir:h huvi-' espcricncul rli-r'
soluii!)¡1 ilrrring tliagettc:-is (t1). lt¡r:lt¡sions ol c¡u;trtz :tttcl
,,==
(';lll)rril:t('(r,ils rll;rll( f ütt' (-1)ililltrill (;t).
: ' =-.;,
{l¡llour: Sit:rrrr,.ilitc hlis bliilht .,,cllorvish cr¡iriurs in shirllct ()l'
pale ycll,riv ilti'riugh g(:)ldr:n vL^li(tlv tu rl:rr[: '.;cikir..'islt btrirvn.

Ptea¡'tlr¡¡i,trt?-"! hc inie ¡r:;iiv ol ¡rlcor:!rroisnt i:: intlt¡c¡lcctl lr!'

ih.- thie ki¡c::; r.'l- thc gt ai¡rs bui ü\.ün ihiii ¡ri!lr-f(jl(itlr(:rl
iraglnciris tlislrl¿v ¡riilicc:tt-,lt ¡rlcuchr'ois¡¡¡: i¿. (,-()¡ot!rlc'j:: i()
pale 'y.-llorv¡ fl. palc yclloivl 1. goltlen velli¡rv itr yrilqu,isfi
brr¡wn.

Birefriagr:tlr'É'.' L4o(icai¡ir:. l¡¡¡d i¡rÍc¡'icicnec coit¡urs i:r¡lgr-'

i¡ri¡¡r iirsi-drdcr sriiv (if yrllQu' in i¡riii iitrgnrrrris l() $Lrr-(j¡lai'
i.rrdrr oraÍt.{e- re{,| ¿l¡r(¡ lilui:;lt giccit in thickc¡':;!llrqri¡nc¡r:;.

F.:t¡in¡:tiu¡l: úrving io ihe i¡¡cgrri¡¡ slrir¡r. ol iht gtrirrs il i:

,-iiffier¡li r'o +b:;c¡vr ihe .:xtincii¡r¡r ir¡lglLr. É'aisiilirtid ir;r!:riler!ls
;!nil !l!heriril ! i:rv:;f :r l:; ::hr i*' ¡r:r riil lel e:i i i it,-'i ir iit.

!nitrj'tr:ni't' .;t'iyilrt: H:r:;:¡l :eciiti¡rs (rvhir'h .:;rn t¡e ¡rct¡r

¡tizc,l br.t t!r:Lli!llv lslwcr-rit(lL:f ¡l(rliiai;:1ri¡rr¡¡ rol(l!t:i¡ .,,ir:lrl ri¡t tii l
f,fillr. :r{it!ir i¡isrrlri: iigurt qrt a rvhiic or p:rlr velliiri liriil
wiih e,ii:;qr,'r'nil¡lc ¡:=r,, ,li:t!¡:¡:.iri¡t. lsr¡cl¡¡'ii¡r¡e:: :r¡c ge¡te¡;rllV
lrbsent. {lt hr='r i i¡r¡¡-r: ::iv.-' al.)of !:ir-a:rri ¡.i{-' iigLr f .rs.

l:, I t i n gt l í it i n : P¡ir-¡iia i ir- er;rin:. :r rr !,-'n¡:ili slt ¡rv

{-ris¡i¡lE¿¿i:;hiils .i'ti!iur<.:;: ilir¡r¡¡'i;liíc i:; i¡!!r' ,,ri i!rtr r:usilv

itlc¡¡iiii;il;ir, r,ir-'irii:li ¡rti¡¡r¡:rl:;- !!igh rrlir:i. c¡¡¡¡¡l-'i¡¡cii 'siÍlr
;h;¡<lc:: $i vi-'li¡*.v,¡l vr:lit;ri,i::it iitli!i¡- iiri{l r¡i:lii¡iri íil.(!fl!ii¡i::¡¡1
:i¡r ,-li:¡.il¡¡i¡:;iir li ma'", irc L'ii!¡iti:;L:ri =iiIr ..t-lhiu-' r:¡ .,r¿111r,.1i1,i1
ir¡i¡.:¡t li;r¡¡ ¡l::iiirr: iTI i;rrt ih,-j iritie i i¡;rr i¡¡i.,'r¡ iciiri, i:., u:ii:¡:=:i;¡l
rrrgeiivr ::¡¡il ic¡rg¡h ia:;i.

í.Ér'¿:Ufi::¡i¡ <: ili:¡¡i¡c¡iiir: i:; ;¡l¡¡¡<¡:i L:.{.:lt¡ri!!j!t :¡ ::tq¡rl¡tri :¡i

il.rr::.iii!!¡l-g¿irlir iceiri¡¡;¡i mL'i:!¡r('iFi;:i¡¡r:ii!ii ¡i i{¡a¡¡¡: i!l ii¡t!:.:
:;ehi::i:;. ¡-le¡'ivcri ir¡¡n;rrgill;¡cci¡!r:::rrj{liilt!:!¡i'-r. iiil(1 lf::r; i¡L
r: r!c !¡ilr,r irt griri:-;:-.r:;.

Ét-t¡nAf k:;: iii;lrrr¡liie i:; ¡ r:i¡i'it¡l!¡¡¡i ii,-:i¡ii:¡l ¡¡i¡¡¡¡l¡i. !i i:; i'it¡i11.:

iL::;¡:i:ii¡i ii¡ ..vr:ltfh¿-'¡i¡¡f ri¡tri l;rt¡.i;¡l .Ji:r;¡,:irr::i:. ii¡iéi. ír; ¡r rjrfi¿ri¡r
!-¡:iri¡¡i. ÍLjclicli¡19. Eii ihr:ra,-lin¡enis ir i:;:ts:¡rci;licti wiili.:iihrl'
kv:¡ni¡i:" ;¡¡r¡.i¿¡lu:.¡ir :¡i¡rl/i¡¡ ::illir¡r;r¡¡iíe- '...'iliril Ir¡ri¡ii:; iq¡ ili;:ii
i'(!!1r¡¡!¡r!1 íl¿¡li]¡líiigl:. ii¡ ¡t ¡:, ¡{ruii{l iti :iit iiir¡ltivrii:;lr-'il ¡ili¡irt;tl
:;tiiir ir:gci!tri e'iih:lpaiiir':rntl g:rrrei:¡s'.yL.'ll :i\ uli¡':¡:.iei¡lc
j.ii(:r,:É-!.ilii¡ii¡¡¿tiinr:a¡¡tirt!iilr-:. ll¡ciltiie¡¡,:lt::r:¡¡¡¡virq:ihq:¡.::;t¡l¡
¡ ii tiil¡c¡ rte-velinc cl i¡l:iiufr +)ti r riii rrr; r,-' ii ¡i rrrri r- i ;r rir t i!¡¡5 i.;
i¡rili¡:-:¡ícri hy ilie e.tll ¡i¡u¡rtlcri ;r:.:.cci;¡leti rninerei:-i r;¡ iii:,:.tr

t,
 IIt:AVY MINI:ltAl. t)l:S( ltll/l l()NS ANI) ( ()1.()tJlt I'l.A IIlS

-- lulion tlrrrirtt dilrgcncsis. clilnirrlrtirrg lllc lcss slirblc s¡rccies.

'f'hc dirnirtution ¡ntl lhcn lllc;rbscncc ol sl:ttrtolilc willl
- inclcltring tlcpth ;rs ¡ funclion ol irttrltstr¡lt;rl tlissolrltir¡ll rv:ts
shou,rt by (irinrnr (1973) lnd Motlon ( l()79:t. I9t'lh).

Grains Jfunn: (,t) (ilass srrrrtl lrortr lhe Oligoccnc Molrtsse .

- southcrn (icrrrtany; (b) grab s:ttttplc. I)ort of llcil'ir' l\{ozltnl-
biquct (c) 1'crtilry, Nortlr Scir; (d) C':rrbonifcrous. Notllt Se:r;
- (T) tournralinc (Mnrl 1.662).

56
 {-lll¡.É¡li¡'¡{}!t¡

L-E¡EerEÉond

i l;er' r'
.h4g.i14n ).i n l. !-c )trl,t ).1 si{ ), l-( { il I ),
nli)¡¡or:li¡lir:. trielinic. l¡i¡¡;ii¿¡l i*i r¡¡'( )

t tat I .7 ll I .7-i{}
;rli l,7li.¡ i.7l-l
t t'! i.7t.i l.7J{) *
il.tlt¡í] {l.i¡::
'r, it j
.==- |

Fi{¡ --
=J:=* =,==
f*trn in :;t:tli¡nt:itls: 'i'hr: ia-vcr-likc ol r:hl.rri¡¡rirl '. ::' ., ,'i= -:-='
','¡¡¡¡¡r¡
rLrs¡lIs ilr ¡ pctf¡t't nricli=iypc f{}{}l } r-:l*uvlrgr: rvhir:h iL,ii-'rrrri¡lq'r; '::i. :.t:.1 ::-
i¡s dc¡ri¡¿¡l ¿rilPu;l¡.ir¡lec. t L¡¡¡r:u ilct¡'i1l¡l grains occur il.;¡¡ti¡urntlv : -E
lts l;¿rsal r:L:lrvag,, ¡rllttc:;. A grai¡t '.rstu¡llv co¡¡sisls oi- several
supcrinr¡rrist:il l¡asl¡l pL¡les l¡¡ril sh<¡rv:; :r illli;rtetl h;rbii. Thcr,: i:;
:i ia:nrlLrnctrr lir¡ lht: brtsrtl plittcs f() i:urve- (lhkrriioiil rr¡ni:tins;t
rvirle varir:tv ¡rf i¡ri,'lr¡sio¡rs. n1()sllv qrlrrtr:. niu:c0vite- tt¡lilc.
tr¡rrt¡¡l¿rlini: l¡¡ril g;¡¡ nc!. 5o¡¡!.- grains arr s¡reckled :viilt rrritt¡tir
irn¡rrrrilie:;. Althtiugh trvi¡l¡ri¡rg is verv c,rnrttr¡rr. il is ratrlv
r¡otiec;rblc i;n rietrii:rl er:rit¡:;-

g--t¡l¿tu¡': {ll¡Lirit¡iti has a rlir:ti¡rct g!cv¡:h hh¡L: <¡r sliehilv

i,¡ vcll,rx,idir ¡r¡r!c a()l()lrr. {i¡Lrr¡r zirniiri: i:- r-'i¡¡¡ii¡i¡-¡¡¡.
g!rjL:ili:;l¡

F lt:tx-hr¡ti:;¡rt' llisti¡¡ct pL'orlrroism is rlisplaved i¡¡ :;h:rile:;,il

grev rri,-l irlu,-': r¿. ¡r¿¡le ¡¡rr-',-r,'. grevisl¡ gr,-'e¡¡: {i.:;lirlv blur'. inrligt;
hlt¡tr: ;. pillc 'r,clhi's. l¡;tlr gt,-,.:¡t.

Birej'rittgt'ttt'¿'.' Li:rri¡¡it¡¡i¡ !¡irr,'l-¡ir¡i:entr-' is iv,,'i¡k ir¡ ¡¡triilrl

;rlc rrrt l(ll()f rir j I l{)} ir¡r:r::;. I-ruÉ is v.:r:' rvc;¡1.: Úii ¡hL' ¡rirs:rl
¡rhne. !ttirriL't'c¡'¡cr: cclt¡u¡:; ¡rb:;etv.-tl {}n ihr l;rller rtrc li¡'si-
r)a.L-:f gf(:v;rntl r*lri¡c.:i()iilL:iir¡lus;r¡irir¡i;¡krt¡:i. clustd ll!'
inlrcru¡ri mi¡¡r'r¿¡l eiiliitrr. lhickur 'gr¡ri¡¡:. lvi¡rg on i¡r)¡l-hasitl
íact:r ,,'xhil¡it (-'iiar-'!¡¡{-' ¡llcrr-'hiiii:;ilr ;iriri ::e,:tt¡rrl or,lrr et¡li¡tt¡:;
il,l¡iclr ii¡¡v lrr: rrrnirr:;i¡lg. '!lrr iric¡rtilv ,¡l':ruch gr;¡i¡¡-c e;i¡¡ lrr
c(inii!r¡irrl ,-':r:;il-v bv trtnri¡l:: ¡¡rüni i¡¡¡ii¡ ihci¡ h:rs:rl ¡illurc irt li
lii¡rrirl inrrtrtrsii)¡r lltcrliu¡'r¡.

E'.xii¡lt'ti¡l¡¡: V;rricrr í¡ri¡r¡ ;¡l¡¡¡,s[ ¡rr¡rallcl trr 15", l--in ihe l¡:r::;ll
¡rlil]¡c ¡i i:- :vrtrnrr:iric:rl ¡r¡ i¡ri:lin.,ri iri tltr: irtir;nl:ri¡r {I ltl}
rlCitvAgr,:s,

itttt'rJtrcfitt t'igura': li;i:ril ¡rl:rt$: !icLl :i iit';¡r¡v r.i¡ire{i

lrcuirr hi:r-'ririi ligrrie witli vlrr':rillg lV i¡¡¡rl::iir¡¡t:j ¡-r
-!'!ts
r-lis¡.lct sicn- i;itiir-;rI :.is¡¡ i:: asrt;¡lit llr¡s¡li!'c.

í', i i ; n t1e i i e t i t : f'Jrg:rii;c-

dl¡i:;iit¡,:¡¡i:;llin'1. ii'i¿ir!rt':;. !>l¡i'; !ralrii. i:iililr; ¡;i<'i+'!ri,i!,.

:;lh.l¡i¡r. ¡r:l:iii'.,tll'i¡igh ¡i:li.'i cr¡¡¡¡i¡i¡¡r:¡-i -:.,iih kie iri¡qi¡i¡!¡r,:¡1r:r:
r¡¡¡ il¡.-' h:¡:-:¡i ¡il:r:!r :r:; .,..qli ¿¡:: ilrr ic¡¡rir¡¡rt ic: yiq:lii g¡rrq!
iiii!rri-cr!:¡¡c! íi{irrf:: :¡rq .i:;rglr!}:;iir'. l'irr'::r' ¡¡¡s¡i¡¡¡ iirr ;¡::-¡:-i i!l
iii::iiti:luiihing cl¡lt¡ ¡ír¡iil i ¡ o¡n ¡¡!ilrr i¡;!i¡i*.-l ¡t¡i¡¡rr;ri:. i lil¡¡ii¡c'
It:t:; !¡rwc¡ ¡.1¡:r¡ril:.¡¡r:ril .lV.:¡¡¡rl ii:. r,¡lq¡irr:;:¡rt iti:;h:r¡ii':: i¡É
glff¡! ¿!¡iLl i¡lr¡i:;h grr:*¡t. !¡¡i:;¡r¡;riic i!¿rg-¡ltr!¡¡! !r;!v a!:;L'¡:¡l-!ir-'
irluc g¡=cr¡i h.!i¡thlaniir {¡f i{rtt*¡}rliii!:- irui ¡i¡e ii¡¡'¡r¡' ¡ '''
l¡riir--;ill-v ¡rfgirii!r ¿t!1!¡ !u¡l!,tli :,liiri. i;hrrr:¡: iq¡uft¡l:1li¡¡r' É!i!1- :¡

!i¡rv,:¡ ¡cliei' :ii¡ii ¡:. i!¡li;!::i;ll-

{ }¿'¿-'¿lf:'l¡Ét'¿-': i'iili¡¡iÍr¡iil r:; u ¡rt,*iti.'i rti !!il,rj i.ii !!!i:.,r'i

il¡r ¡cgi,.¡i;¡i
¡¡¡crliil¡¡¡-g¡;:¿i.: ¡rrcil¡¡!¡¡¡ti¡iii;¡tt :itrii i:. ¡:c:iriairrl i¡r:
¡!rriir¡!r!'¡ F¡!i:;i¡t r¡i ¡t¡ii¡r :.r{-iiiilLilts. ii i:., ¡cr:;rarlc.i ;rs ;r
¡liri:¡!i¡r¡i!rliir::llr::: ¡i¡i¡rtr;tl i¡r I ¡¡¡r¡¡ i:iar:::l L!l!i¡rlll!¡¡cr¡¡ ¡i ¡:-.

ior¡¡¡eil l¡i' h..,¡1¡¡¡¡l¡rt¡¡¡¡¡i F¡iir-a-'f:sr':- i¡r vri¡r::¡¡¡¡i r;¡r.'iir; iilliit.!t:-

, tilir\VY MlNhltAt- DL:SC'ltlP'llONS ANI) ('()[-OUR I'LA'l'trS
.Graitts .frrtn?.' (a) I{ive r sanci. Danubc, llungaryl (b) I-orvcr
lrlioccnc N4olassc. ¡\nzfiuh. S*'itzcrland (N4nlt l.5tt2).

,sg
 ¿(-iISIl-Il

EFE*q}T'E GR*g-iF ,i¡¡nina¡ltlv irrc!rul:r¡. Ve¡uvilrnitc dis¡rl:rvs i!tac¡r:ic'¡irrli¡¡

hluc'. prrr¡tlc o¡ ¡.hlll vcll¡irv ltriliiiization ci)lours. Corr¡n¡h¡¡¡l
has a highcr r.:lie I l¡nil is r¡ni¿rxi¿tl. 'l-hr¡lifrr r-escnrhlcs hv¡rcls-
ZelEsiÉe iltr:nc. lt¡rrli¡lusilc a¡ril picntorrtit.,'" hut ii is vc¡v r¿tlqr ill
:;e tlitne nts,
{l¡r.Al, Ál.C}. H I Si -o'llSia), I

r¡rthi¡rhr¡¡¡rbic. triaxial ( + )
{-} <:c Ufre ¡rc.e : Zoi:itc is r¡cnrr ¿tlql bv mcrlirrnr,gr;irlc regional
rut l.irH,i 1.7(15 nrctanl(it[¡hisr¡l a¡rrl i:; lr eil:trJt:iL'fistie constiiucrrt 0i c;rlc
afJ l.úEt l.7l(l silic¡tc granulitcs :l¡!(l !:alcitL:-ztiisitc nricaschists. lt ¿rl:;ri oeeurs
il'l l-6\)1 l-1?-1 irr rcgitinallv Í¡tctil¡tr(rrph(¡serl lrasic rqnc¡rr¡s roLrk:i. Zi]isitc is;l
i) 0.(ift.l-(1.{[)t"i conlfionclli of guussuriÉe. Íiir¡¡rcd by the :rlte ¡'atiO¡r dl r:aL:i¡_:
.1.15 -j.17 plagioclasc. ¡\s a tlet¡it;rl spccics it is less co¡¡rrrror¡ thun
^ r'¡itlr rlr ot eliltr rzr risilc.
'lr,vo variciics of zoisitc hrve bec¡r distinguish.'ri: iioi¡-l¡''-c rir r¿
zoisitc and icrronn or l-i zoisitc. ln accord u,itt¡ ehe rnistrv. thcir {-irui¡ls ./i'olll.' Ll¡i¡:er N,lioe,:r¡c. H,rstrrn Hungalv (Illnrt
riptL:al properties vary. I .662),

Form in sedii?teni.t: elrains are short stur¡rlrv ¡rrisrls or'

thin reciangular cleavage lragmcnts. st¡lne tirr¡c-r with a :;liqhtlv
icunelcd ot¡tlinc. {0ll}} cleavagc irlecs ¿lr'r' r¡ftcn cletcct;rblc.
Composititinal zeiiring is c.)¡ll¡nou. ()parluc. fluicl or ¡rccdle-
like :imphihrrl,: inclusir.rns rtta,v bc ¡r¡qr5\:¡1 iri sontc gr:rinr.

iloloUf: sl'-¡i¡r¡¡rt¡rt z,-iisiic i:; (¡l(iuths:i, whcl*;l:t tl¡a t;rLr'

m.lnganoftn valitrty Éhr¡lite is pintr.

B i t e:.f r isl ge: ttt:Éi: tul(;(leraie. {lha n gcs iif F;.-

r' r-¡¡nten ¡ m;rv
rcsull in v¿rriations ol lrirel'rinscncc within a gr¡rin. lror¡ lree
;:r¡isiir,s rlir;Fli¡v cithtr.:¡revi:;h=rvltit,-'ot. t¡tor,-, lrequenllv,
¡rn¡rmalous dccp iniligrrl-'luc :tnrl ycllorv i¡rt.-rrlcrc¡ir:c c!)l()rr15
rjttt io:jitr-)trg dispersittn. i-L¡u,rvcr. these :rre not:;cen in all
cr¡istnl iiricntirtions. Wh.:n ¡'iilli¡r..'l .rlr;iirrs in e liquid
i¡nmcrsion inedium trnrler ct¡rsserl ¡-xrlar:;. tltr.: ;l¡l(lnl¿!l(jus
eú¡(lttrs ltsttatllv :tFrpc:rr ()ii ihe ha:;ai planc. Fcrroan {li) .,,risiie:
rnd ihulitc ha.re .sti-iingc'r bir*fring*rrcc ¿i¡rtl ¡rtir¡n;¡l ::eeonrl
iifdrlf itrictlete¡rce carlou¡s.

F.¡-ii¡tt:íit¡¡¡: P;¡¡a!lcl to prism-tiuilines:, bt¡Í iI ¡n¿tr' b*

u¡¡tluiaai¡r'v o¡ i nctrn¡L¡l*ic.

lníerje'r'tnce t'igllrt:: ¡¡, ;,-ri:;itc:;. shorving !¡l)¡rrrr!¡li¡l intcr=

icrct¡ec eokrur:;. usually yicltl ccntrcd or rrcarlv eüntre(i ar:utLl
i¡isr:r:trir íigui'es '-+,iih :;nrall lly ilÍ!(-l stirliig. i->v ¡r Í-: r,l
riispersiiin. Wcll-rleii¡red isogv¡es :tcp¿tr¿¡iq thr: lir:id i¡rir¡ hluc
airtl yelkrrv :;ccir¡ts ¿ti]el iite :ihscnce r¡l i:;(¡t-É¡to¡ilatirr ct!!!L::r ib
chiiaíir-rii,'i isiic. ¡i zci:itc par.jv¡r¡rjrr Lríf-d-iri¡. +r ¡ptir: .rli:-
iigr¡¡c:;.

l,i;;lgit-iit:tl: ¿:¿ :.,:¡;i:iir- !r¿i:; ,:iil¡e r ¡¡rsiii;'c {}¡ !lr -¿;iti1!:

,-lr'¡¡t:iti,¡n i¡i;ti r,i ¡; -..tii:i!it. i:, ltrr.,tiiir.

ilei:;iiitgtti:;ltitt5 .íé:i!i¿rft:;: -l'i¡* ieie¡¡tiÍii::¡ii¿¡¡¡ ¡¡í c:¿ ::ci:;iiq: i:,

¡ciaiivrl'; e¡:il¡,, :¡:. high rclicf :¡nrl :;l¡ti¡i prisnratic hahii.
irlgeiiief rviil¡ r:rrnii:¡:;iing:uli¡Fn:¡icr¡:: i¡¡icrfei*¡ec cr¡lcut::. ¡rc
di;ignrir:iic. iliilrr'¡r'i:;iie íi¡i¡i r,;iri¡r*: i¡ei:¡ilei ü¡,íti¡r:iir¡i!
=fl¡iE¡it
;t¡rcl ¡rbni¡¡¡¡¡¿¡l inieiicrcncc a:i¡i¡¡tif:r ¡il¿!v bc er¡¡¡fus;cd qjth
..:r¡i:;iic- i¡ui iirc !aite i pr,,;viit+:; :i ch:¡i:¡e iriis¡ii: i¡rt.^¡{crq¡i.,
iiEu¡'* :¡¡il i'r:: inir:¡ie¡'e¡rca a¡¡ir¡u¡:- :rc m:¡¡!:r:<ilv dt,-irc¡
A¡ratiis il¡is a ior.la¡' ¡ciieÉ- end ilulicr. .qre."'isil in¡e¡'ic¡c¡¡,:i
ci¡l<¡rlrr.. 'l'he rcr'¡!!niiit¡n cÉ [i ;:li::iic !s r¡o¡¿-, rlii-iicr¡!i :¡r¡ai i¡ ¡a:
liL+l,v iii lrr illi:ii:ik-ün iirr ,-linc¿¡¡i:;iig-.. ¡r Ébr .iÍ¡liri ititrlai:tl:i
+iiir :;i¡¡¡iia¡ ilpiir;tl ¡)ii)pijaiir:::= llilli¡¡t:¡¡¡¡t¡ !¡¡:; iq¡rvct i¡i¡'r,írir¡g-
=¡lc! :1n(l ini*¡icr-¡rt LrulúLil:; ¡i¡:;ir;¡iles i¡i Í]¡;ii¡gc- r.-il ¡nrl
!:rc-¡¡. ur.itlllv lri;;rngr:il in r¡ ia:;i¡i¡:rn r¡!¡ici¡ l:. ¡lui
"-¡¡nc¡rlir:e
¡'u'pii:al iif .¡oi:,iir:.'i'l¡c ii¡ q¡í ii)F:iz i:r ir¡sci airii it:;:;ha¡rc is

5$
 H FAr,"-t' lt'i I f-l ¡ r!:=AI I-¡l:,S¿'li ! t¡f ii,¡l'i!; ÁF-J ll €'i ¡¡.É- lÍ i i't lli ;l I l ri

{:lEccE+s+Es€É* {}t'r¡¿sys¿'¡¡¡'r.; i'li¡ri¡;.i¡i:i1,,'. t.rga¡h.¡ wri!i.:¡,iikiir. i:.;i

ci¡¡¡r¡lriln ¡r¡iiiiltr:i Üi l¡¡r',' ti:. rrreriirrrti.gl;til.' rrrj¡i¡lrri,¡!,11¡iri!¡.
_Á!. + i_+. i !i¡ ti,d-_:. ll :;iá. J, 'i lic! ,-rcrur in :¡ii;rii' i¡r'ii¡¡i¡iiír: r¡ririoir
':i.:!oiiii ::ciii:;i:- iif thi
s:--::
I I

nrcl,:ri-'li¡¡¡¡-. i¡t¡::i:¡! í I : g!ceit:;r¡r¡ri ia(:ic$. :¡iiii :i(r¡tlri¡¡¡le::. il: l:lu¿::-chi:;t:; i,or¡rr: l¡:r:;ii
¡ocks rr¡¡v .r.!¡!i:r¡i¡r '-'lii¡..!ri.-¡t:tiir. L,i¡irlr-rie- rli¡ttt:-:ii¡si'¿r ¿irt,i
tltt ¡i'71;l7l-
alr rrí¡nrli{ur:riir ¡¡i
:-,:i¡isii.' :i:!É¡-::;rali€¡.- i.i,i¡i¡ l¡ i: lo¡r¡¡r,rl l¡'.,'ih.-'
¡¡li !.1'¡+ L l-'..
;rlig¡¡¡¡¡¡¡t- i;i ¡;!¡lici:l::r;r.
it"; !.i-.!.¡(! i.7.1'i
; {}.{}il5 {¡.i}i5
i.!.
{ifaitt:; j'rtt*t 1;;¡ i-iii¡¡ccr:rtr' E'!i¡l;i:.rrc l-i;¡vlr:. Éilr¡!,=:t.
,!
íli¡ ai.r,:i,ri -.rrrrri Í'-i,'¡1.;;¡.,. (.=i i ¿¡¡'b;rtiii'sr-(rt!:. Frl¡lh 1;.:::
l1!; !tii:liai la:,¡i¡¡ 1'(;: (:1'lll¡¡ :.¡f!-;.
F¿¡r:'se i¡¡ s-u.l¿tÉi!:tx!:;: a='ii¡¡i¡:.r¡isiti' hlis u itigh ¡r,liti :¡lti r¡
i'.rur! J:: :.,lti!!1 üf lolt:: ¡rti:;nrr:. ll¡(tka!l ctth,:ii¡:tl ci9:;i:ti:: :tiiii
rrri:r¡igrii:ii iliglrtli:; irrr¡¡ular or rott¡rilerl g¡':¡i¡::.- r,ilu¡ili¡;lr
:r¡¡d iibi¡¡rr:: tir¡q:; :rrt iniri:rlurnf l)¡'ricri l:;i:;:!! ri.,';¡vl¡u¡,' ;i¡ttl
:¡,.¡¡ti¡g :¡¡c lrrasir¡nall',' di:;lrri¡il¡lr !i¡'¿li¡¡:- ¡iiir¡¡ t-¡!.t¡ii5Li lilti.i
¡il !?¡j,¡r¡r!.:- lrlr'li!.;¡.i:l',. ! ¡,1' ¡':rirt 'rI rq,rir!!rr¡r:!. ,i( " !,'1, ,'t'
t liil,i-:,,t':¡i, r'.¡;¡¡:. qir¡li¡¡1,li:rlgttq :.i..,

i-l ¡ ; I ¿-t u r : {-'t¡ioir rL,::;:;. !lalr-' yL- I lolv or pe Ie grcen.

Plt¡.¡¡'il¡'¿ti:;ttL- t-olourc¡l gi;riir:; rrr:i1, <,lisplnv u,cak pleo

chnrism.

!trirefi'in.¡;t'ttt'{'.' G(ivc¡t¡t-'(l l¡.; lhc :;trhslilulion oi Fr-'" iiil

:' 'i=: . t, :"
Al. !icir-pixii clin,-¡zoisit,-,:; h:lvr ltrw [¡ir,:ftingenct: ;¡ntl intcr
! -'-',
[rll'iltc {i{l!!il!!'-q !]f ii!-:ri-ol'al!rr vlrl!(}R'trn(l I-¡lLre . Wiil¡ ittcttirslttg i=
¡r()F ciini.¡ri :r¡rd :rl::i¡ in ihiei:cr gt:¡ins, itrtctictrrttr'r: r:illl)t!ri
'; '
rari-gc t(! l¡¡il!i¿¡nt !eL\i¡ld-()r'{lcl slii¡ilcf.. liluc ¡:¡rri vclk¡rr iiirlr
rr¡¡ lllr. ¡rr:irgi¡r:- rri tlrc gr:rin:; :trr verv che¡:rcte¡i:;tit. {itai¡ts u=¿¡
lrci¡uenliy c;=:ltii¡ii ¿irrrit¡¡:tlt¡u: t¡luc i¡i¡Ll'icll()\1r i!llL:!ic!'.:nc.l
==-l-
,-1rl{rrJ', Ir(r';r¡\r' of rirntrt .¡!\l} t!¡(,r1.

i: :
Exti¡lt'.iit'¡¡: (-,.¡¡¡rirqisiíir¡nlrl:¿¡i¡ri¡rs t,:rr¡lt:. i¡¡ \,irr!'ing r::1¡rr(r ..:.. ----:;:
ti¡r¡t ltngk::; cvcn rviihir a sing!.,- grltin.:rnil ertittciit¡¡¡ i:-; rrit¿-'lt
i¡lc¡¡¡¡rl¡L:ir:- {-'ty:-i¿¡l:; ,:lo¡r¡t:¡tcd on Ir l¡¿rv,-' [¡a¡:tlL'l r:.rli¡rcli,rlt.
-d
lnlt'f.l't:rt';it'e.figUrt: Itiattv:;¡,rr-:¡:i¡¡¡r-rtl:-;- r::l¡r-:ci;tllv illtr-rc
rvlrich:hou incornplu-ir'cxii¡1.'ii(¡!¡. ¡rtiiviclc :ilr i)ltlic :txis ligLrr.-
r,vith ar¡ almo:;l slrai¡¡hi i:ogvrc eird e ier'. hrighi oransr. re,l
alrit trlu(: isrisluti¡¡r:riir cLttYe::- F;{,-¡st g,lriirls. hriwci,r¡. vield
poiirlv dcfincri figur.::;1,r iuil iti sltrrtv a¡lV:ri ¿ill.'!-l¡g .silrinr
di:;persion i: ¡arelv !,i!i hlL' .ir¡ ileilil:rl :;¡rrrcics.

Elott-Vtttiort: Eiilier ¡rositir,e üi'ncr:rlilir, ln zoncrl er:rin:; thc

rt:rltrc m¡lv shilw a tlitiet.:¡tI rlofigiiiioil ii) thilt al lhc orrter
-
¡laft.

Distirtgtti:;hir77 íeatllrÉ:s: Hiuh relie l. rlorninentll pris

¡natic or angular hal-'il. ¡rale r-(llou¡:; ¿i¡rLi riltr.¡l lr¡onl:rlous
intclferorcc tints aitl di:.,tinguishing r:linr¡zuisitc f rol¡¡ rniire ral:
outsitlc thc r'¡ritlrtc grorrp. 'l-hrr lack ol sirong aol(lur arid
plcor:lrroi:;nr anil. rvhcn obtainlrhlc. a 1r,isiti..,c r¡piical si.!:¡r hclp
tr¡ distinrr.r¡i:-h clino;¡r¡i:;ite fr¡:ur clrid+tc. Zoisitt and clino-
zoisi¡c gr¡¡i¡s ltrc ní!t alr{¿tv:- {li.riinguisltatrle f¡orr'¡ c¿¡r^h oihr.-r. Ii
zoiriie espceiall_-v ¡rrt-'crit.': diliirultie:; rii irle ntiíic;rlior¡. ít zriisitd
clcavilge f¡¡g¡¡rcnt'-' ulu:rIl-r vicld goo,,l lrrnlc bi:;r-cltix li-t¡urc:;
witll sti{rtE tii::persicn anel thcir i¡r¡c¡-iirrcne:c eri!iiLrrs;rfr tirt'p
iniligr; hlur ;¡n{l (iilrli vqrllt¡s. -l-hicl: rrti¡l-it+i¡lilrrl l¿tr.,'s'r¡¡i1c
g! ains rLrsa¡¡rlrle e lirtozrri:;iIr. lrui thc,v :rre gcncr ally b:r:.;rl
clc¿¡va::e í¡ at¡titcnls- vicl¡j re ¡li¡e rl ¡rcutr ltiscctrir ligur¡:: :tnil
¡¡t¡rn¡al inig-¡tc¡t-nc.' L.|l()L!r:.. Al,;r¡itc is r!ni¡\i;rl ln{1 h:l:. lop'rr
Liircíringcncrr. l.'c:;uvi;inilr sitow:; intc¡lsir 'Licllirt blur'. pt¡¡pl*
or rlull r.'cllt¡tv i¡¡tc¡'lerc¡re .-olourr

nt!
 ¡ !'lt tq I I r

E*lE¡É¿Ee¡Ér:'

¡:':r.l,-''' ii,i i .t j! illi.{ i,ll,..¡r F,¡

-=:== =
¿¡¡i¡¡¡r¡, lit¡i,- lti;r:.:irrl I i ',=
i¡tt I 7li i 7'ri
::'.
;i!i i.lll, i 1.'j ! -=:===- =
it'! | 1,'+ I liti
'1

i'' i,{}l'; lli}l'r

I Ilj-;i!"

li¿!riri i¿! .';t'¡ii¿¡¡r'¡li:;. i i::¡!¡ri li;r..,i: ;r i¡iti.; i¡irrlr ¡¡:!it'! ;¡¡t,l :t¡t'
.!l¡.'i¡
nro::ilv i¡t!:stti:¡.:t¡ri,ul:¡i. !:(lli:ttti;rrl¡! "()Ii¡r:lii¡¡(:. i,l;rí'i
('r)r'¡rcr\;!r¡tl il¡a¡r'ili:rlii'r¡: ii¡;iv llr::;¡ili¡oi!¡t ¡¡t:ti i¡v:ll¡t:trit,tt i'tt¡
wtll ¡Qrlt¡ri|rl r¡! :;i¡l!(:!¡ti¡l !it;tili: ;ttt il{}i r()¡illltt}li. :-'illlltl"'
¡r i:tit:;,,i ir¡ rikcl¡ rillli ,it;!l i¡;ti¡l:::¡¡,- ,i(',';l:;li)¡l:lll1.'r'ilr'{iill¡¡! ri l
(
.::.:
¿-i¡;ir¡irl:r¡ :t.¿ifa!:;11{-::- t,llt:¡i etttlx-iirlr-,1 i¡t ¡:lir ¡i:. ¡¡i;l',' lt'
iict¡tti-'tti itt r'i'¡l:tilt il¡¡¡it;tlii¡¡¡L l¡lr itt:;irr¡¡:: :ttl ilttitl lllirlrill' "' :.=
r¡iiii(li!i ¡l:rllir'i!::-. :tliili ;illti r!ll;!li¡
:::":
í'¡ll¡¡l:r. ilrirt¡'-i ;rl*:¡!::-, i¡r :[¡:¡tir:r ir¡ !i¡ r ¡! ¡¡:;rr;rllt r:¡-ll¡ rwi:lt
:ttr:!'¡i (¡i Fr;!1: 3l!'r'll. i ll:i!¡tt' ¡lt;ll r:,-ilil¡ii i¡lct,.ul;rt L,,i',¡tt
ili:.i¡ il¡rriii¡¡¡:.

i' t'¿;¡'!¡r¿:i:';¡¿." !riii¡r¡ i¡i ,ii:.ii¡r¡ l: ¡¡

iv¡:¡i.. .¡1¡lq¡¡¡¡ i. ,.:. ¡r;rir.
=:
,::---:;1-
-.= .:

ri{ ll()ri t! !lri,- c¡¡ { !t: fi.::¡r,'¡ii"ir Ycllr'il, -,'- .,,¡ il¡rr:i::lr r'l r'r:r .:-:=::.
:'a:.i-:: : :
:
=

iii¡¿'iri;¡L:¿':¡¡.'¿'-- f'rjr¡¡ii ¡:¡ir. i¡rti ¡¡¡r':r':¡:r-:' ¡!' ':lrrr!iLl Érill

i¡ir:lt,:i i .r' !!!i! ¡ i! ¡r,'¡]r'! r'i¡ir¡rt¡: :i¡r' l¡¡ illi;¡¡ri '.¡'¡ r;¡¡il ;¡¡¡,i
ilri¡il,'rrlt ¡ ii!¡i: r¡i ..r¡r¡.-ir sflr-rr i: :r !l!!¡iiitti!!!l '.li:r¡-lr !tttL ¡

it-i{ r¡((-({iliir!¡ l¡;¡¡rri'-;r¡, r iillr'i fa¡!¡.-('!!ii¡i itl i¡(atl¡ itl;t ¡i;tirltl'

:tÍi;rirr:Li¡rr!ri , i!!i;¡ri!i¡¡rl ¡ir, li..'iri ii¡¡¡', Eliii!' ri:ti¡l: ;ii¡!rr:;t¡
ttrrii¡¡::¡!!-r- i',iL'! !! i:! tvili¡i"lr i¡r'i ¡i i¡ii¡i¡'¡ ,-lo':"r'r! lrr¡i:l¡: l';¡lr'
..;riiriiL::t,,,t1.1i¡iliii'.1!!1'1'; ¡1;¡i,,'t¡¡:riiai:!i¡!lirltirl¡,¡l;rti¡.¡¡i,'rt
L¡¡l¡iri¡:--'-i¡¡¡il:¡; ic¡ iitr¡:¡:,¡i r li¡¡cl'i';lir

;'.¡¡!;¡t j!it:f. t':i::¡i;¡ii, i,¡;¡!¡¡'- i¡:¡'rr' ¡r;¡!:ri!fl i;¡ ¡¡r;¡¡!'.' ¡r::i;rllr'l

! t:i¡¡t( iiii¡l

!; ¡ i ¡'¡. ', l c : ' j t ..' ¡ ¡ ; r ' 4 . r r , ¡ i r i l l , ! ' 1..¡ ¡ r ¡ i l i !: ' r ¡ . . r

i :' ¡¡ . r .r .

i;¡ir-l! :r'! ¡: i¡: ,:i'iii,'ir- l¡:¡i¡i:, ['li¡:;i ¡¡i iirr--¡¡r g]¡{r'.t(i( .'l'ii,
;1;.;j., ii1¡1¡¡r : '.fri¡¡ ;!¡¡ ;¡!¡¡¡¡t:i :i¡;risi¡i i'.¡:i',,¡r ':!!i i!!lii¡!¡!.1 lrr.
!i!!!i¡r ¡ ! ¡l!r, ¡.,! :r'i:i ! ¡¡¡li¡i !¡- rr¡!¡ ! r'i

E'!til:i:r:l:ii;! :,'j:'il¡!{ii¡¡.r: ¡¡ r il,:' . i'.,i. :¡( j:'!l!'

.¡.:r!.itr1 ::r¡,;¡tii i irtri¡"rlrrrrt

i j¿.t¿::¡::,¡::.tii;;a.;: ::':!i,:;.'.i i ir¡ri,'¡r. ¡L ,!¡;¡;.¡;¡:.., ¡! :¡.. :¡iL.t¡

¡<.lir.i., I¡l:¡:¡r'ir.¡i..iii ::¡t.,-.:¡,,-l¡¡:r::::::iii illr'i!.i¡¡¡itii¡i ':: r...r l!:¡.
¡i¡¡¡:ri¡¡;:¡¡¡l: :¡:.::rrl::¡ :r,,i¡rii,-i,i::y ,i::::ti::ri!: r';:!! !-,! ,r rri:'
,r¡.'.1 i, l¡'r. .". ¡r, . : ¡.1 :'i.i ::!:!:i. ., ," ',, ii:,
.¡l¡!ii:rii', ¡¡.::;1¡¡". ,rtr,i rir r ¡:: r r ¡;ir:¡t¡: ¡i¡:,ii::r't::.1: , l.iii,,¡,
":¡:ii
i¡r.i¡i.l¡rr...,!¡.!i, ii!,,¡,,.;. il.jr,.¡r¡r.:..r:l!,., i,.,'.¡',.¡:.: .:.!
:¡lt.:rv: : t¡::¡iir :t¡¡t! ii¡l.r ::¡i :¡iir'¡¡ ! i!¡¡¡¡i!¡i! !l :¡¡¡ii i!::. :i¡i¡;!¡:
ir¡: ,¡, , ri¡r. ri', :,:. .:rr..j:r
. i¡:l¡ i' :¡ii¡¡¡ :, :r:iri ¡i i. tiii:r'¡ :¡¡¡¡¡ ¡;1, i¡¡,¡¡. i¡! irl! +i itr,.i. :¡,
'"
..ir;¡rir': ¡:i !¡!:ri'.1¡ :'¡r'r':¡. iir¡:¡¡:¡ ilr:::r i:!¡: iir iii¡¡;t!::L'i: :.r.:!¡!¡
, i¡t.lq¡¡L Í'rt¡ ¡, i,.i:, ¡ !',.'..:¡ :, ii. i :¡ ;" :it!r:ii¡:;:¡:i¡r: iil¡¡;¡¡c'.
¡¡iL¡',-!¡",i, !¡!'.!¡::rir'. ¡¡i i:i:¡i:ii j:i.! i¡ :i¡:!: !! '':¡!;i,'.";:tii!;:,,.i;tJ¡¡
i¡¡¡: ¡ii¡,:i¡¡r r<:!¡;¡i¡'- !i:r' ¡:lir'i :¡i iit, :¡r¡ ¡: !r¡:¡¡¡i;l.,rriL
..;:¡iL.iir... ¡.- li:i¡t ¡ :¡¡¡ri ii¡: r, ;i!1. i¡!r;:;iir., ¡rri..;tr:riii r li;:¡¡L,r¡¡¡i,
i¡!i!?¡r.::r;r¡!.lia,iii;;::,1,!a!:¡:f.-.-i,j!:¡¡:iilr: j!!!ii,.t:il¡ltii.,.:i'fi:
i:;iii ¡t{ ¡ltii t.-':1i !t¡!i

:lti l¡¡s!r:: ¡¡¡¡;¡r¡:ri ¡¡i :Í¡i ,¡!i-,ii,

 HEAVY MÍNI]RAL DESCIIIPI'IONS AND COLOUR PLATES
actinolire-epidot(r{hlorite zones of thc grccnschist_facies
rcsional metamorphism. It is assocíatecJ wiih hornblcndc in
the albite*epidotc-amphibolite facies ¿rnd is lrlso prcscnt rn
contacl melam()rphic rocks and in hornfclses. Ca_mctaso_
matisrn results in epidotization. In igncous rocks cpi<iole
is
more common in the lrasic types, but may occur in granites.
Hydrothermal processes form epidote in cavities, virgs anti
vesicles in volcanic rocks.

Rentarks: Epidote is a rvidespreacl dcrriral mineral. bul ir is

rclativcly unstable in the tliagenetic environmcnt. Howcver,
well-sealed formatir:ns n)ay contain cpidote and one
or two
grains are occasionally encountered in tieeply buried sedi-
menls.

Grains front: CarbctnLferous, North Sea (Mmt 1.662).

l
!:.

i !

.v
'

62
 ¡¡l l-,to.11¡i:i-l!TF

PEerc*mÉiÉ*
t',F(j
c;¡-( N4n '' .éI ):AlLr.OFI[SirO? ll -qiorI
nlon(lclinic_ l¡ia¡ial i -F)

tttL 1,7-11 -l .7().+

;rli I .75(I l.¡it17
r¿Y l.7irl l.lil()
(|. ( ll5,- 0.0rifi
j.ii i.i;l

For¡¡l itt :;e¿li¡nerús: Pic¡rr¡r¡rtitc ocelrrs m(,st comm¿rnlv ;rs -.

irrcculai'lv slra¡red :iirgul:rl gr;rins with ;r lraeturerl. uneven
surfacc. P¡isnr¿tie fr¿¡gftreÍtts, rcl]til¡luulilr i(r-r¡ls u¡rd sutr-
rriundetl irtrratlerl crtirts rnay nlso lrc cncounterctl. Pr'rfcct
{()tll } cle:iv;rgc is ¡a¡clv iL:ir:r{¡rblc. Fluirl inclusions. ¿¡r-r';rr)gr!l
plrrallel rviih the l¡ ¿ixis oi tlrr: .:rystals m:rv l.¡c frreseni. ': : a....=

{ol¡¡ur: Pale or riccp pink. vi¡rle t. l¡¡'orvnisir ¡riirk ,rl

brownish r'erl.

ftle¡lchrt¡i.yrtt ' $tiiing: (r.. vcll()!v, or¿rngc vclkrrv: li. amcthvst,

viiilci. rJcep rr,d:.1, tlecli reil, hrorv¡rist¡ r'cil. Irright nise ¡rirrk.

#ireJ'rin¡|t:ttt:í.' fulodcri¡te i(-) slirrrlg l¡irr,'lrir¡gc¡rcc results in

l¡rilli¿nt sl--.ro!ld- ¿nil ihirtl-rx'tlc¡' interlerencc tints. but íhcsr
arc ritien i'¡¡ar;kcd lry intcn:;c ¡¡rirtttal r:olt¡ttt.

il,s:íi¡tt:li¡¡¡t: li is difiicuii ir) inüasurc ihc criinction an{le

ox,irtg io ihr, irrcgullr l¡at¡it rif- ¡lcsi s¡nins. Elo¡rglrl*^rl
í¡ agi-!1e¡¡is lrnrl ¡rr isnrs havc ¡r;¡'ullcl r='xti ncti{}n.

lnietJ.t:rt:nrc iigure: Fri:;rn:; l;ivin¡r t¡n (lil{)) i)!'!)v¡rl!: a

ncarly c*nirrrd aeu¡e t¡i::cciri:.: iigurc rviih lr l;rrgt lV. isir
chrq¡mc,:;:¡rc ícrv,-it;¡bse¡rl. Írre-gulltr iia¡¡rnetrt-r lrrd,:le:rr:rge
illrkcs vielel liighlv .:rr:cntrir: íigrt'trs. i'-:'v !)i t<v il¡:;pLrstiin ts
ilisii¡rct. Fitnlr¡ntiie is hia:.:ial posiiive ivllcrras the ncg:rtirc
.,,¿t riei y is usrutl Iy,lcsignlrir:d
a:: .¡¡¿¡¡¡g¿¡rlepi{¡ote.

f'.! t ¡¡ t g t! i ¿ t¡ t - l- ii lr,'i l¡rsil ¡r',. ¿,r rtür;r¡ ir,..

lli:;tingui:;!iittg jL.üiuri:;: lish ¡clict. F inicn..:r: col¡rur u¡rrt

iir(i!rg Lrlco.throisni :;ul'iier lor thc ,iiauno::is i¡f nien¡onlifc.
'l'hulitc í:r .:¡rie iv r¡í ¡.¡iis!ir:) h;¡:; !tiw¡-:r re ír;¡ciivr inrlire:; ;rntl i::
iJefv i:li'c- iiigiriy etiliirti-"-ti lini! ¡;ir:rx:htriii: <l¡.¡nlr¡rtir:fiir-. ¡¡¡;rr
aesa¡ilhlc ¡;ir:rttoniiir:, l¡i ii¡¡: pri:;:n;rtic hahii. :;t¡iaiio¡r:; :rnrl
i,-¡rvei rr'iici i¡í. iltt iot¡¡rei :!er!ic! iqr iir.iinguirli ¡i irs¡¡¡r
l:¡f*iiirl!tl¡le. liiri;ilg!';:¡ie;-¡chr'r¡ir: i¡i¡.J¿¡i!¡1iir_.is !i!:eEy iri Éir
r-Únirr:;i'il r..'¡ii1 !iir-'¡¡l{ii¡'ri'r,:. irui ii h:r:; l$rvtt i{¡ ¡n.i hii..ir rn.q
t'rrre-:r F:1ici ili!.n:!¡triia it!:!lc¡¡¡f:i!lri ii i:: riptic:lll.; negliiaL.
EEv¡rrr:;'rhtrir i:; g:lc:ir..!ttriir: i¡r r.iritrit-c rti ¿iiirk, 1:ale ltrlr.,.rr eirr!
Irl... ¡r .rrrtl i:.,i¡11:,..1¡li i¡( iiltii,..

¿ rq'E'Í!i l¿'iri't', !'r, mrrnirlt' q¡rr ¡.¡ii i¡¡ l¡¡ii g:;l¡1.. i,.¡i,rtr;rll'
É¡!ci:¡t¡¡ofg^,il(!:;!i-i :;r:lrisis- *itc¡g$as:i¡tri i¡r .,,r]:;icles ailii iis:;r¡¡c:, s¡i
:¡riij vllc;¡nit- tr¡r:1,:;. ivl¿l¡lgiinc:.:c.¡icl¡ ¡rirnio*iiic:;;t¡r:r.;i! !¡1

i¡¡l!!lg:rilti:,.: ,lu:¡r4-ri¡5, ¡-ii ¡¡ttrÍrsrl¡it¿¡iic o¡' litrirotherm:¡i o¡igir,

í-':r¿¿i¡¡:;.fi-e.ir;,'.' F{iv+i:=rr¡¡il. !::i:¡r:. E-'¡¡rri'r: (Fl¡¡i !.r¡irll.

tli
 !.;\W.'l(i'F.lll'tr

L*wsq!mEEe:

{-':rAl.lSi.{ ),1({ ¡tl},1 l,(i

orl!tri¡ltrinrbic. l¡i;rri;rl ( I )
a:j
tt\!. | 'lr(i5 ,---.1.?--=_..-==_=:
rrl\ l,ír7l Li,76 .. -*= ::.::--
il',' I .r)$+ l.{rsíi =...- -:,
..,.€'--i:-
.:==
= .1

ir l.( lll I
( =====_:_=:-=
. . :':- : .:
.r.{}5 i. ll ==::a:__.:.. .
: .:. 1-:'

^
!'ttr¡n i¡t :;i(li¡¡t,,tlls: ! ltc slt;t¡rc t¡l r-lctrirltl l;trvsonilc rt:ritl' ü
is rlelrrr¡ri¡rctl l¡v iftr Ire¡lcr-:t I l{}{)} clc;rvaur: lttlrl thcv (}rutti iri
!rlaiv anÍ:t¡litr, ct¡uitlitttettsirinltl. irrcgttlllt r)a rl¡()l¡lliic lr:ig-
i¡¡enis. lhe etlgc:; ttt;tv hL: ri)lllrtlctl. S,itttcli¡trcs;t cttttl¡ilrlu
cuhc,lr¡tl crv:l:tl :tPl¡e¿tts (u1i¡rer. ;r). lilttiil i¡rclLrsit¡tis. (ltllrinlv z
{-l():) l¡rc ¡r(}1 lln{jr¡r¡¡lit(in.'lwirtrtittg ir iii:i¡rrctrl :rtt,-l is cilller
:irnplc !rrtncll;rr.ot ntttltipL: in lwo tlirtetio¡l:: ( [);la(ttlt-1 irvitrllitlcl
k¡rvcr). 'l he tlrill tn'irl lltttcll:te ilrt: s.illla{illlts l)(:lll.

i-'¡slt¡ur: l,;riv:cttilc i:; eolt,tlale-.s rrn,-l li;ts:r higlr lrrslr,'.

'!'llicke ¡ trrv ¡,:rltil'it ¿r [¡lLti:;ll tinqc. rit ¡t¡e !¡itle vtll. 'w.
¡r.i:iiitr

F!¿:'¡thr¡tisrt¡.' ¡¡.. Pule hlLrc; Ii. !rlL¡i:;h grecn;'i'. Pilltr vLrllt¡u

roliec:rtrlt ri¡tlv rr¡t vcrv tlt¡(-k !lt;ii¡rs.

ílirtii'in¡¿r.ttr'.1-' |.irw:.rlr¡iirr lt¿ts; lr rvt;tk lril,:ilit¡g.,¡lcq: :rntl iht'

iiltrÍiLrrencc Lolrrtrr:.;itc Iirrt ortler 111¡11¡:. gl.t'v or ¡r;tle vt:llrirv
'ilrick gr:iiii:t r-li:¡llltv inlcn:-ive:c(liilql ()r.lcr ol;lIiil(-. lrlltr':tntl
f!:(-l .-1 rtlf5.
'L

l',-t¡i¡t¿-'iiit¡l: j l(){}} r:lcrrv:r!-e l¡l:ltuc ih(ltv:v¡¡l¡ilet¡ie¡tl r:li¡I

iir¡ti. I hrtl r¡i L¡rtgilLrrlii¡¿rl lrirgttl.:rti:; i: ¡i;rrall,,'1.

Initr.ii:rt;ttt" .iittiri:: I lliii] r k'ur,'ui:L: ilitkL-:- pr(]vi(,li-' ;r wL:ll

Ltni¡td aruie l)i\(j{-it¡:i ítgLtt..: rvilh b¡ig.hl i'.1,--l¡¡,t¡tl;tiit-: qrtlrvi::--
rr:.tr;rll.; tli:;c,-,1¡¡iblr: t¡¡rlv in iliickr-¡ ::¡¡li¡r:;. :tnil :t cle:ti ¡-l:.itir,-
lign- i:ri:, tii:.ptt:;irrt¡ ii rlcicr:i;thlc-

F,iittt¡¡itiirttt: i'r¡siiir','irt tr¡v:;Í;tl: eliittq:ttcrl o¡l t;r¡t,l t¡¡

rlrt¡r¡rlri, irl;rít'-r iri ihc (lirlrcii(il1 ol Lhc lottg rliagrrtllrl.

! )i,ri iitguishi il,i Í (il¡ Lr f.'.\ :'l hc ¡rllriv. gencrallv :rriuLrl;rr

iornr- ltiglt lLt-*i¡,' ¡¡¡t.l irri¡r¡¡i¡lt rt¡c ili:rg.tto:;iic ¡rl l:tu'r,tli1r'
l i¡liwr¡r¡¡c¡1. iltie!:r¡ r:li¡i¡ls:!íü illi¡:ri likr:l! irr irL: l¡lii]it1l.el1 i!i¡
r:li¡ri¡¡:i¡i:-itc- rs¡icriirllv ii¡i ilti¡:r¡: t'lrr, li l;rtl ir¡ i¡tl,r¡¡l:ll¡¡tl:
"hr¡'¡
i¡rierie¡r:rir-'r- LokrLrii. ¡lr)$(:tu¡. {'li¡t(,tt)i:;i¡r: it:t:; i¡li:li¡¡cL! t:,-
ii¡¡r-:iir¡¡¡ :i¡¡ri rr:;r¡lr!l:,i,ir:lai:,:i:i (i¡l¡iL:r:.:i:; iicr¡¡r ¡iíli:t'-i¡:tirlri
r::i¡gri¡e. r',lle¡t:r:: !:rw:r¡¡¡ii, ,li:.1¡i;rl: ¡! L!(:;!i ¿rqitir-: lti"r,-iii:'.
i¡1,¡¡¡r' I lr, :¡¡r,¡¡r¡:riilllr iiliL r¡( rr'r!{r'rr'l0tl¡.,,,i .."i..ii, i¡'..i.i ¡il
ii . (-li.,i¡¡rfi¡(ii¡ ít!r¡i¡ !iit1,':;!iit¡if. .+¡till¡lu:,ii,-: i.; l¡i;tri;ll ¡rr:,:rii..r
:iitrl ¡rlt*i:ltt<i!r: ir¡ -;i¡ltcl,-:., ci ¡riirí. :tttrl i!:ii. ¡,¡l-r;t¡ ¡¡rrrt¡: rir:ti¡tit
:!:- ¡iir:rltliif. ihir:l:. :ri¡ttL:wl¡:¡i ¡iit¡¡tilctl tr eiri¡r¡rrrl tt¡¡i¡t:; ¡t¡¡ti
Il¡:;:nrtll.,:¡.11.''. I'*r¡r¡t,ri¡ri;t:iot:i;t::c.rr;¡i¡r:".irr,:ltrt!ctl:tcliLllr¡
i;rllr i¡t iltr lt,--;iir: i¡:t,:iiii¡r. ¡tt;ii, llr' !'oirlrr:;.:ii qi¡lr l:rq:i,tiii.
trut tlrri¡ icliei i: ,-'ri¡t',i,i,-¡t¡lrli' lri..r'rl

q".¡{ a ¿j,'-ji'¡li il, ! .rq:!!r¡iIr i:: :r r!i;r¡iir'':1it ¡¡ti¡¡t.¡;li i¡i tll! lti!'ll

¡l¡ti:;:-i!!r i¡l{i:t¡¡¡{¡li!lli::¡¡¡:r¡l¡l iitt¡¡l: ili hltt,-';r:hi:;i:-. illtli:lÍrllhiii

iiir: :t¡¡rl i¡l ",ttrt,,.,,,:iririt.r.

ii¿'¡¡¡tltk};- !ilr:r :rrii¡r!tihti!c i¡r iit.: h.::¡r't ¡iti¡lr¡:tl ltrLtir',il

rrirri':-i¡it;rl i!-rr'¡tiiii;rhiliiv ilt:ti lrtri,¡¡¡iit i:; ¡rrr::.eit1.

i ria!iii:; i¡'iliit i.¡rllr!: {;!} !.r}!rc¡ I\'¡¡{ilrlr¡rr Litil:t:;'.c. bt¡irr

I ¡-l
 III..AVY \1INI:rttAI_ I)trs( lUI,'l t()NS ANI) C.()l_()liIt pt,A.t I:S
holc Slrror,-l().1. Il.l2 nt [:r:l¡tcc: (h) ()ligoccnc. I]rr¡lcnlc
Il;r.in. Ir¡l,ll,. r\lrtrt L5X)¡.
[-oucr: ()lilocenc \lolassc, S;rvov. lrr;urcc (lr{nlt ].5Sl).

66
 PUtu{l'F:É.t-YlTi:

FceraepeEEyÉÉe

car( tuíg.Fc.r ' ,tuin l( Al.Fi,-r ' .l'i),{ X llH ) -ls¡.-(1,l.

lsi( )4 ir.-lFlri ) : :¿ : .':i . i:i
morioclinic, iri;rri;rl ( 1. ) "::::r,-'i::r.r:::
I t r::4. :

ilt!. 1.671,-t.7..1;: .,,: =:, .' ,a

'
frli I .ó75,1 .7.';-1 :: ,.:' j-F:' ..:.''-
l.fi¡i¡l l.7tr4
t\ (i.0l.i t).i):l
.r. ls--j.l-l

Far¡n in setli'.irc¡tls: I'unrpc!lvitc {}ccr¡r-s irs t'adial íihres

¿¡rrarrgcil cithcr ivitl¡in it flttr-sht¡:c iirtr¡t r¡r in ¡rarlllcl ltr
sttblra¡'rtllcl crorvtlt- ¿rlso as clt¡stels ol rtisr:tir:-likc ncctlles.
!.¡l¡,lcil c:¡'vstals and rltrt-sq: uggrcgltc:-. Wcll-iiirnrcd pri:ttls ot'
:utgill:il ur:lins ;Úc \('tv r;rr|

i¿tl¡lur: V:rrirrus :;lrar.lcs ilf grccü .:olotrrs :trc dotttitt:trti

which ran¡¡c l'r'tlrtt ltale vellorvish glectl l() tlerp hluish .qltrcn. #
Sionre greins slti¡rv ;r patchv r:trk¡ttr tlistril¡ulirin. lJ¡orv¡t.
ye llorvish-blorvn iif cokrutle:;-s gt:tins ittc inlr-cqrrcnt.

Fl¿:¡x:hr¡¡i:;¡¡L' Pr¡¡¡ri¡cllvitc is hiLlhlv ¡ileiichriiic rviitt: tt "i.

colourlcss. ¡nle .,,elkxv- ¡rlle gt-cctrish i'elkru,l [i. light glecn,
dccp bluish .::r(jril. l'r-vstlls arc usualll' r-:l¡¡¡lgatcd liarallcl ir¡ v
(y: {i) a¡r¡l ihc dce¡l trluish-gresn i)r grr,r,n li ttltxittru¡l¡
libsrrrption is wcll displavr:tl o¡r manv deifital gl'ains.

Éirtt.frin¡¡e'nt'¿'.' !Joth ihe thir:k¡less r¡l the grai¡ts rl¡rrl Íhü

oricntaiion ril thrr iihrcs i¡¡ilrrcncc tlte intctrsit-v ¡ri ihe intcr'
lercncc, cr¡lours. Ihr::ü i¡r;rv be iir:;t=r¡r'rler rvhilc ¡rr veilorv ,tt¡
ilrin gr:rins. [Je,:ause ril slrrlrtg ilispcrsion tii tltt rtlttic ltsr:s.
¡i]()si ilurllplrllviir r:'lhil¡ii: ;rnom:tlt'us hr(ilr¡l il) vcll()rvish :l.ld
gt'r:yish-lilur' i¡ric¡iereiicr r--(¡l{)rl¡.:1. 'i-hickc¡' g¡;¡i¡rs sho*' inteL-
íe¡cnre e¡ilr¡t¡rs u¡r tc sr:trtntl ortlcl vclkrrv. ()rartgc attrl l)lurt.

il.riirlciiorl: Wiih¡!l Íhc q-lustrrs ol' libr,-'r r¡r l;rths. thc

tsii¡rcriii¡¡ ili thü i¡rd¡vidual r:rv.ci¿rl: islip¡rroxintrielv p:rr:¡ilcl.

Inlerjert'ttt'r: .ii¡1ttt't: Prisn;itir .:ari,-'tir:- nr:ry clis¡rlriy' ;r

cg-niÍs-d ecrrtr l'iistcirir iigurc trtt;r blttislr iitrkl ¿rnd sir{)ng ! r'i
ilispcr:;i,rn. Bro;rrle ¡ íi!¡r'r-:s','icLl(lii r:r:rii¡'rr i¡rltrtircncc !iet¡rrjs.

Fililngutiitit: {irrrinronly rreg;rlivr- rr-'e;l:.io¡¡;¡llv ¡r,isiii.,,r.

!Pi:;tingui:;hiÉÉ.! .í-É::.ti¿1fi.,r. !ho- iih¡rirrr f¡ahit. qrltc¡r i:rrliallv

i¡r n,jedlr:- rhar:reic¡i:-iir ¡rlerchroi:rti-:rittt
:lr¡'¡¡rg¡-:i! Íih¡q::;
¡t¡ltiurt:¡inir¡ic¡ril,,r: r:iilr¡ut:: ¿¡¡rri gc¡r,:¡:tllv ilr{l{ivr: r:i¡inultiiorr
¿¡¡e rcliahL,' itrr!!t.itic:: ft¡¡ ihq rli:rgnori: qii i¡rrmFc'llviíe Thr
ntii{l.ri¡i!tl'!. hir¡h r,-lici ::L.'ivl.':; i{}.listin-r:ui:;lr ii ir,.r¡lr:i¡oi¡gll
plcrr-'hroir !-!rLrrilr Prrnt¡icllvilt i:; iitu:.,i like ll- aq¡ trc ¡lri:.,i:¡k-tit
iirr ihr r¡rirliitt ¡¡ti¡¡t¡:rl:.,. iji¡11,¡',,¡'1. ii:; iihiou:., h;rt¡it. iirrvc¡ il¡
di:;iitret ¡rlerielii.i¡ir:;c!¡e¡t¡.: {er¡recieliy ii:. !¡liti::h:tl¡arlt};r¡ld iirr
:¡i¡üm:rlou:. ¡nli-'íl¡ri;Í¡rL:.:iil.]urs;!r;:;i:,i in {lie tli:.,iiiigr¡i:ll¡i¡tg
l¡u¡¡rFc l lvi¡c iriir¡¡ i hrr i¡im.:i- grori¡'. Fii bri ¡u: ;r nr¡rli i iroie:- :.1t,'rr
lrigheÍ orilcr'!!1trafu¡L:¡lL'c i='i;lottrs. lafg.-r t-:.;linctr,rri:trigl,-':titd
!l¡i:iiiiva rlo¡rg;iiicrr. Sr¡nr.-: pui¡rF*li,viit: :rggrcg;rtc:; ic:;ri¡¡rhle
glarrclnii¡, lrtrt il¡r ¡r:iicí s¡í íhc l:!ii.ii is li¡.v.='f. t]rirm;¡iie
¡lr¡¡¡larellvit.:; :rrc :;i¡nil¿r ii¡ iltr .¡ t-¡r i¡nrlalll:riia v;l¡itir-
.,.rridi¡.-" bui holli air yerv ¡r¡'r i¡¡:redi¡rrc¡tis. N''1,)rLr tl¡-:il¡il:: c¡r

rlcilital i'unr¡rc,llyiit: i:an l-'r: Ír¡u¡¡r! in Fvlltrr.lre-!l,ajei¿k1 ii

(]trc¡'hiirisli I IilH{rl.

{-.tt'¡ t.!fl{it{';:: iouiiipr:!l-il¡.¡ i:; ii .ltilr:rttrri,;ii,' i¡i¡r.'rltl ,ri

 IIr^VY MIN¡rl{/\l f)l:S( ltll)ll()NS ANI) (()t.()t jt{ I't.AII:S
I

blLrcschislr lrntl !rcclrsclrisls :rrrtl is thc inticx llillenrl ol llte

low'l:l':ttlc ptcltttilc'-¡runrpcllyilc l;rcics. l1 is c¡rrrrut,lt ll
nrellrrtttrr¡rhosctl ilrtrt¡sivc rocks iln(l lnlry lr¡ f¡rr¡lerl hv
httlrolhcrrlirl ;rcli()n in ;rntvgtlirlcs iutrl in vcirrs. r\:lygrl;rlcs in
brrsirll. :rntlcsjtc :rntl spilitic blrs;rll nlry trlso conlitilt ¡rrrnr-
pellyilc. It hirs lrccn rcl)()rle(l 1r()tlt n'lcl:t-trev\\,:lckes :nt(l
siliccors qncisses.

G r u i t t S./fr,rltl.' l-orvcr M ioccnc M ollrsse. \'r,e rrL in. Su,i I ze l -

land (Nlnrt l.5lt2).

6ti
 I{ !trÍif\1,\i lf.lt i ittEt rt t¡,
'B'<:ca q-EEaaEÉEBÉ: grÉFE
a E
EE

€ ;!'i¡!'¡itl ii¡r¡irul:r:
l.!:i( fui g.i rr.. tui ir. I i. n I ). i l,.i :i¡,,i i,., l{ iii ), i r( i ) ! l.l i
) ¡

ltig'¡¡uil. rr¡¡i;r:i:¡l { }
i l¡r: lr¡t¡¡r¡¡:tli¡¡r a¡.il¡ll. {i¡i!l}¡ ¡:tr::; ilttr-r' ¡r¡ i¡¡t i¡r¡¡! c(i¡i¡ptr:.ili{¡¡t;¡l

¡i¡i!!i!rj:;¡itil iril¡f ¡¡i'i I¡¡t(- r'¡, I ¡ ;¡.,,ill

;ti'i Ltr i:; !.irí¡I

l.írl(¡ l.il.ij
'¡i
ii i).{tl | {l.ii ii¡
¿ IrE l.l:;
i¡irn lrirr¡ r¡r;lli¡tr I't' :¡ l¡ri¡ I

intt Lir5r ¡.í¡l-,

itl |.ñ,15 l.r¡i(l
I il.t)li {!.{l l:;
i 1 lli ll)
=
lilhiilr;i i(¡r¡r¡irilli¡¡e r¡¡ illr;¡i¡r
,'i¡,! L{}ii} iirtia
:ti ¡ttl:, lr,ll¡
¡ (' iltT i| ¡lr ¡

¡:. i.0t I lt¡

!ji:¡viic;r¡rtl:.rirrr¡l-;¡.-. wcll;r:;:-rlr¡,¡l:¡¡¡rl cllr;rilc. lo¡iu.r

i-,iniiiiu('u:- :¡¡iirl :r¡llii,'tr :r'tir':;- Irui iltrtc i¡ ;t¡¡ i¡i¡¡i¡ir,-'illilrlv
:..r¡r i'r'irr, r ¡t , il';¡r¡r' rrr,l ,lr;rt tl,'

4"it¡¡¡¡ j¡' .;¡'¡!ittts'tl!.;; ! lr¡r..,. i¡¡i¡r.¡i:rrl lr;r::ir: lr;ilri¡: gir, ir.,

i(i r'r{¡if¡ilr'11., '.,;tf¡iililr' iL'i¡iiltl li¡¡¡¡i¡!l¡lrigr;. ! !¡..¡-.. :t¡(,.: .il¡r¡!l
rl. ¡:r-it¡ ¡¡ti:;¡ir:; *'iilr irrtui¡i;itioi¡1: :ii ri¡lt. {}! ¡;l¡alV, ;rl lr¡¡lll
r¡i¡i:; i r¡:rl¡¡'¡ : :t i- ¿,'ir¡ lr-.tl i!.--;¡¡ ¡¡ ¡;!!!xt!!¡l! :¡¡ :;¡1-:;irL'rl lt;t:;;tl
.,r'r'i!{!¡1:;.:liri{!i¡(1-'r! ilV Li!!:r!'lL.:riiit('!(i
iliiiiri¡{ {lrlll-!!r¡. ir;iilil c) . .. .t =::= :.
a

;tt:,i ,-i¡lLt¡i¡¡¡;t¡ ir¡ :l¡-i¡ Lil;t¡ :!sr¡¡,'.{it¡r-':: ¡¡¡ ¡;rrii;rii¡¡.g i¡r'ü(ll( 5,

i!rillr!'r:rl). fl¡( ¡ji¡¡r-rirr.rr:¡¡r'l:r¡L.!rrlq¡it¡¡rt¡¡l¡ii;riil¡r'i¡rr¡lte¡ -.==,, '

--:.::: :
i.lttiiiig::,:<liiit.::ll:iir:: !r¡{ifia'-.t i :iir' !¡it:.nlr ii.rtiLtrt ¡rr,,,iLt,itir
:r¡ir¡rr;r1ii-ii:¡l-'¡ilr'¡¡i::;r¡rrl!¡¡''lr¡l;t¡,i¡nIt!!:t¡ {¡a.jtlilialinl!:ils¡()r)irl
=...:
¡r:riiiclc:;- .ijl¡irll i¡i ii!!n :r¡i:rin v:u¡(iui- ila!.isr-'1i i¡i ¡¡iu¡¡(liir!'.
É
jiirr¡irri,-il -j¡;li¡¡: lr,-,-,,!¡¡r' .-lg :ii;rpcrl- l¡rnq rlliP:r¡itl:ri ¡rr
:;¡rlrri ir';ri (::cr',irrri !r;t:r' ¡¡irl-\'t i. l !r'!r{r:;il:r iriilt rl¡¡x!'(l i}r()\'(--!t
;!¡¡¡--.-' iil;tV i:!¡!¡¡;!iti ;! l:t¡:.lt' rlti! r! .,i ¡,)ilitil,rlil1r iilr'tlllr(il{i*\'.
i l, r.. ¡", r.,¡ ¡ii!¡!!r¡jrliir, :r¡, ir.¡., ir,¡¡¡ ¡rl!i :11:tiii., .,r'tt,.ritti...
!':jirillii ::iii;iiiri¡t:;. it¡r'l!tr¡{ii::; :t¡f i !t¡¡t¡il{i¡l ;t¡i,1 .':lrr ir¡q!i,;li.'
:j:i:i¡'- t:l:l! ¡l:i¡:i1¡-.r¡ii::rq'::, irr:¡¡r'i' iirr:1 iiir' ltar'ijtl ::¡i!i., : ,:i
..!"... ¡¡.¡¡¡,. l¡¡,.1¡¡..¡,¡i¡...!iq ¡rri¡¡r tr' ¡,:¡ :¡¡.rt'tr. i!!, .j¡,.,ti, i
,1. i,ili:!.J i:i:,!iii¡ liljr:r.. :)li:ii¡i( ¡!i:,it¡i. .,.. ,...:! !a.
::!r L!.;¡r-:: ilt¡icl :-ir;!¡¡¡ic.,:ii¡Ll 1':ril-i!;il:l!.'!iri:; itit¡rtiiiiir':, ti.iririrl
:;irr -¡rirfili:, ír¡','r'¡¡¡:rri,iir::, :;r:L{¡¡ral ¡r:l:l!' :{i*f¡ i !!i!1rr. iic(.:i
i¡.'!-¡ilr';¡i!'., ¡r':,-¡¡¡Íit¡ ii¡¡ ¡.ittir¡iitli¡:{' :11;it:t:; ! itr':,i- !i'¡ii¡ i-iil¡. r
:j¡iiilirr-:lir':¡ll! iir!ri!!! .¡i:1.!':it:.,i:; ¡r¡iil :¡¡r' i:t ri¡riir':rl !'r¡iri!iiil!¡-:
.¡'!i¡¡ ilf:'i¡¡;:;i *i-'i¡¡ i;¡.;lr- iiii:iriiii;i¡i¡¡!'ii ilv áir'¡r¡t ,t i;t!t(l¿!¡i!
É !'!il'; i . i i! yr'¡i i[] s;:! ¡ i!l ,r¡Li Í; i::l ii'¡i¡ ¡;;:¡li¡ri':; r ¡i :,,,'rii ¡¡¡r'¡:!:, :,:,.!¡i!i

l¡¡irir;';r¡i¡¡¡:¡¡!'i;r¡¡l!¡¡¡!!¡i:;!¡t:::!¡¡¡l:tir-'i¡t ti¡ii¡(i¡l iii:it'!i¡lit¡¡|ltit

+i¡i¡ ¡irr ii.':¡i¡rrl :j¡:ii¡¡ ! hr' il!¡iL¡ ¡ll¡i\ fr..irft¡! !¡r'r' itrriitliir¡
:¡ii!'¡ ::l¡il::,-'.iii('¡ii i!-'n¿!; i';lif gilr-r'iillai lliigr' !¡!:!.'i-i : lll i i¡r' ¡l¡r¡rl¡'
;!¡1(1.:i..L r;i:iiiiiri¡r-'itiI r;;t;g;ii*ilr:;.,.:r¡',.ilq¡¡;i:riiri!lt{';i:.:
,t:: i,.it, ,., I r!!¡ 1!t' ¡rtr", ! It' r'r. rr¡r,r',ll¡ ir':rll:. :¡r r!r,.
¡ii¡¡ ¡ ¡iq¡i¡ ¡;i i!¡... ;:::i:. ;ii¡,i iiri:; i¡;l¡ ¡iir¡l;ii :¡¡¡i:r¡ ii.. i:. !rr':.1 -r.-¡r
,'¡¡ ¡i¡i.,¡¡¡.1¡¡i 1¡,,j¡¡-. iri:L i!. ili!'.,, it!l!lr'ii¡' :tl i¡!lr' .'iial i;ti !ltr.
:;;¡iiir:i¡¡ir.; irliL-;¡q¡i;¡rliil¡ ir¡ Áliv ltlii) !lr¡:r r!!f r¡:ir;rllr,
¡.:¡! :¡i.; ¡¡ti, i:;i¡:'.i¡!t. ,'i '.¡¡¡:rli !!!!¡r'.r,li¡,ll iitt,!tt, .r¡ , r,t¡!rij
ir'¡¡rii¡: r,r,!¡ir'i¡:¡¡r-:¡!s¡i¡ii¡':¡!rr'¡¡!i¡¡rrii....¡i¡h¡l¡.'ilq'¡¡il;rl:1r.il¡¡

í¡Q
 HF.AVY MI Nl iRAt. t)E:l{'RIlr! 1{}Nsi ANt-! r.'{ ¡l.r -}l r l::- E'1.^ ! i:-q-

bur' their c!¡l{lut rs usuallv palc !l..efr {i¡ blur:, bttt strnlctilllcs
ih.:v lai:!- aol(,ur'. Ttie overgtirvlh:; are u:uallv iveklcd to iht:
host glain L¡v :;r¡¡¿rll '¡1!{}i:;" Ti¡rv frequcnlly t'ilclusc rllitluta
impu rit ic:;. f-lcrtain featu res rcsemi¡le tiveigrr-rrvt tts :i trrl thcsc
¡leed t.J [¡e rc,iognizetl in iirtler 10 avoir] cr¡nfusiriti. Gt'uin:; '==:- a:.=:
- =='.:-
=:
having tlisconlrnrrous riptic:al zo¡rine ¡nav ;rppcar similar iri
¡hc¡se witt¡ trvcrgli¡rvlhs, l¡rri ilistinr:iion L-lln hL: mad.i bv lh.
- ::-
-.
==----:='
laek Lii- 'ruLrts' Gn tlie f$ir¡rer. Fr:ilrturing anri thinning of thc
grain:; ai r¡ne cnd. r¡r sr¡metimes ecllctrtirrg ¡n¡tcrill adhl:ring
it: tttr grain, c¿¡n b{; n¡istakcn h¡r:rri {r.rergrriE,th. lrut tlr* lattc:r
i:; in optiea! diseontinuitv rvith ihe tourmalinr: grain. '!'hc
¡Jeíriial nrinr¿: r¡í il¡r: nr¡cleu:; c¡¡¡¡ l¡c ¡secrtaitred [¡v ex¿¡¡ritrtut
ii u¡rrlcr higlr magnifieaii¡¡n and ihis u:;uallv re veels iilr ¿lbradcd
srr.tirtc-

tOlr.tUf : '!grtrnt¿¡lin¡ clisplav:; ;i rvirle illinge r)i r()l{lr!¡:r ail.l

= --:
-:==-::--:
thesc:trt. in g.^n.-'ra!. in¿lirrati¡rn:; rtí c.:;¡!rir{rsiiiiill. Irrlt]-l¡t-;¡rin!' -r €=--:-::-=
-::==:.--:.:- =
tt¡ttrn¡ali¡¡c,.; it!-r- vcf! tl;¡rk (¡i¡rri¡:;i ii¡r:tilrrc) or ilec¡r ltlue-
tltrailes have light tir dctp hl¡¡r {indinriitc} ¿n<l pir¡}.: {¡trtrti-
litc) shade::. ar¡¡l dravitc is darL: hr,.iwr¡, ycllrrtt o! ¿rl¡losi
c(l[ourk::-\s. Llnusi¡¿il tiltl:¡ ¿rrr: ¡rrr*-lrrcctl hv V¿u'iou:] r¡ciitllic:
i¡¡ns. {lck¡u¡ zoning is frcr¡ur:rri. 'l'hi:; is visihlqr cithcr ll:; ¡oninc_
ahrng fhc ¿-¡l;ri: or:¡s cokrur hand: on thc l¡asil Jrinacoitl,
V¿u irriltiufr:d t,-ittt ¡ttalirtcs iirc !r()i u¡lc(-it¡lmolt. ltt lhis i¡tsl¿¡rtcc
the cokrur is patchv iir onc portion oi thr grain tiispllv:;
st!'ikillg,lv elifferc¡r¡ -sl¡¿¡dc:, ir-¡ tlre ¡ith¿:r.

Fleo,i:llrttisr¡t' -[-ourm:iliues"
¡-rpeeially í!¡e irrir¡-[¡u¿rriur
varielies, havc slron g and disti ¡retive ¡ri.-'o.-hroisnr. Mt¡ xi nr r utr
ab-ror¡liirrrr appe:rrs rvhcn iht krng aris i:; lving pcrÍ¡cnrlieular
tc thc vihration cliteeti¡¡tr oi llre ¡rrilari:r:f, l¡¡ r¿rrc ,-'asc:r-
fragme nts oi thc ba:;:rl ¡rariing shriru rcvrrscd nl¿llirllr!nl
ahso¡p1l¡¡. [t'on ft¡urnt¿iline¡ sh,rw ¡rleoclrroi:rn r:ithcr lrrlrr
vcllorv l¡rown to pale yclltir'; !¡!'lÍonl dcclr hlrrr. tlarl: gr.ccrr trr
p¡lc ycll(]w of cr¡l(¡urlcss- The plcochroisnr cl rrttglrcrilrrr
tt¡urnalines is in sh¡ties rií ¡rale vr:lkrrv. liihiurn iou¡nr:¡lincs
lrra: ú)lourlcss in the ¿. dirccticn ¿tnel h:¡vc- ¡tiil.^r íint:: rii lht.ir
n¿rlural colot¡r (i.c. light lrlur. grern rir ¡rink) in thr rlircction
of nl¿lxilnttr¡t absorption. I-iasal l¡:rr-firrgs ()r gri¡in:r r¡rirrrtcd
accrlrding to thrr has¿rl L¡inar:oicl usuall.v laek pll-.r!-hroisnt.

B iretringt- ttt-c'.''lirurnralirrc h;¡:: sf rri¡lu lrirefrinse¡rce ¡rnd

high<rlclcr intcrlcrencc ii¡its. thr--tr¡:h fhcs* ¿irc usu;lllv rrlr
scurcd bv sttonq trrilreral cokrur. Nu¡ncr{)us nilrro\v polari:r:a=
tion crerlour bantl:; :rrc best sccn in pale ¡rrisniatic craitls. B¿is¿il
seetio¡ls havr- dull inlcrftLcncrr tinI..¡ arrrl s(!n¡c :rpltca! ¿llDlost
isotropic.
e
Exti¡tcfiotl: Irrisnrs and fllignrcrris ekrng¡ferl on r. it¿¡ve
¡rarallcl extirrrrtion.

lnErferen|e ligure: Tournrali¡re is uni:ni:rl. l¡ut pri-rnrs.

fragmenls und rounclerl gntins errncrirll! vickl hi¡5ixl ¡ig¡¡¡,;
ohscrved ¿ls sh¿rd()w: of trv¡r istigvre-' lc;rving lhq: lit:kl ¡ut-¡.¡,t
()n stagc rrrtirtion (si¡r¡il:rr t¡r lliaxill li;tslr ligrrrc-t). fjootl
cc¡rtred uni:r:ial figurr-s alc crhil¡iii:d bv b¡5¡¡ s.cti.¡¡l:i_

Elttngatirtn: Nrq;rlivc. L:xc.pi lirr sonrc lr':rgilrcnl:r ol' th.

Lrasal plirtirrg- whicli nray- havc pr¡sitive rlonslrli¡r¡:.

Distittguishitl-q .i¿r!furel: Tor¡rnrrrlin.: i:r l¡rc iil tlre rir(i:ii

cortlnloir anri c:lsilv rerrrgni;:;lhli: clct¡'itlil n¡iirel;rls. ll i:;
rliirgno:crl hv nroilcratc lclir-f, highly v:rri:rl¡L: rno¡'phrrlo¡v :i¡ril
col¡iurs, :rs q,ell lts ¡ni¡rk-L:(l ¡rlcoc'lrroi:;m, l;c::¡rtivc rkrrig;ilr,rri
¿rnd l¡ck of i:lcar,,age:;. { ¡tlt¡urlc:+ {f::ins nl:rt.. l¡r: r¡rislltkcn iul

7{l
 TOL]RMALINE GROIIP
andalusitc. topaz or sillirnanite. but a clear uniaxial figurc on
their basal plane assists in diagnosis. Vcrv dark grains can
casily be orerkroked as opaques. In this casc insertion of thc
rccessory ctrnrlcnser uslr¿rllv rcvcals colours at thc thinner
crids, or rollinq thc gr¡ins onto anothcr facc nray yield lightcr
colours. Grccn prisms are most likely to be mistakcn for
acgirine or for certain amphiboles. Thc bluc varicrics rc-
scmble alktli amphibolcs or rlumortieritc and the brorvn-
colourccl o¡rcs rcsemtrlc brown hornltlentlc. Aegirinc hns a
hiqher rcliei. rvcaker pleochr()isln, strongcr interfcrcnce
colt¡urs anrl shou's clcuvages. Tlie revcrscd absorption of
amphiboles iln.l dunlortierite, thL- positive elrrngation t¡f nrost
anrphibolcs (except sonre alkali amphiLrolcs). as wcll as the
r¡oocl amphibolc cleavages, aicl clistinction. tlypcrsthcrrc hus
higher retractive indic¿s and is lcngth slo*. Sonte ycllorvish-
brorvnish angular fmr¡nrcnts of tourrnalilre rescmblc staurolite ,
but thc lattcr has a hishcr relicf and lorver- birefringencc. The
rliagnosis of rr c-ll-rountlcd toururalincs prcsents no difficultics.
as other colourccl ntin!.rals (¿p¡rt from rutile) seldo!l .rtt:lrn
srrch cxtensir c rounding. ln acoli¡n sedintants anr¡rhitritlcs lnci
pvr()xenes nr¡r'be sintilurlv rotrnticri, but clcalaqe tnrccs ol
thc former iind the highcr relici of thc lattcr help to tlistinguish
t he nr.

Occ'urrcttt'e: Tournnline cnstallizes in granites. qrrnirc

¡rctrnirtit*s. iir ¡rncurnltttrlitic Vcins and ¡n er)nlitct- t)r rc¡iorr-
lully nrctuntorphosetl rt¡cks. In schists, gncissL.s and ph,,llitcs it
nlrl lirr¡r l¡r nlctltsorrrlrtisl¡ ()r ()ccrlr lrs |r:crrstallizcd clctrital
{nrins. 'Iirurnlrlincs oi thc sch()rl clbaitr: scrrcs are lounil in
t1r¡rritoirl r!)cks. [-ithirLr]t tountlrlincs. t¡ltcn ii'itlr hi-qh r rri.r-
ti()0 ()l ct)lr)rlrs :lft(i c0ltt¡rttsiti0rt, itra lrcscnt itt s0tnc
pcgnlirtitcs iln(l liita-stilgc grtrrtitic vcins. Nllrqntsiitn t0Lrr-
ttLrlincs occrrr in s()ntc rnctant()t¡rhic scltist:. in ntdt¡sr,ntirtir
rocks irntl in ccrtuin trtLsic igncotrs rocks.

llclil¿¡¡k.s:-l',,urrnalincs arc uitlcs¡rrcud in ¿rll tr'¡rcs ol

dctritirl scdintcnts trn(l ltre Lrltrastatrlc lrotlr rlcch:rnic;illt. antl
clttnticlrllt. I)olvcvclic toLrrnurlinc !nrins crtrrlcrl frtrrrr Irc-
cxisting silieielrstic tlcprrsits lrrc *ell to relr rrcll rorrnrlctl irrrti
ilrc itss()cilltc(l \\'itit e(luillly rrcll torrntlcrl zi¡co¡rs;rnrl rLltilcs.
'l lrt rrrirrclrlogic;Li ¡niltrlrit\ rrl t¡ s'tlilncnt
clrn lrc crP¡cssetl lrt
iitc zit cott -tottt rri,riirtc-r utiic ( z t H) irrrlcr ( F{ultcr t l9(rl).'l itc
stu(l\' ()l vrrricllrl trPcs. rvhich trinrs lrt tlistinguishint \irri(,u\
tnot ¡rltolirur . colorrrs. zortirrg arrrl iltclr¡sions of totrrntalinc
türirrs. elrrr rcrc¿l significlrrrt trcrrtls. ('h:r¡lrctcristic tourrnalinc
tVJlcs rllll\' pror,c irrr¡rort:r|rt l()t c()t fclirtir)g ecrttrirr slrrrtl b()ilies.
tracing scdinrcnt sourcc antl rlispcrsal (p.19). i\ conricrrsctl
rcvicu ol thc totrrnlalinc qroul) in sctlirrrcnts was [¡rcscntc(l [)\'
Kryninc (l(116).

(jruitts Jrotn: I:úst p¡sL- u[]pcr: (a) -l'crriurl . North Sca: (t¡)
Jurassic. Nurth Scal (c) At¡rritanian, Ncrthc-Chairr. south ot
f"nrncc: (cl¡ ( arlronilcrous, trr¡rcholc \\'ciuch. lJ-ll nl, Srvit-
zerlurtcl; (e) Oligocenr- Nkrl¿rssc. bortlrole Wci¡ch. 5l rn.
S*itzcrlarrtl (trlrrrt 1.5X1;.
Sccontl prrgc uppcr P()lvcvclic grai¡rs frorn various ln¿rturr
sctlirncnts ( \lnlt l.5lil I.
Sccotttl pl¡gg lowc¡: (irairrs lrrc frorn thc [-orvcr Cre tlrccous.
norlllcnr -l'unisilr: (ir) rlet¡it¿rl gr:rilrs *ith ¿Lrthigcnic ovcr-
grorvthsi (h) gririrr rvilh rotrrrtletl ovcrgrorrthl (c) atrthigcnic
ovelgro*th intergro*n rvith t¡uartz. (tl) tlctuchctl authigctrie
ovcr{Ir¡*th { \lrrrt l.5ltl¡.

lt
 l:irAr.rY trc!i![:i?¡'=.i' iiE::,:l'::--:.il]l'f iii.J.'; .'ii'-Ji,' i'{ !1.{ -:tl!: i'l .'., i! \
éaaÉEEEe

ii .r hiri i r i . ii.li" . .l:.,,. ', .ft li I

¡¡ ¡ii:¡¡i, I'i;i::lri í !

i.'i i r'Ji i ¡'qll

¡¡i', ;r.:i! ¡7lt¡
ii¡' i l'ii! ¡ /lli
¡: t¡.txl!: ii.{}i ¡

i i líi r. Jit

Á j
i'1ir'iii iit :;.:¿!li?¡i:iii,i-
-- =.
r=1:':i¡liir :¡iliri-:itf:- ii:r irr('ri!l¡¡ - !'.li¡iil¡
!ii!'¡!:r¡i¡¡i;,¡:. t¿¡rt!v il¡:rii¡()r¡d-:lia¡-rrrl ui¿¡;¡r: '! hr:i! r-'it!!l!:f:r lr¡i
i¡íiqii ili¡it¡lrla:ii i¡!r¡-¡ ilir i-i',,slal ii!f{:r Étr:i¡rtr'li!',:,hsre:;¡i¡:ti!
inrieni:¡air¡t¡:.,- í,:iel! ¡l:¡¡1.-:¡¡t!r.if :tÉii¿!E! .-c¡rci¡oiii:¡l !¡:t¡-:iii¡,-':r. !'h,:
di:;iiirci { !íi{i} clr::',,::gr nri¡v ilii ai..'¡('.:i:!l¡lr ¡=:i¡¡i¡¡'r'¡'v::i:¡!r';¡tr
ü{r!ir!¡i1¡¡!l-! fi¡¡!i¡ii!: :rl ctl .-vr-rl!r-i: ::hiillÜi¡ :;i-:¡-t{r¡:. !.,i1!¡Ll: l¡¡i¡u flq'
¡irl:qigi!¡:.('ii i¡¡ ::¡t¡1,.1 gr:rili:; {}n;rt¡tii' it¡¡(i ;t.-\r::l:i!!iij :itiliir:l!
i¡rcltt:;ii¡n:: iif.r ir!-a!u.¡li.

4\¡i¡tur- !:;:i¡:1¡¡i¡r¡i¡ airri dir!! vr'l!+tqish bror..n, u:;u:rli! rtiilt;l

¡;ui'¡rlisl: htl,:. ¡¡tr: itra it.int¡I{il}c:ii:',llll(lcts ¡ll¡i:iri¡lli'tiri¡ill5;!iL
Lr()lot!ilc:i5. o¡ violci" :ií:rl il!¡-tsr {¡i ill(' ¡r!:tngalli¡:llt !.':rticir.:
rlispl¿rv v¡:lli¡r.:- {-}}:illg{j i¡¡¡d tirrl L-qr¡{¡r¡i:; i ül0ur.r0¡rillg ilj;rv llr'
¡lIL-Sr:ll: -

Iti¿ ¡¡¡:it't't¡i:;¡¡t-- lli:i¡i!:t! :r:ri¡¡ii,-':. ilic ¡liril{.'t'iii.-lf i¡ir*chlri¡

w¡lh :! ii¡r!¡-"rii :;liglri ¡-i¡r'ri. vii)1.'i oi ¡rrrr¡rli::li: ii. vlliriiv il liglii
¡rrrrplish hrorv¡.l'i. hlrri:;h o: vii¡lei b¡otli¡, T. l);il!-lt!(i1vi¡. il¡¡lcl
vit¡lci. q¡ lr¡q¡1..,¡¡i1-l¡ i:¡r-'r, ¡!

fli.,-t-í-rin!!¿-'nc¿'.- Wcll: enri iirc iiri¡'¡1c¡r!¡r'r L'!.r!¡:r i¡¡i {!r'-v.

1¡,l1i1q: ii¡ li¡si-orel*¡ !'(:ll.jli,. {!¡i ilrit f. gilrirrs lllr' eokrurr r;¡ll¡e
t¡F li) :;ceiirr{l-0rtlcr itr:ing.' (ii f-raüil irui tlr¡ v ;rr,: tt:.turll'.
t!¡¿r-ckL:Ll l;v ilrr r¡atu¡¿rl crjltrLli oi ilit- ¡¡ii¡¡r-¡;¡1.

{i.tiir¿tii¿tt¡: !¡¡ciir¡ril ir¡ r-'leirv:r¡:¡-' i¡:r¿-r-':;. l¡ir¡ si:riri:- rriirii i;ril

lo c::ti¡rgrrisi¡ i¡¡ ¡¡1r,' pcsiliiin.

!ttÍrr.f/:rl:rt<'t' .figurt,. '! h!: !¡i¡ii¡r ilv ¡)l i!x¡¡lii(: gfil¡ltr !i\! i!¡!
*rll-cct.:i¡c <i¡-tiic :r;ri:; íigrrrr u'itir il na;rrl'r' s¡r;rirhi ¡tr)r';r!. ! h!
thir:kc:¡ g¡¿¡;,¡,, :;lli¡lv :evei:ri i:;i¡r:lt¡'ii¡¡ics :ti(l ::ir(¡n9 .;--i
cl is¡rer'..;iiirr.

EIo¡¡Etltit¡n: LongiirrtliriaI:;ctlion:; lr:rvr: ¡r<i:;ilive ri{)¡rrirt¡,}1.

llistiitiluishinE .fr't!ít!ría..;: Iiigli re lirf eouplr.l rvi¡h liir..,

l¡ilr,lri¡i¡cnce, rltrll crrkrurs ¿¡¡rrl {hcil ¡rinkislr Qt lurl}lish tillitu.
its lvcll lls It¡tideriite ¡rlcOchroisnr. ilrrt chrr;1,,:lriri:;lic. 'l llr rcliei
¡:rl llrory¡r liitunr¿ilinc i: lorvct. ii is slrorigly l)lr('!-llr.)iL' ;rir(l
Uninliiirl. 'f'hr: plcoeh¡'r¡i:;¡r¡ oi all¿r¡rile ii :;tr()ngcr. Sl:¡ur¡rliic
has hrightr:r i'r¡lr:iLrfs ¿tld i¡l()fe lllierl:i¡..,r-'inicrictenc* liltts.'l ht:
l;rr{r' !'::tinciiti¡r a!lgla irl iii;rri:rrrgrie. iosclhq^l rvitli it:: !rigtr-
ilr(lci irilLrflat'ei¡cc eoiour:.. scrulj ic iiisiiitgL¡isl¡ ii iiir¡l
iilii¡iiir.

€ j¡'¿'ufft¡lt:¿:': ,ri¡init.: rs il ('l¡itiitcict¡:tiiri ill¡nci:ll o¡ .rtitt;t!i

itlcl;ilri¡illh¡a: ;¡1!tf(¡lr:- ireirt¡¡:e¡i {iitalrr!r1;!ic ¡ocl::; lrr¡r! g;r¡riitic

ini¡u:ri..r-':r- lioctut:;:¡i:;i¡iilvcilr::;!¡iiic;rr-';i!(::irr¡i:¡iiiir:::.rii;rltr'
iiiti tt:;ivc:- ;r¡iil ir:rs;ri1.

iifai¡1..t li'r¡¡¡¡.' lir:¡rh r¿rriti. i:ll !ur:. ¡l i¡¡¡rr..;lll. l:ircl:r¡r¡

lh/¡rili l.í¡r'r.l).

r:
 P)'ROXENE GROUP

PYROXENE GROUP
General considerations

Pvroxenes are onc rrf the ntost important rock-forming Lithiunl pyroxene spoclumene h¿rs been reported from secli_
nrincrals. l¡ut of the nr¡nv menltrcrs of thc pyroxenc group ments (lvfilner 1962), but it has a restricteel paragenesis and it
ttnly a fcrr ()ccur cot¡lt¡tonlv as clctrital grains. Pvro\!-nes arc generally forms as large crystals_ Therefore, thc chanccs of
chcrnicalit unstable in sediments ancj thev tlissolve at un early, finding it in amounts sufficient lor positive iclentiflcation arc
stege of diagcncsis. -l-hcrefore, thcy arc fountl onlv in eithcr rathcr ¡emote. Its cL-scription is omittecl front the present
rrell-sealctl ¡ncicnt sccliments or in l-oungL'r cle-posits. trut in book.
both cases thev are valuable inclicators of provenancc-.
The chcnristry of a p¡rticular pr foxe nc- s|r'cics pro\.idcs the
basis of accur¿rre idcntiñcation. Chcmical data plottcd in the
triangular diugrant ol Polden.aart ct Hess (19-51), pro¡rosecl for
the Ca\fqSi,O.-CaF'c.Si.Oo-Nfg.Si¡O-Fc',Si¡On sysrcnr. rvill
cnable anv l)\,roxenL. species to be namc-tl (see Dccr el a/.
1975. p. 3) thus providing useful cluc's tr¡ provcnancc.
Within thc' pvroxenc sroup r$o principal subdivisions exist:
orthopvrosencs *ith orthorhombic and clinopvroxenes *,ith
¡lonoclinic svntntctr\'. Bascd on crlstal chcntistr\'. p\rr)xcnes
¿r!'cl¿rssitierl ¡s follo*s (Deer cr ¡¿l. l97E):

l\l¡qnesiuln-iron pvro\enes
0rthopl rorcncs (cnstatite-orthofcrrosiIitc')
(Nlg.F.r' ).Si.O.
Pisconitc. (Nlg.Fcr-.Ca)(\ts.F¿r, )Si.O.
Ca{citrrn pvrorúr'lcs
l) ioirsitle- l lctlcrrbc¡oi¡¡ Cir ( flls. trc: - )SirO,,
Ausitc (Cir.lvlg.Fcr'.\l),(Si.Al),t),,
F¿rssuirc Ca(Nlq.f:er ".t.c''.Al)(Si.Al).O,.
JLrharrns¿nitt ('a\fnSi,O,,

C¿tleiurlt.sltliunt f\ rr\\cn(\
Orrphlcite (¡rqirinc-¿usitc-)
( Ca. iriu)( Nlg.Ft'r *.Fe",.\i;Sr,O,,

Socliunr p\ r()\cr)!-s
Jltlcitc NriAlSi,(),,
.\cgiri¡tc Nirl;cr'Si.(),,
[.Jrt:r'itc Nrr('rSi,O,.
[-ithirrrrr Pvro\crrcs
Spotlunrcnc LiAISi.O,,

()l thc ¿rtrovc thc'follorving s¡.:ccics htrvc bce n rcporterl frr¡nr

se(lillrdnts:
Orthopr roxcncs oI thc solid solution scries cn.sfatitr.-<¡rtho-
ferrosilite u ith intcrntetliuto nlcrnbcrs bro¡rzitc. hvpe¡s¡hc¡1..
lcrrohi pcrsthcnc ¿tntl r.ulitc. ln cuscs rvherc gruins arc
tliagnoscd onlv lrl thcir of)tical pro¡)cttics, thc colourlcss antl
()pticirll\ positir.c f\roxL.ncs ¡rc iclcntilictl ¡s enstltitc and thc
colourcti. plcochroic and ol¡ticullv ncgltivc spccics as hrpcrs-
t hcnc.

C'alciurrr p\rorenes: Cert¡in nrcnbcrs ol thc clio¡rsi¡lc. q¿¡¡¡.

ferrosllite hedcnlrc'rgite solitl-solution scries. lurtl cspcciallv
¿ruilitc ¡rrinerrls, irrc prescnt in nttny dctrital se(lilltents.

Calciunr-sotliurn pvroxencs: .\cgirinc*augitc nt:tr' lrc inport-

:rn1 locltlll.

Srxliunr p_!roxenas: In isol:ttcti oceultcltccs aegirinc has bccn

rc¡rortcLl trLrth lrs tlctrital lrntl rs iruthiqcrric.

73
 !l F A\,'1' L4 lNIrll=Al. DIISCI-I.I FTl{rNS AN !l É--r-!i.i {-l l< l''LA i F i:'

E¡¡sÉaEÉÉe

Mg.ISi_ü.,1
oiil¡o¡'l¡¡'r¡¡l-.ic. bi¿¡li¡il i + )
. tl
!t\t i{'1(l lñi)-'
-. -.::
::, '
nfi 1 .<¡..:i l .t¡7 i

rt'i l.{¡:it l.{¡i-iti

tl (l.tXl7 .{1.(ll I É.4::
:,1¡ 3.t-\:l :!
^
fdtllál ll! .\t'alllr¿.'l!1,\. { tf:lln:;:llr (lrtl¡¡lnilnll\ l{rilrr rti !ll¡tii
:riunrpr,, pri:;m:;. i¡'regul:¡¡lv lcrminat.-tl pri:m:ri ir l r:rgrnr ir i:,
eLt¿lv;tE1L' ¡fÉtg¡ne¡!l:; {}t .nitrL- rarr.lv anhcdr;¡i delrri::- 'l-hc
cílrilüí:; ¡rl sr¡¡ne graitts tnly l:e r¡¡underl- !¡i¡¡¡=l;r:atillg a:r¡sa:r
liic:; cl'tr:¡r liavr: a vcllo*,'sl:ti¡¡ l¡ec¿rttsr'r¡i ri.riciaiio¡¡ ol'ir.-rr lrr
Fc " . l-¡'i:;nlaiic clc;rr'¿rgc:- :olutioll gl!l(]"./c::. '!¡:!di::ir!14 tL-r-
minatiolt:;' or scr¡leniilriziiiir¡¡¡ (hnown ¡..; hasÉiici ¡¡r' frt'
quirnllv c;ihit¡itcri. L.¿irne ll:ir -ciruciufe i:. fhirlv conli¡t¡n, lvhir:h
is ;iltribul.rd ti¡ cxsohrti(¡n Üi a r-linopvrorenc ¡rliasr ,.rt 1:.i rc
tl-lr¡¡sletio¡r gliding. sorneiirttes twinning, Thi:. sil'ttctrut is hcs;i
ohservcd undcr crossed prtlarizer: wht:¡r ihr: rnairr pari oi the
mirrr'ml is in cxt¡nirliolr ¡rosition. lrtch¡sions m:rv lre nrag,irciit..,
te rnd :irc-iin.
:r1'llrti

dlolour: Enstaiiie i:; niiallv ¡:rilrtrttless. Slont.: llrrge

r,sse
tlrir:[:el glains nrav hav* ¿t pall] grrrcl¡ Ii¡réic.

Pleodl.roi.st¡1.' Not visibl¡. on det!ital -spceiL--c.

Bireti'in-qenrtt.' f)epends r¡n thc Icrrous irt¡n conir,rri i¡¡rd is

w.,ak l0 t¡lr)drla¡lc. lnlerlercnLra Lrol(lurs ¡il'tlrinncI r:rairrs rIu
llrst-onler whitc or vulkirv. l¡ui lhick gr:rins trhillil a rvide
Iiulg{: (tf ¡toltrrizatirltt cr}lours ,rf sccond-ode ¡ grectt, v,:ll,rr,v,
nl:luvL :rn(l lrlil( -

Efti¡lt:ti¡ttt: {lf prisnrs and l¡rnF,itutlirr¿¡l r:le¡¡v¿igr, litignrcnis

is ¡r;rralL:I.

I n t r: rfc e t i¡4u re : Aeul r' lri:r:¡,rl¡'ix figu lcs alr: Pr ovitlccl

r c nc
by basirl seetiot¡s. Prisnratie faces usuallv yiclcl fl:rsh or
ccccntric optic :rris fiturcs.

Elttngatirl tt : P.si1ive.

Distingtti-thirxg features"' Enstatitc is cliagnoscrl bv

moderate rclief. lack of ctrk¡t¡r, prisrrialic morphokrgv.
cleava.qes, frequeirt l¿rntcllar structurc anrl ¡r:rralL,l extinclirxr.
f,'l¡ronrian spincl. serpcntinc :rncl olivinc in thr: hcavv n¡inclal
lraction nray alsu indic¿rte the prcscncc of cnstalilc. l1 is
rlistincui:heci l'ronr hypcrsthcnc l¡v thc colour ir¡xl l)lcoch[o¡s¡n
o[ the latter and fror1l elino¡rynixenes bv its parallcl cxtinclion.
Dialliigc has a platy habit. exhibil:; p:rrting anrl :r ehamcttristic
optic axis liuure. The tit ol anthopvllitic amphitroltr is lolvcr'
tu¡rcl is usuallv oplicallv neglrt¡vu. Silliuranitc hlrs strorrger
trircfriirgcnc'.' ;,rntl ¡nnstly a long slcrrrl,:r ¡rrismalir: rnorplrology.

( ) t:cu r re¡t ce : N4lg-ncsi urn-rich ort hopvroxi,nr..; ari: thi: chir:f

constitucnls cl rrllramafi¡: roerks suelr a:r ¡rclicl.ilittr, ¡ryrrrrcrrilc,

harzburgite . lhr:rzolitc, scrlrc¡rtinc, ¡:tc. 'l'hcv a¡r¡rar irr sorne
n¡ct;¡-m;rfic ¡ocks ¿i¡rrl rarelv in granuliies.

Grains .front.' Lowel light: bcrch slintl, Kvn;¡ncc {t¡r,c,

lornu,ail, tinglandt Olher grains ;rrc fror¡ a l¡r¡ctr s;lrrtl.
f.

::r¡ulhcrn'l'ilrkcv (h,lnli 1.5¡i2)

¡¿
 HYPEtis'¡ HE¡.lfr

F{ypersÉErene
(Fer' .Ms)rlsi.o,,l áb.='
ortl¡tirhr¡¡¡bic. bil¡¡:irl ( )

ne 1,6ñ(¡-1.75.i
rrfi l.rt74" | .16:j
¡t! l_irti(f 1.771
¿) {1.(t ¡i-tt-(il(}
¡

¡1 .l.ll .1.v6
Fur¡n in sedir¡lent:;: E{y¡rerstlrcrrcs ol' intlusivr: ¡r¡¡cl
plutonic roeks;¡rc irrcgularlv sha¡red lr;ignrcnts of lalgcr ---'l_:=a.
.-,,
crysluls. r-lcav;rge picces or sholt stu[)t)v ¡rrisrns (b). Sonrc ii:" ' =
grains mav be scrpc.niinized (bastite). Hypcrsthenes sourr:cd =:a
i=, ,=
by cffusive iocks ;rrc ldng slcúalcr or sl¡{)ri prisnrs, brrikcn
culrcdral crystals a¡ltl ihosc t¡l l]vrocliistic tirigin iiften appear -,==
as complcle cuhedr:il ctystltls (¡) and ÍlrÉ s()nrcI¡¡¡¡es sur= EE

rot¡¡rcle,d bv irtrthy vr¡k:¿¡¡tic glass or ¡nr¡tri¡- (irains:r¡'e tithr't

.
= *.:
:: j; ¡

sharp, angullr or thcir L-rlrnLrrs nrav hc ¡'ounded. Eteh pirtte rns -aJ :i

lrce¡uently rlLrvclop irn lrll types lrnel:rrc sccn ¿¡s h¿reksarv

icrnrinatitrrrs. dissolulion voids. grorives, or sLlnlcli¡r'lr:s nllnlil-
lae (c). lnclusio¡¡s arc co¡nr¡l(tn, cspcciallv i¡¡ lh.. cllirsive -
typ,:s.'l'l¡ese iue opaqt¡e ¡rarticlcs. zircon, a¡raiitc- lcklsgrar.
¡lumcr()us tluiil gLibules or gas. i!4iriufc ¡rlatcs irnrl rorls cl
ilnrcnitc, l¡¡r¡rikite ii¡rel titarrifi:r'rirrs nlrgrrciite inclr¡sions. oltcn
appearing in parallcl arrangcnlc¡lts" a¡e crllcd Schilbr-
structure. artd :irc ¿ititilrtttt:d io maierial cxsolveil with -sk¡rv
ctiiili¡g.

{t¡l.t¡ur: Siriicl*s of pink. pnlc r.(l.li-\h hr{}wn :rncl grcr:n.

Plet¡t:hrois¡tt' Disii¡rr:t arrrl slr,rn,s r,:rryirrg iiilcnsities. li rna.v

hc vc¡-v slrilng i¡r giairrs iii'v.il!-;l¡riL'origin: rr, palc rctklish
ttrtnvn, ¡rurple-viol,:t, pink: [i. palc.greeni:;h lrrown, p:rlc
ir:rltlish ycllQw. ¡:alC trrrirvn, Vcl¡(tlv: y. l¡alc gLec¡,:rll¡rikV :': :
-qarcn.
grey-gff L-n, grcan. =:
BirtJfiilgtftí'i: fuiride¡'aae i(i str()¡rg.'l'hin prisms and
uv:rg'- fr:tgme nts ¿rs tr,rll ;rs { (l l{} } faces havc iirsl-orde ¡
u.'le

rvhite . yclkxv ll¡lrl ()l.:l¡lge i¡ticti¡ic¡lcrt üllours tv¡il¡out c¡rklur - =,-

ba¡trls. Tl¡ieker grains c:rhihit i,ivitl :eciinrl- ancl il¡i¡rl-ririlc¡-
¡r0larizaiicn col()ut: iv¡ih !lurlierL¡us coloui l¡i¡¡rds, a¡'r:t¡lgetl
parallel rvirh il¡e ii()¡¡gaiiun rif Ílrr: p¡'isnrs.

E-riir¿t:íi.tlt¿: r-]f i¡¡isrr¡s ;rntl cie:rvlge irasnrc¡¡¡:: is p;rr;rllcl.

í lcrasir¡nr¡| hiis.t! riLrrriii-i!l,c lt¿tt'c :.V¡¡tnicliictrl L:riiirction-

Énk:n'j't:t *:;tt:t jit¿?rt'.' itllt¡l l;rrcs altl l.!¿r¡'ii¡is ¡rlaÍ.::. whi!:¡i

r¡iicn ¡¡ l;¡-ri¡¡tleL i1)it!l tlnd lotvft-¡-!rtlei ;nieiicrran{:!l
h:1.¡c
tolt¡u¡:-- .,'ie kl etr¡i¡u-d ¡¡¡ ¡tc¡tl! rrlrllttari :rctite hi:;criri: iiqr;rer
iviifi idtgr l\i'- !:;.rgi¡i'{:: arr: w¡:ll <lcli¡¡e,-l i¡r:i vell,rrv ur.¡llii.'
iickl. l-s¡rchft¡me:;lre ciil¡cr í¡ll:lri¡ti 1ií:ii¡¡¡r trppetrr i¡r ilie
p¡¡ i¡11¡q:¡,1, iii ihe ilcLl. ,rii¡c¡' se e ii(inl, :l¡tl,v *ccr:ntlic olltia
u.
;!:-ii5
c¡r il¿tslt iigtrr*:;. v =i ilispr-rsitrn i:; ¡r¡r¡ileraie io :;'riong-
il I ¡ ¡ ¡t g t¿ i i,.t tl : l'¡.¡,ritivr,:.

llisringuisllirryl í'té!íttrr::;: !'lic irri¡::i i!iasniisiic ir:arr¡¡r- i¡i'

Er¡r'¡rcr:;the iir i:: íhe rl¡ar:rcte risiir ¡rltochroism. 'l-rigcihcr iviih
iht cpticallv ¡¡cgl¡iii,,c :;ig¡.i. ii :rcrvcs ¡ii <ii.Ji¡rouici¡ h¡*¡re i'siircrie
ir.rn¡ cnsixtit. anil iliallagr. C!in('pvrrrxu¡ic:r hav:c:¡ llrr¡c
*xtirlctiolr :ul'!:lc- jl¡rd;!lúsire (¡rlclchtoie i¡r :;h:ide,c ul ¡ritrk iitrd
rflli m:!y l¡c ¡¡¡isi:rkcn iiir lt'v¡rei:;thu-nc. tiui ihe fofn¡ei h;¡:; e
itir.¡r:r relict. i-s ltn-eth i'a:.i a¡rcl ha.: ¡rrrorlv dlri¡cl()F!:.1 clc;lvugcs-

?€
r

t_
HITAVY MINÍ:ltAI.. I)lrs('l{ll/f'l()NS ANf) ('()l-Otilt I'l .,A1 I:S
-iemontilc has highcr rcfractivc indices and is optically
vposilive. Tourmalinc
is uniaxial ancl is length flst, whcrcas
le rclief of ho¡nblende is lowcr, it has inclincd c\lincli()n
and more cnhanced clcavages.

Occurrence: I{ypcrsthcne is conrnrolr in both extrusivc and

vllrusive basic to inlcrrnediale igncous rocks, such rs gatrbros,
'.orites, basalt, andesite and dacitc. It appears in some
\ranites and syenites. Hypersthene has been reported fronr
retamorphic rocks which include charnokitcs, hypcrsthenc
\ranulites, hypersthene amphibolites arrd gneisses. It fornrs in
rme hornfelses.

.jraíns front: (a) Grains ¡re of pyroclastic origin frorn a

beach sand, southern Turkcy; (b) ophiolite-derivcd grains,
.-'each sand. soutlrern Turkcy; (c) Upper Miocenc, Hungary
/Mmt 1.5t32).

\:

!
76
 !,¡ ! { 3E::; I q i ir I I tr i,; I :F-j Éi É: tii i !i i : i; E : [i- { i ::;

E-eEerpsÉde-EeecÉeeefu ec"gÉÉe sefl Ees

iiaF{*lSi,t l,,l { li'.i:' lSi.,{),,1

irr''[(r(lrri¡( " iti;r:ii;rl í | )

;il| ¡.ftfr.l l.iitli ,¡i! 1.716 l.7li'

iili l.ii7l 1.7(ll ;tl" i 7ll 1.7.i(l =1
;¡.1 !.iri!-l i,71 tr'i ¡.7.+i i.7il
li r|,(i{)7 .{i.il1 i
I

ir il.{iiil 0,i}l{} , .' - .-:'- :;

=
'= ::= ='
j - ==::
.= :==: .:
::: .1=--=: :
. : -=
=l =
F¡¡rm i¡l:i€tlittlt-tit:;: tir;riri:;;r¡e rlor¡riiu¡nilv ¡rii:;rnrrtie artil -. ,'-=-:
allptar ciiiicr :r: siultlt! ¡rri:;tn:; rii le:;:; ii'ct¡ttenilv" l{iIrs::lLi¡rrla.
grtrirr:;. I.l-ouridcrl rdue:., :rt¡tl coilre r:;, al::Ü i:rggitl icfr¡li¡li¡[¡1r]:.,
:: . -==
='

:rnrl i;¡hcl :;icr¡:; ,rl dissrrluiir¡ii irac ¡-iiier¡ r:rl¡il;iicd. i'lr-:irvilg:-:i =.. =:E_,:
;rnd ¡rariiitr: ¿ric usr¡:rll!: i¡,,eil {-lrvfl(¡llr{,1. !,:¡riteliili tlyitttiiii.[ rir'
ersolutioit l¿lt¡icll¿rr ,¡1 ,¡¡ihtrlr\¡r'rurlr Ji( sutlt ,¡r'c;trir¡¡litllY.
Sornc gririrr:r irr;:y eiiilt;rin íinelv distrit¡rrtr-rl (iPiiilu. i¡rclu\¡(,i]:..

l,'i¡l¡¡'l¿r: i,'(jl(tuf !u-cs cr' ¡r:¡l¡ g¡¡¡¡.

F'lt¡trl¡r¡¡is¡¡t.' 9ic-iich ¡nenrhci:. :r¡rrl l¡erle¡i1¡c¡::iic ¡ir;lv l¡,-'

lrlr-'¡¡r--i¡¡r¡i( i¡¡ :;lt¿r,l,,s r-ri-¡¡;¡15 g¡r-'i-'¡¡, l¡it¡isii gr,,.t¡t. i¡¿la: g¡cr:iii:;ii

i¡riir-rn tt ¡ttl .,1r-'
l|)\í ::ar:u ¡1,

liirtirin-qr:tr:¿'.' lr4iiileltÍu- i.l:lt.()rtg ln(l inte riLra.:¡i!'c rr!!('ui:l

:rf(i Lt!)[i|t lii:;i- ítr:;ccq¡itd-Ürrlci ¡iiiik-. t'clli¡*':¡¡rri bluish i:rrt:¡¡
:;( lnlc ::rit i itfi tu;iV r:i h ih¡ i l¡ii::hi i ¡¡terl r ¡,-rncr ¡-ci¡.'rr ¡ l¡;rrlri:;-

!-l.ríinr-'¡it¡¡l: 'l'hc ,,':ti¡i,--ii,¡¡r :¡¡¡{le i:; l:rge . r:rnsinq trriw..¡i

.iH' ;rntl .+1.i". I t(l()l !rii¡ii¡t!l I)i¿ii(':j h;iv,-: arar':rllcl ,_'rlir¡etit¡rr,

lnft:rft:rt'ttt-';: ji,tili'ír.' { i¡rlv ¡lroily iiciiiicr! qr{rr.nitic (¡. ilir:r¡r

ii.¿uies i:;rir bc r¡l¡illi¡¡!:il itt iicii'it:ii grrriiis.

liI t i n 3a ti cn : ijc:;ii ivr:.

üi:;iirl6itisitir gnrrs¡lr:ri;tj in(irFl¡iil.¡e.,'. !:!!.:i!1'

:.: iÉ,.4Ítit'a:;:
:!gc1. lrii ¡ i i irg ;t¡tri la¡'gc e:: ainri ii).r :! nt!tr rlcii nc ;i cliiiii¡r! i i t:-:etre

.,\.s i¡¡ciilbcrs iii ilic ijio¡r::ii,ir: É¡eder¡[¡cigiir: re¡iu:: lutic::it¡¡il¿¡¡'

i¡i;i¡('dl pti-¡ireiiit:; it¡ íh¡n.: riÍ ;¡rr*iie:;. i¡lrí ;iie i¡itcn i¡rilirii¡r
gui:;lu¡i-'!c itri¡rr tir¡-it <iihe r ir1 (ilrl¡Lr:t¡ iil.j:iii:r. Wircn ,
',ri1
qptie:tl incihixi:: u¿c ii:.r,1 ilie üiila¡iifia:;:; (i¡ .i(¡iv il:!lr
']füci¡
ri,-,iril¡¡l cli¡:i¡pvri):iL'¡!L::; ;¡¡r t¡:.u;rli! irl,:niilic.i :¡:: iiii¡psirl,-' r¡¡,1
tht- irigl-:!i'rl{ilriil¡=fd v:¡¡ieiir::; rr.; riugii,,- iE<¡*r'.t¡- ii i:; ¡¡¡:1.:
:r¡r¡:iri¡rti:tie i1t .l(ji1(i1r-' ilie¡¡i :t:; .iii;¡r::iriit: (i¡ i!t!::¡rii--riinripvrii:-
.rÉri:- i:=.,,:rniir i:; i;¡;iir':ill',' !¡(j::ltii'u :::iri i¡;r:; :i ('rri;t¡ri¡¡:¡iiír¡! {¡i
r:!crir!:!qf :i ii¡1¡-¡ ir;!lii¡¡ t i n .if:h i i¡i¡r:lf :r.

í-i{ ¡'l¿la'¡:t¡r-'¿': i l;r.}¡¡i¡ú:i.jiir:. {ri iiii¡;iitlri;ii: i{:rfi:l:i:. il:.ri:r!!.i

r!io¡r:;iiiic iri =rni¡ii.-.:;iiiiitr. i¡ir¡¡¡:;irir ;ti¡(i :riiliiii i¡:rre i¡ru¡r
i,jp.:.li{iii i¡r,¡¡r:¡lk-:lii ir;¡:;l¡Ei:;.:iri,-lc:-iír:;.:;¡ri-r-;;i[.r¡l!¡¡i: !!r;l¡:¡]::!:-
:¡¡¡ii ir¡¡¡¡¡ illii:¡l'':!:;!f, ¡¡i¡iit¡1,-r:: i¡r l;a:;¡e ¡¡ick:; Elr:¡L-'¡llrr¡ijitc
:-¡c.tt¡l-! ii! r.rii:ir:lll:;¡!;!¡{::r¡¡l ¡¡ri¡l igi:e:rrr:; r{ir:li:r,.-:.r. qrttríi:-:
trc:irier¡: rvJ¡r¡i.:; :¡¡¡íi il('ii¿ir:iqj¡!:illv qq:r¡¡irr::;. É¡iGir:iclr: {;¡liir
litrri ii¡¡i¡:;:¡liic:rrr: iiri¡il.:r-l i¡..'rtgir¡¡¡;¡l.ti a.ii:iirr:i r¡¡ci;irll{.t¡'
lriti-ritt oi í':r ti.lt::q:rli¡¡r,'¡!i:.;¡rrrl;i!,i.ri¡¡irili]ri in ¿- a- r¡¡i,l L.'l::
¡ irh :;t-hi:;i:: rli ¡:tiiÉ¡ ir¡tr+li:; ;itrri :;r:,,ii¡¡¡r:¡til¡¡.¡ ;i<'l!:.':iiliirr i lir;

:¡ra !'li¡¡:¡c¿ra;:ttir ri¡¡¡:-iilL¡r'¡¡i:; t¡i ¡¡¡r'ii!:qi!¡t;l1ir ¡=ir:k:r ;t¡i¡-l

ikiti¡-!:;. 1¡.,rir:r.:a¡¡r gr;¡¡i¡¡liiq::: ;l¡lii zit.ii::sr-::j ¡!t;:'r r!i¡(j a!¡!1t;r¡!l
iiit;t::;it-ir:.

l-i¡'¿¿itt:; _;'i'cjii!.' :,.:liciic¡¡t:jr¡h:¡lni¡r..i--.4r¡l¡¡r:ii:. Éir:¡ir:r:|- .¡!.

iiwii:,:l¡ É:¡¡:i1: {- -}¡i¡.:t i¡r,:ri¡ ::;t;til- :i. ¡r!iiiciii ¡ i!¡=hL'j
,rrtn', ¡ 'ii'l =¡:¡t¡r:,:

71
 ¡¡É1^Yi ivlli{trFi.4t !,¡f ,.5c l¡, i i,'i I { }i--l.i Ái.t I : É-.i.! Lr. ¡ [ r l_l É'¡ / 1. t tl.-.

--=:
¡¡li¡i:i!!.'!¡!t¡''. l¡i:¡:,:i:i! II! -ii" :

'tz
=,:.='=
'i-l¡t ¡;r:¡!i: tii;r!l:rgr i.; ;:;:¡-'ii,'i! iE¡ L-':¡lr-:ir ¡!i¡¡¡¡ir.,¡ri:rr.¡ics (u:;rralir
:
;:
{Eiqii}:;¡r¡i:.}: ::q!g-isi
'-..,lriqh ::irr¡= i: í!ir-r¡¡riiiijiti :irlri rl<::i:l'v :;¡1rci,.il ='' E
Fuli¡i;r ii¡i 1 li!i!l, :

e -... ;.. !, -- ---.-

;=-u-j'
aírljE¡ i;t :1i-'r-:i:!¿i-':i!.., ¡1..'irr! i.r inl¡.-rii.'i? ii¡ii:r, ('t.i:ri:li :ti1:r-
E-

ii!:ll!:i¡i' !¡ ¡¡li¡ii-'{i1}¡iri¡¡i¡ri ¡i: ii¡a'!'!¡;rr:r(:i :f¡iL-:; ¡¡id ii ri,:,-rt¡i:; ¡r:

!l!i!1Lr! il¡;¡1 ¡l:!i¡;¡¡r pl;!ir:: r'.ilil ;i ¡r.-ur-1.,' !tr:;i¡¡. ii !¡;¡:= :t
ii¡¡¡¡¡i¡¡r¡¡:¿i.-,:r¡r!tul¡¡¡ lr:¡t¡ii.:,- il:r'iirit¡ ¡-rir;ír'.,:rrr l'¡!i¡!r:¡¡!r;
i¡'¿rii¡l-ll.j r-':i::¡¡'.:'. !::'(:¡r tt¡rQi: iliit:tiii;r: (1,i.-1.,r0. -!'lfitkct rt¡
irti¡:-i¡Yf g.::rii::: i:r:r'q r.hir-."':;lig!¡tiv iilt¡¡i(L-:r-1 (-artiir-:i:,.:ir'!i¡!-
g;;i!rl: r::Étil:ii i:igr.:tii rrl::,-::; +¡ i¡rii:¡-r:;ivc q:ielri¡¡!.. F.:::;<¡lr¡ii¡;¡:
!;¡n¡i:ii:¡t ;¡l¿- i¿ri¡!'v .'(:i¡i¡ltii:i Eri:¡cl'; ili::i¡!br¡'r<'ii c¡r:ri¡irc ,Jir:;i
::'.,4:- i: :::iiLt!.!i:1! i!¡¡tx i¡rr:¡!(-c i{i ::r¡¡¡iÉ'¡¡i:rirt::- l';ii':rl!c! !li¡l:¡:-liL-¡:
iifi:iilr:. i!¡a'¡i¡.qiJ;r:: +ii ¡.=:rrii:li: :;titii!!:ri; i¡lr-. f:¡:lLil lirá¡É![tn-
sÉ-¿acÉ¿as'¿-:, i.¿:ri¡¡:r¡iei;rcrl g¡;¡i¡::: ¡n:rv:¡¡;r] il{'ft¡i-l1!¡ti.'¡rj!l

l-' ¿ ¡!¿¡i I ¡ : i-i ¡l¡ ¡u¡'ic:.::, ¡::rir. gi r:eii c: ¡:ir lc vr:llor..,.

P It ¡¡ ¿: l¡ r u ¡ i:; r¡2.' 1-,;Lrl,j rvr:r l: o¡ :r hsc-¡rt.

{iirti'f ingt:rlt:a-l' Fvlo!i!:ritl.: l¡r ilroilg i¡r(l irrtlrri¡l-Lrr!:c clr1,.)u:'s

ir¡. I,r:ll. g!'rrli!il] !i,'hiir i¡! ¡iilll"vcll(i1,r'i¡r ll¡ir¡¡rc¡ g,r'i!itr-r- bLri
t¿l!litc illr t,-¡ tr¡illi:r¡l¡ :;üf.i¡r.l-.!Í.lLji i!r¡fil].!', ¡rink :rrrri hirrr in
ih icl: :;¡rr'c-i iitctt:..

at-..1--..i ,. í.¡i ...

É,.'..'if!14'iií¿it. li.uirn¡ Pl:ries i:- ¡i:rr:rllt-i" Irrti cn rtilli:t¡. ihr'
t¡:ti:r:: i:: :l¡: it¡t¡¡¡r!:;ir¡¡t lirlrtit,i otiir; lli¡ll)- ilir i;rrgr e:tirrrtiorr
iiitgir. ri:;irerirri:;¡i¿-ci ciirrr¡pr,,f¡i:.r:¡!r::. ('ii!l lrf r¡b:;e¡'t,r-'r!-

l ¡¡ ¡ r r i e rt n r-'r .íi Xu rt': : !]:ir i irru ¡rlriic: vicld ;r ek:¿r¡ . ol 1 cr¡rtrü

r)!li¡a:¡:i¡r: ligutr i.,'ith i:erv irtr_q:,11'. rvhiclr i:; r:l¡;n¡tr,1t-.rr:;li,:
h.l;rn¡ lrrip.hi i:;i¡r'it¡¡¡¡itt¡1i¡: .rt!!vt-':: :rirplr¡lt i¡r llricker gr¡¡rrr:

f-.i, ¡¡ t.t., ¿: ¡ i, t:t' l', r.r¡rr,'

{}¿-.íiitEr!i:ihiÍlH j-r:ttit!r¿.::;-' l}iarv hrrl¡ii. ir',:!l-rli-cf¡l¿r!rtl

I li]{i} rrirrii!l! :rnti p;rt:tlL:i rríi¡r(ili{rrl, ir)gL-tliL'! \riih :i
elr¡¡t-lrr-iq^ti:tiic (!Fiiir:r::i:. fii:ru.,;r¡,-'r-liilgnostie ol iii;rll:rgc.
llrlin:; rliiii prrrtl'v delir¡ed ¡r:rriiirX rriay bc tti:i:tkcn fili
e¡¡:.1;rt¡tr. l.¡t¡t lhr: ¡iiin¡irIrr¡ilf si(iút ¡ttisntltlii: iltoilrhol(]gy (]l'
Ih.: ii¡lr¡lrr,:¡¡rrl ilrq: i:l¡¡¡t:i¡'ír:¡i:;'rit 0lttir u;ri:: iigrrlrr ¡rl ihc l¿rttri-
:rirl iii:;¡iiitrtii¡¡¡. i=-lr¡ntc tliin ¡riisrrr;rtie airllro¡rhvllitic illrlFltillril(:
iii:r1 .es!=nlbl(r rliell:rge, hut the r'¡licf tri tlte !ontrcr i:; !iitv,:L
rnr! ii laci::; prrlirr:1. Platv cclt:;tiic lr¡s uc;¡kc¡ hire[rirrgcncu
:rnti 1:;ri.iittr i:. :th:;en1.

í,:tL:L'ilifiili:r:: !-;i¿rllart i:: ;r clulr¡trriu¡iriie ¡¡rinrrlr! rri r:rti¡a::e-

gurirttrl g:rhhtti:;. rlilllrgiie:: :rnil so¡trr r¡tlrcr ultrl¡lr¿t::ie ¡rrcks-

!:;¿:tr¡¿¡ti.:;: !)i:tl!:ige i.r ¡rrolrl¡l-,11, l1l(rac cr¡i¡lmiin in sr:rlit¡renl:;

ih:i¡¡ i.;e:; Frafi(iilSlr íe¡riift!:il. i.¡r'.,i¡¡:: i,:; it:: ¡lll!tv h;¡bit- l¡r;r¡lv
Ir¡str,-::;¡t¡i iir-lit¡ci¡¡ilc:; iuiiriri ¿¡1;¡r¡;1¡:i¡lcc. il i:l¡tt l¡r: r¡rislirl:rr¡
í¡¡!' s¡rlrtc ¡litririrr't:; oi iita tul¡i!¡;!1c g¡-(iuF. !,t¡:illitrr rti:lv ltL:
ti!¡iiLilltrlail i¡1 ¡ila irir:i(.¡¡ar ci q¡l!tr.i PVt{r5enc:-. liolnhlr:¡¡ilc
:riiti r:r-ipr-t!iiiir:. gr¡¡e¡;llll .¡hi:¡¡ il¡r-. ¡¡ri¡rer:rl :;!¡ii.: i¡¡,lit;rlc:;
i';¡.,i¡,r¡ !¡!ii:¡lr;rci, 1.,!t!!{r' i¡'r'1.r.

'¿.-;r¡:it¡:; fi-:-r4:: Li¡;¡:tr. t.rlr ¡rii. !3r::rr'¡¡ r,,,r.'. :oliltcri¡

'l rrtkr¡.':'-!il¡c¡
{¡:¡ili:;: i -)ligt¡retrq l:'rrh :rl¡rirre i\itrl:r:,:u-. l-!r:;rlr:¡¡-
trei g. l)eii.-'i,ri;in.i i fvjnr¡ !..-3:¡.
i-!iw!:a: lla:!.li r:¡¡rrl :!r¡11¡gr¡¡ -!'tt.L,-,.. ¡í t,¡.
 AU{;t't'E

AnagiÉ* ..-:---.
(ea.Nig.Fe:' .Fcr' si.Ai )'( ),,1
Al
i,, = ,.a.
.',1'i, ).,1 ( :: j::

nr,rnricliuir:. hiuxial ( I )
=

d
¡Nt l.íi7l 1.7.15
nfJ l.t¡72"-l .711 / . -E
\-#=
¡t.i l. tattj,l.1 /4
r) ll.().lf--{}.(1.19
' :t=é \
\:- .'- -. '!=¡

A 2.()G,l.5l -! 1==
i .'
f:ornt in s,rí!ittlL¡¿ls: Augitc is tllc crrttturoncst tleilit:rl .=
=::'
pyrolict¡e. ln voleatlir: r¡¡r:k-s it is tlontitt;it¡1lv r:t¡lrt:tlral ltr =--
sul¡hcdral. ancl sririrts c¡-oilctl lh¡n tl¡enl r¡lten rl)lai¡t their
iirrrn. oceurring :rs sltrrri cr l()ng slcntle r' ¡rlisnts rvilh ie rmilt¿r-
tirlns:rt or¡e rlr l¡olh etttls (a, h), a¡irl solll!]ti¡llcs s(ll-litrc lo
¡.rrrtltgonal llrs:rl secfiitns. Villcanic ;rrtgitrrs ttrav show e ¡ttt¡itv-
rt¡fnls ()r corrosiotr. 'l'lrc ¡¡riist c()l¡¡tll(¡tl tL:lritltl nrorpltokrgitrs
Irrr: stttbhy prismiiiic ft ¡gnte nts. totttltlt:tl i¡ir¡.¡rs :trtd irre gttlitt'l-v
-stuipe d pariicle s. 'l't¡r:se nt:ty shtrw re ctlt¡tgulitr trt-e akage
G
paftcrirs, sot¡reti¡t¡.:s rvith cttnchoitl¡tl tracttlre:; ()r gro(ivL:s ()¡l
iheii surfar:e . L'iinr¡-xisitional ¿ri¡ring is ll¡i¡'lv t¡ln¡¡rtr¡r. 'l wit¡-
rring is r:ithcr sitnJrlc or tcllr:alc:il. Au,ritcs tif ¡rlutonic rocks
()fte¡r c¡¡el()sc clisoltlii()tt lr¡¡trellae ol rirlhr¡- ¡tntl tilhct clittti-
ilvf.¡:icnc llhirs.:s. Acccssory nt¡¡trjriil :r¡itl iluitl i¡tclLI-cio¡ts:tre
Í'tcrlucttt. L'lcrv:rqrs in ¡lctritlrl augitc:; al'c ll.)t pr()llrincnt.
{lrvinu t() thtr u¡tstirl¡le t¡rrture rrf artgitr' in sr,tlittretrts. irrrst-
tlc¡rositional tlissoluiiri¡¡ frcrltre rtt l,v ¡.rriiducts cir:hing ol lt¡e
grains which i:: ¡n¿ttrifc:;tctl in 'ltack-calr'' Íernti¡t:tlions (u).
¡\rlvancrrd sillgcs ()i ctcltittg ¡rtlitlut:L: skelüllll lirrnls (l) [¡ctbre
ciirn¡rlcic ilis:;oluiiott.

qtlol¡¿llf: Augite ;r¡4rcirrs i¡l v;lri()ur-i r:hltrlcs ill grcen, l¡lrl

!;drneliiÍlts t)!0wtr c¡r .,/L^ll()u,ish briirv¡¡. Titi¡lr¿ttrgilr: is highlv
ctiiour¡-'rl in ptrr¡:le lJiorvrl oi villc'r [rrritt¡t (b¡. liiltirrr tonittu.
i¡'ctlttcnil-v:;eer¡ iil v,ilc¡t¡tic valiLriiLl:;" is ¡nrrnilc'sted by llalcr
,1rt('\ iill(i
'lilt((t
rt¡llLr ,1rrnL ' ( l)

lj!t:t¡chr¿¡is;¡t: f-r4g-rich ausiie:; :rlc ii(i¡i-l)l{iochr,rir:. but

in!rr.ir:-in!¡ iron cr¡¡rieitt resrtlts i¡t ilccLrcr coltir¡r:;:tnil plco
rhrt¡i:;lt¡ iit ¡rirlc ttluc. !1!aLrir lnti vcllorv grccn-'i'ititn:rtr.{itc is
distinctlv plcor^hroir-: tt. irttlc violet lrrovt'lt; l:i" r'iril.-:¡ ¡li¡l¡;
.¡, hlui:;h viol.-t

íiirr.:.iringt:ttt'¿'." F'rfu)dcluie hr¡t i¡rc¡c:r:c: rviili liighe r rt'utt

.()nicnÍ. { lt}(}} priiings hi¡vc k*v bi¡rii ittlrrr¡ec. i-hc :;ee,¡n¡l-
:rrr,l iltit,-l ¡iir,!rr i¡rtcrí*¡r:¡lc(: Íil!ilir':l l¡piici¡i i¡:; baighi',/L^li()\t.
{itilltgc. rc(l ii¡rÉl l¡ltta: ¡:¿l¡tcrl¡¡iLic hlt¡riis ¡r¡t ¡i¡ttntL-tl gr:¡i¡l:;. :ttttl
i;:ri-;rllel u,'ith ihr ouili¡-rc , '¡1 ¡ri i.i*;riit ;pecirnrrts. lilltlv É

foirirriLrrl .,r¿¡¡i¡iir-':: :iltriw :tl¡¡¡r¡t¡ltl¡l iilielii-:¡-crlL:q Llrtl.)l¡i::

iiúrt;!r!sr: ,il ihr,' ¡¡¡l¡s;!:i¡rÉ r:i'tcr:Í of niliuaiil úri!r!ri¡l t-()l!¡r!a

ll-tii¡l¿ ti¡¡n. !hq: I : ¡ nllt:,imum vltlLtc. ¡¡lcltsi¡¡cr-l iiii ltll{)f

É,,c..,. .,¡t¡g.,,, hctlvi-'cil ii"( ¿t¡rtl 4H"il. i-{.Et,: lil¡gnrg..iri: l¡r',,i¡rg
tru¡¡ll*l i.t Éhr: | !{!{l} ErirrÍitrg hi¡vr-'::t.;tighi ú.iti¡ieti¡¡¡¡. (.ir:'i¡.1{ i¡r
conlp(i::iii(iilltl ¡ilni¡1g !;0!¡1r iii!g¡¡!L:ilí:; !¡¡itv:;l¡tiw nir¡¡ilcrl
{xtinaii¡)il.

l;úi:rit:r;:rlte'_iiylurt': At¡.sitc s::ri¡r: i:ri'cl¡,,r,i.¡!il riPFr.r{'i:rlrlü

iÉtíL:rlüf(:f!*Lr iigtrri-':, l'lr:rv;¡!:e i¡a!it¡ir!!i:i iltlii lir: r¡n I I llll
frt.n'i.-l* ofi r:.j11i¡-Lr iigttrr-:-. ttsu:rllv ivitll :;cvcrlil irt¡¡iltrrrtt;tiit:
rlli v.is. l l lll ) ! ¡ttil'iings :;htiw tii llcenite optir ar:i-' íi¡:urt-s.

F- Io ;tgttt i oit : Piisi tivc.

19
 H LrAVY Ml NL-ltA l.- I)ES('R I P]-l()NS ¡\ N I) ('()l -()t I lL l'l.A'l.trs
Distitrguishing featurcs: Irairly high rclicf. largc cxrinc-
lion:rngle ancl grccn, sontclimcs brru.nish. cr¡lours l¡rc
ch¿rr¡cte ristic tlf augitc. Owing to coltrposiliorlil vlrriirliorrs,
only chcmical arr:rlysis can provide ¿lt itccuratc tlctcrminalirln
of thc augite valicty and also a posilivc tlisrinction of augirc
fronr diopsidc. 'I'hc rclicf of augilc is highcr than rhar of
diopside and the y : z cxtinction anglc trf {he l:rlte r is smallcr_
When only optical diagnosis is rnaclc, the n¡rlc augirc is
gencrally used fo¡ green or brorvnish clinopyr<txcncs, rvhcrcas
the pale green or colourless clinopyrcxencs arc tiesignatctl as
diopside. Hon,evcr, it is ¡lrurc upprr)priule t() nante thcsc
species as augitic or diopsiclic cliitopyroxcnes. -litanaugite can
be distingr.rished by its charactcristic colour ancl
¡rlcochroisnr.
Aeririne-augite is highly colourecl, plcochroic antJ frequcnrly
shows ncgative elongation. Ortho¡ryroxencs give parallcl
extinction in all longiruclinal sections. Anrphibolcs have a
lorver relicf, snraller extinctir:rn angle and erhibit bcrter
clcavagcs than detrital clino¡rvroxencs.

Occurrence: Augite is ividesprcatl in various ultr¡nrafic unil

intcrnrediate igneous rock ty¡.rcs ancl is particularlv con¡nron in
gabbros, dttleritcs. andcsitcs and basalts. ancl also in sonrc
peridotites. It is less frec¡uent in nrct:rnrorphic rocks, u,hcrc it
is f,rlnd in dark-c<tkturcd gncissc:;:rnd pl,roxcnc granulircs.
'i'itanar:gite is rvpical in basic
alk¡lir-.e rocks.

Graitts frorn: (r) and (c) Tcrtiary inlillins of baurirc

pockcts, Ser,dischir, Turkcy: (b) beach santl.'fcnerifc. Cunary
Islands; (c) beaclr sand. soulhern Turkeyl (ti) bcach sancl.
Luzon. Philippines; (f) Oligocene, Barrónre Basin. France
(1t4mt 1.582).

BO
 :1. f.{ iEFi{f{t: Ái il; gl-i

4cgErEce,*-aa;gÉÉ+

( i-.1a.i'u )( 1-t:'' .iiúr' . rvis.Ai il :ii.i 1,, I

¡r*'rr,r'lirir' lrirrri;rl 1 l{ r }

ilít 1.7{il! i.75il

j¿lr ! ..i !{} L7ii0
i 7.1,{i Llit}{i
Éi.(,.1{} !}-(li{}
I ji{} l i;
tn i n sí: i! ! irr t t i :; : i ie¡rc¡ :rllv lcgi riuc-rrrrgi ie ilr.Lr i:i :rs
!''<¡ r É

t- sirthhv ¡ri i..;irt::, :titt-ttl;tt it:rg¡ttr¡¡i:. il¡' ¡rt:c;l:io¡¡rilit'

:rltrit
sliultilv ¡,itt¡trletl !¡':ti¡r:- !¡t¡ro:':etlt eleltvagr:; ltti=' Irr-i¡tietiilv
tllrihrtrti. {iütins ¡¡r:i'¡ rt¡¡ti:tirt tl¡irlilir- i!LLu!\r}rt tiri¡¡r¡';i!
trrllu:.ir ¡¡:r ( r¡ r i[';r' lirr' ;tiii rr:: ;l ¡'-'',.

{'¡¡lt.¡ur: { irrrcn. vciki.,"i:;l¡ rtL [;lqrrr¡tish t:recn. it:;u:tllv wiIlt ;¡

:.light irlrrish iingc. {-\rh¡ul zr)rlit¡g. ¡¡ilrnile::ierl i¡i tl;i¡kr:¡
irlteftli¡l ir()iii(tti\;rrrtl ¡r;tl,:i ¡r¡¡i¡rhq:¡l¡ i:",:ii¡¡tl¡1,¡¡i.

Itlt,¡thrttisr¡t" Eii:'ii¡rt-i; rr. Irriglii glcr¡r. l)lt!i:;l¡ *Íeün t()

rilit'r gt,:c¡t: li. Vullrirv Iiúfrt_ rr;¡:]s g¡¡r-:tri 1,. ¡t;rlc I,rcerr- ¿r:r1,,
lttcrv¡rish giccrr-

ilirt:.j'rin¿ititt¿'.' !-i-:¡ilir-:L :jifrt!1g,. l!ii.i'ieÍrrtLr ,iti!,¡L¡rs i:r¡lsu

i-rottr rrp¡rcLíi!si ,¡¡!ict ic :;ecii¡¡Ll-¡¡ide¡ :.lta,!c,; :¡¡t¡i :!t.: ttsrtltllv
iuilsk*(l ilv !ir(i¡1! i¡tllc¡clti ¡niitcf¡tl r:q¡lrrtt¡.
-!'lrr:
f:.tii¡ttiitl¡l: r.:.:iinciiii¡¡ :r¡ltlt .,.:rii,,':; i'rqr¡n i)'' ir¡ :l I . l¡rr1 i:-
:tirt¡l¡nciaieitl i¡t eio:;s stetic'lls.

!ttít:t'jt'r't:nti: fi¡4trr: i'iq;¡r-,¡gi¡ itaur¡it-'¡¡l:: iii!'!(i !rrxtr !¡¡r!¡

irrc¡lfr iiÍ-:r!¡r:i- lJ-r¡;¡ll.; ;r il¡¡:rl¡ ¡ii 1¡¡¡!: .liiit!:;! i:;rtgyrc ;t¡rpr:ti':.
i¡¡ :¡ ,,1;li k gi r,'r'il iir'lrl !!:¡:;:ii :ee iio¡r:- :¡ii'r lii ry¡iL¡r' hi:-i,-ii i:r
iigriir::: wilh i;r¡gc il, r -v rli:.1¡crsir,¡¡ i:; :'ia(i¡!r,

l: t ¡,t ¡ t E¡t ¿ i ¡¡ ¡¡ : f'Jt'g:riirr-:.

llisiitt¡iiti::ltist,r. i'tuiurt':;: Lirti-, ¿rrlour. l)luriii¡li,'iiri¡r.

:-¡t¡:ll! ,-'r,Íi¡tci¡o¡t :iiigh- ;iilrl !ritg,th-1;l::i !'!!:rli¡(liri¡ ¿!¡,: (illitn,'-.¡¡.
:r¡lcl ¡¡:.:;i:;t i¡¡ iii:li¡iLtui:;iii*:: ricf-i¡ii:c-¡rrrr-iir in¡¡¡r i¡il¡cr :--li¡i¡-¡-
ilr,ri(!::e¡lr,'::- :ic:liiirtr gri¡itt:i ;tt,: .¿¡:¡¡r¡e!1.,, la)¡ig :..1,'!1ílci ir¡i:-rl]!.
tr¡ti rlpt¡(-':il !ri(iir.j¡iir:- i¡iqr!¡(: ilii' i¡l¡l!ii¡rrictrl iri r-ii:;tiltgtri:it
iri¡\'-C.- it ,',.¡i. rrrr' .rrrrl :;t'iii irrr' ;ritti¡r' .1:( .Jti in,- i¡tt:'ir, ¡ iilr i¡
,ii-tiiil¡:r¡i:;iir:d ir*in :un¡rhilrriic'; l't iiicii !er¡gth :;ii¡t¡.' i:lii¡t;lf!e!
:¡it.i i;riiia¡ r:lL-';¡r,';¡g¡,1 ii :¡¡d! ¡L:diillirlü ii!rÉi¡i: :iitiii; :Iit¡riiiir.il, r-
i-,r!i í¡¡a!i ii:1.-,i: :i ¡:¡¡liLl:-i:ril:,' riiiiri!rj¡ii il¡r:{irtttiúii: 'i. lrr-!:¡.-'
il,r¡¡:rr.¡li¡:, j:. ¡!i!i:r'.::rl. l¡:r', I i,'i'f,-¡ ,,-li,-i. .i¡,'¡i:1, ¡ :'i,,r
Lhi{ii::¡ii .i¡¡ri :tt}!t¡ i'!r'iir,':rrf:;. ii-rr' ,i'!q,r¡¡ r¡i ti¡i¡-it¡¡r i.. :
rit:¡il¡ei=-¡i:;iie tr,:¡li!11'¡:;ir !ri ir¡::i;L'ii¡ii gir:rrt:- ¡i:. ::ti;:¡rij$i"i.. ,'-
iti.{lti.,, ii-i'::lirir¡ :¡¡¡qi ii .ii:ir!;l'u':: i:i'¡!¡.:¡ ¡r¡¡ir¡ i;i¡lr¡¿ r. .¡i¡r.t¡
¡¡ii¡r¡i:

gi¡¡,'ij¡.';i¡¡ i1!:,!a¡¡i' .i¡!l-ir, ir'!!rrr.;$..rqi.r ¡ir!: rl.'!.,.¡.,

¡¡cks:.rrci¡ :¡:;::vr¡liilr; :!¡¡¿i r;¡ii,¡it: i¡lir';¡-¡¡ih.lli¡¡r: ¡r,,ix¡::. i-!;i i ir'il
¿r:gii¡¡r¿tllv ¡it.ji:i¡t¡qialjl!(liti¡¡i;r¡t-'k:t iti:ir,.:,i¡ti:¡l!!;t.i!:ili¡¡r.ritrii!
¿r:ri¡lii¡¡e i¡i:¡¡t I'i;; iiili;i:.,r:i¡¡:ii¡:-¡i¡ :lr;t¡¡{ llr,iti.i;a¡-if:. li. il:;ii:tll1
:,¡i¡l!'i :'!fL ¡i;, ¡ rr'¡lr..,tltr .t¡¡r¡;Itli',,1,-.

í.-;,¡i¡¡" i¡,,1r, ,ilt.:rrqq ¡:i iri,rl r..-.,- !k,i,.!i,,1,. ! !'.:'¡'.!i !

r li¡ r'l r!|i.. 11.'r'!¡ r. iJ: ;

r,l
 I{ trA\lY hr I N l-. liA L DlrSCl{l P]-l ONS Af.i Ii É-.{ !Lí-} U li !!1,41-Fi:i

AegÉrÉme {accr¡áÉe}

t{a.l'c'rlSi.(},,1
nroni¡clinic'- hil:<i:rl í ) ir=é
=--+
€€
:
;
,l a_i. .=l1tt-1 1Jít
_-
,4\ .7¡i0 l.lil(r
,¡i0il-l.s_16
i) . I l:l( l-{ ).( }ll ¡

3_55.1,ñ{l
:==
: =:n
Form in -gedi¡¡rcnfs: Acgirinc (acnite ) (teeur:r as cuhetlra!
L:rvslr¡l:r. thin long prismatie tr¿!.grnc¡lls i¡r rarclv as gr:rilrs
cam¡rosccl oi r:rtJiaiing librc.... 1,Vi¡r¡¡ gntins ntay ¡¡ls:i¡ oceu¡.
Fluitl. opaclnc and rteeesst¡tv ¡ni¡rcrel i¡.tciusion:; ¡¡re i'lkti
prc.scnt

tolour: Briglii grcc,rr. r¡:;urllv rvith ¿i F¡luisl'r lingr úirain:

Ir-cqucnil'v rli:;plav c,.rkrur ze¡niltg ¡r¡ irrcgttlar cchrtlr disiri
butir¡n. Acrnitt is cli-qtinguishcd f¡'om a'-girinc ot¡ the basis of its
ht(|rvn ('f lrt¡¡u'ttish-t.:rr'r'n rrliour

Pleothroism.' is distinctivc: u, cnrerrl(l srccn. tlecp ¡¡rcerii

L-=
li.grass grr:cn, rler:p greL-n: y^ trrou,nislt grcen. ycllorvish
blorvn. Aemite is wcakly ¡rleochroic in ¡r:tlc lir.lrvtt anel ycllorv.

BireJ'ringencf .' Maxirnunr bircilingcncc is strong. and

i crttrcncc crilour:.: a re thi ¡ d- o¡' iiiurl l¡-iirclt-r' grccn, vcl krrv
nt
anrl tlark pink. trut tlicy ilr'c t¡ftcn ¡¡laskc¡-i bv thc strong
rnincral cc'ltrt¡r'.
-flre
E.rfincfitl¡l: crtinclirin an-{le is srniill. rangiug litirn 2" rri
I (I',

Intt:r.feretu:e figure: { l(10} íaecs sh(iu ()ft-r:entrL, lrisce t¡i.r

figures antl {(ll(}} facc:: liicld ffash tigurcs. lsr;gvrcri apl)cal
solnL]wh¿tt erbscurcd (]n ¿¡ ycll()w-grecn fie ld. CQkrur ha¡lds; :trr,
indistinct.

E I o ttgtt tir t n : frl¡garivc.

D is ti tt gtt is h in g Í¿ uiu re :r : Dorni rrant ly cuhctlral or slc n{ l!:r

prismalic mrir'¡'rhokrgv, r,ivirl ct¡krur, distinct plcochrris¡n.
cornbined with o¡rtitrallv negativc cltaracte,r antl ncu:¡livc
Lrlongat¡(ln, alc tliagnostic. 'l'hcsr: pro¡rcrti*i scrve tti dislin-
guish it l'n¡rn othcr pyr{xcncs. Acgirinc-augi1r: ha-c u l:tr.qer
exlincti{rn anglc- arrd is rr¡rticallv citlicr positivc or rrcgi¡tivr-.
Howevcr, in addition to o¡rtir:al rrtr,:rrts it is advis;rblc to usc
clrcmical rrr X-rav nrclhods l() clrsufe r ¡rositive rliaen()sis ()f
¿rl'girinc. l'hr: lcngth-flisl chilractef tlist inguishcs aegirirte l lorn
anrphibrilrs. Sle ndcr.q¡'ccn ldurmalinc has :r w.rrkcr rl.liLrl'¿ilrd
loq,cr=rlrder i¡1iL-¡lc¡q:n¡:c crilours. Prism¡tie fragntclrts of
e¡tidotc ¡nav rr:scntlrlc at-girine , but lhc color¡r arrcl pleochroie
scl¡enrc of cpiclotc is ¡lwavs in a r-ellowish-grecrr -slrilde in
contr;rsl with thc rkrtrin:lnl [¡luish or trtorvrtish-gtcen cololrrs
oí ar:gir-inc.

{} t ( Ll r re n t:¿: : dcgirinc erysíallize:; in ul !: ;rli-¡ ir:h i ¡rtrusivr-r,

sucl¡ u-s svcnite . nc¡rheliitc s\L nilc. l.vtni'r(- P.truriltilr ¿utrl
al kali-r'ich gr;rnite. Na-rir:h r.,-!tionlllv ntelarnor'phrisctl rocks
rreeasirln:rllv contain ¡rcgi¡'i¡r.:. ll i-s unr:rrnrnrr)rr, lrú1 rn:rv a¡r¡reirr {iruins. .fit¡ril: I'vt'rrcla-stic origin l¡'o¡¡¡ llrr: l}¡tlaetteette
r.)ckq. Ar'Í'¡e artd :rcrttitt: l¡:rvE: br:¡-rn
in :rlkali rjlilrusivc Thlrnei lrormatio¡r. oll.chrlllr .!(illlh-c;l-si Finglarrrl' lrore hole 7(l/
rcportcd :rs authigerric (foliliiin & F-ugstr:r 1t).í1). ljr¡rtcv rt 7,4 57.¡ri ¡n. íir¡¡in it4r iiglii is intctgrtrwu rvith ;ttl'vctlsor¡iic
Michic l!,7ri). (Ni¡¡ri l.Éiáil). Ci)urtl:-c]¡ itl A. i'. M(trttlrl.

q_¡
 AMPHIBOLE GROUP

AMPHIBOLE GROUP The standard amphibole formula is:

General considerations ALr B:CuisTiusO:r(oH,F,Cl):

Anphiboles are common rock-forming minerals of many
igneous and metamorphic rocks and are rvidespread in detrital where A = Na,K; B = Na,Li,Ca,Mn,Fer*,lvfg;
sediments. They constitue an extremely complex group in C : Mg,Fe2*,lvfn,Al,Fe3*,Ti;
rvhich a considerable variation of chentistry and physical T: Si,Al
properties is characteristic. There is a strong relationship
L¡etrveen these properties and the conditions of crystallizxtion. The four principal amphibole groups on the basis of thc
The chemical complexity of arnphiboles implies that oprical numbers of atoms of (Ca + Na)¡, and Na¡¡ are clcfined as:

observation alone is inadequate to diagnose a particular

species positively and, for a precise identification, chemical I iron-magnesium-manganese aniphiboles
irnalyses are essential. These can be performed easily on 2 calcic arnphiboles
detrital specimens, as concentrating amphiboles by nragnetic 3 sodic-calclcamphiboles
separation or by handpicking for fr.rrther study is relativell 4 alkali arnphiboles
simple. Electron-probe microanalysis rvill then provide the
data for calculation. The nomenclature based on crystal
chemistry, and introduced by the Report of the IMA
Subconimittee on amphiboles (Leake 1978, discussed also by
Hawthorne 1981) facilitiates a rapid allocarion of amphibole
analyses. The nomenclature uses rvell-established names
u,hich have been chemically codified. Specific elenent¿rl
ranges are indicated by prefixes and adjectival modifiers.
For amphiboles diagnosed only by their optical prop('rtics.
the ileport reconlmencls that the assigned antphibole name be
made into an adjective, follorved by thc word antphibole, e.g.
tremolitic antphibole, glaucophanitic arnphibole, etc. In the
case of detrital arnphiboles it is olten necess¿rry to adopr this
approlch. In nrost instanccs, alloc¿rtion of a particular sub-
group cÍrn lre nlatlc by optical obscrvation. P¿rrallcl cxtinctron
indicates orthorhonrbic arnphibolcs; intcnsivc cokrurs in blLrish
shadcs, strong pleochroisnt and r)ftsn nccative clont¿rtion f,rc
charactoristic ol alk¿rli amphibolcs; tre¡¡lolitic amphiboles lack
colour; and actinolitic amphiboles are gcncrally fibrous. When
appropriatc, for calcic amphibolcs thc rvell-established nunte
'hornblcnclc'continues to bc used, but rvith an adjcctrvc. This
scrics is typi{icd by intensivc srecn, bluish-qrccrr and bro*'n
cokrurs (hcncc thc ol tcn usctl nallres bluc-grecn, grccn-brttrvn.
ltntl [rrrlrvn or oryhornblcrrrlc).
Arnphilrolc-riclr heÍ',.,i' ntin,'ri.rl asscmbliigcs. in u,hich tire
.rrnplribolc spccics havc i,ccn l,rcciscly clctcrmined, c¿ln provc
highly valuablc in spcciivins sourcc-rock lithologics anrl
distinguishing or corrclatinq sand bodics.
[]ccausc of thcir krr,v chcrnic¿rl stability. íin1l)hibol!'s arc
casilv aflcctccl antl elinrinatccl by rvcathcring antl dilgcrrelic
proccsses. Dcposits oltlcr than Tcrtiarl.¿tre oftcn devoid of
anrphibolcs, thoush therc ¡rrc rcports of wcll-preserr.ccl
riltt¡r[¡ilr¡¡¡¡r i¡r nrrnt itncict]t suücc\si(rn\.
I)etritlll anrphibolcs, usccl fr¡r thc prcsent illustrlrtion. rrcrc
derivcd from diversc paragcncscs ancl h:rvc been sclected fronr
a rvicle varictv of ancicnt antl mocle rn sedimcntary cnr iron-
ments. J'lie purp()se was to highlurht the r¡ost comrnonly
occurring spccics in sctlinrcnts ancl, whcneler possitrle, shorv
sevcral represcntltivcs of u particular group. With a fcu.
cxccptions, all gr¿rins h¡ve lrcen idcntilicd and nanrctl bv thcir
chemic¡l contcltt.
ln thc folkrrvint classilication and clescription ol detrital
amplrilrrtlcs thc plinciplc of thc norncnclaturc cliscusscd above
has bccn atloptctl. Iror sintplicitv, only the chcnlical hrrmuluc
ol thc end mcrltrcrs are intlicatcd. []urther tlctails can trc
firuntl in the Rcport (t-cakc lt)78¡.

¡.t3
 ii,i...d l'ái !;t!fiq: i-..!!1. i:Fi!E ,F-i É!,r..!E:.,

{. } r ¡ !¡ ¡¡ ; i¿¿ ¡ ¡e¡ l, i ¿ !'¿ ¡ i :,= t :;

l-.1:ii ii¡c¡¡r[¡rr:::
tr4:¡r¡r.-:i¿r ;1¡i¡lii :¡:ii'1:!!iir l:'i::-:ji..i .:,,{ ¿. } E t i.
I r:¡ ¡ri :ltil¡¿rrii¡r'l!i¡, t;e.'i:,ir-,i ],.({ ¡! i}.,
I'r¡rlir¡¡¡¡ :¡¡:i irr¡¡ill-.:!ii¡r l-i:¡( F-.:!s - Eir" i ,nll-i=r i..i:. -:¡ ¡ ;
iv'i:¡¡¡ ¡¡r:si,- r-ge d r'ii r l;4¡:..+l ,iii,,:ii -i.i.. -{ r. !! ! ) .
!:tirc geiiriii: i:e '.,al,lii, nl-c..r.,íii! !i.
.]r rLlrt!¡!!-!iLr!r lr! Ia;r1[r1. E , '¡. ll,;. ir! E ' i. !! !i
Rl:rgtit:;ii:-li,-rlnx¡ rii:;i i il ' !.i .Fi¡:r,nÉ.:;i.. ,..ií ¡:!¡.
!;. tr¡ ! h,litlur¡¡¡'-: ;!,' F.i .Er-,^i.:.;i.,{ ¡,,¡ i iE ¡ ¡ .

': i-Ji:i aii::ci!E:;rii ii: il:t É.-¡i.:;t:¡i r:,,t;¡E:

fu'l¡:¡t¡¡¿'!i¡zi¿' .í¡¡¡¡¡¡:; ¡",¡q.=¡¡qrr-iirri:,' iq,i¡¡¡r- i¡l¡:!¿¡¡ii- ¡h..

{u,nft,iegÉi!¡¡á¿--grüE¡rt¡Er $t¡'!a:,:- i¡¡:¡i<lL.¡rihr:¡ ;i¡e¡¡¡br¡:. :-- rr¡r:
titittgli¡¡liir rl¡l\ {¡!-j.-jui lrrcltlli: t¡: ..r.r!ii¡¡i!'!lir :;it,:.i t¡v ci!i¡itiil!!
iottilc-l¡r::i¡i¡t:: :i!i¡¡ritibiil!i!':: :rilii :.,i¡r¡rr: l¡¡,-'i;rli;¡::i¡- ¡r'r:1.:,.
(iru¡ieritc lirri:r:; i:rrg¡1.; iti iirci:::trorlilior¡-:¡i i!ii¡¡ !i,¡¡lt.tli(!rl:.
'l'ltr el¡;r¡:ictcri:ji¡c ir:¡1uf..{ri ¡ll(:n¡ir!'¡:; iii ihi:;:;.-ric:: i:; li¡¡-.
itrtrltipL: ir,.;ii¡¡rin:t 11¡-r j tllllf '¡.,iti¡ ¡¡;l¡¡,.'ir ir¡'i¡¡ i:l¡¡¡r:llirr,..
{'i¡ttr¡iiitieL¡triir-"i:; ri¡¡iit;¡llr,, l¡i;¡li¿,i i¡ri:;iti.,,r:urti g:rrirrrric i:
hi¡r;ri:ri ¡rrf:_:rlivr..

AcEEEcepÉ3É€vEEÉE* arad HecErÉÉr

c¡ihrrii¡i¡i¡rl¡ir. I'ir:.-ia! t ) í I !

it!. l.i!.1{r i.í¡t¡+

ttl'i I.t¡{t:: !.71{}
il.i i .(r l:j L7i:
¡) t!.flt I {t.{ilH
¿i .i¡, .r.,/

i'I¡rr¡¿ in :;í'{!¿ffi¿"iti:;. e ir;ri¡r:;:¡rr-r.itlrcr ¡:risr¡:riic. hl:r(l!:.1 {)a

r:ali¡¡ll()sr:d (ii r,,nf¡1rr!:ilt' qriir::ri¿-'¡-l liir¡'¡_.:: rrr firre rrre,:llc:. 'i ht
¡rrisnr:r1ie gr:ri¡rs <¡ii.:¡i ¡-:::!¡ihii r'ir¡:::: i¡:rLit¡¡,-r:,. !llcll!:jiltti:.. ili.f f:, i t., tt gu i i, t n : Po:;irivc
tlitiitl.; rtl-:ti¡1¡¡ iiir¡ruritic::.
i.'i,c¡i¡tgui::hi¡¡E .it'ttittrcs: l,ri:nlali. ¿ir¡thiiphvilit.i is
l-t¡i¡tUf: F-4t-lrrrfliri¡rirylliie:: :lrc eoit¡tnl(r::.. hi!i .*iih in ,'l¡:¡¡¿¡eieti:rrl l-v ve¡.r,ir:rlc (t¡r lack of) c{)l()r!rs. irtnl)hib{tlc
crcasing i¡'(in ci)¡¡t!:¡li !:r:!¡n:; nt;rv h_.li¡;!rt l¡¡ou.¡¡ or iiql:i cirir!1-,iig.is iitial liiti¿!!lel e:;iinelio¡. -lrcni<ilit.: slrarnglv ¡.!-
vcllrir+i:il¡ l¡rorv¡r. {iedrilu- hits :;lr(}!tl:r'f ,:,¡i,ir!ts i!l 1t:rlt ltrorvn st:iil¡1.-:; itnih.)PhVlliic. i¡u¡ ii lies ohlit¡rrc cxlincf i()¡¡. '!'i.lc nt <il
irn(i clov.t l¡itru'n (kii'-cr righl). cil:it:¡tilr is higher' ¿|!l(l ii ()lirti crllitrif s L-:is{}luli{)n ll¡t¡¡.,!lar:,
srti')rnliil¡t::rli{)¡ o¡' iylticul ¡rvÉ.(},{cne etch-lc:rtr¡¡'cs eallcd
Plrocitrt¡i:;¡tt.' {irir¡urctl v:¡r'iriits dis¡rl;rv we:rl: i(i rn(xiriririf 'l¡¡tcksitrv ternin:rlic¡ts'. l)ilrll:¡gr: rlisplavs pronrincnl
pletrclu'tiisrtr irr: rr. ¡r;rlc ¡:rev bntu,rr: li. lii!¡\.rni:rit.g!.ev t{i rliit.ú ¡r;rrting
lunrl slightlv inclinct! c;rliuclior¡. I'ris¡n:rIic sillini;r¡¡iie c;ln Ire
broe'nt'¡. ¡lat!: i¡r¡irrrr. *¡l'v" grcyi:;l¡ g¡,',:rt. lont'rlsr:cl rvith anllro:rh.:i!iic. but il¡c iir¡.rrrcr iacks ;rnrphihole
c¡Lii!r..¿¡itf, :r. t- ibrr¡u-s c, ¡lotrrle€s i¡ nl hollhvl l itr c:r ¡r rloi l.rt] disl i n_
Birt:.frintt'tti:r':.' h;l1:-:i¡¡rrii¡l }irclringrn¡r: is r.r,r,irl: tr: ¡¡rixl gui::hl:ri Ito!l lh. i:hiou: sillinranilc vitriciv, Iib¡.oli1c. b.,,
L:¡lt1!: ¿l!¡d inte ríe r rrrcc c0li¡i¡r:; ;¡íi: i ir,,irl ..]acdnal-r-¡¡ tlcr iirris, ollii{-'iil nlcntr:: ¿t¡oite- !:':tlu-.aili)uif,{l ¿iilll¡(}lthyllilr_.:; ¡nr_l hrorvn
I:'risntillic g! iiirt!, r.!llcn tli:;p!lrr,' ¡11;¡¡1.., lrti.glti ¡nlr! lL.rrrr¡:e coli¡r¡: g,:rlrilc:-:ire, llrlwrvrr. ea:;il9 disiiirguish:¡trlc f¡.i¡il llrc;¡hv:¡vr:
banrir gl::r'alir:l r."'ith liri: l¡rr¡ '¡'-'i' i)! iiit-. ¡,-tv:.i:rl- arrl(-iattlr:i:: Iih¡ r:li¡r.

ll:=!i¡lt'!i¡:¿¡t: E,)l !rtiriti:j i:-. ¡i:rr;rlle! rnrl il¡:ti oi lilr¡r¡,,r:; sr:ri*¡ r:. {.}L'¿:¿gr{¡¡¡-'¡.: arri!ro¡'hvllit,: atd J:t:qi¡!¡L= irr. ¡vpi!.irll\¡ nr.I:¡-
r !ndr! l:itiit'1,r. i'r¡oi-[]ii¡! t¡i¡1._'litl:; :tilrl i!¡rv :r¡r¡t,-.;ri. iri :rnrphihiilii.::" r:tr!.i\\ci
Irnti -g¡-¡nuliic::.:¡fi tvcll li:; i¡r rc.::io¡¡;¡ll\.,üc1it¡tii)rirh{}sa(l
l n f t'rftrrllt:i: ril rt' : i'lr;rv:¡r,-' i r';rsii¡r¡!i:- ¡rrtr.,,iiic ii;;:;lr
.fi t¡lÉ¡l¡b:tsir,' Iqra!,t::. Fr'j¡-1- :¡¡tri [:'e-r¡rrt:r:-srni:tli:;¡¡r ¡nav iir¡.¡tr :rntlril-
íigttt'crs ri,iili *idclv .c!r;ter't! iso11vl..'::. { lll{!} l:¡.,:.-'s r.,i._:iii t[:lr¡ ii,' (t¡
!-hlril *c(l i¡1a il¡ ilrr:il i;r,jer¡t¡:; sL-{li mrn i !:.
:¡eutt bisccf¡i:: ligrrrr::;, h4* u¡tfh,¡irli-fl¡iif:; ¿!¡f !iFlia;!ll1 i!r" r

íivt. l¡rt¡ liiri:;.-' rtii!r irislre¡ iti¡¡t r{rrllfl!¡ ::i1' (!lttir;rli.- It!r:.tli\L- t ti'iiiit:; lftt¡ij.
j'-----:--.- ¡'- -
Lliifrfi r(r\rrr: ;iniho¡rhl,lliiir ¿!i¡¡ilhilrrilu.
{icrlriiq hlr:; an opti+ltlly Fi!:,¡ii...e.rhilrr.rÉ..a. irr¡i !lltin:: i:r:lii,:r¡r¡ lvl irl¡ llc A ¡ rie ric¡i
'!'¡
rt¡rh.
DI: I -e s-rir1; [ ,Gtve r riqlri : {1,-rh it c.
I-]5
ticl¡l ;rr¡ iiritti,- rL ¡itl iitiu¡, ii.-.e ¡ ::;¡¡¡ql. f-)¡rnubr:. Flurtglin ifuinti 1.-ilj:i.
 SODIC.CALCIC AN{PHIBOLES

2 CALCIC AMPHIBOLES

Orthorhombic forms
End members:
Tremolite CalM95SirO22(OIl),
Fe rro-actinolite ca:Fe25siEorr(oH )2
Edeniteo NaCa2Mg5SiTAlO:r(OH):
Ferro-edenite NaCarFe2.SirAlor:(oH):
Pargasite NaCa2MgaAlSi,,Al2O2r(OH)r
Fc-rro-pargasite Naca2Fe24AlsioAl2o22( o H )l
Hastingsite NaCa:Fe24FerSióAlzo::(oH)l
Nf agnesio-hastingsite NaCa.MerFesSi,,Al2o':(oH )l
Alum ino-tschermakite CalM 93Al2Si,,AlrO2z(OH)l
Ferro-alumino-
tschermakite CarFer.Al2sinAl:o2:( o H ):
Fe rri-tsche rrnakite Ca¡MglIie32SinAlrorr(oH )r
Ferro- ferri-
tscherm¿rkite c¿rrFe2 'FelrsinAlro2r( oH )r
Alumino- magnesio-
hornblende Ca.Mg.AlSiTAlOrr(OH):
Alumino-ferro-
hornblcnde CarFe2rAlSiTAlo2r(oH):
Kacrsutite NaCa.lv{grTiSióAl:(O + OH)r1
Fe rro-kae rsutite NaCarFe:lTiSióAl2(o + oH)rr
* Members between eclenite and kaersutite are describeci
rrithin thc 'hornblende series'.

3 SODIC-CALCIC AMPHIBOLES
The sodic-caicic amphibole group includes a scrics of mono-
clinic amphibotes containing 1,3 end-members. The chenrically
definecl names rvinchite. barroisite, richterite. katophorite and
taranrite are spccificd by appropriate prcfixes to indicate
elcmcntal ranges.
As (lctrital grairrs sodic-calcic arnphibolcs nlay havc Iocal
importirnce. lrut thcir iclcntity can only bc rcvcaled by
chc:::ical nrc¿rns. ltr a studY of st rlic ancl calcic anrphibolc-rich
lus;:en.blages ot tlrc L.rtvur Nfi'.rr"ne',vcstr:rn Alpinc Nlolassc
N'fanuc-Rajetzky & Obcrhrinsli (1932, Figurc 7) analvsccl
grains with chcn.rical compositions plotting in thc richterite
¿rnd ferro-rvinchitc fielcis respcctively. Nforton (1983) reported
magncsio-katophorite of volcaniclastic origin front thc Palaeo-
-[-hirnet
gcrrc Fcrrnlation. England.

85
 I i i:¡l=r.¡Y ¡+.i ! N i-.lEA I ¡lfr-:;i'RI P]-l{li.ls A t.j ¡ ¡ í1'{ E rr }[ J I-: É'! .A-rE:i

'E's=élmcc¡ÉÁÉe

itl.iu!!Llinif. l¡ir:.-i;rl { )

i i(l .i(_)q l6fiii

t rl\ .Gl: l.rf)7
¡l-: .i¡jt I _7|-
.ü:1 |.1'jt7 it:: :

t.0l .1"+,!
--:-=..,.: . i

Ft¿r¡n irl st-dir¡¿tni:;: (i¡¿¡in:; nrosi rr¡¡rD¡r¡i¡nlr,, :rpFC:lr ;r:i

--
lltin. :ir¡rrl síunrpv or'lortt: slrrtrlrr pti:r¡n:;. :tral flrcir c¡rtls ollr¡i
sl¡orv eiult li'aturc:. So¡¡¡t'{Lliitt:t ¡¡¡;¡r,' r-'Ir¡-lo:;e o¡r:rrrtrt irir
purii ic:;,

{ |¡¡I¡qIr: {-'.r1.)u!-lci:!. ¡lrl.: lrevish i:i grer-'nislr rvhiii:.

It I r ¿ ¿r' lt r¿ t i :; m.' i.l.n ¡rleoehloie.

I|irc.fi'ingtnct'.'Wc¿¡[: Iii ¡11()rlr:!lrIr-.;rn(l i¡ile¡lrirrlcr irrii:r

irrc tirsl-ritclcr ¡1ri-:y. vcllorr ()i ()r:r¡rge. 'I-lrick-r,t' gt.lli¡r:l nlir\'
uxhibil :-rac(ilrrl-oLrlL^r p(!lirrir:ltioll c,'hrurs.

F,-rfi¡lt:titltt: {}n i{)l{)} scctitirr: rhc rrlirrciir¡r¡ ¿rng,lu !'iuiL-:-

bctrvcrrr 1,5" (fir-llemolitc) autl ]1" (lVtg l¡r:nroliic).

Inler.[t:rt:tttt' .fi.qure: { l(lti} crystal iucr::: vi.:ltl ;r clc:ri ;¡.urr

l¡iscctt'ir ligurr r.rith lulgc 3V. ('olour Irar¡r]:. :r¡'i' usu:rll.,,
:thstrnt.

EI o ngai itt tt : [r¡rsilive.

I)istinguishing, .l't:ulures: P¡is¡¡urlir' hlbit I.geliicr wi{h

lutlplribolc clc:rv¡gcs, l:rck oi ccklrr. irequertl r;rggr,d r,tlgcs
¿utrl lott'-orrlcr intctli'rc,¡rr:r tinls arr ,,1¡¿tgn,rslit:.'l l-r:nrolilc tnltv
lrt- t:¡¡rrfused rvith lrnthophvllit.-, bu¡ thc t:xtinctiou ()l the latte ¡
is pirrallel irtttl il tlis¡rl;ry:; rrtorc intcnsivc p(il¿lrizirlir)rr frrL¡urs.
l)iiipsirlc ha:; higltt:r' ttt i¡¡ril lr llr¡ge c:<linctiort an¡¡le. ('lintr
zoisite :r¡r¡reirrs with a highci ¡cliel anrl sh,ru's vivirl. olle,n
¿iltonralor¡s. inlcrlL'r(-nrr(. crrl()urs.'['hc cxti¡¡ction rii sillinrlr¡ritc
is parallcl. its hilcliingcncc is s{rritrgcr l¡¡ul it l;t.-ks unt¡rhiboL:
cle:rr;rgr's-

()<:t:urr¡:n¡:t:: -ll'c¡r¡oli1c is nro-rl. Lr()¡llnl()nlv a ¡rrtrrluct of

thcrnral or rcgionlll nrr:l¡r¡ro¡plrisnl .)l silicrr()us tLilt¡lrritr:s.
Sr¡¡¡e trenroli lc-hc:rring :rsscrrrhln-qcs ;lre ilss()cilt{c(l wilh l( )\y-
gnrtlc rcgitin:rllvmct;rmorphoscrl ultr¡lh:rsics. srrcl¡;¡slre nrrllif rr
1:rlc :rnlig¡)r-iic irnrl lrenrr¡lilr l;ilc schists.

(iraitls _fi"tltit: ()lisocr:nc. [J:r¡ r-i:nrc l]asin. Fr¿rncc

(Ivlnrt I.53()).

¡1i ¡
 ÉrilE: R{.!A{ITEI'J(l¡.I]-U. +i'! ! r1Jr }!.i-t H

F es'r*aeÉÉmotÉÉe. acÉEn¡q¡EÉÉc

monocliriic. I¡i;xial i .)

¡?c 1.5¡l!] i.i¡iill

nll I.íri2 !.ó()7
ir{ l.íill I.7i}5
ir {!"(}27 {).{ll7
4 .',.{il -1..1"1
Forrn in s€(tifi':{ilfs: Acti¡r<¡lite í¡cür.irs :r:.i iibtot¡s g¡:ti¡rs
e{r¡¡rllr)sl:.1 ol parallel, sub¡r;irallcI ¡rr r¡rcli¡lIlv arrtr¡¡-gt.-! iihrcs,
{tr sor}lrrtilucs intcrrvr)r,cn ¡r(]edlcs. ilolr¡¡¡¡tutr rrr bla¡lctl
crysi:ils ¿iic k:ss c(lmm()n, [{ounding oi the gr;tilrs ¡¡¡v he
discerrril¡lc. lrtin ore ;rrtd c:rtlrrrnacc()tls inclusiúlls afc {}cca-
:;ir¡nally pr(:s!rnl.

{¡tl¡lur: l'alc grec¡r. pnlc ycll<iu'ish llree¡1 it} hluish green.

Pleochrt¡i:;¡n' :lltilt' (iistinct pie(lchruis¡¡l:

Cer-t¿¡in snrin¡;
u, ¡ralc yellorv. pah lrrorvn, lkrwi::h grccn; fi. paie ycllrrwish
ve
gfe(=.n {!r Íjrctln; Y, llL^rp grreni:jlr irltlrr. pillc grec¡l; trtltcLs ¡re
non-plcr tr:h t,ric.

BireJ'ringeratf.' We¡k lo mr¡dcr¡rtr: :t¡ttl !s it¡iirtcnccri hv thc

clrcnrisirv ol thc niineritl. l¡rtc¡lc¡c¡ict *rkru¡s ric ser:r:¡rtl-
qrtrlcr vcllorv. tlec¡r onri.:gc. [¡lrrc anrl blrti-sh grt:cn.
1

E:tíi.tlt:iitttl: {}u r:rilu¡¡r¡¡;¡r:¡i¡ti hlar-ler-l rryst;rls llrc r,riiti¡rcticil

iurglc i:; hcirvecn I l" :rnd li'.
.::::
lnít:rJer;:nrc Ji¡4ttt'e : Elcc:rust ¡rl' thr-' do¡¡ri¡rririly lihrous i:-;::j'

hahit,¡í ilic, ¡¡lineÍal, it is rlil'liculi tri i¡hi¡ri¡r an intcrlercirec i....:-=.--=

ligurU.
:.:€,
E lt i tt¡1ttíiit rt : irr ¡si i ivc.
= :-..i:i

l!istingitishisry ffltítlr{as: 'll¡e iil¡n¡us habit and grecnish ,i :t:::i !

coloul' :;r,tve io rJistingrrish aeiintilrl,: lrr¡¡¡t rrthr:r iu¡lf)hiilr)lLts.

esper:ially irt¡r¡t ihr: gtrlLri¡ h(rr!llilcnrlc v;tricii.:; :tntl l¡relriie.
anil from ctikrrlilr::s trer¡l()lit¡r- lr,rn riel¡ actitt,rlitcs- ntcrgin',:
il t¡t¡r¡rt:ienrle- ¡¡eetssil¿rt,-' ehe¡rricai icst:r !or ii iirt:,iltr,'
iile¡rtiiiCaiirr¡¡. :iqt¡.¡¡rj aii-ha.l. ilsr:¡¡il(i-i¡it¡cir!s hlLtc gL.:.:it h*Ln-
blcniii nriry rescrr¡l¡lc acii¡rrilitc. i¡rri i¡:: c:;Íi¡rcíirin:rnglc i:;
iriger:rrtrl ihc ttdr irilitciirs elt;rircir,risticallv,-1t.,'ek¡l¡ itt iilc
iti llf{)il¡!¡¡.::!!t rllLlilv¡lgr:Í1.
¡-liri:q:i i¡¡¡r

1..á¿-:c'¿irrrr¿tr: ái:tint¡liir, is; -rr¡ie¡:raetl [rf iiirl-gi:rtlc ¡,:gii¡¡r:rl

Í¡¡atanli!a!ih¡si¡t (sri:r-'¡¡::clr¡:tÉ l¿r:i.:r:). ll Éi¡r¡ts i¡t r:l¡i:;i:r r-kiir.i-:rl
lir-iiil t¡e:;ic ¡i¡rk:: :lnd :rlsri in higlr-¡l¡-e:;:it!rr ¡);tat.qa!¡e:rr::
r-.lg,ciilri wiii¡ blrrr:;udie liir¡rlrihdic:;. l¡r:;i¡¡nc iii:¡rrri'c limu
:;ilir-:liir: iq¡:t:r lcii¡n¡lii,-, i:; ¡ri,-a-lirtt,-l irv ie:¡itc:ri iii f{int;t.¡
inci:iaitr;r¿riti-riii. Fib¡r¡t¡:. ee¡=liÍe i:. reii¡:r¡iiii,- in ron¡r.;:iii,'l
l¡¡r¡-l is ii-rnrcrl bv irvd¡iiih(:í!l;¡l ¿tlíriaiio¡r rii ¡:t-iii::ciic:;.

{.irai¡ls.f}-r?fir." :\riiirqliiir;rrir¡ririb,rle- hi,'r¡¡,.',,,t.t. lii Fr,:,-

É-'ir.rrrvtrl I - Ei¡i::l:rirl t lvir¡¡i | - ilil ).

-tl
 E !ir¡VY ii¡li{t:!i;'rL L¡ESi t¿il, l tí ii-js ÁI-l I ¡ { "' il .i ¡i J E-:- F!.+'I-F ::r,

E ?
q.E{Eí
=É -LEF,9 Ü g E€,E
ÉE C ff ,'JE: il E éJF.-

... .¡i..;,

! rir¡it¡¡ ;rtrri!i:!!i.:ari. ;ir ',t,¡i::rlli !:r!.,!i!ii.r,il¡'-i'iii,-!.;rr.;!ii

i ¡i-!i i{:iili:=j !lr::gi:¡itL

r,,-it¡¡i¡i. ;li:tF,¿¡:.!iij
i,::,'qr;r'.r'r' :r¡!"-lr;li:':!!l!r
¿r,ei¡,,¡'¡r¡:; k i¡ r
l¡:¡ r¡:=i:;i'i¡i'r:¡r;¡ k ii t
ai íi I ii:f ¡ .rl!_r I.6i-.,
¡¡l! ¡ l¡1.-- :.1!.: [-riij
!.¡¡.;l 1.7,1{!
i!.i!!+ i!,í!2í: i!.(l:1.:
;.i,i

ir:¡::ilrigsiir u;.:v¡r1i ¡ !¡ h lLjÉiilr k-!r-'i-ar,! í ii(

í ¡-¡r;:!i¡r:;ii:'
iii ntegtie:-i:!!l
l¡:r:ri ir¡gsii* i

¡t.t I 1l'l: i-{rirl l.{i{-!{! ! fi7t| i.fi,.q!)

irt\ | .7?{i l i¡t-? 17il't i (r7: i.7.1{}
¡¡^f i _7'Jtl I ñriri I 7á{} l.{rli{1 i.76(}
¡ (¡.¡!:1,!i {¡.t}tH {}_!t7(! {} r}i!r {i.0ii3
-t.a{t
-,'.i,,'3.1t¡
^
h4cml¡rr: oi ih¡ l:,-¡r¡¡l>I.:itdc:iL:ilc: r'a th. llr.iSi rvialcsllrLr;¡il
i.lcirii;r! anrphibsrlc:.. 1!Arll¡:ri rlt,:ltiic¿tl tii¡;llvsi:r i:; noi :t.:¿til:tbl,-,,
sdalirileni¿¡tv illirili{igi:;i:: ie¡td ii; disiiirgui:;h l!(t¡litrlentia
v:liietic:- acr:otding it¡ ihcir coloul. r'irthc! 111;¡¡1 ¿1¡¡y irtlrr:t
Lrrilpcfticg.'i'hu:,.:rttei¡ ¡lli!l¡.i:l i!:; grecll-lli()wll. l¡lue-tlrctr¡r alrrl
l¡r¡y,,n (basallic. ¡i ¡¡:Vhgfn$c¡¡dr:) c{¡tillll{}t1lV ¿rppa;li ¡u
rlrportr oi rJ*t ri¡:ii ¡rr ir¡e¡¿r! ¿r¡r¡1.,':rc:..

For¡n itl srditrrtrt!s: {-i¡::in:: :rrc ¡¡¡cri,.'¡nin:r¡¡i1.. ¡--lr-'irv¿r.{e

{ragmrnt:; riele¡miirtd bv ¡;r:lle|i { I l{}l l}risnli!fic cl!:il\'¿lgc.
'l'lris alsrr grrl'er¡r-\ ::rail¡ r¡rict¡t¡ti()ft up(rl nl.)unting- -l'irc
nror¡lh<ilogy vi¡fic:; ft.r¡t! :ll¡r)tí r!r' slc¡lalai [)fisn)s, ittrgrrlar oi'
i'gl:ttrnguli¡i lragmcnt:" io lEinl: ihi¡l il¿rkls. Sc¡¡rr: g,!'aiit:r nriili hc
tl¡ick and !n¿¡:j:i¡vr. lrl¿!tv or bladctl: t¡lhc¡':; :ric Failiirllv librcus
()r afc sí)nlciirrle:i i!ti(-'rgri)wil will¡ a¡rOll¡cr:l[i]i-iliib()lc. r¡rarlv
with ¡rylo;<enc phasc:;. 1-lrr: L:níls of thc ¡rrisnrs :lie r¡lten
ror¡trrlc11, ¿¡bra{lr{l []ul ini)si La)¡'!r!r!olllv, csirccii¡liv ir¡,rldrr
sLrdinrcnls. ihey sh,rrv signs of v:lii{rrls (lcgrcrrs ¡rf clissrilr¡iirrn.
'I-lti:. is rccogni¡.c¡l lrv rag¡l*el cdgc:;, vari<ius.jtch felriures ri!'
skel*t¿rl for¡¡s. 'lhc di¡'eelions rrf trlc;iv¡rllcs ¿lnd cr{}ss lracturcs
arc usuallv r..,ell ,li:;plaved. Stri:rlerl clyslill lit.-:rrs r¡rav also
alrllerr, {-jr:tins ¡¡1 r,,(:)lL:in¡c orig.in :rrc oftr:n culredral ;t¡1al Ir¿tve
te l'n¡inalirins ¡ll !l!tL: of tr0tll c¡cl:;, 'l'hosc 0l llL'illilln (l{ Fos¡ts
¿¡r'c rvcll rounrlerl. lnciusio¡rs of :rrccss(lrv nincntls" tts lvcll a-s
elridútt, iriotitc. o¡--¿¡¡¡¡¡c i]aftrclc:., :tnd fluid glÜ[1¡li'r.'¡¡'*
clnl!niln,

{'elrtur: i,'l¡¿ir¡cteri:tir l¡i¡r¡¡hlc¡rrlq: color¡rs:r!..'' i:lrrish grr,r,n,

l¡rclt¡i gtr.rri ¿i¡i¡.i l¡rrir.,'n. 'l-hc tl;rrt-hrr¡rvil of tar{lalislr=b!-(irvri
vari ieiie:r arL- lct:; c()!t!!!¡{r¡t. COlout ir¡nitry rrr ¡r:rtr:hv c,rlOur'
ntr:1ngalt.lc¡tt:! ilac- ífcqurrií- Verr: rla¡l:-l¡rr¡rt¡i gt;litr: trr;ry
lilpftrt {ilr¿quc. D*coiii¡lr:;iiion i¡l iron-rich r,;rritiie:; rilfc¡r
rrsults itt:r p:r;ti;;l irri¡¡ c:ride cti:¡1in{.
 ltlectehr*is¡¡L" Si.r'ring. Th* :,lir¡r¡gi:;t ::h:;{!r'Fi¡iiir i:; !rr rirc l¡,
:irrd 1 viliriliicri riircríi,¡r¡ :lnd. ;rs s!':!;!i:- :ire ,!oirririaii!lv I I ltli
-I'l¡e
eitavagc iraqr¡ti:r¡is- tr is rarelv tlistcritil¡lc- ¡¡t,-¡:;i a(!!r¡¡¡l(ii!

¡rieiichri;ic ,,a¡,at,¡a oi ihc .4r'i:ii't ¡-¡i¡tt¡¡ nl r¡tri::iii':; i:- :¡:; ii¡il<irE:;:

ii iok¡tu ic:::;, 1:rlLrwisl¡ zrccn, qrii!r vclit¡rv- .,'ciii¡r,.' :r¡,-r'i-

ve!li¡:v. ¡r;rle l:tur.,,¡i gire:r. lic-lti Éreei¡. ¿rceii.
:--::¡ie

i:;tlu ¡rr,:tt, hlL¡i-s[¡ *1,'c¡¡.

iir¡::t'¡t teri*it.; ttsr¡;rllv :'hcrv :jir{rrig J¡le{iritii¡i:.¡¡¡ i¡¡ ::lri¡,1,-':. iti:

¿=.i rI
=:
rt yelkirv ',tLt-,rtr, ir:tir ';:llorr'. gru-r-tti:;h vellcrv. q¡1:ai!¡:ih ::E:Fi:: ] I

t¡Lr:rwtt: :E:-r:=:+. =:

-P, lriila b¡()rvi¡, vcIl¡rrvish hriiu'¡r. ictLlislt lrrrttt¡l

!tirrwn. rlcc¡r reiirlislr bri¡x.n, ¡irl htrrr,r,tt.
':¡:
1i==+a
::.:r i
#irej'ringenti¿:." [(! iitrqr¡g. i'sil;¡tiz:¡ii¡r¡r c,ri¡itti:"
iv-!¡¡ql¿¡;¡¡g
¿rie :,':lriilbia irn(l lí¡rgcly liclrellil ill¡ iilick¡tc:;:; ;tnrl n:i¡;,:;;li
!:+i(tr!r. 5hlr{i.:s irflr t'iíi¡ei' u!r!)ul l¡ilst-ril.i(:a. :;utÚl¡il anri !i¡*e¡'
iliiril-¡rriL'r iirri:;. ¡nd:rae (¡ii{,'¡¡.rl):;ct!reii hv:;lr(}¡¡g i¡ri¡rr,,'¡¡i
¡tti¡rerai ,-'oicu¡

-l
F,.';í!¡l¡'ii¿¡¡¡: i : :r r::iiri¡--lir:r¡ il¡lsi(: rlrirfiur!^.1 ¡¡¡ ilil::r
ir'-.
r¡¡¡ges ir¡:ir..'r¿-'r¡ :i¡¡,,i .lii". íi&-r;¡:icn:tl { l!l!!i 1:iriiirir ¡:i..'. -
il'-
hirvr Eli¡r;lllci i:iiiinr:ti.i¡¡- 'ihe ,-';.:iiiltiii¡¡t il;l*l(' r;i rr:.:-..¡:i'!,i
lile:rrl.-: rri¡l kacr'-ctrIil+ i:t í1" ll'1",

lnitrj'tt';:rlt'i: íi:1¿trt: {;ri!ins g(:¡¡r:í;¡lir; ;,;itrli! :rrrrr. hir¡ür!r

.icrraniriÍr i¡iscr:itii Íigut+s. lilt;ri¡t i:rr::ytes r¡rFc:rr iri :r r:¡iii.¡
¿lark íieltl rviiir a ierv isr¡ehri¡¡¡¡e,:;. iiorne {l{X}} :rrctit¡¡¡s oi ii¡.-'
[¡Ltiivtr v:lrieti¡-::.; a¡rri alsr¡ il('ii¡¡!]iii¡r' itoi!1ill('r¡!!c ili:;¡rllrv '+r:il-
dLritilL:.1 rri' :;ligii'r1.", r¡!ilr'u-.¡!i!s- l!!'tti. l)is.riri¡: iicrrrrs
¿¡ !. "',,r.'r¡, ",t +... ;i..,..

l-ei:;ii¡tgtli:;i¡ittg j¡.'riit1É'i.r:'!-ir,,, rh;r¡¿¡iic¡isii( ir¡i:.,¡!::::,,

rnci¡rliolog';- ltt¡pirii-oic clc:tr':rgt. lr¡rti ri¡ritrg,--'ii1ri¡¡': ¡'¡¡¡:¡!i-!¡
i'lti rlil:ii¡¡r:ii¡:l: r¡i .¡
i¡i¡ {;i:;v ili:!:t!¡{i:;i:: i¡í i-hr, hrtr¡!lllq¡¡(lir :l!:i ¡rjrt.
plrlieui:ri ¡¡rer¡ll¡rr si¡i¡i¡: il¡e g.{)1rp irlli!¡ia:; e!¡c¡¡¡icrii -'¡
ilc¡rr-:t. !¡tic¡t:,i-' :'i¡Lr¡-r':; ut¡rl itig,irr: :rl rli:;iittguislr !¡ir¡¡¡iri¡¡1r-ii-'
ironr i¡¿rn-ifcr';ltn¡tl¡;i).)iLt..; i.='.{. l¡r:!¡¡(i¡ii¡.'l¡¡til;¡¡riitr¡plt-vi1lii,,!.
litr-lie;r:it¡riritxiirs;rrr tistt:¡ilv irl¡¡r:.:¡¡¡ll::r:,icli¡¡ v;¡ri{:li{i:i¡!
k-:ngit¡ i;rsi. t'qr¡ti¡-r-siri¡i ¡ir;r.: eiise ii'i¡r:¡ iire :t::r¡;rhl:rr.-:':!
:iGmr h{}rill)ls¡!.!c g!i!¡¡r:r i(i i1]llt !1liilii¡r'- L:iiriL ¡i".'iii:rri:, :, .rr
:icgirine The iitt¡r ira(!itj¡i:J;¡itaii.i:: *r:rv hr: ¡:ri::'r;il:¿:¡¡ Ér::
:¡il;¡¡riir":.'¡-!¡t-li!¡t:¡¡¡irt ir; r¡ili:¡;.:i::i. ir:¡i¡¡h i¡::l:ri:tl h;r: ¡;rrt;:
{:i!::¡v:lgc:;, ii:r ::iL:¿¡iLrt :ih:rrliiri;rrii i: ¡iiti¡il:li i¡r iirr :il¡¡.ri¡rr¡r
¡ilaiittl-ilir!ilr.:r¡¡¡iei:'i.i';:¿L:i(lillj¡i¡:.:(:¡lc::iti¡rr-:';i¡r¡r¡{¿-¡:t'ii¿'i
:t l;¡¡'gcl .::::ii¡t(:ii{;¡¡ :ir¡::lc e¡¡¡i Ét:;:; rii:;ii¡¡¡i aia:rc:iIL::-. é,r't!r!r('
ir::: high,-:r irit:iciivi' 1¡ti¡¡rti::j. it(i(liri i--ir;¡r.J:ii¡r: ;¡nrl is ir-'¡¡ii!¡
i:r::¡, 'l-lit nq¡rúlii¡li¡g.: ¡¡i ::il;riri¡.: i: ¡¡::i:;¡ilv ¡¡rel:ul:rr. ii E::¡i::;
-i¡r¡¿l rlca.,.;¡g,-::; ;l¡¡ri É¡:¡:; ;¡ ¡:¡l¡¡kriiiv i¡igi¡t¿ ¡r:li,:i.

,1 ,,, ,
a- !¡-'ill!i'lrilt't'- r¡f ¡br-' !¡r¡¡¡ri¡!c¡¡¡le :.:¿'iie:. ii¡í¡¡r ¡¡¡ :¡
F=!úi¡-rl,irt:
:tide i:n¡g!: iii !¡riiLr iltev :¡¡r !lr¡,':r.!ii :¡! ;¡ 1;:iri
E:'.8'da¡¡¡a!iairi¡¡:,.
vl!iiriy Qi igt!r:i;tr:: iti¡d !:Irrii¡¡t¡!¡ilrltir irr,-:k:;, {ii iltrsr. i}tr
C¡.!n¡n¡i!!¡ ií]t!i'¡-r!: ¡rlLi,:r ;ltr il!fi¡i;!i¡¡f,l ilr¡',' !¡l igsic(¡i!:: a,'ri;:;.
É¡,¡r¡¡ble¡¡,lcs i¡!r Eir¡csiiÉ.:rrl i:¡ iiiir:!!i!,:í-¡i:rirr. :rciii:¡¡:¿i:;lir:rlin.:
¿;tiLtts!..t-::: íe,q rli,ir'iír:;. gt:¡¡ir¡diorii,=':.,. ir¡¡¡lrliic:;. rrc¡:ii.rlirr.-
:';inii¿:- r:;sr;ritr)- {¡i iriii:¡¡¡:¡iit i(iL-Éi:;. Íhi: a:i!r:¡¡iiia: :¡ití-¡
i:;cl¡r:r¡¡¡:ll,.iÍic roi:rpil::iiiclr:; irir=' ih.r ir¡-in{ri¡-ii! ix'i'1!¡ a!:il.r.r:r.
=h¿'ir:i:. l¡¡ ¡,-:3rn;iiiir:s:rnrl :¡lk¿ii illt!iirie¡rs ir:i:;iirtgriir ilinrs.
á-.:i ..'i¡ir:r¡ii¿::-. ir:r:;¡rlis. il:rchitrs- :l¡¡rlrsiirs. i;iii¿es. lr;r:;rr¡tiirr.
ir¡if: ',:il¡ril¡in si:¡';hi¡!-¡rllli-'ntl.- 1':lliriii.r5 '¡'!i{l
ir:ií¡'if,::; :¡¡¡ii iht:i¡
iiia¡rir¡¡r¡-:icir k:¡r:¡'suiiir i:; gcilc¡:¡i*,-i in :¡ikl¡iinr' ylrlt¡.¿¡i!L-'i
 I iE-.^i.j1 tul !i.lI:i.i¡r. I { }F,:i('i-:- I I''l t{ l¡.j:i A N ¡ i i'€ i! .{ i É I E=: l¡l ri'i'l,:':

ii¡:¡i:i:.;l:;r::l¡!i:: ii¡¿-l¡a-:¡¡r.l.jiii.:..;.i¡i¡.1!1j¡!j5:¡n(i:rll:;rlirhfolitr¡:;)
i¡¡ ¡tt¡iÚ¡t:¡ll'" :Efi:rii¡i!ai;i:ii:;..!! l,,r'[... r.lli.!ll¡.!: iii,ilt 1]¡(.,,.il:;alli::i
i:l{j¡.:r iii ilti,.!¡¡¡..,,.-'¡ ¡r;t¡i:!i i;r<.:l¡;!!tuli¡.,.i:r.:i¡-':-,:r¡ril i¡¡
:i¡a:1:i:ja!¡i¡;ii¡! ¡r,,-'i::.,ilr¡i¡¡lrlr:r{l!' :;¡t."!ri-: :¡ti' L.¡lr¡¡rt¡r¡ *'t:li
iu¡:¡ri:; ! l¡¿:: ;ric iiir-' ¡lq1r:iir;rl ri¡r-E l¡¡¡¡¡i¡iL: !¡¡i¡li:ii!l:r i)í lh!-.
:!illFI¡ilri¡lii.- i¡¡r-ii,':. '!!tI t¡11!¡:i ¡f{i!¡'f;ai: nl!n¡hsi: ¡t-.g. !rtr:,i
i;r¡1:;iir ii'¡¡i: i:tlr¡¡ii,:- !,-.¡¡¡;.¡¡;¡¡::t¡:;i¡c,! ir¡¡¡¡r i¡r :=rhir¡:; :lltri
I ¡ ¡,,: i:':; !::- .

i !4.'i¡¡;i ijj¡.'.',' I ¡¡'i¡ iii¡l:! :¡¡l:l! i irli. i!rr'. l,dflllLlr

!¡<,¡r¡t¡lc¡i,-L' gl:rei:il :-:rrrJ. iv'l¡r!ov;r- lirvil;:t:i:r:ttl; liqi'r,-¡¡i¡

ri¡.:': i--4;rt¡rr::..i¿¡ ¡iíiii.'il¡'-'ir(lf. g-i:r[: :;:u;i¡ile, Po¡=i qi i-].-'it:r,
i.Jq ¡¡::¡mi-ii! r¡.-
iii¡::i ¡l:it¡{-', li¡irij¡: E:( t'¡{r r'¡!r'¡¡i!¡i ir{rÉ¡itllf¡¡{lf- ¡!r,t.¡ :-;r:i¡!-
! .::¡¡¡r¡l¡.' F¡ ¡!il-::i:: !,
i-i'r'¿¡¡rii il;¡::,,, r¡lF!:i: l::ilrgttr'::i+ hl¡:;¡ing:;iiii: i¡r¡¡¡¡t¡ir¡rrli:.
i !¡i.,,,,i.É!, i.i.,i,,.'¡,, l:,.,;j¡ ; ¡¡tla{.
:-,i-:i:(ii¡il EiirqL- i¡'.r'.r: il:r::ii¡i:¡-::i¡,:.'E'r¡ti¡¡.:,iriliilir:g rii i:;iu:.rii
r¡,r'1, i., ';, r,1¡s,.'l¡lr. {rll.r'l
'!-iii:;
¡rag,,'. ir.,<¡ ¡t¡;¡ii¡:; ltii: Ft{;rli¡re:.i:i¡¡ l¡¡r:ri¡ng,rili,: i¡t¡¡¡¡i¡l¡-:¡trir.
hiitleih n¡rtr,'¡ir:ii '!'¡r:ti(:!i l¡:ll-i¡! I r.:g ñi¡: (ithr-'r {¡:linr;:
[::ru^rsrr! i!c. hL:;¡Ll'¡ ::;¡¡¡il
^ l !'¡l!:aiir. i':r¡r:it v i :l:r¡¡tl:;
;tll rr:¡il¡:. :r¡r cii¡i;r¡-lri¿:¡-l i¡¡ ir4¡¡¡t i--i-Hl.

€lEG=
-!!E%,:'_=

F
Ée#
#
.*€

{.,)(
t
 il ¡.A t JCO F il Á= N 11 F{ i E Él tri-l Kil-L F t{ I Ei.':
=

4 Ai-KAg-g AMFH{E+{-ES
End r¡tc,¡¡ti¡ers:
{ilauco¡rharrr i{a.h'lg,Al-.Si"{ ),,({ } H )..
Fcrro-glaueophane F-Jii. Fcr r;\l.Si*ürr( Ll F¡ ),
i.:ii,r{
fui a.uncsio= ricbcr:k iir: l..lir-ru,¡grFe }.,({-,}l | },
¡-SiEOrr(O!
Ricbeekite filit,a.rr:r tF-c I)r
Eeke rm:rnnite NaFia.MguAllii.{ 1,'({ )H):
Fc rrr.cc ke L tna tt tt i itr Nat'l:r.fier,AlSi,L)rr( l )l ! ).
fu5:rgtrc:;iri-arívcds, r;titt l{:r.M g.rFe'S¡.,{-},,( {-l Fl }.
l--la

Artv¡-:dsriniic NaNa,l-er.rFe
i:ji*ol(oF! i. .:i::r-=:-+r=:
:
Kozrriitr: NaNa.,ivln.1( Fr:
I.Al)s¡,ri)rr( {JF!
)l -: =_ .:'=
Gtaaae*phasEe:rÉehecE EÉe serÉes : :::::=l
=:
:]]:

fulct¡ibcrs: Cl:rueoltharrc. fcrrogl:tricophanc.

::, - -:.=:
..-r,'r:iiu, =i-

i¡t¿rgt¡f :iiri-ricf,cckitc. ricbcekitc.

Al-F"-tr :;ubsiittttiotr ehllracterizes ¡llLrlnbers of thi:; :tr-tir:;

frci¡n glauc(ipl¡¿¡nc througl¡ crossite to tnagncsio ricbeck-iic :t¡rtl
#
therc is alsr¡ ;r i-:onlplcte :;olid soltttiirn lieix'eett rrlirsrcs¡'i-
riet¡errkile anrl riehcckite"

glauc,4rh:irrc crtissite ¡'ie he ckitc

¡ltrin(lL'l in ic irlrl¡lrx:l i ¡1 ic ¡nr¡ntrlinic
t¡iaxial ( - ) l¡irxial ( - ) tiiirxi:rl( )(f)
ntr l.5t].1-1.ó47 l.li47 l.r¡',]0 l,6inl-1.7(l:
¿li I .ú il I .É'ó.i i.ñó3-i.íir.,(l l.{r9(} l.7ll
ii^! 1.í¡ll'i--i ¡ú-i t,ñó3 1.7{}l 1.7.|: |.1t.)
ir ().(iof+ u.t¡:l 0.r)ll {.{)I6 O.(]{X¡ ti.i)lír
().()1i l.-1{) 1.1 -l.i t.{E- 1.,i1
^

Fr¡rrt¿ i* :;*¡liwtt¡l¡:;: t--i¡:riir:; l¡r, rlorlini*rily I I I(l I cle rvrr:e

il:¡kcs r¡d ihel; :ippc:ii i¡:l :ilcltalt-¡-r)i- :tirr¡¡pv pri::m:: ckiitgiltcrl
i¡r il¡r, i,ii¡cciirrn oi ihc ¡'axi:;. t¡r les:; i'rer+rcitilr, iecia¡rgu¡ll¡
fraqruci¡i:;. tl'ii¡i'ous rtilu¡¡¡¡ti¡t gt¿i¡ils. aniri:l ti iil¡¡-e s and
il:icitl¡t¡':igg¡c*¡tÍet ¡lsri iicLur- Small cr],,:;i:ri:; i';rt¡ hc ii¡u¡lri ¡r:;
L:(¡rlslituc¡tt:i oi ¡:oril¡rri:.iic gt'liitrr: iirt'nred ,¡i clint¡;:,¡i:;iic. :¡lftile,.
!¡-lit-it" rtic. {lL:avltgr- írlir-c:: l¡¡ltl úf0:;s i i:tctur(:s ¡r,-' u:;L¡¿tllr¡
visihlr. R:tgger-l rdger;:ric ¡loa J5 LrfonuLl¡!t:r:rl ¿t:t r)!l r-l!lc-.ic
r ¡¡ll¡hitrt¡les.

tl¡¡l¡lllf: {-ilaucclh:¡ne rk¡:e ir¡ ii:; ,--¡rri-irir¡rrbi,¡ ijiililil()!iiir,!t

h:r:t lighi irelc l:tteit,-ici cqilt¡tt¡:r ,¡rvit¡g iri ¡t liilv i'Lr{=:{rilir-'i¡i.
l¡'¡:n rich gllrrr,:tiphnrtr-' a¡¡il oihr='r ¡n.:nih.r:r .ri ihc :iclic:; ili:;fii:lv
vivid ,j,.¡lor¡¡:: !n :;h:¡ile:: i¡i hl¡lc- ri¡e t'e,:kitc i:., f:¡'i!:ht i¡iui:;ll
gicfi¡ *itil :¡:i e¡¡tci¡¡!,-l gi,:i;t l:iir- i-ic:.uitiitg irr¡¡¡t iicr-l*cni
ciintprisiiicn:il ::t;rrinu-, r:rilottr:; i:ar: i¡i'ir:.l :irfiltrgctl in e,¡¡tca;lt¡ ¡.:
l;rytf:: uf tiir:¡r-':ri,,'il:rik-c; ri..¡.::; wiili 1-;¡lsi ¡i¡¡i:;.;¡i:r!'.'r,-,q'
1 ca:lit, {nirtr-'ir!¡ t:i¡ir¡¡-! ¡ ¡¡:¡iic' ¡¡' :r ¡ a :¡ i:i1i f i¡!i ¡i¡iiii É

l'!¿:u¿r'll*¡í:i:tl. !¡¡ir:n:.i' ¡h:i{hÍrii:;!-rr ir; r'i¡¡l¡ulii:¡ i:.iir !'i¡r:

lr ¡le ¡:lli¡r'rl ¡i!q,'¡l¡¡,r¡' lLrlr.ril{ i:,:

¡r !tt!il 1..t¡re\l ¿rrt'!ittrr..,q,. l¡j¡t(- ¡¡¡,[!.(-.

li iara::nrlci t:lit¡.
r-iccir i¡lt¡.-:- i¡u¡!rlistr tr!r¡r¡:
i llirtc- :rl:u¡r t¡lur. ..'ir¡lri. cir¡:a' ¡¡¡¿¡r¡rrt.

l'l-ir:hci:l:.iii: ;!itil ¡¡!;tg¡¡.:::ic-¡ ielier!¡-iie :

r:l I ll ll!\l.l¡¡ ! r¡l!t . l:ll!i\l: i! i i_'¡,

intiigo hlrr''. 9¡lrii::i¡ r¡er¡:- ir:lia !;r)i!:i

Vr: iIi :r..' i; ¡ ¡ g i(:a i:. l'! ! +t:;' !¡ i :;! : !ja I lq¡i..'

!) I
 I ll:,\\'\' \l lNl'.lt/\l I)lrS( l{lI'l l()NS ANI) ('()1.(){Ill. I'l-/\ I}rS
'l hc shrrtlc ()i ll¡c{)chr{)isln ¡rtirv vlrrv \\ i1l)irr ir Ft:rirr. Ijorln:rliolr of tlt:rh (l sA)l)\ illiltorr ñ I:ugstcr 1l()5()).
IJcc:turc (){ (l()nriililnl { I I(}} oricntrrtiorl ol'llle gtirrtl\ trl)()ll
lttttttntilrg. u is r¡r¡clt rlisecrniblc. Il<'ttturk.s: \\'hcn clrcnliciil rrnrrllsis is not crrrrietl ()lrl. ¡t i\
clrsl()nrirr\, 1() rcler lo l¡tc¡¡hcrr ol. l lrc ulrruco¡rlr:urc-ricbcekilr
I)irt.fi'ittgcnc'e: Clo\ety rclirlc(l to cottt¡rosilion and is sl:lids us blue sodic anr¡rhilxrles.
usu:rlly nrodcrale. l)ut incrc:rscs slirhtll' uith ltighcr ltlg-
cor)lcnt. Intcrfcrcncc ci¡lorrrs of thc ¡rirlcr vlrrictics ¡ire in lhc Oruitts frttttt: l^¡ (ilirLrco¡rh:rnitic iinrphilrolc. ()ligoccnc
rangc of firsl-order grcv or 1'c)krrv. ltul lh0sc tlf thc tlcc¡rcr \4ol:rsse. Slrvol,. l:rrncc; (b) lcl lrr-qllruco¡rhlrnc. ()ligocclc
coloulcrl s¡rccirncns lr¡c Lrsuiillv ltr;rskcri by ttattrrirl ntirtcr:il lúolrrsse. Sl¡o\,. I"nncc (c) crossitc. [3Lrrtliglrlr:rn Mtillrsrr.
cillour. I)atclry ¡¡ncl uncvcn polrtriz;rtiolt cttltrttrs :rrc fliirll S:rr,rr,. I r.rllic t\11't l.5Sl).
c()t]t I l l() I) .

E.l' li tt t' l i r¡ lt : l'hc crtinctio¡l ;rrtglc ntc:rsurcrl on 10 {)) runr:cs

1

hct\\tcn {'' :rnrl lJ' frrr tllruco¡rlr:tne crtt'tt¡rositiort lind is

srnrenlr:r1 highcr ftrr rict¡cckilc. Clclrvlite lrrIn]c¡r1s nrtrtrrtlll'
hare ncrrrl¡' parlrlltl ertrnetion. rlhich is ollcn nrollled,,u i¡rr.l
t() cor'nl)()sili()nlrl vliri;i1i,r¡.r.

Ittter.fcrctt<'a Jigtrc: {Il0) prisnrs ()f gl¿ir¡e()¡hlnc c()nr

positiolr ricltl ccntletl rcr.rtc lriscclrir ñttures ujt]r llrirll llrrgc
lV. u ncglrlivc sigrt lrnd slrortg tiis¡rcrsion. -l-llis ligurc is clc;rl lr
risihlc in griirns uhiclr shoq'lrrtlnlrl ¡rllcrlcrcrlcc lit)ts. Slr()rlg
rniner:¡l colorrr rn:rY ol¡scurc ohsclr:r1ion.'l'hc irtltrlc¡urlre
fruulcs ol lr.crttircrs oi clossile lo ririlcckitc c()tltlr{)\¡li(rt)5
rrsr¡;rilv consisl o1 ¡rrtr,:!'. tlcllrttl ecccllirie irotrlcs. lV ol'
fr()s\i1c i: rrrt srrrlrll bul qo0tl hisccllix fltutcs lilc stltl()llt
obllrinlrlrlc. lhcreliuc clilr{lrosis clrllllol bc ln;ttle i¡t) lltis lr:rsis.

I:lttttgrttitltt: l)ue 1o collrl¡t¡sitiollrrl vitrilttiirtr. ¡ro:ilivc :ttrti

nctlrtivc ckn{alions n'ril! lrltclr)itlc uilhirl :r singlc gr';rirt.
Ciilrucophlrnc is lcntth slon'. but th:it shich is close 1o fcrro-
glaucophrnc cornptt:ilion lrut hc lcngth fast. Clr¡ins of
crossilc. nr:r[lrcsir¡-r icbcckjtc luttl liclrcckitc ltrc lcnlth frtst.

l.) i s t i t t gtt i.; lt i t t g .l ( u t t t t c.\ : lllue colorir unti chur¡c1cri:t ic

nlcoellroislll. prisnr:itic or occlrsirrn:rllv lllrrous lttttrpholtrg\'.
lrntl :rnr¡rlribLrlc clcavuucs c!rsurr' iu) clrst dil¡{r.lrrsis r¡l thc sc¡ ic-s
itsclf . I'¡le r 1in1s. \\'cirkdr Irlcocllroislr.r ¡nti llrck of colour in thc:
rr direclion. generall¡ p()sjtilc clongalion lncl thc tc¡rtlcncv to
vield good acutc biscctlir Ii¿urcs. lnav sufliec for lhc rli;rullusi:
of qlaucoirhanc. l-ints in grtcnish-lriuc sh¡tles. stronq colour in
the rr clirection lind ncralivc c)ongation crn indicatc ricbcckite.
IJo*evcr. ¡rositive identiflcation of the individLral mcnrbcrs
*ithin thc sc¡ics calr [re- nradc on]\'trv chcnricrrl means. lJluc
tirurmaline is uniaxial. has poor cleavurcs and ils grcatcr
absorplion colour is ¡rcrpcnciiculur to thc vlbration direction of
the lowcr nicol. Arfvr'dsonitc displa¡s verv stronq dis¡rcrsion
anti usuallv abnormal interfercnce colours. The rclief of
clrloritoiil is highcr anrl it has a niica-like hairit. Bluc
clumortierite exhibits slronger pleochr()ism in indigo-blue
shades.

Occurrettce: Glaucophane iind crossite are characteristic

mincrals of the glaucophanc schist anr:l gl:rucophanitic qreen-
schist facies in u hich magnesio-riel¡eckite nrav also fornr. Thcy
arc the sLl-called hiqh-pressure inder nrincnls. u'hich crl,stal-
lize logether l'ith lau'sonite. punrpeilr,itc. jadeitc. r-tc. Thev
¿rre frequently found uith tlre sanre association in sr'tlinrcnls.
Claucophane is also present in grrnet-glaucophanc anrphibo-
lites. Riebeckite crystallizes in a range of environments from
late diagenctic to mcdir.rnr-grade metamorphism. It is common
in alkali igneous rocks. In sonre metamorphosed iron forma-
tions it fornrs together with magnesio-riebeckite but they are
also presenl in non-metamorphosed iron formations. Aulhi-
genic riebeckite has been reported from thc Green River

92
 \ t{rrvt rlr:i( ii'J ll-ll

A*Évedsr¡E¡iÉe

nlon()c¡i¡lirr. l¡iu¡iui í -)
n.t i.r)7.i 1.7(Xl
;rli | 'í¡1e l.l0t)
itl l-ftsí¡ ¡,7¡t)
!r {t.f}{}5 {t_{lll
¡1- i.tlti.l.:,{t

F¡tr¡n i¡t s(dititr:Íti:;: ilrai¡¡:. :i¡c gcncllllv prirtrr:rtie

ili¡gnrr¡¡t:r rvl¡ich s!¡r¡rv .*cll rlcvek;¡rerl lilisttiaiir: clci¡vl¡gcs.
Fiitr¡ous lirnlls trilv illf;o occr¡r- (irain: r'l ¡iv¡¡¡11¡51i¡: ritigrrt
sorrrctii¡¡es ¡roikililicallv r:ltt:lose leltls¡r:tr:; rttti;i¡rlttiir:.

{.t¡lol¡r: jlaívati:idi¡iíL' is highlv ci¡i'itt¡':'l ii¡ :;h;tiies oi- [¡it¡lr';l

lntl trluish grccn. {ir';rins n'¡:rv lru 1,¡¡v,lltrti irlt¡c. [¡totr¡¡ til
itlnt(ist r1()tl-tfansp¿lre!rt in iltc -.' dircetiort.

ft l t ¡ ¡ ¡-' h r ¡ t i.t ;¡t-' lit r'nq ¡ilrtieh ¡ rii:;¡r rvi t h v;r i ¡'i rig :rhs(i r l)t i' )rt €
is chl¡nrcterislie of;¡tlvc,l,rottil.:: ir." tlce¡r hlrrislr ¡l¡cc¡r. i¡lrligti.
'yclloiv, rl:trk glet:rt: l:i" !ltccll, vrlltr$'i:;lr h¡r¡rv¡t^ gt't-'1. violct;
i- ¡r;rlc vr-:lkrwi:jh xieL'¡1. ilce¡l lr,:,-'tt. l¡t,¡rv¡tislt grcct¡,

ll i rtir i n g<' n tr'.' !Vc;rk i.) ¡¡r()(ler ;r¡i-'. ! nict ic¡ cncc colot¡rs :ti c

rc=
¡rtrscurctl [ry elcep nrittcr;il r:qilrrttr ;tttrl :tltsorPiir¡¡r. ttL:!ir:c gl;t¡lls
:jllt.¡w *Ntfcntt: vlr¡i:¡hilitv ol :;lr;rtle:. rtltl spt:q:l¡1:¡11¡t colr¡tlt
cha¡¡gcs frti¡¡r ''¡cllt¡rvislt t¡rrtrvn ¡ttrl blriw¡l i(! vivitl gt'ee¡t ittt
sailr.e tr)t¿rti0n.

fi-tti¡tt'titttl: (lrvir¡p, itr ,{Ir'()!lg disl)crsi()rr il¡L' .xiirrcti(!rr ¡s

oiicrr incritrr¡rlctc anrl is vltriltl¡ic evcn u'ithilt:t sitt¡tle gt;titt.
¡¿: ¿ 5" i0o ior :¡rivctlsr¡¡¡itr erltl 10" 15'- iril ¡¡rag¡rcsi,,

t
:i rlve ,-l:;i ¡¡¡ iir,

í;titrj,:rt'ttt-',.' iigurr: .SQ:tir-' r'lt:;tv;tgt' il:ti:r:::',¡icitl fllt:;h

iiqrr.::: iviiit v¡¡i¡hle lV. llorvcvcr. mtisi gr;titt:: e:ltilrit
.:'e{jr-'¡iifii-' ,,1:r¡L ittittlctc¡tcc iigit¡,::l l¡eq:iit¡tr rrl sif(in* illl:;.iiP
iiotr ;¡ntl nli¡r!:¡'ill .=r)l()ur v:=i ili:f¡c¡:;ii¡¡r ili íhc opiie :t:e:. ir
:;iii;rrg :rnrl rlctcr¡riin;rtioir ol iltt o¡riic :;igrt is dillicrtlt

l.I¡ i¡¡!:¿t t i,,¡t ; .*J,.:.,t ir r.

I Ii:;¡¡rrrttttOt,¿g.í€.tiI!'r(-':;: Arn¡rhilrrilt: !r;iliit ¿¡¡rrl ('lc;¡i'ilg.]:;.

:;irr¡nq eolr¡rrr. eotr¡rieil .¡ilh ¡irr¡kcrl plcocltroi:;iri.:i:; ilcll :r:l
it¡rri¡¡l¡liir-'r:-ii¡tciio¡t. :iir (li;l!rnii:iiií-- í-il:luc,¡i¡lt:t¡ri i:; lc¡igiit
:l¿¡.s ;¡¡lrl ¡;lriicf:triic in :rh¡¡r-lcs r¡i i¡lr,¡r-' u¡¡rl ¡1.i ivcii:'i¡tii,-'
''iq'lr:t.
¡¡r:rv l-t ¡:cinlirsrrl ';iii¡ -;i¡¡¡r': krniji!r il::i l)iLrri t!t¡tirl!¡l-,rrf!:a.
.:;llur-¡iillv ;ii;hL,:rk!ir-.','l¡i,-i¡ l::l:r;r.i¡¡lif:rr ¡rlroclrirrit:;fha¡ilr-
Iio'¡¡v,:¡. ih. ¡ilr'(i.'!!a¡iiri¡i¡ ¡¡l:!¡fvf{,1:i(¡i!iir-:rlit':ii:- ¡¡rflt!(Lj:-:i
i¡ii¡.*¡¡i:i: i:cicr¡r. :!irs;r'!lÍ i¡r ¡rrr¡:;i l;lttt ir¡¡¡!)l¡¡holr:-. i-1,i,:irrrl:iii:
h:rs ;r :.ii:;rlirr r:rii¡tr:li¡¡¡¡ ;!¡¡!:iri iii¡ri ¡¡¡l¡:,, l¡c ,i!riir;rllv ¡rl:.iliir'
t:rLe¡':¡t:¡r¡¡¡iir: i:; pleor:ltti;ir: i¡¡ l¡itlr: gtr,'r¡l :!nrl ljrlLiii gfr-'r-il
:¡¡ttl ii:; r:iinciir¡¡: itirri(: i\ l:iÍrri. !ilri,:-gi-rrr¡t i)itt'g:ra¡i¡'
+rlt¡¡iii,: oÍ i:lirr¡-¡!::;i(i-il{}r¡ll-.iq¡¡rl.j:: i¡l¡'.'' sr:¡k,:¡ ¡rl.--,r-lrr,r:;it.
l¡ighe¡-il¡.-!c:¡' ini.'tir:ac¡¡cL: ii¡tis tilt,i ¡t,i tiiir,'r cL¡¡¡uatir¡¡t- []lt¡¡-'
¡iiut¡¡u¡li¡rr' i:: tt¡tialit¡l :¡¡r,l ii¡ ¡¡i;r::i¡¡tli¡l ;¡l):r(iapi¡rr¡t i: prl l¡u¡¡
,iiaitliif iri i!¡r,'filiai¡tictit ¡-litrr,:iir¡¡r iii llrr: ¡lrl;riizer'.'tl;e
c:rti¡iriir¡¡t i¡l rlui¡r¡¡iiie¡iit i:. ir;rt;rll,'i- iÍ sltqiv:i ltigltt¡-tt¡rl,-'¡
!.il-il:rrit::iii(!i¡ ri¡li¡i¡¡:;r¡¡ti ¡r rlii{tir:i¡i ¡tl,:<tr'liirti,, :;clteiiir

d'¡d;¡iji1',ldÉ' 1-.ii'.,,1r¡,¡ili, i.,:1,li,,i:¡,,,¡'\l¡' ¿,'lt,llrtr.ilr t;

,'irr;,r¡ti, .llk;llr irr¡,,r¡' i,u L , rir:¡t¡il\ :'i;rl¡¡i( \. t.' ltiir';
¡rLrilhriiiic:;';r'iliir':; ;ri¡!l ¡i;ir¡i ;r:i¡ir!:¡irtl ¡rt¡iii;riiír::. ii ixr'¡tl::
Íira{-:lv in ll!,11i ¡ir'!r .,r¡1,';r¡¡ie.,, isiilir¡¡¡ ¿'¡ ¡rl. ll'}7'i'l ;r¡rerirrl

¿l ]
 HEAVY MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS AND COLOUR PLATES

authigenic magnesio-arfvedsonite from the Grcen River

Formation of Utah (usA).

Grains from: Pyroclastic origin from the Palaeogcne

Thanet Formation. borehole 7917A 57.89 m, offshore south-
east England (Mmt 1.582). Courtesy of A. C. Morton.

94
 MIiS{'{}r,/l !'1.,

MTCA GR$UP

Malseovite
(inclurling othcr rvhiic mic:rs)

K,A i.ll :;i,,Atro-¡¡ | ( o l. I. F ¡.,

¡no¡rur:li¡ric, biaxial ( - ) a
¡¿(1 1.55'l-1.=57.+
nll l .-íii2 Lír ll)
¡t l l.5li7-l.i¡l(.¡ b-
¡\ 0.{).if>t}.049
a .1.77 2.8¡i
Furm irt sedirneflts: fulr¡scovite appcars invariably as {i}01i
hasal ¡rlaics- usually with r tou¡trl. nlorc rarclv s,illt an
irrcgular. r¡utli¡rc. 'l he plates may bc br:nt, curled or havc finrr
{rained filrrr¡us,rr scaly muscr¡vitc on Íhe ir margins. Llr:lusi¡rns
of uragnctite. hem¿rtit¡: :rnd acccssory urin*rutls are ,iftr:¡t €
prcscnt.

{'olou¡: Cr¡lourless, highly transl¡¿¡¡cirt, br¡f ¡nlrv bc si:rilterl

vellon,.

P le¡¡c hr¡l is m.' l-Jon-pleochroir:.

Ei'rt:f ringe¡lr-:t:: Flusal plate s har: ',vcuk l¡ircfrii¡se r¡e'-'

i'csillting in first-order prle :tr(iy {rr s'lritc i¡rterfrrcncc c()l()uL:i
which range uFr to Lrale yeilow in thir,ker frl¿rtcr. G¡ai¡rs tving
perpenili(:ulaf t0 ihc cleavagr- h¿rvc: str¡¡¡tg lrircfringerrec attd
scei¡nd- or ihird-oi'der ¡n1ef c rLrncc eolou rs-f

E;tíinúic¡l: Ncarly par:rllel iu cleav:rg,: inrcc:;. I-1:rsal plairr.

,ritcn :h¡r* r,yJvv !r! ¡rrrlIlr-'ri (.liii¡tfiir)n.

initrJ'ereru:e .iigurt:: E};rs;rl irl:rlcs proviilc c:rcellcnt.

Lreiiire(l acuic tiiscct¡ix iigures rvith well-deiine,-l isrigvrc; iil ü
whiit: r-!F 1,elkr.l iicld. ii¡¡u (lr ilvir isoelrr<¡nraiir- crrrve:.. lir:r;ri
nppciir'. rrsrrally ai iir=- ouic. pari iif ihe ligurr. ?V is ¡;iihi:r
.vari:rble rlcpcnding cri ihe criittposition a¡¡rl :i'rauctutú. r -i
rlispersirit i:r'Jisiir¡r:i.

F)l,tngalit ;,n : F¡¡siiivc iri clcavage iLace:;.

DisiittguisftiÉ'tg j¿ítíltrr::;: Miea hai¡ii a¡ui l;rs-k i¡í c¡ilour.

i(igeihcÍ rviih :rn cxccllcnt intcrtircncc iigure , pr,.rvirle :rn r.asy
,-iiagirosis- Talc ¡ese¡lhlrs ¡nu:;c<¡vi¿e lrrri is u:.,rrall-v ¡,rrn¡rtiserl
i¡í íine s¡¡:ril <r:cri;rp¡'iiig ::e:rie::. i¡ck:; clnrplctc Lii!!!ei¡iii¡ :i¡¡.1
is virtua!ly utr¡li¡¡¿i!.

q..iL'i'!!Ftr:ilL'€: i!,iu:...'rx:iie i:; ptc:;eiti iir:r *ir!,-'vaiitiv

'il'
i¡¡Lriai¡lc!illllic li)¿k:l ¡t¡¡{J i:: c:.qtrciaii.; rll¡it¡ttii¡t i¡l :;ciii:;t:; ¡rlrl
grtci:;:;c:;. lir ¡-rluiriiric ¡r.¡ch:; ii íúr¡nr ilt =rilrriirj:i- ¡iegm;riiic:,
;i¿riites an,J iit hyriroiherm;ri ':c,i¡¡s. lje¡icire is ¡irodur:ed iry iire
hvrlrrtil¡c¡r¡lal altcr¿'rio¡t tii kld::¡r;ir:- iii igitcou:. :¡¡¡rl ¡¡rei¿r
uurrphic ¡i;cks anri alsii iiuring incianorphism q¡i inirrmcr!iaic
a¡¡d :¡cie! ¡t;e!:s.

Re*larks: F;re'ageieeiÉe uiril phengiÉe :rre o¡iie:rll1 irrdi:;tin

gui:;h:¡E¡le i¡¡¡¡¡ ¡¡tt¡:;e<¡r.'itrr arlri it i: ü.r!¡tÍnrtntc us{i ihc ic¡lrr
'ecE¡iÉe mica' í{}r ihe frll{¡¡lilc:j:i ¡¡ti.r:ir ;ilriciic:; rvhcn l'uríliei
:;¡;iiclrl distirrciic¡¡ i:- r;oi pc::::ihlr. ühc n;¡¡¡¡t::+¡'ieiÉe is ¡-lsctl ítr i iroin:; j-ro*t: i;r) Iiivcr s:¡¡r<_|. [-l:¡iir¡loor. F.¡¡g!;¡¡ttl
rlc::cr iirú iihrt¡rrs. i¡,:r¡lv. f i¡¡q: gilti¡te.l u:-u:rllv ::el¡ird:rry riric;r. {b¡ i';i¡-l¡c¡¡ile rotr:. F.ki¡Ífu -.lc:¡ í F;lli¡t I :j liJ )_

I!-:
 ¡ E Fr i-! !:J jr' tul I i! E liñ t. iiL:Sli' li l l-' i ! i ¡ t-J ¡. sr.rli á ii¡.ailll=: lrl .^'E'¡r:,

-,,=ir
" '{--}-r,l

¡.!t l-i'.!j ¡ ¡li!

r:i !

ii {!.t!!+ {¡.(}i;(!
r'! I 4í | .::. !i.-.

F'r.¡t'¿;z ir¡ :;r ilitFti:tli:;: i.il¡rr¡il'¡¡iir i; ii¡Lt¡¡ri i¡! hi¡lh il¡. hL::!v!j
:rii! li-¿!rt iit!¡¡r,:¡:tl l¡¡r:ii¡i¡¡:;. li ili:.¡;l:r','¡. ii t {t¡¡:.i.lt'Íi¡irl!'r-':rti;liit¡:r
ri¡ ¡¡¡rit¡r!¡r:!ii=.,: ¡rrl oi ¡hv:rc:rl :rttrl ,:l¡r::¡¡ir:;il ¡rii¡rcriit:
É,i¿¡¡i¡-¡:t :irr. L:¡:¡¡¡irle:-- pri¡fi:j {:! i¡¡íi!ii¡r:: rii ¡!i'r'drr::ri:i;iiiii.r
rr¿!ft)!i:r:¡¡.' i¡iiai.!isr-!ril ic::i:-- ¡li!i iiii:'.qiii;ii ii::¡ririCiti: ilt:ii
si:¡uci!ciíi;ait(! ¡ni¡r,-,i:i! Ftiii¡¡:r;i¡r':¡lr¡ Lr{}Iirnr(¡ii. Éil;lttr't'¡riil i'
rr:ri:rily e i.;¡riot¡ 1.::;i:¡llitra. li i'¡;rs :: pcr !rr:i i ir;it;igq: wirir'ir i::
¡,r¡, 1.'-irilrl, !¡¡: rL-li¡;;rl :t¡:¡iilr:

Llr¡i<wr Qrr.r! Pl({tr:híl?¡5rt¡.' l'h¡rr'!'.rr¡ rr:ri¡¡:" :rre y{-'!'v iij¡r li

f:t'LrLi¡!
(lr ;rlrnosl o¡r:rqrtr -1¡rutll Pi:lll¡:. irlld tlli!l¡¡ua Illlgtltctrl:-
shinv qlillrrr¡¡i s!¡;¡r-l¡-::; ¡rf gr-cctt. :;i)ttle titttt:i ltlt¡i:-:li o¡ ye llowi:-li
!l!'cr:¡¡ .='.llor¡rs. irnil rrr we ¿lk-lv pl(:rirtllt ()ir-' iti grerti ;itit! y-'cll,rw.

Rircfrin¡4tnt'i'-' Mocleri¡tr-, i(r rrt¡.r¡rtr. iii:t¡cot¡ii* ltr:. aggi,:'

g:rtc pcllariz:rtit¡¡¡ w¡ih :tL:cr)n.l-tttrlei gre,-,tl il!¡(¡ vllll{)w iiii!¡
iirrcneü iinl:;.'l'hcs..' ;rre clte¡1,-¡bst:tllctl hv ::laottg ¡¡ti¡rr¡:tl
col,rur ar¡r! ;rre he:;i :r,:r:tr rvilh ihc stthsiltge ei¡lltlelts,'f i¡)sr.,t'iuri

fi-t ti¡t<' t i¿ t ¡t. l':r¡ :rlie!.

lnfer'.frrenrr .fi¡1tlrr: {.lrvin!: tr¡ tirr Iii¡!'( ¡vslirlli¡r. siruciurc

ol thc :t¡¡gtr:gil1c:i. Ll*It¡i¿tl gtiti!l:r :rql(lilr¡i','icld i¡ilr¡irlerrrr-'
figrtt'r:s.

El tt ttg4ik i te : !!r¡:;it ivt:.

Distitt liu is h i n !: J:eelurcs : {'¡rlor¡r. nrrir¡rhiikrg-y :rnti ci vplo-

crvst:rlline slrudiurc :rrc tli:;li¡retive. illikrt'it¡-rs rtt;rt a¡r1:rriri iir
alt¡:rl:glle l¡¡tnt sn¡lila; tt¡ ulautt¡ttit¡. t¡ut thcil hitt:ititrgcn.:c i:'
-l'hc
vq¡'v hlw. ¡r¡ocl,: !)! occrrrrLr¡r.rlr iil'l¡e¡'thieni¡¡e i:; :;inrilrr¡ lii
thai ol gl¡ruc'o¡ri1'- lrtrcl f he-v lrle intli:;ting,rrish;thlc r,tcglt:.c,rpie-
allv or [¡v o¡rlic:rl rnc:rrrs.,'-i-r¡rv tliill:retii¡r¡ olicrt ¡evcirl:; lll:ri
ur¿rir¡s ftrrr¡rcrlv itlcnlilicrl es sl¿rr¡coniic are bc¡llticlirtc,
(lelutlonitc i..: sinril¿r 1o glliuconilc rnincr¡ls. hr¡i ils r:hcnrir:al
composition is tlillcr-crrt rr¡rtl it is ot'lcn ;rssor:iltctl rvillr voli:anii:
tnalcri¡rls- liortre punrpcllvite rrgercgrrlcs nr;tv rcscnrblr glirrrci)-
nite hul thcir relir:l is nr¿irkcrllv highcr-

{}u:urr¡:r1¡:¡:: {i!aueo¡ritc arrcl I¡¡,'¡thir:¡i¡re ;¡¡c rr-'sl¡ir:teri it¡

the ¡ntrrine c¡rvifonnrlrnl anrl l¡rc iir¡'¡¡¡crl []v thr: rcirli!{rlrnl.--nl rrl
rniue rrltigically di{fe rcni ..jul),clrit{cs. 'l hLr}' ¿lra} trinrllor¡ qrrlrsti
trrcnts ol Fr(.rL:n-\ands, glartc<initic :landsl.¡ur:i. rl:¡uet¡¡itic
lit¡lcsto¡res ilrtd m¿¡rls, {il¿rucor¡ile rncou¡rle¡'ttl in setlir¡rct¡l:;
rv;rs ciilrcr foimed'i¡¡ .ri¡¿¡' ot v*rs r.ccvclcrl ii-orn prr:-r:'ir:;ling
gl:rucon ii ic setli nrL-nis.

R.e¡t¡¿t-rks: fidi¡¡ á¿ fuí:ilic¡ ( i9Hi) lirri¡xr:.ql ir¡ riisqir¡irrrur

the term 'gl:ruciinile' :rnd i{i usc i¡r:;itad the tertti gl:tucon.+, lot'
tht: facies, and gl:rucnnitie sr¡¡ectite or glaerr-rrniti*: n¡ie::¡ iir¡ ll¡r:
r¡¡i¡re rrls. li lppeiltrs, ho!".Lrvcr. {i¡lrt lhc:.c l*r¡r:-; l¡irvLi ¡¡.¡1 vcl
comc inio gl'ncrnl ¡ir;rtiicc ;tt¡d the ri;¡¡t¡t ,:lartc,i¡¡itt i:r still i¡r
use. To ovcrcoí¡tc ihe ¡rrohk:nr sr¡nre ;rul!¡ols re le ¡ lc
' gla uconil ir- n¡ iltci'ix l:;'. i-] rit i ¡t :; ji'¿¡r¡¡.' { ¡l¡g,t..¡r. Flc¡the el¡;r i¡r
"
!- ¡'¡ ¡¡r:r { fv'l nti i ..5iil i
 TI I.-A VY M I N L ItA I, I)L"S( Ii, I P'I'IONS AN I) ('OI-()T ] It I'I,A-I'I.,S

rcstrictecl paragcncsrs, bu1 stilpnontcl;rnc is thc indcx rlrincr:ll

of thc lt¡w- to mccliunt-gradc nrctantorphisnr (slilpnontcllrnc
zonc); thcreforc its dclrit¿ll occurrct.lcc nray lurnish v:rlu;rtrlc
clucs to sourcc lcrrains.'l'hc b;rs¡rl clcirvagc of stil¡rnonrcllrnc is
less pcrfect than that of biotitc- ln s:rnrplcs coltluining fitrrous
or inrperfcct flakcs of brown or grccn nticas, stilpnonrclanc
may bc ¡rresent. In this instancc diagnosis rcqtrircs chcnticul
tests.

Grains frOm.' Upper: (a) Carboniferous, borclrole Wciach,

'1393
m, Srvitzerlanrj; (b) N4itldle Anrcrica 'l'rcnch, DSDP L.eg
6ó; (c) Oligoccne, Brirrónlc Basin. Francc (1\4nrt 1.5ti2).
Lower: left-hand grain: Tcrtiary. North Sel; right: Lou,er
Miocene Molassc, Savoy, France (1\,lnrt 1.5t32).

98
 €.:EEÜ

h4s,,lSi,{ },,,1(r }Ft) r

inon(tr-lini.:. tii¿rri¡l ( -i
' ,. {-'::= '

itL 1.5:19 L55{} , -=.

-;=G:-
r¡li l.slit). 1.5i,.1 .:F.:-
=
.j
tr.l i.iH(] 1.6!!{l !-j:'
i:- .:
r' : r:i
.: : i:
i) l.r l:' =
r

,{ l.:;ii l.3l
i;'"'"==;-
:j: : -:
i i::: : ==a

?-i¡rrn i¡¡ ,tí'ilitrEil!.t: 'l':ric :r¡r¡rc;u:; i¡s nrir':l-¡ikc riiuil(l,

a.:
=.:
riblortg tit ir¡'cgr¡l:rr {l}lll } [¡lrs;rl [tlitiL's. citllcr :rs llrin si¡lglr:
..'.
:' t-- =:l
:.:,
.J.:

shecls i¡t ;rs eorn¡rosilc f,lirics (¡i'snt;rll or.erl;r¡i¡iirtg :c;rlrs- It is

i¡lie¡r lirli;rted (lr'see¡r :ls:rggrcg,;ile:j ol littc ncerlle:: or lil¡¡r:.. li
ilr;r\ !1¡il1:t¡il op:t(luc ¡nclil:ii¡rilr-

i'ttk¡ur: llssenti;rllv c()loürless, brri :;t;iirriirg e;¡rr ciiu5c

vr'lltrrvisl¡,'l lr¡r'rrnirll Irrl ;.

lj I t't ¡ c lt r; ¡ i..; t¡t.' i.lt¡¡r=irlcr¡ch¡'oir:.

fiirt.frin;it:ttr:¡1,' it;¡sal pl;rtcs have k¡iv l¡irri'iin:srrru ;r¡( l

rli:-¡rl:rytlull lirr.i-{)ri-lLf !:re!', É,'lr¡ic r)r !ral('-va¡l(j\!, i¡¡ifaiuac¡rr'u
colouls. i-rih¡'ou::;tnil corrr¡rosiic g¡-:riils ()¡ r;¡¡irkr¡¡lv ¿r¡-icnicil
ilak,.':; h¿¡v,: :;tt¡r¡¡jt hirt:ll ingr:¡lLr-' ;isr:oeiair-'rl witlt :;ccrrrtti :r¡trl
iltirul-t¡rder r,r-lli¡rv " ur;¡¡rqe lt ¡lll ¡rl lru in l rrf¡14ncc eokrrr r:;.

li.f¡i¡lt'¡ittn: É'.¡i11r:r r.1,irv.,,,¡¡ i¡¡r,-h¡i;ii,i¡y. b.,r-:¡i¡5¡ ()l :iUpc¡

impl::ed iinc fiake:;, hui ¡r¡¡rst ¡rflc¡r *r¡ins f¡il i¡ c:ii¡r.¿rri::lr i¡r
:i¡lv pf¡:iitirill.

l n l t rJ e: re n ct .i i'¿ u r t : l !;rs:r l platc:... cvcn eom¡-xisitc e¡ r¡ i ¡r:; ¡rí

ii¡rr: sr:¡rL:s yic!ri lt rrlcll-rctltfcd :iaitic hi:;,:ciri;c- Iierr¡.i wiih veiV
::¡n;rll lV 'll¡ü LtlLt;¡. i::¡¡gv¡*s i¡¡ ¿ .¡lri¡r ()¡ :r/Lrll(irv iicki h;iidl,v
:;t:¡riit:rtr: ;!n.-l ihr fir:urc a¡.i¡.ieai's ut¡iit::ilti. isccir¡r;¡¡¡lrfic ba¡ttl:;
:ti,- ¿t:'t¡;:llr rrir'1,¡ iri ir! ¡liir'kr'' r¡;¡i¡ls.

É':liln"¿í1ii.jf¿: iihiri¡l:: i!:rkes rnrl iillrL-:; i¡i¡v(: Fr(,¡¡il!!

eltii¡¡l¿riio¡r.

I,ti:;¡in.g¿ti:;hi¡tÍ4 i'€t!itrris: liirigle b;i:;;il ¡¡l;¡ic:; r¡i r;¡lr q¡e:¡rlv

resc¡nble ..vhiic nli¡-;r, i¡'iiiii e'iiich tlisiil¡i:ii¡r¡r ca¡r !r,-. r¡r;r,,1,' !t-t'
iire virtuallv r!n¡:l:{iiil iigut',-'rii 'rl¡e ir¡inre ¡, {'cnpcsilt: lri;iie ¡rjis
¡f ri!,ell;i[]pir!r srn:rll il;tl:cg i¡tr: ci¡ai';¡cír¡i:jiir ¡il irle. hui .r¡r:
¡:¡r¡-'!v Íi¡r¡¡rr,l ir¡ ryi¡iit ¡¡rir:¡t:;. lI i:: r!iiiir:t¡li irr r,li:;íirigrri::ir :;rrieriu
iii.-¡rr ii[¡¡t¡r¡s i:t!.'.'¡'iilL] i{i:.;c:¡ll¡lc:- pvripir.,,llitr:. i;¡¡í ii¡t: i;r¡ic¡ ¡:;
ir¡rlik-clV iq¡ !:r i<;it¡¡<i i¡¡ ¡-:lli::iir ::erli6¡¡¡¡5 ! r:!,: ¡¡¡¡¡v l;r: ;i
!-(]itrilti]¡l iltrir ii;rl .qirr:its. i-,i!í ::; iri.ihi¡hiv ¡r¡i::i:¡l:i¡i irir :.crierir--
{i! !i,l¡ii.-' :¡iir::-

e--¡¡6'¡¡¡'.r¡¡¡¡a'¿'.' !lrir: ii.''r¡¡::; ir.: ii¡¡-.ir'¡ri¡rri!r.r¡¡¡:!!:!¡ir-r¡i¡¡¡{}!! t!i

irli¡;¡l¡¡¡:;i,' ¡r¡ek:- ¡:r+¿ft¡ci¡!g ¡¿¡i('-i¡a¡i :,¡-¡¡i:.,i:., í':Í!::¡a;ii::r¡ii¡rr¡ i.
!¡r ¡¡t*Í:t¡ilq;¡!¡l¡ir ¡tie!.::- ii ¡:; ir;i!¡r¡ íri í:t!r;riithcpl¡','lliir. i¿rir
i.:t¡¡lrtliif :¡ird i:lle i:¡-}É;gil¡i¡f :r¡-'iri:.:i:.. ;i¡¡d :¡l=r¡ i¡¡ ihr:¡¡¡:rllr.,
¡i¡!:ii!¡¡!1rrfr¡r(i:;eil ::ilir:.:¡ir¡:; iirii{i!¡¡ii1:r. ii¡ .-.i';¡Fo¡it.-:: ii ¡r¡;¡.,, it¡¡ ¡¡r
:ruih iguil ir;!¡iv

i irgi¡l,t,jicr;;1.' :icri :;:rin¡rl<: íiii;i: ¡n ¡¡¡ri.¡¡¡¡rr¡i icc¡lii ' r

;iírir:¿t, i¡;unri ir>¡¿riiirr .¡;ll! i¡¡ii::!r(':r¡ri-:ririiui¡rhvlliir íÉ.{irir
¡ ..19 !
 CHLORITE GROUP
!'

consolidated rocks may be coated rvith a thin film of authigenic

chlorite.

Grains from: (a) Lorver Miocene Molasse, Savoy, France;

v (b) Oligocene, Barréme Basin, France.
Lower ro*: authigenic chlorites, Rotliegend, northern
Germany (lrfmt 1.539).

t{l I

¡
 !ltrÁVy ¡rili.lf:tiA¡, i-ii]t!l{-.Fili¡.¡.1{}l'-l:; Ai_jl} á,'!.!1.(lltli l-[,¡i!E.!]

Ser-pemÉEcee gF€EEeE

tv1.¿ ,1-ci ,{ i,lít il í i.¡

¡1,¡¡r¡¡,:li¡rit'. I¡i;r:ri:¡l í

i:h¡ y,':¡iiil,' lizlr(iiir ;lr¡irg()¡ ¡lL

itrt l.-:,jl !.i.1!l i:-t= I _::;.1 i.5i:; i.i{r7 *
;ili i.::-lli i,5{'.1
rt.:¡.:'.+5 l.a5{'' i.i4É I .:;6{!
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i; {}.(}l.i íi,f}!7 (l.ll{lr: !!.{lt}F; i¡-i¡{¡:i {}.{X17
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'llrc ;rt¡r'v,-' 1l¡tLi: Fri¡reil¡:tl p,rh.,trtorpltir v;!¡¡q'iic:. (ii lh(j

scr¡eiriiiir g!.)ttI iirr trsrt:rily qic:;ign:liüil ¡!:j s!:Íll!:¡liillc 1!hüll __;-:::_. _
r¡!c(it!¡t1(:!'.r(l iir :;erli¡¡t,-'t¡i;. hct';ltts¡-' irl)tit'i!l p¡i)Pe!iir':- ;!lt)¡t!'
;r!i-' i!ri¡.l.-:ilu;rlr iiri di:.lingrti:;ilinr lrtl$'.¡t'il thr il!¡c.- 51!t]i!:.
ilrrrin:; rtr;rg br: ¡c¡etrlcrl í!:r :;L-rpijt¡li!lr l!t¡i1.r:rl: c¡ i¡iiglllrlrir
ol :.ei¡ri:niinilr:s. 'l-hrir rle¡r:;itr í'l (il :rt!gg.::í:: !lr;rI tir, r
l¡rlqrr¡Li ic thc ii.¿hi n¡¡¡!c¡it! li-ircti'.it¡- l¡¿¡i hci:;¡ttsL ()i'tl¡a
(1][t¡ll(!ti l]fes.'!lüi.]l iti¡l: r)tf it¡clu:-io¡t:, ihr:'; lc¡ld tr¡ l¡r.'
c(incctltii¡lcal ili llrr h,::lvv tllilltlr:li iesi(lltc

F'¡¡r¡n in s(ditttí:'tt!5: Serl¡cttliltr: !t¡rcr;tll'; occrtr:' :t:; ¡rl;tiv

gr;rirrs witlr l¡ iorv rtlir,l irt¡tl ¡¡ snror¡tl¡ t()t!¡¡(l (ta olrlo¡¡¡: rr¡¡flit¡r
Itrcgular- iaggr-'rl ¡llatc:. !'oliaictl llltkr-: ol lilrtrrtts ltg!:rl:gi¡le:r
havi: also l¡rcn lr-;rtttti. -toitl.'grairt:. in;i,v cr:hiltit tlte shltpe .ri
lhc ser¡rrittiniz!:(l lnirttr;tl ttr rr()¡ttÍiitt rclir,:; rll i)!r.)r\cre:; (r!'
olivint,. A..; lr bv-prrtdur:1 ol scrpcniiliizatiti¡i. iro¡r orr: iltr:ltt'
sio¡ls are r:ttfcnlr-lr: ai)nrin(ln. ;rt¡rl ofi*tt onlv l thi¡¡ ri¡l arotlnrl
:r sccnli!r8,!v ilpllqu. rrail¡ it¡r-lic¡¡cs thr: [¡rtlq:tlr:s- tti rt s,-'rpcti'
1i¡rc: ¡i¡ine¡al {ir:ritt:. it¡;¡rc;tt ir':!tlslttr\-:trl vrrlll¡;¡ glrarv ot ¡r¡1¡¡11'
lusln tltttltr lllt liirtrr'ttl;¡t ¡¡¡1,.¡ilr¡rr¡lr'.

(¡¡ktUf : l'hi¡¡ l'l¿ikt:s ;¡rc rrlnlost a(jt()urk:s:r. vrrv palc ycllorv

()¡ p¿tl(: g¡cLrn. ht¡1 slr:ttlc:; tlLc!)L-!l i() ligltt lttorrtt ,r¡ gltrcn u'ilh
irtt rt rrsirty'. tliir'krtq's¡.

Ple¡líhrttisttL' l:l;¡¡elv ¡¡.rlict'rtl-lc. .'ilrttr tlltrl:tr cLrloutrrl

varietic,.; rrx hibit vcrv l ainl plcrich r oi:;nr.

IiireJ'ringcttt:c.' l.crv. 'l hiri ¡l:rtc:. trlll)el¡r p¿1.r. .)r (l:rrl: rrrv
,.rI rvhittr. ull(ic¡ cri)sscd pol:rrs. With slt()lt!ler ¡t¡llut:tl colt¡u¡'
Itnd incrc:rsitig thickrres:, inicrlcrctrcrr coltit¡r:; ratlJ:c to sr,ctlltrl-
onlcr velkrw, {-)rilriga. g¡=cc¡r i¡n(l sonlctinrcs ¡rtttlrltalotr:i [rlttish
grLre Ii.

F,xtintti¡tn: Wirvv. urtrhrl;rlrli!' (tr nr(lltlc(|. orving to tlif lcr-

ing oricntatitin úl pliiti:lc1s or tit¡rr:s rvithin lr siltglc gr:rin-

Inf er.frrtnc't .fi¡iurt: lt is vct,v' tlillitrul¡ lo ¡rblrrin :t¡r

¡tlt('tlr'r('ltf! litttlr'. l.;ilqt r ll0Ilrr1]r'ilr-(irl:';tlr';r" ¡rl :'(tlllr'l]l:l¡ll\
tr¡rv shorv llash figures.

F,) I on gc i i tt tt : f¡.sil ivc.

[]istirtg,uishiilE .f¿uf t!r't:;: l.r¡rv lr:licl i: .:h:rt;r.tcristil iln(l

lhe outline ol the 1l¡inrtrr grairts nrra¡'lv ilisappcars in;l lqru,

ilxlcx ¡.t¡(:(iiun.¡ {c.s. (l;rtlil(li! h;rls:¡rlt). fjlltt:1' ,rt iil¡tiitt:; h;rliii {.}{L'Ufft:tlt'¿:: S'cl¡rcn{irre lililll:lal:; ¿t¡.(-lrtÍ¡1c(l essenii¿illv hv
and lhc t,L:fv (:rrü1ll1r¡! lltrtscüer ()l {}l}ilqur i¡¡cltt:;i,rns;tri: the :er'¡rritiiuizalir¡¡r ili lcrttittt;tgitt:tiiitr ltritlei:lls it¡ uhlal:lt:;it:
rlilgno:.1ic-'l-ltr lolvcr t'¡rli¡:1 tcgcllicr rvitlt ltigltcr-trrrlel ilt1rr'- r¡rckr. 'l'liev iicrru¡. bttl lc::-: ,:,-r¡ttrltt¡illv. itl nrcilti.irtitllltic rrir:l':s
fcrcnuL' c()lours lrrllr irr i!isiingui-:h scrpeiriitie l¡olli lt¡ittts, lr¡rd in ltvdrrihf,r¡¡rtit vcin.q.
rsprciallv ll'onr chlcriie Lr¿re he tl lrir)litc:. !¡lirv
rtrhlr r,:se
scrp(:lrl¡n!: bul thcit til ii-; higl¡er;utd 1l¡ev 1'trkl glilt! {}rui¡t:: Jt'ttttt: { )ligor:enc. Éja¡'rilntr li¡sin. Fr¿tÍ!ctj

inte¡ ldrr¡rar ligufl's. (h4nri l.:;ti2).

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 g!li tr ! ¡ l'-J É'1'É :

FreEec-cEÉe

t=l¡¡:All A lSi :{ } r,,l({ }H };l

<¡riitr¡'hi¡¡¡¡lric" bi¡.rial f * l

¡¡(1 l.hll l.íi.i,j

nli l.í¡l-5 l.ír4l
il.i ¡.át.l l.írt.:;
h {i.i}'ll_{t.{}.i5
:-!,iG-1.91
^
F¡¡r¡n i¡¿ s€ilitflt'ttis: ür¡iir¡s ¿rc r¡rrisi írcquci¡ily, ir:¡1-;¡l-
clc¡tvagc fr:rgmcnts rvhich :¡re ol'ie ri crint¡rcsed rrl s¡¡¡:rll
irrcgular cr iriangular-shapcd sccti)ts. Tl¡er;e ¡tti¡v lre fr,rrtiu¡¡:-
<ií l;trgcr crvstals c;ghibiting ch:rrecicristic 'irqrrv=iic' sir uLrtutrt.
5hc¡f like rrggieg¿rtcs and elu:rlcr:l of larli¡llv ¿i¡'¡ilngcii íil¡¡-c:
muy also trc presenl, 'fhe :;utlaee oi'ilrc glains i:r usr-rally Íllik.;.
$onctimes iine lamellar trviniring ¡s rli:;cer-nihle . l¡¡c!rrsior¡: aic
minutc Íiuitl gl*lrulrs r]r i¡ictolil*s.
':+
tolt¡ttr: Frehnite is c¡¡l¡¡rrrlcss. lrr!! ire.lucni i¡q¡¡r ¿.¡;rid¡-'

si¿lillitlg Ptir(lttcrc I Yelli;wi::h tingc.

F Í e¿ sti'¿ r¿¡ i:; rtl.' F'iriir=iileoe!:rriie.

Birr:fringrnt'í.' I!4oderai¡:. l¡lic:¡lcrc¡¡r:i,' i:iiler¡r:t ¿rr,- rrpi:r¡

firsÍ- ii¡ É¡)waf sr:¡:onrl-ortic¡ .:l¡¿rdcs. rt:rt:¡llv r!t¡t¡lir¡aicd irv
¡tcllcrv and orange. Srime grain:- mav L,;rltiL¡il ¡li¡¡,¡r¡¡¡;ri
'llltltrrizai;o¡1 r:r¡h¡riis.

E-U¡it¿t-!it-tt: Plrali,:l ti¡ ¡'i*:::v;rrc i¡;¡r-r-':;, l¡!ri r¡ltri! w¿rr;v iii

ineomplci*.

Itttefj<:rtznte ji.{11F-.' ülrsr:urr-.ii iry ¡l¡¡ iil¡¡r¡us qrr c!!ir!F{¡stIr:

naturc ¡¡i il-tc ga¿!i¡i:;-

L, l t e¡ I *ti it t¡t." I rii li,.r ¡r r;itir t. (¡t ilr,u;ii ¡1 i..

{}isiirz'¿l:ishin¡4.f7afurt:,t. P¡'-hr¡ris ¡' irc,'gili¿.:ti ir\'fl!r¡,¡¡¡,"

.ir Lrl¿tty lt:ibit tnd i¡lt¡dctate rclicl Thc pr.,-sr-nce i¡í :;¡¡r¡ti!
sectcr:; rviihi¡r a ¿iartir:ulari.r' r:ha¡acie ¡'i:;tie . iV;r', r
¡:r'¿titr is
Lrxlinctiúii. !an¡eli:rr irviirning ¡¡nii iiakv:lr¡¡fl¡r:c ¿¡¡*:iiso lv¡tic:rl.
It cau he ¡nisi¡rkcn ibi eilkiurle5s pumpeilvitc. hu¡ ih,, hiicr
fu ¡-t pro;rottlr-etl ;¡t¡o¡¡t;¡1,¡us ittlc¡'ir¡eircr rolc,-rrs-

{}CtUfrcn¿.¿:: F¡¡:hniir: i:: :: iliaq¡t¡:iie ¡:¡i¡¡cr;¡i <;i' ¡!ir,.=, si.:i(l(:

r¿gi¡;ni¡ilv iriciamoiph*:;r--r! ¡-:rr:hnii'-, Fu¡itpr.llviie t3LiL-!: ra!r_'l::t.
rvhrie ri,¡íir¡r i¡¡r¡¡r::.,t!¡¡s. ni i¡afui:i i,¡:r:;i¡¡ri!:i¡ m¡n¡rc¡ itt
¡nci;¡-gaeVlvai.:&-es. Ffeh¡¡iic i-; L1i¡¡i¡¡ir!i: ;¡t iiiil¡i !1ii.-iiilt¡ ¡c¡rk-:;,
É¡¡ :i(¡lrlc hV¡lrr;ihcl¡¡t:.tl .=,ti¡¡:: ¡¡¡il in .iini:ici ¡ll.--i:!*¡!¡iilh¡c
ii;l¡-rriLC,:atltond[f ri]c!:,S.

Ei --^,.---l-..- - -
fia:illiiFÍ;5. ..=:r i;i¡ :¡:. EL= it¡.,r:!F:1ia- Élra¡iiiiiL i!:t:; ¡ri..i l:r:r.¡¡
pr.-viortriy ¡er,¡rilrql :r:: :¡ ii.:iriir:! ¡¡li¡¡.,¡:¡!. !i r.,:r:. itlc¡rtiíicii in
Él¡e :;a¡r,lsrio¡rr,s i¡í iic *:r¡rriig:¡¡i¿ii¡ Llílpa¡ Lil¡i¡¡e i-,4c1:rss.' .ri
lirvirzcrlan¡i :ii :r-vl:r:¡l l<n:¡riit;n:;. !t orct¡¡:: iclrriher ri:iii¡
Dl!¡!¡Pellvitf in:l it¡iri..'iji.;r:r:;c ii¡r;i-t.,'f!{j i¡¡!¡rria¡ a:-:;cmh!i¡gr--
Éh!:¡¡¡gr'E-l;¡iii¡ir: .il i!h,:rh:,¡i.,li ¡i.¡tif'!-:¡!tqi !:.:t!r!r iiiq'1i.:it ;!i
!!¡('c.!lli:rir'.'¡ia r¡t l¡¡a lf:rii. riri ¡;:r!t.t, ¡,;r¡r,r' ;'. nr. l¡Frt._ ts lt
eiia¡t¡i¡iln ei]¡r:rt¡a+a¡¡a iri-iir1.,-:;tl irirl: i-vE:t:... i¡cct¡rri¡!I i¡¡irj!: 1r¡t
:¡ hr¡¡¿trJ ,.:L:¡la- ii i+ill ¡:l+batrir É:.,= ii¡rt¡rii in ::¡-:¡i¡i¡.¡r ¡:i:

¿- if¿!¿ii:;
il¿:!if.' á-'rqrii¡ ir-=:r: !;sl:ir !;1.¡:-¡i:i.¡¡c ilu'.'i;rl rir'f¡r¡sii
r¡i ¡l¡c F-i,:t¡ 4iv+. i.ia:¡r:r¡¡:--j...,'ii:,,:erl;¡¡¡rl: {,!ihr'a fa::iF!r: i-rr\\Lr¡ it'iiriC-¡rg- F"i<¡ia:;:;e. Yi,i,¿.iiri¡¡- i=i:,vi!:,tr!¡¡¡:ri iFr.,ii¡:t i:,H:¡

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 tllr¡\VY N4lNl:l{At- Iilrst'l{llrl l{}NS il.F{!r {'4}¡ (.}llli lJI Á g¡:!

{}X-EE}ES

áiassÉÉer€Ée

:-;rii ¡-
ici¡¿rc-o¡i:rl. r¡ni¿¡.riai { I }

¡tt¡ l..iltt! .1.(¡i{¡

ttt I tltrl .:. lllt'
i¡ 0.tIrtr il.lItli
a {r.r.rH 7.[]l

lltnt i¡z :;¿'¿li¡nf nls: !l!:it'iiiil c¿¡:;::iie r iic:. h¿¡ve ;¡ rlivr'rsiir,.r¡i

lqr¡l¡¡:; :rntl illcv {tcrrls ¡:; crrlri:il¡;¡l t.¡v:l;rl:;, ;ti.i:nr:riir. !ir rl}i¡r¡i
i¡¡¡:g-¡l:rr ii-:rgn:snt:;. rtsu¡llr: rvilir rrE rlt.,'a,i.-:¡¡ i.crrrgh:;u¡l:rr.r..:¡:
r¡rll ¿¡: :,.ub¡or¡n{l!:tl ili ¡tiu¡tdetl gr;rirr: ¡- ir¡¡i'h¡iitlal lr:leiulc:
;¡¡t¡-i :.i¡ii¡e- ¡r:rr;tllel lc thL Ftincill:tl :¡::i:; i¡¡ it¡ ¡rV¡;iil¡i.!:¡¡ i:lrr:--
:nl it¡rir::l f, ;rl¡r¡¡'. \rrrur' :'r:riti.. !¡i.t! ;tlit¡1.;!t rltrrl,r'.

{l¡¡l¡¡tlr: !:xlrr:r¡rr rrlitl :r¡rrl ¡rcl:r¡r¡¡i¡ii¡¡t ('i.:iuIttilct¿rIiir.Irr:;iic

:ite clr:lrirclcti:ttic. lt c-l-hil¡it:: :r r-virl.: ¡¡t¡rg¡-. (il f,()lLrur:; lr.(tr¡r
tr¡rloutlr.r. tr) l.!illit vrtll(i11. sul,ier¡ vellcrv. ¡tink. t.utl, tl,_.r1r
brriw¡risl¡ ¡ct!. [rttirv¡i:utrl i¡ln](i:ii rtpirqlre. lrrcgul:lt'c(jl!]u¡
ll¿rtle¡'1¡:i:rrc lt(r(lilc¡lt, !yhich appc:tr i:ilh¡-:¡ i¡s r:riiorri;¿tiitii¡11 rrr
;rs; drtcfr-eol()Lil(]d:l¡r.l l¡lc:'t¡r:hr'Qir-ir::lchcs lrllcr¡¡¿rti¡tg rvitlt
erilrrurlcss or:il¡¡to:;í op:rtltrc Fortiq¡lrs t_';i¡itirt;r -rirt.r¡le ur:rin,
€-i= i =:

f-"lettr'lZf¿tis¡lt' V;ilir,:. ihrough y(:rti $,,errL- io stlr!ng ¿¡¡t(l

rirngLrs ti(rtil c(!l(jrtri(-tis ¡o dcl:l) rcd. pin[:.]a vfl¡()\i'.

Iiirt-fringent'<': Ve rt stro¡rg !¡r&:¡ i<-'rr¡¡cr col¡rrr¡s :rfr

crcccdilrg!v hiclr and l¡riglrt. l¡ut r¡l:rf l¡e l¡r;l:;keri hv tl¡e ciron'
inh!:fl:rtt r¡lincr:tl r:qrkrLrr-
..€.+-:----=:-
E.f Íi¡lt'li¡¡tl: Liu[,,'rlral crv:tl¡l:r;¡¡irl ¡irismtrlic ll;rq¡rrer¡t:; fu;lvr: .i!il¡¡i¿g:-- _:
prr:rllc:l r:,1i inf tii)¡r.
=@==3+ . _-
-@=---:+=
*-==::-:+_1
Ittte:rfcrtnt-'t .fi¡4trr.: 'l'he nr:r joritu til rlcrr.it:rl g!iiiils :rrr !@.:==-==
G-:a: :: =-
:¡rtor¡¡aLruslv bi¿iri¿rl :rnrl crhitrit ;r¡r ir¡¡crfcrL:ltcc ligrrru rvith €-,==$:F
rvi(lülv sl)¿rcc(l iso*\-,rr:; ()¡¡ i! \d,hite licl¡1. Sri¡ru li.:rsr¡le¡rt:;.
wl¡irh sh¡rtt rveitkr-'t ¡¡¡ÍL:fletútleq L'r¡l!)ufs, r.,ieltl;¡n ()ll,.c¡r(t.c ia -l:

urliirx¡¡tl lic.rtrc with de¡rsc isrrcl¡i.orilit{i('L:.!l0ur lt:rnrls.'l'lrc *:: =?t

\G;==---É
dctcrlrlir¡lliolt !)i fhr (iptiritl sign is rlillit:ult.
:+
E l o nxa Í i t t tt : Po:itivc. [¡ut rlifficu lt [(] ()hs!:r v.r.

l)istinruishi¡t¡1 f¿o¡urrc: F:i{rcn]t: rclirt :¡ntl hircf r.ing

ettcc. :trllr¡tt:r¡tti¡tc lt¡sl¡'e. rlct:F cokrur t.)tlclhcl. rvilh rrlte¡t
i¡¡¡:gtrlarlv disllihutccl col1i1¡¡ p;r1¡.1¡g. arc {i:rt.ln¡llic. l)ri:ll¡rl!t.
rulil.-' strringlv r*sctrrtrlcs c¡ssilcriar:. hrri the l¡rrrncr has :¡
higher rclicl-. slt()ngat' bircfrin::r:r¡cu.' ir¡l(l ltirs:u¡ L:vcn e()l()ut.
rlistrihrrtirrn, {';rssilrlitc ..il¡l lic e¡¡nf'uscrl wilh
Pl.i:rrr¿rlir
fr;lgnlcnt-s (i1 ¡¡r.'rrn,:rlth¡rr¡{lr tlic l;¡l{r¡.li;l: lorv,,,r rit;il¡rl
hircfringcnet. tts we ll ;ls ho¡uriur¡r..ot!s cokrrrfs. lit.rr¡kite lultl
S¡tl¡¡¡1¡'¡¡¡¡ hiaxi;tl ¡rositir..,';tr¡rl sl¡¡rrv i¡ltcn:ia. i¡llc:ll ¿inQ¡t¡¡rl{lus.
inttril'te¡c..' fint-c.'lhc hi¡r:liinqtrnce ol ;lrr;rl;¡rc i:. l()E ;ultl ii i:.:
uniirri;rl nLrg¿tiivc, Sphale|itr' rl'se¡¡ihle:; clrs¡iícritr l¡ut ir is
isrri io¡rir'.

Út'Cltfrttt¡'¡': {-:rssilc.riie i:: ll r:¡¡¡r:;iiirrr:¡rl r¡l hi-glrlr::ilie:t:,rrrs

itrtr:ot¡r tric[:.r. ln.gti!tlitrs. hr:tl¡-qlllrrt¡t:rl pt!rer-s'e:r gc¡rr!.:llc
s';rssitulilt. lrut \lttt( ¡¡1t..\ il ir:t itrirrr;rrt ;tr.(1.\lrit\ ,rl ltirIilr..\.
Itt grci:;ctt, gtii¡tiit pcgl¡i¡lilr::., lrrrrl it¡ ltfl.!(!!lui¡l;rl r,,c¡ns.
cassitcriic i:; ¿r i:rr¡n¡rrr¡¡¡ c{!il::iilileni- iVot¡,1=iin i:. lirrnturl hv
l{lw-tcnl[]ar;ttu!'r ,:olkriil;¡l lrieei¡ril:rlion, { -;r:;:ilr:riir: i,c higlihj

i {):i
 CASSITERITE,

rcsistant to s'eathering (Hails l9ió).

Grains frorn: Left of diVicling linc: Kinta Vallev tin fielcl,

Iltalaya: ILiglrt of line: Bcach sand. St Ives. Co¡nwall, Englanc.l
(NImt 1.663).

I05
 iil::::i. ¡illi-.lt:¡i..1t !]Fr:;€-'i{ll.l'!s.}tr:, .,-"=f--lÉ-i í_!_}¡ í..iIiF. É¡i .i ¡E :;
g=.-------====-:

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ii i:¡'¡i:¡!- :¡¡¡i:¡:-:i;¡! i i

i.'¡¡ !'i:
tr. I t¡i; I /t'::
i'¡ ii.íiiiil i!,{}{li:
1 r!'i.; ii¡l

i tt!t:i !il .iidi¡¡.'¡¡ i¡i'. É.r;l'il, :¡i. !i l!r'¡.¡l¡1 llí! il!l:¡i

:il¡:ti!!l!!. :;lri¡¡t¡t¡lt,:lcri ;¡¡¡¡i q'ri::tsi<'¡¡:ril.; r.:'.ii ¡r'rt¡¡¡ir.r! l::,t¡lil
iii:¡i¡i!:t gri.,:ii;l!L!':, ir:it¡i¡,-:¡ri:-'¡jili¡:: ¡i.r.::t:ii!i:r! t'trlli¡t.: iltiil
{-r¡¡:,-'i¡i:iii:¡E i¡:¡qitr¡r::: :;¡¡i! :,¡;¡:¡ii iii{-i.-¡ii;1i;.!i¡:' :¡i! r}iir:it

'í- ¿;in;¡:¡ trti:ii:i! 1É.:it¡i!ri!!t¡! :i!r!l.ii¡.: il -;ii:¡ilr:: ci !ili¡r- i¡i¡¡

er-rli¡r:¡lr:::-: :t!;i¡tt:: !¡¡!:( iii:ti¡ ¡l{ai! it¡l(!ii.¡-l É:¡i:i¡¡i¡i¡L¿ ¡¡. Ii¡'.
rr'l,ru¡ ril:,iril'rti!r,ii i , r l::r¡:ir ir i¡:.i!q .

f.lt.¡.¡¿.!lr¡ri..;¡¡1. '! llt i¡¡irti:;ir.,, ¡¡j ¡:!¡lrrr:hiiii:;¿ri i,J:tfia: ilq,!r!

ts,e:il: i(i ir'f¡-::'-i¡(l¡¡!' {'¡- !l;!la ¡(} ilt'i-:¡r hltir:. :'. q¡rl¡ri¡flc:;:;,-¡¡ i¡:tlr
l¡liii:;l¡ grr:r:t¡. i:. !ai¡¡l'iar;¡li.rr iii i'r iicc¡r ttlr¡,-':ttlr! lr,rJqlisli Filll:
lll:¡v :rili-i.:rE e'iiilin i-i!r. giilii!.

ilirt'_!t'iit'¡;'ni'¿:'.' 1ij¡":¡!:. l¡t¡¡ ¡L'i¡iÉ;r! r.:ii¡i:- illnlt's! lhev :lrr-'

1r!:ry ihi¡¡ l¡;¡l¡i¡r:¡ri:;i.:::irii¡ii:¡ir¡rnr:rlorl.lv l¡iá:li i¡1i,,,¡ic¡.-'¡1.-,.-'
colnur:: r¡i ilii¡il t¡riie¡.'! irr::r¡¡rteii¡¡¡r-':.: ir¡ít¡t:ii:c ¡lt¡tleiirl r,r()lillrl
rir:¡r rlt;¡.1. ilr, ii¡r, ¡ i' ¡r r¡,i ii¡¡ir

Etfinr'li¡t¡t: l:!i:rr::rtr:¡-! i;:r¡:riti:rii: ;rtrtl ¡rliiiinl ir!iiirj:r h:1k'

ll;r¡ ¿ili!! f ;.:i¡¡!('iilir¡,

! n í t'ifi' r'<'tcrr' íi i:tl rr' : I'ilir;rl p;rrt inr 11l1¡i(:i [ri(i1]i.l! ir gri(){l
u¡rilr::ir¡i ii¡tr¡leicrrr-r lil¡rrrr i¡¡i :¡ !:,,¡lii. í¡ü1.1. irrtr:.r:l¡r¡ tr;ri¡r:
ril{e!l !¡L:ld :rir.r!¡;il¡rrr:rli' bir¡ii:¡l i¡tt,-'tier,'nc(' l¡i:ur('s rritlt l;uge

! :. I i t n ¡iu t i t t tt : l-!c!:ri it:t:

llislin,qi.:isltitir:.i;:t!ir!r'(:,:;: iii.!rl¡ ¡rliri, l¡lue l¡lqiu¡. olie r¡ iri

¡i ¡r¿r¡elrr. rlirtriliuiii:¡¡. 1!¡¡(l Pl(:il(:lta(]i:r1l :i¡f Lrhiti':tfif! i:.ii{j
lligll ,-rrrlei-inierlerü¡i.c ciilor¡rs c:hil¡itr:¡l h1,rri¡lr¡¡rlir¡¡i l1r;¡rir.r
iilc inc.lr:;.c1r¡ri rviflr tlre liiu,'l¡i¡ciii¡rg-i:ncL.' 0l'ihi:; nrirlr:airl iill(i
(hi:: i:: ;rlsi¡ ivilraal l{rt ar-rt rr¡irluni. Ap;ri¡ic li¿rs l0rv.-r li! l¡lrtl
l¡irr:iringencc. sr¡;hiti¡t.: i:: hiltxilil. l¡;l:; ;r :iir!!r¡s ,li:.¡rrisiori ;r¡rrl
is ltr¡tgih:-l,rrv 'l-lrt.el¡c,i ili:¡nirti¡sr i:i lrigliri. it:: shrP¡j i\
rlonrin¡nl.lv rcet;riltul:ri :rtrd il rh¡rrvs \,!:rv lo\v'o!ilLr! ilttct-
lar('ncc {:i)li!l!r!;

{}c¡'tlfr:il,'t: t-orr:ilrlunl i:i llrii:;.:¡li ii¡ ¿l r,;rtir,lr rii iock ivpr::-

br¡i ir; ¡¡¡ii:.i ül):r!:!c¡!:¡¡:iiie ol Al-rir:lt. iii-l¡rrol ¡,ick-.., lt fcrurr i¡r
sr,,r:¡¡ iic:: rttd tl¡t:ir pccnreiii iC L-(ll! i!illrIi:- :r¡itl ;rl:.Q in t¡uirrtr-

ilL:* p-glil:!iiir5 r',,lrir:l¡ l¡:t¡::;.-'r:i Ulí¡l¡¡¡rl¡1ir Irictr:;. (--Ulri:rr-¡- lilril

rcgititt:rll1 ::rclirnli)¡!rh{:r:{iri ¡'r'ek-s- r:.itt.r¡;illl llros¡: ¡lrtir,tri
lro¡'¡t;¡lu¡rti¡¡¡¡t!:; art a;!Lll!¡nirlf:cil¡¡¡rrni:;- co!lii!il¡.rift!tiililllt
¡¡nti ii ¡tr:r't,t!lsqr li!ti¡t i¡¡ ¡¡¡ic:r or cl¡l¡r¡.ii.: r;c¡lir:t:r. i--.rft!llrltrr¡l i:;¡
.l!)ll¡ lllit!¡ ei l¡r\1i I u!-¡¡'! .¡ i !- iilC l 1 l1: ¡r'r:;i i S,
1

Ri ¡ltarl¡,.;: {- ;r¡iriilu;lrlul¡l nl:rr,, riilil:¡r¡iin:ric :-;rnr¡rlc:; rirrrinr

llrL'il;if¿r¿i{¡ll et!ti e;rt¡ l¡r roniir:;rrl .-villr !-o¡-rr¡¡rlu¡¡t. !:!¡[r('liri!-,
the li¡rr¡rr:¡ lr¿l'-: l¡ l¡i::llr:¡ ¡.-'li.-'i :t¡<l itpl)uirf.:;i:- -tlt:u¡r- i¡:r¡-iurrrl
p;lt'liela..;- (il¡a¡r -iili :i eo¡rclir¡itl:rl i]:r¡iLr,r ;r¡r(l it is iil:lir:ltllr,, íi;ui;.i.s.¡'i'r.rl;a : E< ighi l'¡ia:;.:tc, irr)ri he ilr Tu il isi;r I hJ nrl i . iiti l] ;
tiltia:ii:¡l ¡:ü:-ii ivu. Lr'll I rllllri l1É!(ii{'¡lrj $.,esífín i lrrrrg:rtr., (r'l;).

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iL:iailgrri¡;i¡. r¡¡¡i¿riial {I )

:t¡ l.í{15 l.¡r I-l

iii. :,i=:!.i(¡ I rr0i
;r lt. -.:.iÉr l¡. l,),,
a +.ll i.:ii¡

i''ts7¡¡1 i¡7 :;{r!i¡iií'Éii-r: i}etrit;ri rutiles :¡ii: *rj¡rr:a;rili, i.r¡lilll

{r'xi¡rs ivi¡icli rerc'iv t:ieccrl l!lll !{nr. iJcLitusc (ri *}iltut¡lul!:.
liiglr ¡'cll':rciive i¡irlicc:;. ;r thir:k hl;rq:[.. hrrl¡i srr¡ r rirr¡rtl:; i hr- gr;rir r.
Sultrounrletl io rvcll-ro¡r¡rtli:¡i iihlrin:l fri¡ ¡n:; lr¡rrl :,¡¡iicar:¡ ;rii: ihr, =j.=-::
tttri:;I ffrc¡rtrrrt- Nt¡rr rour¡rleri :¡r;rins :rre eiiltcr tuircilr;rl. .-viilr =4,-== =
rvr:il-dtr,el0tretl ¡.lvr';rrrtidal icrr¡¡i¡t:rtir¡¡ls. ()r:;lcn{lL'Í liri.,r¡1.,,
prisnratic ii':r11¡¡ren¡: :rrrd :<inlcli¡nc:; il:re¡rrlerl !-rri¡i.:. l.,lr,irvi¡rl
irrtgrrl;rt <¡t co¡rclrr¡irl;¡l l¡re:lkage p:tl¡c!¡i:i. 'Kirce:;hlr¡r,-:rl' Ét :'.F.-=- E
t.,virtsrl) :¡lrt-l Ii:r¡ lllcl ir-v:.i:rl gr¡ rwllt: :rre :;or¡rat iirr+- e¡¡cou rr
(

ia¡i:(1. {iriiirrs r¡¡¿rv lt¿rvc nrrlii l;r¡itell;rr ir',,i¡i¡titir qlir:rr i¡r lrrrr
!iitlt{iirtns. ¡tfa:¡¡l*!:{l rii;r!:r¡¡:;r!l'¡ irr íl¡(.ijii¡¡¡'!'ir iir('< {c)- oi :rhrrrr
:;tri:rii¡¡¡¡:; ¡rnll['l'-',,ii!r il!Lir l!i¡l{ ii:i¡::.

q¿t!tc¡¿;:i-,1¡:rrir'.,,ii,,,l,rrrir:l:,,1,,1,i,1,,,,,1r,-,1:rr¡,llr¡,,r,rrirlr
rtr,l (ltiil;lFa r¡r.!.. itciluciri i¡r:;r-iii¡¡rc¡ri: ilr;i¡r hrt;rv¡ri:;h lil;¡c1,.
.;cl!<irri:;li itÉr!wl!,;!¡!lirc¡ ¡¡i liclei l¡l¡rwti ¡-r¡loril:; i¡iglti).
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?t¿:il¡'fur<list¡L' !.¡i:iri!1.i, :ú¡ri rr:.,il:illl ir¡:ilrii(.:;i!:(l it1 ih!: :-=':=i
¡-lce[¡c¡ti¡¡u r¡i ihc rcii. vu!!¡iw sia ¡rir¡wi] .;l¡i!ii(':i.

flif;:j'fin;4Lilt'¿''.' l::..ialrll( - lrul rlrr lrr!:lr.r'i,lr¡ tiitcilcrcncr:

.,oiott¡:. ¿!Íi' !:e¡¡rr:¡llv c¡l¡:;r'trar',,i hi:'lh(' :]i¡!it!!: ittl¡r.¡'rl¡i ¡¡lirlr:¡';¡l =-é=+
+¡rl¡rt¡t. 4ir;ti¡r:, ¡5¡1;1!ll,tiis¡rl;rr- ¡.etlrii:;li 'lhiíe. rcrl. l¡trrr¡,rti:.lt.¡
1' ll,rrt i:,li iiti( ! ¡;. i,. ri,.r' r tr¡¡.,. =*F

E:-!l!ilr-'i¡i:ii: !;ilt¡i¡;il!!: ;¡¡1r-i rir,¡¡l-:ii:i¡ri'ti gr;ri¡r:; :;irr¡+ :¡;¡¡t¡il¿.1

.:{ ii ii{-'i ¡(¡¡t .

i;tie:';jtrt'a;';: t'i'¿,t:tt: !'iri¡rnr:r ii¡!i¡¡tf¡¡ír r,¿'¡¡riirii¡:ril..,.-'ir:iil

,rvell rjr:nl.e¡l ¿rni:t:i:ií iigrrit's
':iitr ¡i¡;[¡r i:ii¡cirii¡nr:riir' l¡r¡¡¡-l: i¡r
:t ÍL-(l i¡a vr,iiq* iiclrl- El¡,.:.-r.: ¡¡!iui_i lliltlt l¡;lrr lti;t:i;;l
ri¡:r¡';¡riers *il¡cEl ¡it:lv !¡r-' :llrr !ii ¡rvi¡l¡¡i¡¡r 1ii ilrilinl;titri¡r.

é',i¡¡¡lt:¡¿!irt¡l: iii:;ii(iiit ¡¡¡i¡¡(-r':ti,:i¡1,-¡¡i¡ ¡rii.l hirr-.irrirr

{ii.,,¡¡¡s-
+¡¡r-'::. ,leireii..i¡¡ iii.-. i!Fiirjri q¡.¡{.¡¡i;ii¡r:!t i:i .¡ii¡i.irli ¡i}{.
'l
¡t+:;itiv: i:l¡:¡r:l:¡ii¿ii¡ !¡tiiir L.-' r¡ir:-rri:ri il!t !r;¡!r:i.-¡¡!r¡¡¡rr<i
v:¡! i!:iii::r.

lEi:;¡i;tt:¿¡z:;!t!¡¿< i;:ltí!!,-;':!: !-.i-r:¡ilt i:; iii¡¡i¡¡i::r,,i ir-i, ¡!: :..-:¡:i

fiigii :,:iii!.1iirr¡l i'c¡i:Dt:: illL'!:r!li{ri.-¡!!;l¡rsl r:':i¡r.i¡tr.t¡i¡, i¡i¡¡.¡
.i¡lr:¡i- :-:,i¡i:¡ii.:ila: G¡-i:ri¡¡¡ii:¡i_. .:vl¡i:¡t ¡¡¡r,::e¡¡i, :¡la:¡!:;,¡::il;¡¡;ii¿Li
i:;Íi¿. fi¡r i!¡¡¡.,, i¡i;¡ili:!! ¡i¡!1 ..r¡i¡¡;¡!¡ iL!íii. !¡::tir !¡.:.:¡;¡¡iil:.r:l '.-
rl:¡:;::ii.'i;ii', irr¡i i!¡t ;i¡ i;i ¡i¡t il¡iir¡ i:; !c¡....¡:;. ii:., ir¡iq¡r¡¡ ,¡¡t. ¡¡
:;frii-+r: ¿i:rirl:.,' ;ti:';¡¡-!:I!j!¡!{jiii :ulii ¡¡¡;¡ir'r' tt:ii¡l:; l¡;i!. :t '¡!t::;!,:
:!.1F.:¡Í:¡i¡q:!. !'¡:i¡¡r:ltir,.-;ti !:c¡:i:¡¡iit i:: ilt¡i::. ¡i¡¡q! i:¡r;::i:-i¡¡ 1¡¡q,r.
:lb¡¡i¡t¡:::¡ I i¡¡ I ii !'Éairitr:i: r: :l¡ :r¡ : -

l .e¿.'¿'::¿¡¡'¡i¿-'¿': !ir¡lilr i:: :r .;:qi¿':,!¡!,::i¡i ;!irr-:r::íl¡i ¡:ri¡¡r¡;rl j¡r

¡rrai:tii¡(!al¡it¡r-' i!rfl-:; ¡!:iai¡1:ul:¡¡ !"r; ;¡l .:ri¡i:;i:-;. :ti!r:i:r:rr-, .¡!!!!
:l¡n¡¡i¡ii¡r¡iii<.:;- ia !:: !!:i;:: rigr:iiir;rirÉ r¡¡ ig¡¡.-'i;r¡:. ¡r¡rl::-. *i¡r.¡r. i¡
i¡.-i='lÉtr; ;¡t itq¡¡¡¡irlr::iii: r:!i! il¡iii¡ii!¡.'i:¡:tr::i;i:l iri ¡rs::i:¡:¡i¡i,.., ii¡
:i::tli:.,!ii.' r¡i t¡railL: :-':1ii¡ii¡¡r:i!-'i: Eiírir-t-' i !i.)i=l!!l 1¡¡¡i:lrt¡1.:.! ihii! :!i,
::{iiii!:i: É.1!'L.: ii! {i( ¡ail;tl :rriiii:;¡:r ¡rictlcrriiri;tiiii! il¡t¡:¡ ¡ri i¡igi¡
,'¡.¡r1.,.,.1,,,¡:¡il! :i¡r'i.tr¡i,:alil¡.:.,r',i,. ;..¡t¡¡.,
!:--uiiit ir:r:; iir:r:¡; ¡i¡¡,r1¡¡¡¡¡! ir;.¡1.':;í;:lli,¿c :¡!!i:ii1,'.iiirr:¡i11" ¡¡l

i:!.
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iritiigo¡l;rl. u¡¡i;r;\iirl ( )

4ttt -l.i6l
iil l.'iHii
ir {l o7.l : :=%

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g
.i.s-l .i.q7

Ft¡rrrl irt sLi¡itirci].is: Árl:rt;rsc l¡;r:.;i¡r c.rtrc¡r¡e ¡rlici-

strl¡¡lrcilrilic lr¡:.lte :ul(l it t¡ccrtts lr¡r{lt:¡r r-let¡ii;ll s¡;ri¡t:;;r¡lrl itr
ruthigciriL r:rv:;tlrls. 'l hc :rutlti.¿ertic iq'rti¡r. rr¡. riti¡ni¡'t¡ultlv
' tl
llrhtrl:r¡. ¡cr:i;r¡rgtrlir¡ l':r::rl lil:rtr:s (upln:r). Sevf,riii rii illr::;c nrrv
:
l-!r :;trl)cr;nrp{)srrl fli) Qr ;rre i¡t¡ctgtoutt. i¡it¡ni¡lr: rt Liitit¡roriIe
gÍllirr (e). --l.drti¡rg ot !]et'¡]rciric lli¡iicnls lt¡c llcilt¡cttilt' :*. *:
:#
ilispllrvcri. Á¡¡lrt;r:;e :rlso a¡r¡ltats ¿t: slt¡;tll. ;tltttii:-i o¡r:ti¡tte
:rgg¡eg:¡íc:-. i-ictri-r:rl g¡ilitth {l()wd¡-)" ilr,ittglt thev;lte unc(}t¡r-
=:-
ruon. r¡i;rv l¡e e¡lur¡tltic¡ctl lts r,¡u¡rrlc.l b:¡:;rl l¡l;rte:- ot ¡;¡[ltui
tlull. r-luskv ir'rr-:gulilriv sltr¡rr:tl gr:riit:-. ()eca-cit¡rtallv l)v!ir¡rri(liil
()t airrlirll(:rlrirl (li)\y!:r- l()F lelll :-¡i,-'eitiietis ;tF¡tc;rt w!ti.'lt ,i!1.'rt
hl.,,c :;tri;rlcrl l:ree:

'i-'¡¡trry¡-: Sh:rtlc:; qri hlur, vcllt¡u :r¡r(l ¡);ll(-I)arirrj¡¡: (1ti(irtal!':i:;

ut ii¡ils :¡t r' llllr'r)tiiiil()li.

Plttn¿'h*tis¡n.' [lrclr-c()l()r¡!r:ri il¡ir:k:rrr:il:rsu- rrr:rv rli:;pl:rtr

illlrr,rll(iw. ¡riiik iir'lrlrre : :,- lrlrre . ti:r¡ k lrlur,tt
¡rl'-ric-lrrriisitl i,)"
{}f¿rilgf.

Iti'¡'¿:_í'rin:1t nr¿'.' f-'lo¡r lt;!:::rl iil;rif:- ll:rve :jtr.lns hirclringrirei-'

wiilt tt¡ir¡icrr¡¡r,- ii¡ti: i¡i ir¡Lt¡ilt=r¡¡rL-'t $.'it¡ir. :-li,-.v ;r¡¡,,1 l¡iltk.
lJ:l:;iil !^!l:rtL:: hrr.,,'-' vr:llou" iri¡¡i il;rrk ilrev. hluc rii l-¡¡(i!yrl
¡irrl:riiz:riiirir'-'rrL¡ui: ¡¡¡ :r¡¡ ¡rt¡¡r-lri¡ci¡ il¡rlr¡¡i.

E-l ti ¡tr-' í i ¿¿ t¡ : ¡o;ri e!itl i¡¡ :t'¡¡tiiiriiic:rl iqr ald¡ri':rgü ii:lac:; :lii!l
L¡ t¡:;i:¡l i:rcr::--

!ttir r.i'r rr :t t' <' .t'i tp t r,-' : E:3;r:r;rl ¡rl;rir:: ri'iilr i¿ri ¡ií i¡tt,:iicr r¡r,-'r
,t¡krtrts rr:;t¡:tllv ¡riiivitle :¡,riiil rrrtiriri;rl ¡¡)¡r:il!'fr'¡)(r' i¡ui!a(.r-
S()!tlf .il!!¡rti( s ¡¡¡;¡y i¡ii-'lri bi;r¡i;rl il:rsl¡ iiertru¡

E Í,i t ; t git i i i t it : i=l(r:liriin,:.

i,ei¡;¡i¡¡v¡¡¿i,=;l¡!¡rt: .¡:.'i:i¡rt'i.i: Ér:.rIr'¿ ¡¡t ¡ciiri. h:ri:i¡ ¡¡¡ri

rrriiirr¡.r :r¡r iiil¡c¡¡,¡::iir: iii:-ii¡¡r'iit¡¡: ii¡ ír.:r'¡'¡¡ i!ui¡ii!-a¡lir- ;i:lai
.ir'i!ii;ii ii¡!ria:!ir i:-.:¡;:r,:!c ':il¡ellr i:-, i¡li-¡i¡qr¡irii!il('.r1,'i ¡iiu
r¡';li¡i:. Ei¡tr;!-iir'i:: i¡iti:ri;¡l ¡;rr:-iii..c;:r¡El:rl¡¡¡t::;i:¡i'..,:rr:;':ir'lqi::;¡
!1ril ff!¡i!.ri :rei!i!r ii¡:I-r!'iíi:i iigLii', l li,' !i¡ a:i ¡:,¡ii¡¡¡'l !:: l¡:u'r:¡-
:¡¡¡rl i:. !r.r''r¡qr¡¡ir. c-'ii¡¡ririlt¡¡I É!:i::;r i0ri:':i ¡rliti- iliiii¡':r¡r
!;iiia¡l¡iri¡(¡s',i:r¡¡¡-i ir¡i:l¡irr iiii.iirj¡('ita!: ¡-'¡¡ir¡i¡¡.-. ¿il!i;!t !t-

t:¡¡i;l;..ir¡i ¡',i::iii..'r :l¡i,l t;-:i:ii¡i¡: :.'r:i'\, :;i¡ri!!Í l¡it,:i¡-i¡¡gr.¡¡¡ ¡-.-

í.E¿'¡ i!!'i'q'i!¡.'t'. É¡i;r.iirqi!!:i:!n{l ::irrii!¡¡r!:¡[r¡lii ¡r¡r-i¡i;i¡i;!i;i:,, i]-

iitr i.riilir¡iriui!' f-'i¡lir¡r()rfrh ,¡i i i{ !.. !i i:; a¡r¡i¡¡irrrir ¡rr

lr¡..",'
..trli¡¡¡t ¡¡i:; :ri¡(i i!¡¡¡n:;
¡rrir!i(i¡¡¡i!!i!!ti!i itr|¡¡1¡9ar¡¡f:illij ;ii i¡ir
.r.:!lúi¡:re ti r¡¡¡:;lllt¡!,: I i l¡t-';¡¡ i¡tq ¡it¡¡tf!;¡!:: ii i:: ;l ¡-l¡r:;iiitrc¡ri r¡l
lLli¡jl;::-a¡¡C. iic:¡¡¡¡:il;t¡i;!i:!:if rrtr!t'..1!L !,rt!¡'-L'l;r¡¡¡i¡¡¡r;¡l!1 l¡'.,,

it¡1.-:,it¡.; !i¡ !t¡ri:ir¡ii¡i¡)l¡¡r ¡r,rL:; :r:. ilrr ¡lri¡r !¡;r::ilr :¡i;¡iiil'.,iii

.¡..::.i¡li:; iri :i{--rl¡¡¡¡¡,'!ii:-:!ir i!i!i;lii¡! !i¡:.ii¡rir¡'rrr--rIli;ig.

{ i;;ti¡¡:;.lir,';;i' irl;inii: {¿!} l¡¡¡ri ii¡i !i¡,i!ir::rr'¡¡ri. ¡rrtai¡rc.¡¡

i;fairi:ii¡r: {e) I r¡ii;¡¡..,- 1l:rr¡ili .'''r¡:ri¡i;¡: (Li¡ :ii!¡ii::ri¡.i\ii¡ri
E:i;r....i, i.,iirrrr¡ri 'r ir:..¡l.r;i,l lIii¡ri ¡ .,i']].

I lF-j
 I IEAVY MINI.]ItAI- DESC]{IPl-IONS AND COI-OL]R PI-^]'IIS

Lorvor: grait.ts top lelt: rivct'sand, Val Scnrcglia, Srvitzcrlancl;

Other. grnins: Buntsaudstcin, T¡iassic. borcl.rolc Weiach,
9S2 rn, Srvitzerlaird (Mnrt 1.662).

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it)' 1.7{X¡ 1.7+ I
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F¡lri¡l i¡l sttli¡¡tt:¡tl:;: []¡t¡,¡kitc h¿r:- :i vcrv hi¡.lh rcli,,:i' ;rntl
()L{ut:; it.'t itll)rll¿tf (tr irrcgttl;rtly shltpcd gr:iins. so¡tletitltt':; rtilll
a gurr,crl rrtrtli¡rc. P¡isnratie l;tccs ¡n¿tv cxltibit slri:rc pl¡¡ltllcl to
ihc ¡: axis. liloolitie also ltp¡le:tts ¡s soltiervltltt 'duskv'
hriiwtrislr-ycl ltiu, :t ggrarg:ttes ( lorver).

{ t¡ I¡I ur : Yellt¡rv ish bri¡wtt. httlrvtr, :l(tnlcl i ltlr-r ru¿lilisli

Fleochntisrn' 'l-l¡e *'e¡k ycllorv' titltttge a¡trl b¡riw¡l slt:¡¡l';:-

gr;lins-
¡-rf llll:o!-hr{ri:int ¿trc ratelv visi}rle trn tlctrital

fi i reJ ri nyi nt:í'.' tlxtre¡nl lii[h bii cii irrger¡ce i:; tlisl ii rctir''.
lnt.:!'iL'renee r:¡-rk¡t¡fs ¡fa ¡tl¡¡rtir¡t¡al hcc;ttlsc ¡¡i st¡i¡itg ¡l:li;tl
¡rl;rnr rlirtltetsii;ir- S¡t.-'.-t;tcrrl:tr col¡;tlfs elta¡¡g.:
(ili :-i:¡gtr a(rl;rti!rrl
írot¡r'vcll,rrv, gl-ael¡ i)i irlt¡tr ""ii¡lct iri rctltli:;h ¡rink or or';iitgc.
Aggl*gltlris Ir:rvr !righ-onici hrtl tlulle r ctilotlt::' ¡tlt'l lll': colotli
,-,lut¡rg,e is it(¡i ¿tlw;tv:; ile i,-,r:t¡l¡lc.

Exíi¡l¡'ti¿ttl: ilr¡rikiic usuallv l;rils i() .iii¡llr-tt¡:lh rs ;lrl\

¡)rr:;iti(¡ri. Whc¡r extiiieiio¡r is i'isil¡1,-'. it is trro:;ilv 1l:tl:tl[:l io iltr:
tlireci ¡rr¡r oi ::iri:riii¡tis.

lnltri;:r,.:itt:t ii,qurt-: ii'i;rnv g¡:ri¡¡r ¡rt'iir.'itic rt rr:¡lirg.'ti ;ictlir

hisr:er-¡ie ii¡1ui,: rviih ::iÍ{!Itg Lrf(}sscai ar:ial-1illtrl.- ili:-prt:ictr
I si¡aiti'{ illt:li ¡(: i;anil: v:i iy ihr¡n :¡.¡airv t{l ¡l.til!-.

{il¿,t¡lttlíitt¡l: l--Jegaiir'.,, hui r;rrelv rli:;c:c¡nil¡lt: heclrrr';c 1}¡

:rra:;kii.tg cilccis i¡v i¡¡ic¡¡:;ivt-' ¡iiil;lii:-':;liic:r rtiltil¡¡':;.

f-listin¡4iti:;hirt| i¿íüurrts: c''()l.tti¡. cxirtitrt rr:liri :r¡ril

h!i-eíriirgcn,:t. L:(;¡¡¡binc.i rvilit:ri¡Üng (iisFLrf:ii!)!l lllr':l illrQrri
:)1,-riLr c.iii¡-¡ciir¡¡¡. rrre di::itnciiv.: anrl iite,v- :tssi::i i¡¡ :¡¡¡
t¡t:.v
di¡u¡r¡¡::is rii l;rOok,iit-'. T!.¡.-' r"-cQgniiir,¡l r¡f :lggieg:lles i:i ii!1)ÍLi
.-liílictrlt e¡rrl it¡¡-'v {j;r¡¡ ilr dr¡irl-u:jc,i rriih:¡¡r:tt:t:e, {}! ti(:il()tL:al:ls
il¡¡k-¡is¡lvr¡. r!)¡i¡.j tlrlile !fs{jiliblr-::; hrrio[:iie. lrtli illc ¡qiii¡lur
i¡-rL¡:¡!lv !¡l¡:; :i pri:-iri:riir: iii 'ri:'¡l-ii¡iri¡(lt-:,-i ¡l¡¡r¡!¡ttt¡lilgv' slt,,u-:
h*inr¡!:r¡¡rs¡ti:. i¡:ir¡itrr-net ,:clq:,i¡¡:, :iil¡l i:; l¡¡ri:t:':i:li, ii¡c ¡.:!ici'
,,i:.Fhr:¡tc i:r lc¡e'e¡ :r:¡ti ia: i,rt!¡itt¡:::ifa il:tlt-:¡ r-it;¡¡t iht¡:;i:,-rl
i-'¡ iiiikiia.

í,;¿'¿- ¡lf¡if¿¿'¡j.' Ej¿.cr,;[,.iir ij :¡¡l :¡,j,j,'rt:r,;i-l ¡rri¡rr:¡:ri .;i :¡iir-:;i:tl

igE!t¡¡tl:; ii¡ali$. ilrl¡i:;i:1. talci:-:r'e:; .r¡¡tl !lvtiat¡ii¡l'ri¡i;tl :,-'i¡t:-. llr
qr-i ii n1r ! ii :i i i i:-, i+ ¡ ¡r i ¡l lt ¡ ¡ r' I : ;r ti i ir i i1r iI !r:

¡í]r¡li¡i:; ji";.,;;i.' ttp¡-,,¡: í:r! El-i'.,r:r iiii¡i!. V;rl iir;ii tg,lilt.

S'*ii,rr¡.!a¡¡ii. (ll! É-i!irt*'.,¡¡.-'. ii:¡¡¡i¡¡rr ll:l::i¡t i i:itir:c:
lr'; !t!i:r:,:,t' '!r,iil¡ "-:,-i¡,n, l.i*'J).
',¡
l-crvt¡ : E-lr¡¡;i:,:¡ilii:;i!-i¡r.'f¡i;i:.:;i¡'. l:i¡¡ci¡tll l':¡isi, ¡¡. !(ll in.
.'j'-.;ii;:,:il:¡¡rqi i ldnli ! .r¡írj i-

it¡
rt!
 l ltihl"Y toill.ii:ii¡il lilrsi'¡:il!'l-l{ll.Js; AN¡: i € ¡i.f}! jll ¡ii.^ ! lr:;

Ss]ÁmeE ssF€rEEtE
liprrr:! i-,ci'it:;
riri,, l-. f¡¡ iri¡rt ii.i1,
'1(!!llf¡!!.-

'!'l¡e,r¡¡1r,, r'.,iile::f,¡e;rrl \J¡Lrfi(':. (ii ilr,::pint:l::aiii::::t::¡ rli:i¡'it:¡i

¡i¡i¡lc¡:¡! i:: ilir: i'r rii:i¡ hr¡ct'r¡iir ¡licriic. li ii; ¡¡i-r! rri!'lierl lii ir:.
.:hr¡r¡¡rr.'spincl. or lrrrirvtt slritirl- {-,iihrl ntL:ntl-rt:rr: i¡;l'"'r: isiil:t1¡.:il
ilt¡il:i¡r- srt¡lv oi !oc:rl ii¡¡¡riiti:¡!i{!:. Frlr-'nlllL'¡5 itl ihL
{i.lqr{tt'fr:itr:r-::r
:r¡rinc! srrir::: ¡¡¡1¡¡'lrr'itientilied lrv thei¡ high ic!ic!. r'iiliiui-
irlo¡illrrrlo¿\.' ;tnrl isiiiropic chlt¡:tcic! -
.# :..#EE@
ilhr¿¡¡¡lit¡¡t s¡tiil¿:l: r¡.l.1lll. a- 5.{)t'! iir;¡i¡¡:: {uFFú¡ }:r¡c,-l;r¡1.. :::-
tqil¡li::!r l¡rr¡rr,'¡i o¡ eli,!r !lat¡1:,'¡¡. v=-¡-'i:ir;ttJt:tnet!l:ti. i¡!i-'¡:t¡lii¡
li-;ignreiii:: r.:liicli lrtqttr:ttllv ::lri¡t"' clll¡r:rricri:;1ie eri¡rul¡r¡iel:tl
-€€-:.%E!€-
:j,€

b¡-c::ll::tge i-!itlic¡t1::- i'hicker !t:litt:;lrr.ti¡tllsi,P;¡ur¡r ;¡¡¡ti o¡llr.' _,,:_;,-:¡F

thc lhin eil.rle: e::hihi1 r:rilrillf. l l¡r::c gt:titls ;tlr l,r:r:i :;r'c¡¡ r'.ill, --
tltc accc:.:;ti¡'r, et¡¡tqL'¡t:;.-r i¡rsr¡ieri- ¡,'l:¡otrtiltn :;¡riltcl i:" tlttlv
iso t lo¡tic.

: n. I I l'r. A. .i.55 ! I ;¡ppclr-c :r:- grreil io bl1¡q:-gtccti oi

S ¡t i trcl
rrrl- rr¡u¡ltlcti ,x:llthcdr:tl gr¿tiris ll¡'ok,-,n ihinnrr ll-rglilellts ril'
the grccn vilr¡eiV f(js(,'llrlll(i grcarll g:tlllct. l¡tti llteV ¡¡l-.:
e (i¡Ipk-tclv is¡ritonic.

H c rt r- n.i ie : r¡. i .ti 15 A - -i..1(l ( ir'¡ins ( lonc¡ i ;tr.- rL-d. rclldi:ih

vcllctl'- l¡lue {)i !:fcL:i!- i¡rlrl iia,- l}¡'cr':L-ni iii se,tli¡t¡er¡t:. ritlre¡ ;t:r
rt¡ttt¡,le,l r¡ei¿rl¡crl¡;¡l gt'ltitrs or:ts lt¡okrlt iairr¡lrrilt:; \!ilh
chantt:lerislir conchoid;rl il;rciti¡c:;. [ic.-l garncl nlltv bc cqtlt
lir:;cr! rl'ith rrri fr,-'¡cv¡rilc" l¡ui ihc Ii¡¡mer olirr¡ crltibil:-
¡¡¡is¡rl¡'ripisnr lrnil is usr¡rllv spe,-'kled !vit¡t i¡leltlsi(tti:-. lVhcn
sullicir:ni gr;rin:: arc ;rv;ril;rl¡lc, X-¡'l¡v ii¡ .-rluc'¡r.)n nricto¡rtithe
¿r n r I vsLts r¡' i I ! ctin li ¡ nr i tle n 1 iIi clr t i r ¡n.

{)t'¡-'Uff(il¡-:t': {llllr¡r¡ria¡r :tPi¡¡cl i¡; l .r()r'¡llll()¡¡ :lcc!:ss(!rv (i!

r¡llnrr¡r:rlir: trcks su(ih ¿!5 Í!erid()t¡1r:; anrl scr¡rrtttirtitcs. ()thc'¡'
s¡lincrl rr;it=iciic:r :iic ,.:rinlitlc¡,1 1o Itigh-gr;rdc ntcl:tlttor¡rltie
lrlLrtriltrius sci¡ists. granilic gr:rnr¡lite: rnd utlc¡sse5- ¡l: u'rll;ts
etnerv rlc¡rrr-rit:; lr¡d rotit:rei r¡lettrn¡(rr'lrlr ¡c t tck:-. .tilti ticl:: ;t r,:
f(-:-ci-sl:rnl io tvf ¿ithafitrg :¡¡ttl n¡r¡y ;it:r:t¡trulrtir: itt gr"nt-gt ttvcl::.

R¿murks: ('hr'<imi:¡n spine i is frri¡rr'.'nt i¡t sctlil¡¡cttts sortrccil

[rv rrphiolitic lock:. 1'hc gcr¡teciollic sir:nilic¿ulce ol det¡il:rl
chr.lrtilr¡t spittel (brtirvtt spinr,l) rv;rs rliseussr,tl bv 7-ittlnlcrlc
(l(.llt-l).'l'he i¡rereasc ()1 br()wrr spin.l ir¡ slrrlinlcnls (rviih or
with¡rut scrpe ntiuilc fr':rgnrcnls) in ¡rrogctric ¡rcriotls is cvirlcn{
in thc gc(tklg¡e¿rl lccord. lrrrr e x¿u¡tplr- it ;rppcar:r cottttttonly
rluring the {'lrrnb¡ilrn iul(l (-)r(l()viL:i¿r¡r (íl¿rlcrki¡ti:t¡¡ rrro.:lcnv),
rluring lhe l )cvonia¡¡ ¡l¡rtl ('arh¡i¡¡ilq¡'rius ( Vlrifican ot ttgcnv)
:rnd dtrring {lrr:lrceorts l!!r(l'l'Lrrliarv (Alpine rrrrrllcttv). Iltr¡r.-,t¡
sgrirrcl is slr¡blu- liotl¡ nr!:char¡i.rilllv ¡inil chcnric:rllv. rrrhich
cnhances its sigrrilic:rn'-c ¡rs l¡ ¡tlrt.ki:L nrirtr'r'¡1. lts-sistittc irt tlrc
rcc()llstrtt(:ti.)n ,rf tlre ¡rlilacrrgLr()gf:tph¡a :irtrl ¡r;rl;reolertuttir
prt:riiion oi ri¡rltiolitr-trc:rritrq ::it ueirrr:rl rrnils ir¡ i¡touerrie l¡elt:;.

i-ir¡lins fi'utft.' t ip¡'r:r; (l) ()lisor:rinr. !:i:rrri¡t¡c !3;¡si¡r.

l-rr¿urcci (b) .lui:r:r:rir- Nottlt Sca {Nlnrl l.611li.
l.orter: h'Lxrii;:i1e :;:rtrl. lr¡ili¿¡ (fo1nri I t¡trl),

il:
 SFH¡ilEtil l l-.

SEIE,FHE*ES
ts*EEcaEec'EEe

Z¡iS
isr)i¡tLrt ric

¡¡ 1..17 I i()
n l.l(l

F'¡t¡'¡¡i i¡¡ :;i:ilitita'i is: {ir;¡irr: lu¡vr :r ve¡v hiuh ¡clici :rr¡rl :r¡'r:
¡¡r:ri¡rl.; r:lultr,;rgc ll;ignrcnt: u'ith:r¡i:r¡rgr¡li¡¡ itrcguler lir'¡¡i. !rtti
tr:Ífithr.lf;rl.,ititl,:i:rrh.-'rllrl rr¡rrl ¡otr¡rclerl qt:rirts, as u,cll ¿ts
sPh(:liLt:¡i r)i gilll¡rrilrr !YPü5. li:rve :rlsr¡ [¡ce¡t r'ep()ftcrl (Ul)l)ur).
'lhr rr!)nr¡,leie rk¡ricel¡hcdr;rl elcervage {in six tli¡'eeti¡iriq) is
¡¡r;i¡¡ilrstcil ilr an i¡r(¡-icr¡te li:rtteril r)ir ihe:rtt¡ f¿¡r:u ol ¡1lÚst g¡:lilrs
(low.:¡'). ()plr¡trr: irnpuriiic: i¡¡aV trc f¡Lcscni. I)r='trit¿rl :;plr:tler'-
ifc is ciiltc'¡-L-lc:!r. tr;rririlrcc¡rt or"iluskv'.:i()¡¡¡L'iirn.\ ()pll(luc.

dlttlo¡lf : ljll:rrlc:; ol vrlk)w^ vr:llilwi:h hrorv¡t iii ¡::rk: tlrou,it

;rrr riio:jt lfc¡lUrllt. i)¡¡ r¡ iili,=:iurt-il rrrrl-;rrc ilic aiil(jtll i¡lirv:jl¡(ilv
:in ¡t acgulili tli:;trii;trtii¡¡r. í- i¡louile:r:¡ gr';riri:i a¡c ;tlsr) dri¡l¡!¡¡riil.

iiirtJ'r!ttgt:nre'.' ii¡;ir;ilcriir is i:-oirii¡rir lrui tlir.v::hq;w rvr:;¡l:

:;trai¡l trirríriir{e¡iec,

ili,riin¡itti:;lúrr¿ .itulitcs: \,'crv !righ ¡rlir:i. ilrr: u:url

lr¡'L::-(,'il(:c {ii intrie¿iic q'l!:iivltgL-'llitiiLiÍir:;:rnil i-rüiflpir ¡-h:r¡;rclc¡
:irc ili:;ti¡rcfivu. t';r::;iic¡'iie mey lt:rvr si¡¡tilar' ¡L:liL:i ;r¡¡r-i rrrlot¡¡
hui lr:r:; liigh-rirrlci ¡ntcflcflr!lr'f iini:;. ivllr'¡c':t:;:;plutl.:ritc ir
i:rrrl¡¡¡i;¡¡. t:.il;!i¡:,a i¡al: higlrc¡ ¡.:r lrtrl :r rhirr:r¡-leri:lic ¡r¡¡¡-
plrolotv '!-lre rtii¡teiivt i¡¡,lt;: oi g:lrit('i i:: Llw.-'¡.

í jt'¿ ut'f¿:¡t,'¿'.3ph:rleriir i:;¡o¡¡lnori in livril¡r!lir¡m;¡i uc¡;¡ili

Éeirrr¡:: r¡r-:i¡i:;. ir¡ r-:o¡ii;rr--í=¡¡ir,:i:iriirtt¡riti,,' !!)r-rk:, il¡l(l i¡l ¡cpl;1,-:c
iircirt iie¡riisils i¡r r:¿rtho¡rric scrlinlc¡lis. li ir:r:; :rir t,-
:.rittlr' rltriii!¡f '! !r:l¡ q:r¡thrtll;i'rc Írrl¡ttlct¡t:t. "ilitrilt

í-|ruitp..:; .f';'<it;!: t-)7't1t'.t:.!¡-rias-rrr. lr{uith licr (l\.'1i¡rt lír(il};

!ttr1t.l:sll('lt.';¡iI¡lEr.l;¡Illdllil¡\.J;!lli.!iIl;lll(l{¡li}l-Irrtriil¡r'
¡irllr ¡ iirr¡¡ ,ri I i li \iil¡¡r'¡' :

¡Lj
 E!!:nV! fi,!!F!!:;:-41 l¡i::ii'!i!!'i'¡d!f-l:=l nHii < i!i-{: !¡-ii-: !-i -.. It:

aiE. rE ,EFggix'E'Elt;
E9
.i

É€éE E j EE:
:

! i;¡'-9 !,
rl¡ti!.rlrillrilri¡i l¡iati¡ri { i }
_--..-.
,.trr I r,ir I r,i, 4
.':'i
¡¡ll' l.(]17 I ir+) -.- :=
it;' lí¡J7 l¡'+tl
il tl.tlll
,'1 .+.5{}

F'¡tr¡¡i i¡¡ :!r"í!¡iiri:'ít¡.t.'l'lif fo*ln¡Urir::r! !¡i!¡ril i::,,lir¡i- --:-'

i!i iaLi:¡ilgLtl:r¡- í!¡{: l:t¡1!:¡ ¡tritiitir:ril ir., ¡rellfr:l iiliil
ir¡r:gt¡i:rr }
:
clL:;¡vilga:.i'.r¡l¡.'il¡:ll:ruihigr¡¡¡(lli!ifia::;:¡¡('lt:;Lt:ill'rilrir¡.'ir\!iri\
ilrhrrl;r¡ ri¡i {l!lll | :rnii n!r-itf l;!!flt ¡-ir¡r¡¡rl¡i¡: ¡r:i:-ril:. lrl¡ti:rr- i,'¡.
t-or.,,). l;¡eciule{-i {¡i 9¡iiilUl¡¡ t¡iiirl¡irr¡lrtrir':; iiiiii.' h!' ¡¡r'rlrtüiri -J
in lle:rvv !ili!¡i'fiil:t!iir::i ril l¡;lt vle-¡-'ii¡trt¡i¡j{¡:i¡!¡l!l:;iii¡rr::: (!(tEa¡ }
l-l':ifvlc. (¡nln-!{r¡¡l'; rnq:lc:;c-r iLiitt o:rirlr- ito¡¡ !iviltii:;iilL:.:,trl¡rltid,
iilt(lrittlitfi!'lIi¡liL'r:rn(¡,:r:::¡trrrlli.gr:tiit:itllett:lPlx-ir!lllrl)¡(l

{,-¡¡lr¡tlt: {-rilqru¡h,:r;:;. t:rrelt p:rlc vrlhr\r'i:lll- lilui:;h or grc-v.

t
I l e t x-' [¡ j
¡' 1 ¡ ;; ¡ ¡ ¡. Sr'ltlonr,rhser r,,:,,1 ln ¡ L-'i ¡ ii¡t l g¡ rti rrs:.

ÍSireJring+ttt,r'.' !.rru,' lrr¡l fir:-i ,r¡r-lcl rvhit,:. rrr'1 rii p:rlr-

VL'lh)w inir-'rltr-cilcr cokru¡r. ;r¡t¡rr,:lrt itnli¡ i¡l¡ illirt ct¿rit¡:. it¡¡tl
-l'l¡i,
ruhedt¡!l r'¡'v:,i¿ll:; l¿¡vi¡¡g on llrr: pin;tcriitl- h, ¡ I:¡irilt:. rvilh
rlilli¡cnt ailic¡liilli()¡1:how lrtighi VCllrtrt. rr¡.il¡1[('illlil:;r'L-r]llLi
or(le r ¡ e rl rrntl gri:ctii:tli-hlt¡r llolit! ¡;:¿tl i()il doli¡ur:.

fixti¡lt'¡i¡t¡l: F:r¡licrl¡:ri rivlt:rl1 or¡ tl¡t l¡;r:;rrl pin:rt:oii.l h:rr:r'

1i:rtallcl cr-tirtctiutt.irtdÍh;tt()i¡l¡i:;¡lri!i¡e gi:tilt:.i::-r'trtnr¡,'llir--:tl.

lntcr.l'erentt .ligurc: {'lcirv¿rL.e l¡;rg¡rr:r¡i:. ¡rror,irlc oll-

ccrlirr-'rir fl:rslt íi-gutci" lrrri i:litins lit--ving ¡ritt:rl[:l it¡ ( l{}ll} vicltl
:ln ircute l¡isct-:tt'ie ligur',-'rlitlt tli:;tittci i:;rigt'tu:;irl.l ri¡rL'¡Í l\Y(]
Lr!)l()lt! []¿Ilrls.

Elttngittittn: I'o-silivt ()r¡ r!'ir\r¿r¡lr lr;rg,!l¡r¡11:i. l;Lri etvsl¿rl:;

ülr¡!l{;!Íurl {ir¡ r sllrirv Ic:liilit'c ('l(]ngi!t¡(i!¡

I ) i s t i tt ;4 u i s h i t !: .Í ti! t t t t''.s : N:iorlclulc rcliel. sh:rr¡r :rrrrul:r i

t

l()nn- frrrluL'lrt ittclusior¡s :rnrl usu:rllt [rriglrt tttangc irt¡rl lrltte

intcrlf,rL:nac c(iLiru,\ irlc tlistinclivc. ('lcirVirgc llir¡trttcrt{s rri'
cclcslitc lrti: Iik.'lv it¡ lrrr rli:;lltl.:crt lt¡ lr1¡¡1,¡.'.. ht¡t ll¡r:it ¡rl i:.
'l'o crt:;lrfc ir
-tor¡icu'll;rl lorrct ¡ro:-itive tli:¡g-rto:;i: ()l llrcsc lw()
sPcr:i('\ ii i: t¡eccr:;rr\. tt¡ rt¡lPk¡t ;ruriliiuv :rtt:rlyses. e:;pcei:rll-v
firr thc itler¡tilicaiir¡rr ol celrsiob¡rvle (:;ec celcslile. p. I lrr¡.
'lltlrttlat errl¡erlr-;ll b;rtvtes t¡l;rv rrserrrl¡lr
¡rri:,nt;rtie ;rp;rtilc.,.
l);rrliL-ulltrlv ntisleltiling hr:irtg lltti..,-, rvlti,'h,,lisplllv r¡r-r;¡litq
cl(¡ngitti()tr, As;t¡Iilili':. {illr!t -!h1r\1';r¡rrint;rlr¡Lr:; hi;rri:¡l [rL'rrirrr
irrlclle ¡c¡rer figulcs- thi: nlil\' cnh:lncú c{inlr!:t,i{-til. llo*'evcr.
irll!riitr ii. lt,-':'r:r{ori;rl ;r¡¡tl lt;r:.;l l¡illic¡ rclicl, l l¡c l.'irciringence
ol ;rrrlrvrlr'ilr i:i g¡-L'irlei. i1 l¡l:. bellcr clelrvr¡l:e:; ;uril r¡r¡¡tr'
llll( ll\L li'ti:¡liTirli'rll ' ril'rlll.,

ilt¡ ¿¡ffe¡!¡-r': ii:rrvie rreerr:- in nrci;rllilr¡,,u:; livrlr,rtl¡ri¡¡¡:rl

vcin:i lrul ¡11;¡r,, lie ¡trcscrtl iri c;r..iiier oi irlrirr¡u:. tot-k:-.
{--!tn(-'trji¡ri¡l!- ¡t¡rrlulc..; il¡ vri¡ti; ril lt¡¡¡1'¡¡. iri!'rrrl¡ril!!n in
c:rrlrori:r1e rrr:k: :iltri {-rf!:irs¡r¡riirll\, iri ¡r:-i,!r¡rrl el;rv¡. S¡i¡rr.-t|lrr.-'¡
it is thr cr¡¡riinii!¡g ¡¡tcrliui¡r i!¡:irnrl::l(¡nc:.

lir¡n¡ rl¡s: !'lrr l¡r,;¡rrr r¡¡irier;rl ll:rLiii¡¡t:- rii rl¡i!l.crrllit¡l

il4
 BARYTE

samples are often llrrrrl,'rl rvith the finely ground baryte used
as mud ad<Jitive in rlrilllr,rlcs' Grains that lay on the pinacoid
and show first-ordcr ¡|r'\'l!()larization colours greatly resemble
detrital apatite, anrl cv,'rt cxpcrienced analysts find it difficult
to distinguish thcsc lrr,¡ minelals. Applying oxalic acid
treatment, used for llrc rcrttoval of iron oxide coating, (p. 12)
proves useful in tllcsc t':tses- After a ferv mintttes' gentle
boiling of the heavy rrtrrtctrtl fractions in the solution. apatite
grains clevelop a hrowtttrlt stain and slight aueregate polariza-
tion, which makes itlt:tllrlir'lrtion simple'

Grains from.' U¡'¡x r 1:r) Buntsandstein, Triassic' borehole

Bóttstein, 315 nr. Srvrlzcrland; (b) Rotliegend, northern
Germany; (c) Buttls;rrrrl:tcin, Triassic, borehole Berlingen,
: ( r I ) li it ersand,
2309 m, Srvitzerla¡rrl Isére' France (Mnrt 1.582).
Lower: Jurassic. N(lrllr Sr'rr (cn)'

l l,5
 lJ ir,'1 Vi' rul li-l!'.¡r,Á! E-!!::-li-lill'g'l()i!!t /..i!É,; d. ii! í¡lr!: ¿'! ii. i¡,:.

E ¿rgé4E sÉa

l-l¡ l-i ¡ ,

(i!ilr.ir¡i.¡¡¡ihir i¡i:¡;.i¡rl { i i .::':r-

:.1\}ü
.

c: -
,.,:.-'Ul d -
¡t\i | ('l! I.r,j-' h
r¡li l.('l.l t"¡11 :".:+,-.
¡:^i É {r.11 l.íi.11 : .l l:l':' . i;;lt ::=9-¡,:,
ii tl l!!l(! :-:=l::-!:
::-::j.l=.
.4 I 'nr :l-
, ;ni :,+::
l--t:r*¿ in :;i:¿iffi.:Éti:i: {-'rla:;iit('irt('L!!:- i¡s i:li¡nltitter! ir¡i:;
¡rr:liic i¡;1r¡rri-:!li:;. ¡;¡l¡ula¡ i(l{}!} plrric:- [l]. it.t.tglrtl;ri ¡r:rtlir'li::r
(ill. iii¡iriir:. ii¿rgmr:iii:; fb) fii ;¡¡Jgfrg:iiq'-- r',)l¡iPrl:;iL ¡¡¡ 'sltrlli' r-
-rE
i.,rltf ii¡!¡¡i: (:r):riit! lr:s:: iicqilr!tiiv ii:; üuile(l!i¡t ('!v:;i:!l-c
{ ir giinic nliritfr' ¡t¡:¡i.: hr: ¡lrtsrtií :¡ntl i:- r:lil¡t-'¡ tlisi i il¡rri¡'¡ i I

ir'r'cgttl:tri'; (ri ctt¡!( (!¡ii¡rllr(l i¡l iltc ci¡ri: sti lltr s¡l¡i¡l:; F;'lit¡ilit' I
fluiii inclu:;ii¡¡i:. i!¡!::;{}t¡lefiriii::r;ttilrirgeii itl l¡;t¡¡r!lrl:-l¡i¡l.s'. ir¡
lrvr¡ tlireelit¡¡¡:- illfLrFtL-eiillL' ;¡i iill¡rii:;i rir!¡i i¡n-glLi:; o¡¡ ll¡¡- l¡;r:;::i
pl:rne

{i¡lt¡ur: { irlorrtlr:;:;. vct'y palc l¡lttt,.l¡ gr-e l-'. ¡ltil tltirii¡iIt¡ittltll'

turbirl rlur iii intpuriti.-::

P te ¡r h * t is n t.' Abs.- nt r¡rr,-lci tllu I grei rt:.

llirrltingcni:É1,' Wc¿r[:, lllrl itrterl¡:tr-:¡lrr(. cr)1.]urs :¡¡r- lil:;i

{fr:v ;rnil rvhiie (ril tlliil liagl¡¡c¡rls. l lrirl:cr glirirt:
()r(lL:r tlis;¡;l:lr''
lrighcr lirsl ottlct a¡rlottr:;.

E-rlinttitttl: lia:::i! plttti::; ::horv svllr¡lr.'iricr! criitlt:lrotl l{1

prism:rtic cle ilvitgcs;. Pristt¡¿rtic l¡ ;tErrtc¡tls ¿tn,l lill¡ c:; h;tv,-
I)¿rr¿lllel exii r¡ci iol1.

lnlcrJcrtnr'e .iigure: B;rsal ¡rluír::; vie ltl irtt :¡cttlc bisceLr'ir

-leirvagr
ligure ivith hro¿rrl is<i{ytcs ott a u,llit,-'ot vull¡ru licltl. (
I r;¡.{¡rrr ¡r i:; ¡rr or.,itL: ecectti I ic ligu t.:s.

ElongaIitltt: (irai¡¡s rlorl{¿rtrrl o¡r.¡ l1;¡"'s ¡.iosi1ivc rl(tl¡t;lti()tt

olt f' :;h¡rrv citlrr,t tt,'g;tlivr: itr ¡tttstttrr
¡¡ncl llrose elortg:rlr-'r-l
e longatirltt.

I) isti n¡;ui:;lt i tl !: .f¿ut tt r(:; : ( )rving lri v:u ialir,¡rs oi o¡rl ic;rl
Irnrl plrvsical ptrrlrr,r'1ics.:t ¡rositivc icletllilie:rlitrlt ol crlcslitc
gtains i-r dil'ficult. l-|:tslrl plrrlcs. sltt¡rvirtg tll()rLr¡'lr(t rcliri,
svnlnla:{tic¡l cxlinclion. lou'-ortlcr i¡ttelie'tcrrcr- crilortrs:tltrl;rl¡
-l-l¡ese
Itctr{c lrisectri:: ligure ;rte lltc ritsitrst 1o tlirtgtrose. tl,rilr.
¡trav le;rrl 1o the trcrrgnitiri¡r ¡r1 r'l¡ri0t¡s ()lllcr i()rttrs usttitllv
prescnl irr lltr: s:il¡tc srrnrple.'lhc rclicl rrl [r¡¡-v¡.¡ is ltiglrr:r rrntl
¿r¡rhv(lriIc h¡rs strorrqc¡ lrirelfitlgcnr:r:.
(lclcstite is isrurrir'¡ihorrs rvillr hlrrvlc lnql iirrnr:;;r colrr¡rlclc
s,)lid soluti,rn with ¡1.'l'hrr ¡ll¡¡llc l¡artf¡rcclcstitr.: or crlcsta-
lr¿rr-vtr is givcn 1o -rlrrirttiu¡¡r lir:h l¡lrlvtc:;.

ilccttrrt:¡t¡:e: i'ülcstit. ocerrr:' prrdruri¡r:¡ntlv ir¡ sc(linlL'rlt:rrr'

rocl's. p;¡¡ ticrtl;lr lv irl c:lrb{}rr:lies itttrl er':t1rr;tiir: rk:¡rüsiis. l:ttl
llt:lv itlsr! lrr l()ultrl ils cct!r.'n1 (ii \¡!rl(lslíillrl.. (-t:lrsliir' ir
pL.js('llt in sonrc liyrltQiltentt¡l i'.:itl:;;ttld les:. cQ¡¡¡lltt¡ttlV l¡s
ciiv¡lv lilling in r:r¡lcu¡lir tocks

Grai¡l,t .f
rrt*t: ial !iurtir-;lrntlslein. 'l-r'inssie. b¡r¡i'lroL: l¡l:ril-
nitu, lH:,1 n1.Sr-vil7:!-rl:r!¡.1: {lr} {}!ig¡rr'.-'nc N4ol:t:sc, l¡¡r¡rltol.-
l-'uur:ignv-1. l(llt) nr. Ftt¡rct: (ri ;rrtrl 1tl¡ {}ligoertrr N4ol:issc,
S;tr,rr- Ft:rlir'r'(hlrrrl I iSl)

I l¿¡
 {;'i I!:;t lL,i

áj:vFsecEÉ¡

{-irS( I ¡.ll i.(.1

¡¡onriclinir:. hilr::iul ( t)
,tu. l.:, ltl i.5':i
;rl3 1"52.3-!.ilt¡
rr-J i,:'l(l l.i-i I

ir {}.(}l
Á .1.:l{} :.:17

í-i_"-!¡-*rint h;i:: a iorv d(iúsitv un.l it is rctuincrl ir.i thc light nri¡¡e¡;¡l
l'r;rciiri¡t. (-irai¡rs cont¡irting abu¡rrl¿r¡¡t inclusions t,1¡¡s he
e¡¡¡:ountcred irr llie hcavy nrirrclnl ¡e¡iirluc.

!"onn i¡t ,tr.ditilr'itÍs: J'lre rvitl,,' ran{c r)l gvpsunr h:rhi{:;

i¡li:lurk:.-uhr:rlr:rl r:rvsl¡rl:..llrieh arr: ttsuallv tahullrr plrrrrllcl iri ':7 F
{{)l(l}. clc:rv:rge fnrglncr¡ts, ili:rrnr¡ntl-sh¿rptrcl gttirr:;. clrtslcrs ol'
liblcs ot linc rteedles. anri :;¡rlterttlitir: ot gnutttl:tr lv¡rcs. iirirtte
grain: c,llribit :;irtt¡rk: or crln{:rl:t ilvi¡rs.'lh.-'v ircrluc¡ttlv cncli,sr
inclusiotts ril [¡litt,r. ,'l¿tvs. i¡-,in olitle. qrg;rriic iri:litü1. rir'.
l¡leltrsi¡rns nltv be:¡.r¡l¡llv:¡rntnrrd []r-'c:rLtse lrl ihs lrrrv lr¡ rii
{vllsunr. it:; tirrtline olte ¡r -sinks' ink¡ ihr ('rrn¡tl:r h;¡ls:r¡n ,¡¡
:imilirr irttl,:r |lrc,liu¡¡t. {(ir¡¡i¡ts iir.r hest olrs¡¡.,,¡¡l iit irleirr
pi¡l¿tt-izctl ligh¡^ ciiltcr b1 ohlir¡ue illunrit¡;riiot¡ t¡t hv illr-:rt';r::itlrl
ihcir reli(jl try ¡r:ii'ii:illv r:l¡isi¡.ig thc :ubsilgc rlia¡rhr:rgrn.)

{-'¡llour: {-irlourle:;s. srrllteii¡nc¡ itt¡bitl trctr¿tusc r)i nlr¡t¡qr(iu\

i nt:l tt:;i¡r¡rs.

ilirt'.f'ringt:nt:Ér.' L.dlr. ¿¡nrl i!rtcri¡r'Lrn!:c r.'oltiur:: urt' i¡¡ ihr:

i'i¡ngc ()i liiu,.^r iir hiqlr.r iirsi-()r(lc¡ ii¡lis. '-lcl¡c¡trii¡tl: r¡¡r iitr
'Ll¡ickttrs:; oi iltt gr;rins.

Éi-s-!itlt'!i¿¡tl: {(ll{l} rehlrts hrnr:r¡l rrti¡rction;rrr:¡le ol :rlitirri

l¡i". ( i¡':¡i¡r: ticvcl¡iir,,.l :iccrilrling l!r É sh(ilv ir¿¡¡¿rllcl ,,'rii¡ieiiqrrr

Ittítr.ft:rt'ntt' figttt'r:: t ir;rin-s tlis[]!¿ry pri¡r i¡¡Ir¡iirr¡rc,:

iigure:, .{{lltl} larcs yiciil ii:rslt ii¡¡rrrc::. liliortg .li:;¡rclsirir-r r-,
,;tt'.1\' \r:;tlrl, ¡r¡l ¡l¡.-itri;ri .,!)r'r'r( r-

i )ri¿:niaiittn: !iltiirs:rtiorr is rithtr ¡lr-riiiv¡ o¡ ¡rcgutivc.

i-)isiinguisltirrg .íetít!i'{:;: \,urv hrlr lclici :rr¡rl're:rk

1¡it*iri¡¡gr:il¡--e i: ¡:h:rr:lcttrisiie. {ir:ri:r:; i¡r ¡l¡c lighi irrrii.¡¡r ¡rr¡rv
ilc i¡ti..r¡irli!:¡r iiii ilriir ír;rgrrrrirls¡-ll.lr!:rit;.- bui:¡ liaekLr ir:st.sill
¡rr,'t:;i :r Ériqhci ¡-elici ih;¡¡¡ il¡c i'¿i¡¡;trl;¡ [¡tti:rlr¡i !ir¡ ,-¡u:rit;i:rnil:t
l(iwr:t (i!lr-r irii gr:prrrn. l h'.. !¡;¡!¡ii ¡¡i:¡ll-,ilc ¡¡iril :l!kliii irliLt-;rrr.
ilirii ii'ci¡rtctri !-1v¡¡tiriitg;tit,l ici,ls¡t:rr rle¡ii,:¡pe::, ;¡i:;¡¡ ihc: higlr.-'¡
ii iiitri 7 ¡rili¡,-¡ive i¡¡rlii:c:: ri! :¡ll¡ii,-. itr:li¡ ,listiilriir¡¡¡.
i]t u'tirír,'7¿t-'r', tir¡i:uiii i:; :¡ ,-'l¡c¡r¡ii.::¡llv ¡rrr:i:i¡rii:ricrl ¡¡ri¡rrrrrl.
¡rti::cut ttr ;r v;rrieiy i¡i :;i:rli:¡r.:¡¡!:r¡.,' .,'¡lr-.i!-¡.r!¡¡¡l{'{ti:;- !t:; ¡rrcrrrr
t¡a¡!i itttt:Uft{jli{jq: i: ri¡nlineil iri i:vli¡riit'iir: alq:ll(t-!ii:, ;r¡},i it :rl:;t¡
f¡¡¡¡¡¡s i¡¡ É¡l;¡v:r l¿rkr:;. s:¡il ¡r¿t¡t:r;r¡lii iicr;r-¡1 rriiL;. iivlilrrrii litirv
i¡c irriltlLi itt:+U¡ilt: oic íir,ril()sit:i li¡!¡i ¡¡¡¡¡¡. i¡¡¡¡1¡:10l¡::t:; wrll ;i:- i¡¡
lllc:r¡¡ie vt¡ri:

ilrain:i.¡'i'l.r;;'!.' ii:Íe-.sii¡¡;tir r;lr:r.riL!ii(1 . i :r¡¡lr¡iir¡, iri:i¡¡-'l¡r.

liulv i l--,4¡li i J-lt!)..

l¡.r'
 i:\ fiOSi'! &:

.Fa¡rq¡sáÉu-'

h_.t,.',{5(, r}.t( il I },,

irtgonal. uni¿¡.ii¿rl ( )

Íuit l.iil5 l.:jl(l

ttí I 7t3 l.7l-i
¡ i).i{}l r).1(}:
;t llrt
For¡n kt seili*ti-¡lis: .Furosiic i¡strirllv í(irnr!; 'i¡r .:¡¡¿i' ¡¡t.l
Tlic riigc:;
:lPFe¿¡rii xs Lrilhc(lr:rl ¡¡r;s¡¡ls rviiir ;t he s;rgrin;tl hahil.
of so¡nc gr;iitrs nlty lic cu¡vctl, smix¡thed, t¡¡ :tr(: :ttlroutldc,l
hv s¡.¡rall flli¡tulcts (li stt[]sc{-ltlc¡¡1 grtin'tlts a¡lil sometitne:; {¡v
seaiv or iitrt'ous aggrc:¡i;ttes. trt ills{} iirrtrL¡¡:: :¡s fia¡]tiltrttl:: oi
cuhedr¿rl crysil!!s. finc rtggrcgate:;:¡lttl ciuslets ¡¡l Íii¡¡'cs
lieeau:.e oi ilisii¡¡et bltsal clcavagc. gr;tins ap¡rear ll;tkv. j:

shr¡wi¡l{:¡evcral titn¡túsctl plirtcs. Zrtnin.'q i:; t'rrrv r:¡illtlllt¡n-

su¡te
Seciot t*inning, c(ttllll(lsc(l ol sii :;cgntcrrts. ;5 (tfIL:ll ¡lctcc-icrl
(¡Ír basitl illrke:;. O¡r;¡¡¡¡¿ !rnJruriiics ri¡ li¡rtonite (ils:l {lrcor¡l
Erosiiion pftrduet) ¿tfL cí)mllto¡I.

{-l¿¡lt¡fir: {ir¿ti¡¡:; :rrr ¡l{ililLr¡l v.:iicE, ,¡r h¿i¡t"-! vcllt¡rv. ('r¡k¡tr¡

zorti¡.lg is.,,isi1.¡le !¡¡ ¡nir¡r.,'grailt:. ¿rncl ii is ¡¡t:r¡¡iicsir.'tl in:r
crlh¡utlr'rs rrti, :¡ltrl il icll,!1\ i!Lllr'l fi¡li.

F f t:¡ ¡ChraiS¡tt.' -lari¡siíc ¡rrisrn: h:rvr ltr:t'n t c¡rortcrJ stro¡¡glv

pl(:ochr{)ic. bt¡í l¡a-s¿l ¡tlltic:; ;tntl :rggr(:rti¡lrs lltck pleochr,,i:nt.

Eirt:.früryrni'É'.' str()¡rs. :ind ¡rr-isnulic li;tgntctrt:;. :rs{Lr{irirs

¡¡n¡l iibrcs :;lrorv r,ivirl high-olde r ¡rollirizlrti<iit ci¡k¡ut -s- li¡¡¡¡l
il;rk-es rxhihit ltirt¡-order ¡rtieriLrru!tcü tini:- ivhiclt ;lrr' r)ttctt
¡l¡asked llv :iir(lrt¡t ¡¡tirtc¡¿¡I col¡rttr.

Ljline ii¿tn. Pir¡:rlir,l ir¡ crvsl¿¡l i¡¡!-r:i:¡¡rrl i,' iil¡t.::r. F;!¡i:;l h:ts¡¡l
::L:eliQ¡¡:i:;l¡i¡tv wavV c::ii¡¡r'Lit¡ri,-lt¡c i,r irvi¡¡¡ti¡rg or i;til irr
ijr{ii i¡ gr!i::h ccm¡-¡letelv.

inie:rfer+'nr:t .ii'4urt: L3;¡:r¡! :;"^c-ii(iils provirlc i1'ell-ijlli¡.r.1

u¡¡iaxt¿¡l íi.gu: cs i¡r ;i vclltir.:i:;h-grce tl íir,!ri rviih ¿t iciv ir,r
¿:lt¡-¡;¡¡rcs or n{)nc- ilccasitiit:tlly. biaxil¡l ncgalive íi!.u¡cs a¡e
i¡l¡iaincd,

E ü ; it¡¡it t it t tt : t'¡¡:;ir ivc.

{.li::tittgui:;hiní: i¿::¿til:-r¿::,:;:.tarrisiir i:. di:r::i¡t¡:;¡:ql l¡r.,irr;;

:¡::r;n¡l iiir¡:r, pl:riv ir¡::ai h¡rl¡ii. ,li:;ti¡rri i:ii::;il rh::ii,:lgrr.
it¡:q!¿r::ní :erisi¡ ir:iaci¡t!: e¡xi irv rt¡:i¿¡;.,i¿¡l ',:ii:¡r;rr:ic¡. !-ibrr¡¡rs
=r:tii¡s
r-l .rrtlr-:1,:lir:!i .!!¡!l ¡ai:;l¡¡¡iiie ii¡¡mr- :lr¡: ir::rr:riiy iiirtitr!
¡{r!:í-:th.¡ .+iih cu!¡eil¡:ri qr:ri¡t-q. íÍrr:: ¿'i¡:riri¡!rc iiir,:¡i¡iiirltltt¡:t.
i-¡wi¡iÉ¡ i¡¡ ihc !i:¡!:r; !¡:il¡i¡. i:r¡r¡:riÍc ic:i:i!¡!ll('i ¡¡rir::¡:;. hui fhrr
,li-qíi;¡ei!r' Eri.{he:' i,:iiei- e,rlq¡t:¡ :¡¡¡tl ir.vit:¡ti¡¡g :;¡¡iiii:i: 1¿¡ ¡ii:;iin
gui::l¡ ii ir,¡¡r¡ ¡-É1r l:¡iir:¡.

i-,9:-'¿-'¡iff€nt';:: i:l¡q¡r-ii,' i:. :¡ :-ffii¡]!-i;lrii ¡ni¡r.:r;ri :r¡¡ri i:, i!ir¡n*ri

i¡v iirc '-¡r-irl:¡tit¡n ,-ri i¡a:r-irc:¡¡ i¡tr: :.rrlphiilc itiL::;, WhLrn c¡rc{¡u¡l
ir:rc,l in:::leil:;ii¡n¡::-:¡¡iri:-it:ilc:; iÍ !:; tts;tllll!¡,,il¡r:rilr..ntiii¡n
:¡',llt¡ci,'i :il;tr¡.rllti¡ ¡iiti,, r'r,:t:iiL:r',i¡,

r. j*¡itls #{!i;?.' J'airi:r::ir:. *r¡rÍl¡e¡n !r:ni:;ie (, ¡:i,

ile
 iii:rl1ry iüll.ll:i,:_;1!_ l_rii:ji.É::,lf=-i.t{Jr-t:!.+r,Jii É.i.}!.q_}-Llli !-t.....9!,=:;

5r é- EE áF:' EF Ié -E-E¡ Ér
=_ /-= e= e F:_ ,P !
= -=
E EJL:

i'.r{ ¡'
l:¡l.r!i¡:¡l t¡¡itii.it:!! ! ¡

;¡i!¡ ¡.+iií' l -;.f!

:!i !.ó.iil ¡,7+{l
;-, í!.!71 1i iili!
rr= I7l- i.rJ+

{ ;¡!tir.: i:; ic¡¡¡¡ril i¡r i:¡-¡il¡ tii¡' i¡.:¡vr' ;¡tl¡l Éhr lill!i¡ i!tiiluiiri
It¡r'ii¡¡¡: I !ir ¡:re:'rití ri{i:;.t¡¡f,ii(¡i¡ d¿::¡l:; t;¡rli' siilr ¡"1:r¡l i il:i:r!
!i:,:.-'¡l i;li,-:iit: ,-r,¡lii!-¡r. bicgi:¡¡i¡-- ;¿¡¿ri si¡:nir:¡t¡itr! riti¡i¡:¡l li¡:1,-'
:ti!i!¡.r .lútrt i:: i!i L ii,{1'ltiii.il-

!''i¡r¿¡¿ in .r,é":jji¡¡(-;¡¡;-- ¡ -¡rlriái: ::¡:¡i¡r:; :il( rr,:¡r.rt:¡iEl,: :¡¡rsi¡l;¡¡

;r¡lj:r:l:lt ql¡ t.i.:iilnglllai cl.ii¡"':1gi' liilill¡¡Ljúi::. ljLti,'i:¡l l¡nii
rort¡rirtrl .gii!ilt:; i)¡ :lgg¡.,:-g1¡i!-:; :ltt ;l!::tl t'11!¡llñ.1¡i. l¡ut tl¡ri¡ililt¡
l¡r:¡l¡+¡r:: iit illlii'{-li!r¡ri, l!t¡!cri rlr,r¡rrilil¡r'tlri¡l r'le:!r'ltl:r i"
sclr.:fiiies yi-cii¡l!- L:t:¡rell:r¡ i.-ri¡r¡¡i¡¡¡ is q:it;i:¡teicri-cttr- i¡i
e;¡leiíc. l¡u! ii:1rr:;erliitg t.¡i¡¡ i¡meli:¡e . :tcc¡i in tl¡iti stt i¡t¡ri\
'¡ lr(: lu"ii¡-!¡la¡¡c:: ttstlillll.' :ilirirt
:lr'.-: :r*lili)¡ri iil ¡!ci¡ ii;'¡! ll;:gittt¡rl¡.
bluc r¡: ¡;i¡t1= ii¡rts 1:.,ilcil tl¡.' t¡liirro:;(-'a[]i' :ri¡.cl(' i:; ii!1al{-'t!

i.t¡!¡.ill¡': i'¡ilourlrs:-. l¡ui ii¡¡rl; tii.s¡rt:sr:rl iiir¡ruriiir:; rriictr

qtitusa,- ¿r iuf llirl iltlilriit i¡nq(t.

ij ! e o t' i I r ¡ ¡ i :; : ¡¡-' i-.1 <.r ¡r !rli'c.' É : ¡¡ ri':

Eirt'.fi'ing+tt:<'.' Él:.riir¡¡iclr.'higL. Wh,:ri iltt- trtir:tosco¡rc:;iart

thr ¡tlicl shrilv:; i! pr{t!r(¡t!llrr:rl r'l¡;rngi: ('ir':irll-litl¡¡').
i:r r.)i¡lirj{1
ln rl¡<'¡ul¡ir +icav:lgr li'a¡¡ttir:itl:. high rcliel:rPlrri¡rc \tltL'i¡ thú
lrrng tli:rgon:rl is ¡rarall.:l t¡¡ llri'l'il¡taiir¡¡¡ rlirr:cti<¡¡r oi tlt¡-'
p¡-rlaliz:r:t. lr¡iL:r'itrL=i1r!- cttltttt¡'s ¿tfr ltigh-,rrtler ¡r:tsftl littls rrtlti
lltr tl¡in¡i.:r r.'dge:: rri ilrr-: gtlti¡¡:; tirity sliow tlu!ll!:tiitls irllei
fe rrncc=rtrlot¡t h¿¡nd:;-
'i'l¡ieke ¡ {! i¡in:: ittll-i.ili ¿rl¡t¡osi rvl¡i1r:
u¡i(lcr.rilssc(l ircl:rts.'I'ltris.: uvhicir ieil tr¡ crlinuuish ilr ltntr
po:;iliitii:-lritrv ¡t1¡¡¡,raillitl hluisl¡-.,'¡llriir: illirlfi¡fL:llrri-'!-ol()t!r:i-

E.¡:lir¡üit¡n: Sylirmetiic;ri r¡¡ it¡clincri l(i clr¿!i.,¿r:rr ir¿rac:; 1l!'

iu'i¡t l:r¡ncll:re.

lnícr.ferttte .iigttre:: lictril:ri ,--:rlciie:; usulrliv r.'ir'ltl rrn oll'

cenlac r¡ni;r:i:rl i¡¡letletencc íigurc witli tlcnse. thilt i-tochto-
nrirtic lirr¡:.s. Grains thirt iail i,r rxlin¡¡ui:;l¡ :utrl sltow ¿rb¡¡ot i¡¡itl
p(¡l¿riz1!1¡!rn di)lr)L!r:r hir¡,rL- rr itiaxi;rI ligutr.

filon.qatitin: lil¡,rn¡l¡r¡lrr:rlr¿rl fr;rgrnr:ni:; :¡ic lentllr sl{}1y irr

tlrc dirrclirrn (ll thr sllrlrtrr Ll¡o¡¡tb rlilrgonrrl. brrl i¡ec:rrtse t¡{
crircnle l¡irclrirr!tr-:rir:c tlrtr si$tt t! !-l.l¡rgaliiln is r;rrelv tlis-
c!-l lr ihlc,

llisii;ti¡Hi,rhitt!: .íL.i¡rrft':;- E;itle !¡i. l-rilr:l¡ i¡rgr:nc:e " '1rvi¡ik--

lirt;:'artrl vfIy high-(i!.,¡cr itrlcrleret¡ec a(-rl(-illls iüe,ii¿tIn,¡slic.
ln gr:rirt ¡¡¡our¡i.c ii is ;tlnrtisf itti¡:iis:ible lr¡ rlisiitirttish cirlcilc
il'i¡nt rl¡¡L¡l¡¡il.:- ;rni:etiic, ¡¡rt! cti¡nirlc¡llc¡llltr! l.chlli(lues (:iitrih
ir-: s1¿¡init-r:.i" r¡.,,o¡ inie¡,-¡l¡totrc:r¡r¡1.,'¡.::) iii'!'rteces:;:rrv l(,
-!
"!
er¡:llrlt rli¿tgrtrrsi::. !¡i: lr;rlrii (¡l (Ltl(inlitr is ¡trorr: t'otr¡¡¡i¡tti!
rh¡rnrh0hcrlr;rl" liui ir:'intrittg i¡¡ .::rl.=-i1r' i:j rilofc a(tt¡l¡¡lo¡1 li1lill ¡¡¡
tlt¡L¡¡ri1c. {-'l¡lei1.¡ i:; soiul¡l¡-'i¡t:¡i,r:lic lt.:irl;rnii il¡ iiilr¡1r cqrlil
ll(ll. ihelrli'¡.e- c¿¡tlri¡¡¡¡¡1., ¡i¡i¡¡r¡:tls ¡r-'¡¡t¡¡illinl: i¡t iltr: I¡er¡vt'
¡c-:irlrrr: ltil.l¡:ri:iti ilc:il¡tlc¡ti;rtLi niÍi¡'i'likelv ís¡ lrr: qrilhc¡-
tkrlcriiiir: :rnliatiir r¡r :;¡rler'iir

l:rt
 CALCITE

Occurrence: Details on thc occurrencr. of calcite in

scdimentary rocks is belond thc scope of tliis work. Calcite
¡rresent in sandstones, grcywackes. etc., is usually the ccntent-
ing agent, a fissure filling or a replaccment of other mincrals.
I n igncous rocks calcitc may (rccur as primary mirtnlirtic

calcite. It is present in hydrothermal deposits anri is a

secondary mincral in crlities or anrygdales of mafic volc¡nics.
Calcite is a common alteration product oi plagioclasc. In
nretamorphic rocks it rlay be the principrl constitur'ut of
nr¡rble and occurs in crlc-schists rnd gneisses.

Grains from: Oiigocene. Barrémc- Basin. France

(ltf mt 1.581).

121
 EEir.¡:vi' f'4iNl,i'iA!. iiir:ir-'!=:-!11EEí. ¡fJS ri-l'-jl i {- tli {=ti ll:: !'L..f i L::-

Sa¿gee=Ége:

¡ ,i i !

ii ¡qri¡¡;;i t!¡ir:l:ir:¡! i

¡ll'l I /i ¡ 4.1 r

t|Í i:r/r 1.!1i\

Á r,.ii! 1.11{r

i';¡r;¡¿ i¡¿ s:,'¿!!ti!¿';¿i:;- iiirl,,¡ iir ¡¡¡r¡rliiii:: ¡¡¡r¡sí r:Ú¡¡¡¡rl¡r¡ti'r .,'

¡!i¡;¡¡:i¡¡¡l¡rrii¡¡¡l: ;i¡ti! :;il¡¡¡r'iiii!f:: ¿i:; airr.¿r:!:i: !¡i ri¡t¡lrriet!
i¡:r¡¡¡¡c¡:i:;. i'ii¡ilttl¿r¡ - l:¡¡¡r:c¡iri:¡! :¡r¡r! ¡ri!iii:ir ii¡¡¡¡¡::
clr-:¿!v¿¡11.'
:¡;r ;r!'.,, i¡!,1¡rl ¡r: :!-. :¡¡, :¡i!¡! t':¡i,.". ! .¡¡¡¡r ill': i'i,¡¡lili¡li
iho{tqi¡ !liri (1!l!¡¡it¿rn- iiii¡:: l-!r' ¡lr.:;ali}':- ¡=.: :tii irig-i;il:il t:rrhc
¡¡¡rtt::. ::i'-1,-Li¡r it:!:; ;r !r{-'ii,-r!'i íl¡or¡rl¡qhe¡i::¡i rlc;tv:ig¿i, ,rii: r!
:t:;r¡ii <¡i {!:i!ali!iii¡l! íi¡r':;tlrf;tir'0! ¡l¡r t]:l¡i:¡:.;i!¡(¡ t'l!¡i!i,r;t!f
c¡:¡,:li:. ;¡¡i itfit:i: :;¡l,riir.i o¡ ::i:ti¡it,ti '¡viiir :t l¡rttw¡rirll: ili;lcl:
:,r¡ir:;i;¡ tir'o:

{|¡¡í¡I¿I;: t-tlt,t¡fli:s:; <r; }'rlk,wi:;!r :t¡iii ltiorv¡rish yeli,¡t.'.

P I ¡-' ¿. t ¡.: IIr ¡ ¡ i :; rn' l-{ r'rr Pl cr ¡r l¡ ¡ s ii,'

í3irt:.f-rifi-qr:tr-t'í'.- ljritr:¡¡¡r hi¡ciiit¡e.:tt.-'c i:; ¡-:lra¡;¡ciu¡'tstii:. l'ht

ieliei cliartg,r:, iit¡ :;1¿!¡:!,' ¡i¡il¡!i¿;i: 1'tt"iirkiilrg'). sinrilarlv fqi
c:¡k:ii,: ¡¡rii .lolttq¡ii,-. l¡t¡¡ ir¡ iqw=it¡r:ic: rüs¡¡t:i it:.g. {--¡¡¡¡r1,t
l:;rl:::rrrri ilii:; i:.: ¡¡rii ..;¡¡ w'-'ell illg¡¡¡ir-ttla:rral i]üL¿¡t!:r(j ia: lt¡.,vt¡ tl¡ is
hiehr,¡ il¡l¡n ihal i!i ilrf tttrmer::ii:¡: t¡l(:ilitlrll. lltietlttr-'lttt'
trtk¡t¡i:., ali: .-.i!¡¡ir r)¡ ¡lrj:¡ii !'rfv. lrt¡i l¡:ilY li'. t¡r-rqk,.tl lrt' lirt'
r(inl¡¡ir!¡r l¡¡iirv¡ti:;!r :;t:riir. T'i';rirspltt'cn¡ lllit¡ it:rgttreiii:; ili:.pl:ry
Iti{l¡-r;¡ iltrr sh:¡de:; r.,,ii!¡ rlrri:;i:' $¡ lgl¡¡ il¡L:airrcncc coiot!i b:ti¡cl:r
on lhc erlgr:s,

iiXti¡l¡.ii¡¡¡¡: Str:r¡¡¡i:i¡it:lrl ii¡ rk:rr,;tgr-, ir;rr:c:: :r¡rd rl¡t,¡¡¡l¡rr

hcdr¿rl l'¿r',':. ;rni1 pat:r!le! irr ihr- (liar-{}it¿¡is o1 thc ll¡r¡ttrltc-
!rcilri¡r¡ L,i¡-¡si lrr¡1r v¡ii,,i:rl ¡¡r i¡iiliihi,-' :;irit ¡ii.':; i:lil it urlin¡ui:;l¡

lnl<:r.frrt';lt't'.iigurt': F:hon¡biilier,lral grairtr."ii;lql c:Lrrlrc(i {}r

slig.htlv till-t,:nlí( íigrrrL-s. u:rt:rllv ri,ill¡ ¡tt;t¡rl' lint: isoeltioirr:riie
rittgs linri hrr¡;liL-nintt iso¡',,¡r¡¡; lo\qjiia{ltr iltr pct iplrri y oi llt,:
ligu rc.

!-1 ist i nguis hi il !: .f'í:i!i uri::; : !{hor¡rlrolrrl¡ ¡rl ol sphclrrlilic

lol¡¡. ail lelllrclive irrrlir--¡s ¡1¡¡;¡1¡¡ th¿tn thlrl of the (lan:rtla
b;¡l:;:¡¡r. :rnrl {u:;uallv} hlorvrr strri¡r llll sen'e 1o rlisiinguish
sidclite ir,rnr r'irk:ite lr¡rti ¡iolonile- lt i:., rtl;¡tivel.,,insolulrlc in
¿rcelic ¿iciil arr.l i¡'! r-'.)kl ttilrrte Il{ll.

iltturrtr¡t't:: llidr¡ iir: is :r:;socilr{erl rviil¡ I¡cdrlerl sedimcnt:rry

rle¡-rosils. cl:rt'ir()rlst(!!¡e:.. bltnelt,rl r:hcllv i¡i¡n-e:trhott;rIc rock:r,
::idei itc itrrrtlsttliies. silllilst()nLr:r:¡¡rrl :;idcritic linrestr¡r¡cs- It irlso
lt¡rrrr: Iivri¡r¡ilir! nti¡ll\.' irr ntrtlílllic vriin.r. [;is:;rtrr-:; :rnti cirvities itt
l¡:i:;:¡ l i. ;r¡rdtsi tc anri rliai;¿r:¡t nr¿iv (-r(iti l it i !r s;ir lc ! it r.'.

{.-}i'i:i;ts j't'pttt. (¿¡) !l--ive r:;¡¡¡ri. l:;i'r'c. Fr¿¡¡ccl (h} liiitliqrgr:nil.

'i-lrc i..lrtl¡¡r'lan{l:,. (c.t i}ligcr-r-nr-. iiiritinlr ll¡¡in. !-¡;inr:r:
(l*'irnl i.5:i:i.

ta-
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 Ir{ }l.út",lI'f ll Áf-J É':Llr=¡ [ E :-;lrR i LS

ilje ¡E q¡ e¡r É Ée-:¡ ar ke rÉ t e SEE-EES

I rrN{g(l-'{),)¡ Ca( tol¡¡.Fc)(CO:) '

t rigrin:t I . u¡¡i:rsi:¡l I )

rlolt¡ilrifr: :ittk!:r!tc
,r,r¡ l.67r.1 1.6!r(| 1.75()
r¡L 1.5{}(} l.:'it} 1.5'+S
¡ 0. l7!) r).1()l
11. l.fi(r .1. lil
'l'l¡cre i:.:i (-ri)nlirirt(iLt:i tc¡ri:rerin*nt o{ ivi¡¡ lrv Fe e'itich icail:;
íLon-¡ dohr¡nitc thtouglt ir-'rt¡:ttr dt¡lo¡¡rite t(t :¡tllicrilr. !tr ur;rin
iil()r!¡1ts. lrlLr!¡ll)(:fs 0l tltis scrir:s:r.c irltlislingtri:;lti¡l¡1,-, fLtrti¡
eacir ottier.

F¡¡r¡n i n :;t: tl inrcn i s : !ihotrrl¡¡ihetlr;rl ltntl iirlrttl¡¡' ttrorplit'-

logies :tir. ihc itt(ist c()tlttllrt¡1. sl-ir¿ti¡ls occasiiilt:tllv h¿lvtr
tou¡lclttl c(if¡rcnj. Llriloniic:¡ rvitli lt itct:tgo¡l;tl h:rl¡it ¡r¡
il¡'egulal firr¡¡rs ¡rl,: r¡¡¡'clv r,ltcout¡icl!r(1. (ltvstills sornctittltr
cnclosc ¡rrgir¡lic ¡¡ii¡tIcr, rvhich nl¿¡v bc ztin¡tilv lr'i':itlgeil.
Rlr¡r¡lbohcrlral .-le:t."'egcs lrrc cltl¡r¡ctcti:;ii.:;ttttl ¡-L:ltv;tgt
it:rccs oiic¡r irritr:jcci in oblit¡uc;tnr¡lcs.'l-rvi¡it¡ctl.l¡rl<¡¡¡litt:
g¡-:rins :ifc ini'reqttetrt.

a-i¡luUf : {irk¡U¡krss. {re y or illrbi(|.

Ít I t'¡tch r ¿ ¡ i,t ¡¡t.' N,rrr-plei'Lltroic.

ili fi:J'f i f t gtttt'a'.- .ll\ircütt. :rtirl giltin:'irvi¡tkL" rvlle¡¡ tlre

inicr,rscope :;a:r::r i:: ¡oÍ:tied. F ligh lclie i lipl¡clt¡s w'ltrtl tilu krtig
diltg,.rn:rl peilrllcl:; ¡he vii;r;¡iio¡r ,-liti'i:tion iil ihc ptil;ttizcr'.
i¡rteric¡'c¡rr:r'colr¡r!¡l iu'rr peerl.gLr:v or n't¡ite. llrighi ii¡trrth- ¡rr
íilil¡ oi'r-lc¡ ¡rastcl tirris ¡¡t¿tv !¡r,: ¡ttiiict;tblc ¡rtt Íhitr ,:rlg¡::;. llasl¡i
scctirirt-c i¡sr¡allv :ltr¡n it.i 'Írviriliiiitg' ;ttid disPlliv '-'c¡v b¡ight
yglhis,, inicrie t cna. culour:j iviih ir P:¡l,j [¡lt¡.: !rLrc- l hcse {rliin:
i:til io,'rii¡r::ttislt r'l :urt ln*.iii,,,l

l'--t-íi¡lt:iiierl: .{yrritrlr!r:lrl isi ilt,-: l!¡¡rnrhrihr.llr;¡¡ i:tcc:; a¡ltl

¡riifill lel io it:.'-li¿rg¡irrtls

i¡lít:¡'.f'¿::r¡:;tt¿:.t'igur,:: Rhr¡mlr,.ihril¡'lrl rri;:;tal:r vir'kl lii-

r,:cni¡c ittteric¡rrlt:* iigt¡rts ti;tsit! ::"-q-iio¡l:; h:tvt: rlc!l-¡:-enit,-'¡l
r¡nir¡:;i:¡l iigrtrr-:s *,iih ¡¡ta¡¡v i:;rir:hr¡¡¡¡r:tIi¡-' ¡i¡¡gs.
'ihL isr¡:¡vf(::i
:;i¡t¡rr'¿¡ cl¡;¡rrreieri:;iic l¡tq;¿¡rir-¡¡illg- iii\y:!l(l:i itrc ¡leri¡llteiv,'i ihr'
tigrtrt- (trviitg it¡ ::illti¡:. iitilii¡¡¡iiqr: 3¡¡;1i h¡ui; :-:itr:rll lV.

Eit;ti1¡tt-tit'tl: !jil'¡¡g;rie,l ¡lii*:; i::uellv !¡r¡'='r:;tc!::¡aivt t!c¡¡:gi¡

iii;¡r. hr:i ii¡r lri¿li-i:¡.i!c¡ iirirrie!LtllL: r:r¡l¡¡rr¡:; ¡¡l;tk,-, árlr:rt!---:rtiri¡¡
¿lii íir:rrli.

!.ji:-;¡ir:::¿li:;ili¿¡.i .;ii'¡l¡¿¡¡'¿;.' frrr¡¡¡i¡r!lrqr:¿i ci¡¡¡¡ri..: i¡i ¡rii¡'É,

f,:iitqr¡r!c l,iitiririllc¡¡c,: ii¡1rl fhai!iiit{¡i¡i'ti¡i¡i i¡¡¡¡-ri:¡l¡'rli;¡!:tr:ita
i¡íir'. htr¡ Ériil'.' .(!t¡riliri¡¡c:¡íi¡fv iL:i:¡:il¡Llittr; .'i¡¡r i-,i.¡Yf :t ¡il:-iiit r
!de¡tiiiic;riir¡¡r ¡¡i ¡¡ieiiit;ttr; rii' iir. .i(¡i(!!iliÍc :t¡ri.:critt :-¡:!it:- ,'¡
,ii:.ir¡rgrri:;li ¡itr::.,c i¡ri¡t¡ rilhLr¡ r-:aib(!i¡;li¿i ¡¡1¡nrri;i¡:". .n:: l:tL-ii.: i:
::¡¡lt¡bir: i¡¡ ¡erti.j ;rertl r¡¡ri in .-iilutt q¡lrl i!¡-'l- i,::irit¡l¡l
a:rill{¡¡:;¡i.: g¡:ti¡ir: í:tilrr :!i¡!l iiL:!rime!¡t} ¡i¡'. lili.-'ii' !ii irc
¡ioit¡¡¡tile :l¡1[:e:iir ii¡ ::iclc¡iie !i-it,¡¡¡¡i¡t¡iic,i¡:¡i !¡i lle:i-irs{¡¡lltl
it¿¡iiil ir n¡rii,- i¡,'¡rir'ri! *i ri¡¡li;¡¡tii,-'ilrl¡¡¡ i¡l e:rl¡ i;t.;¡rii i+i¡llrrt'l
i:; ¡¡li:r,-: ir,:i¡i¡,:¡ti i¡r ihr: !lriir-¡- liitlt¡itr-'ii;¡:-:r:rligltilv:-iiil¡1s('i
:rliri. it.-'r¡rrtr:i hiriii:¡1 ¡.¡;¡,t,¡tt*. :i¡¡ri it:; t,¡*¡r :¡t i:l lrirlhr:i il¡ii¡¡
iir:ri ¡ri ihr: { ;¡¡¡:r,-i;i l-:rl:.:l¡¡i. Él-tiu¡¡i!cii e¡:¡i¡rr !i,¡ill itlll¡lrtitl(¡t¡:i
¡¡itr-:ii!-'i.iifi' f1iii¡i¡ti i¡li!1: ¡r::r¡ll[¡!,: :;phr:ttc- i¡t¡i ¡he l:rti. ¡ i:
l-'i;r-:i:¡l

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 lll..\\ ) \11\l Ii \l I)l s( ltll'll()\s ,.\\l) ( ( )l ( )l l{ I'l \ ll \

()tt'tttrcllt ('. 1)olorlilr'is rrirler¡.tr';ttl irl ltlrltosl;tll lr¡rts ol

.erlinttnl;rtr lorls ( (]tt1,t(1 (]¡ titi,,lt;tl I1l(1.r11)i)ti)]ll\lll I)¡()
ilLi.cs rl,rl,¡lttllc ttllrll¡le llitttt tlrrl,rlllilts ()l lll;l!l1a\1.rrl lllll('
\l(in(\ l1 ts loit¡trl irl;,liclttl ttlll;tir.trit l,rtks. irl ill,il0llltllll;rl
\(r,t\. lr1 irrrborlrlilc: rrtlil ilr Ilitlllr :rlkrrliltt ,lr Ler' I lre
(icfulldlt(t,'l rtltkclilt ir tl'ltlle ltsltitlttl;tlltl l1 tlsttltllr .lllllc;ll5
ll: reirts:iltLl c,l¡lcltliIlt:. ltt)tl occltsiollllll\ il\ r't'lllalll jll f:c l'i.lt
scrli¡¡cnts.

Ortlitt.s .frttttt: 1t) [)trlorrtile. l{,'tlier:tllti. rl(r]1lr(rrr ( j('r

nllrr)\: {l\) lil)kclilc..lLrllttsic. \rrttll Stlt: (t) illlktlile. llirtll-
\irnrl51rirt. I ll,rsric. lr{),(ll()l( I'lrrllllrtt¡. Isl.l rll. Srrllzt'llrtlltl.
1ri) (li)l{)lni1(. li\ct \irlt(l lstlt. I lrrlltt. (e¡ rlolottllte. ()liurr-
tcnc \lrrl:tsrt . S:ir o\ . lit;tlttc ( \llrlt I 5Sl ).

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llttririr¡ratitr, l'{) r } rl-'

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hydlosvapalit.r {---i!.{l'{)rl+}ll
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P;o¡'¡tt itt s€iliÍTta.Ílf5: Ap;rlitc u:;ttltllv rrrttcc¡.ltÍai'rs ¡r illt

lincr gr:rtlcs. ftuh.'tlral tr-vsillls ltte sltort:;irtt¡trv {}Í ltinq sh}n(ldr
prisnrs r,i,ith eitlrcr sititlilt: ¡rvr:ttiiitl;tl iL:rmil¡iltioils or il 'otll-
hirurlii,rr rri the b¿lsl¡! ¡riiuteoiil a¡t,,1 i;v¡¿¡¡r¡itls {tr¡r¡l':'r)'
(iccr:- -
irinallv rveli=dctclopcrl hcrii[otl¿tl h:ts¿¡l platr's:ttr'cnc(]tllltrlL'(l
isct:ontl illlgc. rlpt)()r. :r)' ll :rlso {-¡rctlr:- 'ls trrrrkert Lrtisr¡ls :tnil
rectlttrgul;tt or ci¡mciit¡les i¡regul;l¡ ii¿lg¡llcliis' Ilorvet":l'
gtaitrs ¡¡¡ost cotllilttiitly c;rhil¡ii ¡'trtrtttling u'hich nlav he -" - -=+-.
inci¡rir,nf- -crl:n il:l snlot)lh ill L-ulvarl leLttrinaiit¡¡ls (rf Lrll¡{cs' lrtlt =+
llte in(ist itcqttt:iri :tir: lhl: *li¡-:¡¡sii'eiv ¡olt¡tiictl. eEg-sl.tlt¡tttti iri' -==*=
:;phcrical rnrit ¡.iltologirrs (scctrntl illlge , rlpPcl. rl ;r¡ttl Irlitltllc)' -= ==--=
t''k¡iv:rg*s lrrc irtxif. l¡iclt¡sir¡lts ltrt nt:t¡lnctitt:- tili¡¡l¡tL' a¡ltl :: ts=--.
-€."
;iil.-t¡¡1.:ls w*ll :¡s i-lLl¡lsr itrilruic grt-v i.i-o[]i¡altl('¡¡ccdles rvhich ;:
i!
lr
:rrc otic¡ti:iteil lrlt¡¡lL'l ic tl¡g^ ¿ axis- Sir'ings rrl lltliil glol¡t¡le:; :- i

rr¡il :iiil¡tion:: r¡re :ilsi¡ erltlli¡l{!11. Alr:iiiiü gLltitt:; itrltY ellclti-tr il 1

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'crnokv' ,-l¿t'k Flcrich¡iiic df¡t. i:;fr:ai¡¡d lraga' r!¡rpcr. L') { !v[r
g¡ou,itl o¡r dr-i¡ii:tl;¡p:liif.:.;:tia rilltlv ¡rprlitr(i. ¡lrr::rttitltblv
tret;ttt:;r' ihr-:v :tfr: nt¡i r:; rei¡ditv riisr:crnitr[- :¡ij ih()st til -/¡rr!ttls
iti¡tl i()i.r¡nr:t!¡¡lcr- !he {i\,¡rrllf{}wi¡l ;t¡'c either :;nr:tll rh;tr¡i
iriitt¡Eu!;r¡ irl oiet:iititts :tifilLhcd it¡ !:cri:lill ir:tfts (tl lh* {t;liil +r
'rlrcv cncli¡:* ihc dctrii:¡l gr;lili ci)nllrlLrttlv' cvolvi¡lg irri¡' rtr¡
e u ltciir:¡ l tt.r:-:t:tl . Aq-coftli¡tg tr ¡ ortr oirsc¡val i¡ ins llttt oVcf sttirvl lt
irt¡(is i(j Íiirnt;tti¡urlti ihc h¡sal ¡:inaetiirl. lVhcn it is irrllv
llc.,,ühj¡rc.l, lhr: glain i!t¡:li¡¡:r :¡ ha::.ilg¡-il¡:!! h;rbii. ::l¡op'ing tl¡t.'
r,-.n¡l;in:riicn:: oi ih.-' lusal ¡tin:tctiirl :¡¡ti-l sh¡ ¡¡ i ¡-'vla¡¡riri:;- Wi¡ hi¡r
¡hls iir¡nr ihc rrrt¡tr!r-:ii an,-l piÍic.l.:i(illlciii¡lu:l iri¡¡t-orill¡
pi1rritr:nterl, .lciiiiJl :¡r:tlil rrttlLlLi:; i:; q-le;l¡lv ;i::ilrlr' l'lrt'
i¡i,q¡grr-r*t!i ic ;¡¡ rrFi iLnl r¡r¡¡tirii¡iiy '+iilr ihe l¡'¡si ¿l:¡in t¡r¡i ii:; r-:i
¡ir:li i¡r: !¡ir.hr¡ . i:riiic;iiirrg;r :'.i¡ihiqe¡ltr-'llllv
'liiteii¡i!¡.:i:c¡lti-:tiv-
iri¡¡rlci! i¡P¿¡iit.:- ilic grri.:!.:l¡l! ilt:::r¡gi-il¡l Ft:lit':: ThLr'f !¡1:rY br'
.:ilneLl q:i¡¡1cr¡iii ic;tllv :!¡l.i rliv!qL:il inic :;i: :;ceir¡!:: {::r¡:i:'¡¡1i ¡¡¡¡ga'.
li¡we¡.lli.áFaiiI.::artiri:liufililvLt!!¡iitlcd'ur:iiic!tls¡¡t;¡¡¡ile::iriI
*iiite¡-ir-; Jer¡:tt:.:r¡ti:r'i: i:Érlt ¡:iir:. i¡t.!¡¡lill:t.i;¡n{l iiiÉi:cii úrl¡jc:r.
+r irt holk¡rv:.i iin.l r-t1-it¡r'il':r.tlir-'ri;t¡,-L't¡: i¡lÍ¡; ¡tir ::¡';¡i¡¡ i:-cr:c¡i¡ri
ii:r{f. l¡¡}!iea- !l i¡nll i}.

i-'¿¡1,:luf. íi¡iti¡ts;rit Ll:;u:tllv eoltirt¡le:-:.- iriti !:r:t-':rttr;r: iri il-I¿'

tt¡ iJ¡i'':!'i¡l:;'
a't'L-srilcql iii t¡t;t¡lU:,1¡le:.c. íL'tiiilts itf it:riir: iÍi;¡i:-
::riiltc:lIi:t'riia:i ¡;¡l¡r: !l¡r'r -git'-vi::h-'¿rt:¡:nir.h +r ir]ilí!isl]-i-'rírrr!¡
¡iilr-: ir![]pe¡. hi.

;'rl,'r¡.-j¡¡";rir¡¡t ii, ¡iri¡'ir t '¡it;t¡¡r 'i i;¡¡i'-'ilt':' :r¡' 'ii"ii¡i''ii'-

iiL:.i:lttriic i¡i rt:lt.l,:::.ií. i!!. lrlilL- ¡r¡!lli::i¡ t-¡ velliie'i-rlt hi{-¡\ii¡r' i '
ii;¡i1,, t¡l=!r¡i¡rv¡i. i lrl'ilrr:'i¡-frlit\ !rl:f,llll.: rl!'.lt¡lL-\ 'liir r¡:'l¡i!ll!
¡;is-crir: ii:r-

ll:,
 !!i:ÁVY h'ilI..ltr!.:¡\! i-riiSi F:ll'! !{}F.JS ¡:l{l-s {'{}i iit-ll+ ¡r¡ f i¡ :=:

i"ífi:.iri,?::i'if.,¿'.' i'j!!t'¡¡!!Li:t É;i¡ri¡ir¡:lr-'¡rcr: i:; r:'e;lk iii ¡}l¡-¡tit¡'

.!lr ¡¡!iL!iL¡.r:irl frlr,r!;:: :¡¡f i¡i'¡lí ¡>ii!r¡ ri::tl: ¡:Irv rtt ¡r:ilr
1:"ihiii:;h ri1.: :c¡'r ¡!¡irt- :.:i:i!!iir aii:;¡ri;!1 li¡-s¡ q¡¡ilri 'r,,-'lh,i't it¡
¡¡i;:i¡rc i-¡ll¡-¡$¡:: ¡¡¡i,i ili,-i¡ il:ir-!:i:; irt¡i¡r: ltarl ¡'¡r:rii l¡¡ I¡lt¡,- ¡-¡¡
¡¡ !:rilar

É .--:-- -, ¡;l¡li¡¡ii' griliil:-

t-.:.-l!i!¿ !¿ilii. iji!:¡I;rirr i¡:,.::i:i1:- :¡¡¡ti !iltt;r{!r:Íl
lirrr ¡r;:i ;i!L'! .'':i:i¡ai!.¡¡i.

Élzii'r.!rrr'itt'r' !i'#¿r¡': ft.qi¡i ¿t!il¡itiLi ::r:¡ir¡:;::!ti,1r¡ i¡t¡q)ri¡'¡!r¡t!:-

h;ii::¡¿i¡ ¡!¡i!iir'ir:rrrt ii;:tír':: r.';iil¡ ¡¡ ¡rlsitir:r-' si¡1ri i lr-'t¡¡gri¡¿¡l
b;¡..::¡! :;¡,a:ii:i¡¡:; ::¡:(: iii¡:i h¡ifil;¡!Fuil! i:ii!ii¡:: ii¡iiu!liri¡,¡l ¿¡¡i-'i;;tl . i-t:
i¡¡r ir, i!¡i !:;ir;:ii ¡inr.:i:iiii'r'i,:ltl rvr'l! ¡r'¡riirti ttr:i:t::-i:tl lisrrrr= t¡¡
;; ii;:¡1. ¡rr'.. i:, E,i r.¡:l: :: ¡¡¿ i,:!i!1, :.;tlri
. I I. --h
l:. ! e: tt :iit;: : i-J¡-'::a¿i :'¿'.
€.
t-
-qi F
€:. =:€_
f,.tj.s,',t¡¡.1:¡¡tr.i¡rji¡:.f¿:'¡¡i¿:rt'.";: h/¡in¡f¡;iir-r!i iri¡!i rr'!!eÉ" gttrr:trE
l:lcl:,-¡i r¡¡li¡ir¡, r'!r1¡::¡¡:¡¡¡i¡.,¡!¡ ir!{:i:¡i¡ci.}gY:¡l¡ii r"',';rL hi¡r-:friilg-
--: I

'€_=-#.
==E-:#,
-i::- -ffi
c¡¡.:i. :rri' ¡ii:;ii¡¡ciir:.=' {-}i¡;lii:1 l¡¿i:. ;¡ .-'¡rr::iri,:¡:¡t¡l! lrir'¡t-:t ¡i-'lir:i. _
'l lic g.rriii i;:r::rl ¡-le:r..':igL-:. !¡¡t""r'r rrlicl a¡i,-l ttstt¡tiiv irri¡hicr
it¡{ri¡íerr:rrr roLtr!t': ¡ri log-¡:::--: tii:;iiitgtti:;h il il-iiIir :¡!r;¡iii' .

A-nil:rlrr:;ii¡'i:.: ¡rl,:oi:hrtiir-in ¡riitk:rlrail.-':. h:ls i¡ lr¡wrt !{!.;li¡

ii |eg'-r!lir :niir piroliil.: erttl f trr¡rrtnllv cnektsc:t r-':trlt.]n:lcc(.'tts
inrpurilic:.. il¡i bit-.:it'irrgc¡rrc l! :illi¡tr¡tritr- i:. slr{}lrrel ilttd ¡5
li-:¡r.Jth :;i¡.i* !:,i¡i:ii,- !¡;¡:: t¡ighe¡' relicl. :;lt,rttg ilis¡;rr:iort-
r-ri¡siiiv,' rlti:rgliiion :¡nil r¡ltc¡r ,-lisir!i¡.¡: :t¡¡ont;tiot!:; i¡tierlc¡,, tt.-r
Lrlliii!¡s. f ¡¡lorrrlc:;:; i¡¡ul¡tu¡iittc Illr:; ¡l ¡¡t¿rtketll! :;ii.!¡1gr:r
hirrl ¡.inr¡:l¡cc. ñl¡trrng:i l hir :tll)iiir ¡r!¡¡lci iil.'; tlrc irighr:::t relici
!¡! ( l¡lor;ll):riiri nt:¡'r ;¡i,i J¡.lrr. ir!ri
'lhr: di:;ii:ic¡i,-¡ir ui ;i¡r;tliir- gr¡in:; 1li¡tir l¡¿:¡'vir i¡t hi:¡vir:
e(!ni:iiri¡!lill(:(i rlt'ill-i:trtiir;g:;rnlFle:. i:. dc:*'tilr.:tl Lri¡!lL-Í hi¡rvle.
{ :¡rhi¡i¡:rie ilu¡.¡¡al¡atii¡: i:; ¿:::iier! t-s'a¡¡eqdite (tt¡rpr:t. c) ;rtitl ii
uc!-:Lti:i i¡¡ i¡fair..,!i ¡¡¡ 'r,cilorvisl¡-r:t¡L¡L!fr,'.i sphc¡t¡lcs, lilrle:; t¡r
lcssii rci;lai:cnrcnisr ¡i :iltot¡: ii¡rv o¡ilr¡ iriitt=icrc¡tct' tittl" lt:
rvrli a-: nriri¡rl;¡ici'J Li:li¡rl'li.)r¡, {ierlFoph:itre (ttpPcr. h) i:; i-rclt
;¡¡¡ii ¡r¡liti,-'. qlotrullr .l¡ h{riV!.¡id:¡¡- ii i:; i:it¡ttticiv:rt;rili¡r,-- ¿u¡rl
¡:j(itlrtF;r:,

{}t:lLlft(¡tt-i'. Á.p;riiie i.r ir filrr!ilr('rl :l{t'r'"\rrl\, tttitti-:tal rti

alm¡-r:;l ;ll! 1-r,¡rr-':: rii igilt:,rii:r ¡riq:l::;. ¡i¡tti¡¡lgsi fhu :¡P:rliie
ln¡¡ta:¡it¡i. liuci:¡F:rliI!- i:; llrc ¡nii:;i :rl.¡uild:rt¡i :rtrd i-. rrsrr¿rllv
¡cl;ti.l{l 1.i gr:lrlitic riir:[::;, t-ilrIrirrp:riilr ¡:. r]rofu Lrrrrr¡rrii¡ irr l¡rr
ba:.ie tvpc:-. A!r;¡ti1r:; ii¡r nr iri e;rt[¡trrt¿liitc:]. hvrlt()lllcn¡ral vr:irrs
irriri ,-'¿rtiiit:;. ¡i:; rrell ¿i:; in [¡<rth lht-t'¡¡utllv luttl t.-'giiirlrllv
¡¡1¡1¿¡¡111i¡plr1i5q:d nrt:ks. Apltiitc nt:rv liirnr :rLttltig.-rri.^all¡
(Wei:;sbit¡i! & l.l¡¡-'hini:l: ltlHt¡- :r¡¡tl gl'itill: :lrorvti in liirvc¡. alld
on tlriril lilgc).
Af¡:rlitc iiiiner:ll:- are rvidrs¡rtrati i¡¡ s,:¡li¡t¡.:¡tl:;. l'hsv iiccttr
rk¡¡riirr:r¡ttlt ;¡: rlrí¡it¿¡l ¡r.¡¿¡in:i. ljril !lllrtj llc lltc' r'cnlctltitttl
nrerliun: t¡i :;;t¡¡il¡lrt¡tr-':., pf thcY f¡iLtt¡ l--¡¡lcnti:lllv L:colrolliic
phrsnh;rte,Jr;xr-ril -:.
t:
li<:¡;zgri¡:;- A,¡r:rliir riis:reiltr-:' ril ariii:-: tl¡,-'¡riir¡c. ¡luri¡tll .€=='
lrr¡¡l!lir ilr.:¡l:irirlioE stii!ii¡¡ ;¡i'iti iai:;¡i¡rls-¡ri slt(iukl [¡c ;ivt)i!iL-il 'F:.'
'=3:--'
{¡:. i I ;. Llrnli--r ili,i:p btrri:rl i-I-al¡ir -1. I ) a¡;:rtiie i:':;l;¡i¡ie: ii lrl:r'"
¡'r,:¡l¡1 rt! ILtwa¡!-kii¡s :r¡ld is ciiniti!ctn in :rttett-ttl
1-1¡¡.-:iyg .a¡r..q¡;11
sci-ii¡ni:¡ri:;. Éi!:c;r!i:.r ii i:. u¡r:;ia[¡it In lr¡-'iiis. ;tL-irlie geoelic¡tiic;rl
r,¡¡ri¡|i!r¡1r'i¡ís iif(' {iiiL:ii i!e¡:leieii ii¡ ¿¡ir;rfiir:s (Liiiitrilr l9fi-11r,
i
l.lii{r) .
:
.4¡l;¡iii.- i.: u:r,-i i¡t it:::;ii¡t¡-itl¡rL rl¡tii¡t- lí;tl-tr i'ar11r-'r:v:

ilr¡!laiii:!!ri i:lrrr..: ii¡ llre li¡rli¡i:: rtl ¡il g¡:¡¡i:ratir¡¡r i¡¡ l¡vtltqic:t¡l¡trtt
.,,,r!ii,- ¡1)r'!.. !!:;1, iIl,'\t- .,r,// i'l:'.;)

dirt:;tt..; ir;::t? !-ir.-t F;¡.¡L... uPl'ri: l:¡¡ [-1¡r¡ti-'i F.octnc tull

 Pi\'¡-lTll ll{ ¡ N f-l f<^ L-';
^
horizqrn, l¡oss¡ilnr¡. ltaly: (h) {}ligoecrre. B:rrréme !3a-sin.
l.r:rncc.
Sccond ¡ra-g¡, uppcr: (;i) River sand. Isere. l:r¡'ancc; il¡)
Jurassic. Nt¡lth Sea: (c) Oligoccnc Molaqqt-, lrrirehrrlc
Ri¡nrartcts- l. lFic)() nr, Srvitzr:rlandi (tl) Rotliegenrl, ¡orthcrn
Ccrmany; (c) CtLrtaceous. I-unisia; (l ) IJur¡lsandstci¡r. Trinssir:.
b¡lcholc Ri¡rikc¡¡. 3l I ¡¡r. Swit¿e ¡1¿rnrl: (g) inrnq:olitr: and (h)
coll()phaúe. C)lisoccnc. Ncrthe-chuin. s¡ruthcrn Fr'¿urce.
Sccrrnd pagc, lorve¡, a: Áuthigenic grlins, Buntsanrlstcin.
'l'r-iassic, lrt¡reirtile Krcuzlingcn. l5.ll m.
Srvit;:crl:rnrl. ( )thr:r
erains with t¡vcrgrorvlh: RotIicgcncl, northern ( irrilltany.
All erai¡rs ¡rrc cnrhcddcd in fuIt¡¡t 1.5.Sf .

I 17
 lllr¡\\"Y tvllNFl{Al l)ljs{ lill-'¡'l{}N5; Aldl,} { {}l {}lil<1 irl ;:T-lrli

R/EqpF!:Cifg€e

{ {-r: ' I 'll '.1'h ) []'{ i ,

nrr.ln+cl¡11i{-'. I'i:llli:¡l ( * j
ittt l.i7+i.t(iii
¡¡l! a.777 ¡.fitll
tii i..!1.5 I .Hi i

¡ ll.(l'll ll.(l7i
Á iir5.1
F.jíiil i11 :;(i!¡fi.:'itls: Mlr¡;rzitr h:i-r ;: higlr ¡elir'1. ri::in,.rur;
lusi¡c ¿ittrJ i1 a¡t¡r"^:ti-; r.,,itll r d;¡r[: ¡i¡t¡:;tttt¡ilt¡¡¿!i¡rg il:: orriliiic.
{l¡;ri¡t:: ;t¡r tlolni¡r;tn¡l'r, rvtll roul¡,1.:rl. ¡gg-:;h:r¡:,;il or rl;l¡r-'iir::il.
Srrb¡'¡rr¡nrL:il tir cultetlLri! gr';til.; h:tv.' hecii ti,¡rotir-:tl ftiitir
Itlltt.:il¡i r-i¡¡r_cr¡1i:r1e:i (irPprta). l-Je¡¡sr:.t¡i'l¿ier ¡riiiirri: or:t
vr--lli¡rvish-l¡r0rr¡rr:iiiii¡'! itÍa ¡rllq:r¡ ilcttct¡iltlr Soltlr: g!ltin:; II;!!i
cnclosc zitct-ttt:rttrl rulii..- int:lr¡:;i,-tit:;, oiiiirl¡.!{,. sllh:;l:trrce¡;l¡¡tl
llui,-l gli!trulc:;.

{-t¡lrruf : I'l¡le vcllorv. ¿l¡¡tosi i:¡rlt¡r¡¡less, l¡irl,-' ;¡¡rthc¡. g¡een-

ish vcikrw ¿¡nrl r¿tclv ht.rw¡¡.

[]lcttclt¡¡i:;¡¡t' I)ee;r-c,rkruictl thicke¡ graiirr rr¡il tlis¡rlar

rvr,ak ltlcr¡eltrois¡¡¡ in slratle: i)l vcll(iw (tf. rirrf,lv.. g-rrrtl

Bire.fi'ittgettt:{'.' ljr¡-o¡ts, attrl i¡¡ic11c¡q:¡rt.'a critour:; r;!nj:(i t(¡

uppcr thild- r¡¡' iirurtlt^rrrtle¡' ¡rultrl rvliitc oi vr,lkrtt. 'l-hc rrr,ll-
ror¡ rrrlc,rJ gr':iins sh!)w tlislincl i ritcrli¡ rilcr cljl!)u. llir n(l:.

E.rlintlk¡fl: h4arir¡un¡ (xiincl¡(!íi i: 2'' 7",l¡úi ¡-L-'it it:¡l {liti¡t'.;

ru:;uall1' liri! t(' sl¡()\y :r complelc ertinctioi!.

Iilfrlrj.(r(¡tt:( .figtre: {.iluir¡:; lvi¡te ori tltr l¡:r:;al l¡iuiinr:

pliura Irec()gtrizcd l¡v iverket inietlctetrcc ctil¡rttt: itll(l itrtrrtti
pk:tc e.ttirtr'tiort) viekl cxr:clL:ttl rvcll-cenlretl or rte:rtlv eenttrcl
¿tt:ttlc hisq:cirix lirtrr.-':; s'ilh sm¿rli lV.'['he rvr,ll-tle lit¡r:rl i:rigvtr='r
:r1r¡re:rt iri a vr,'llriri, rll -gtc!irli rvliitc lieltl- is0clrr0til,-':. :lIc
cither fr:rv ()r nt¡nler()us. L¡isl¡crsiott i-. rve;¡k. d'lr:¿rvirgr
It:rgtttt'rrl:, rit l,l ll:rslr lirlrtt, s.

Elo¡tytlÍitttl: !l(x)) trces clorrs:rle ¡rar';rllel uirh i h:rve %

¡lisifivc.;rnrl crvst;¡l it';¡g-nrcnls cli¡r¡r¡:ltcd r¡lt lt h;ne r¡et:rtite.

r,lonllation.

I )i st i n 14u is lt ittg, .f7ülurtts : Miiruzilc is; tli;rgnri:;ccl hv hi{h

¡clir.[. colortr ;rtrd milstlv rorr¡tdetl nror¡rlrolop-y. -lhe lrer¡ucrrt
brt¡rvnish stain ¡uld surliie:c pitting :rtr ¿rlstl cltirr'¿rctelistic. 'l'he
ilnlv rlcllilrrl nl¡ncrrls filr wlricli nrorllzif.: is lik.-'lv lo be
rrtislakert:rrc vcllorv zil-con. xcttotittte ltntl. nlrlrc nrrdlv.
sllllcne.'l-he rclicl ol zircorr is hi-ehcr.;rlrrl sr¡rl;rcc c{ching is
ullc()r't¡nr()n in ;:ircrrn- S¡hcnc h:rs ntorc intcnsc ¡rolltlizltl ion
cokrrrrs. slront tlispi:rsiorl rnrl highi:r r.'lr aciivc in¡lir:cr:;.
licrriitinrr. rvitlr u'hich nlonlrziirr is iilt.:n assr)ailrlLrrl in sr:,li-
-l
nrcnls. st¡()ngll rrrsertrtrle:; lrr¡rn¡rziicr. lrc liirlnc¡ rlis¡rl1¡y5
higher=order inlcrl¡rcncc tirtts ar¡rl is uniari¿rl. r\ ¡ru:ilire
irL:nlilieirlicrr r¡rori¡rzitc ;¡rrrl il: ili:linelioi¡ lrorrr ;*enrilinru
ol
f an bc [¡v nlr:¡n-s oi lr 'poi:kcl :,i]üLrt! l],\cr]pr-" ( Acl:rnt:
n1;irlL:
l95.1.Srnilh:r¡tt ltl5i), llq:tinitó¿ Z-inrt¡cllc ltlt¡-i). 51¡ri¡telr¡t¡l¡rl
driuble. lcss cornrrrotrlV triltlc. ;rlr.rrirlriiiin lin,,.s in llt(' \'(:ll(¡$l
(cat¡sctl bv neorllnrittn¡ rrirel:rtn¡rlilrerl hy ¡rt:r:cotlvtrtirritr)-;r
l¿ri|11' striug t¡antl in lhtr grcc!¡" a!r(l lcs:; r:omnio¡rlv irr thl' l¡lur-
grec¡r. :rrr tli:¡¡1nosfic ol ¡ttrrt¿l¿iie (see ¡ilstr ttntlur :rtttolinr.:).

QCi:ttf ftnt:e: h4r¡r¡¡¡.ite i:; li¡r ilccc:.-rorv nrirrr:ürI r¡i s¡¡r¡riti.:

I -'r
 1\IONAZf I'E

rocks. L¿rr{cr crlstals ()ccrrr in granitic lncl srcllitic pcgntiltitc:

etntl in Alpinc-t)pc vcins. lt is a n¡rc constitucltt of nrct.L-
mor¡rhic schists. gncisscs ¡ncl gnrnulitcs. Nkrn¡zitc is ltrirlv
resistilrlt to scitthcrinq atrcl diagcnctic c()n(litions. Conccn-
triltcs of monilzitc arc knorln front lluvial lntl llcach sant]s.
ancl it also occurs in tin placcrs.

C r Qí t t.s J r o n t : LI ppcr: [i.ivcr su ¡rti. C'cntor.¡l [i. Srvi tzcrlrntl

(NInrt 1.661); itlirtllc: IlLrntsundstcin. -lriassic. ñlurnpf. Su it-
zcrlanri (Nlnrt i.h6l).

t29
 {tt .\1\' iltNLtt.\l lil.5É iitÉi-f [{ _!t{:, áF-{l,t {'i,"i.{ ¡t ¡}j, É"t .1 l't::-

tse*cuÉÉnee

1 },
E'{
t*
::_
El'E.;¡g-i*i;rt. u*i;r:i:rt I
€*=
-+ = -==-
EE..t t.lfe+ I _7?+ F=-F':
¡¿¡ i Slfr t-Fiif ==
-+=--
ii fF fFi'7 -+i.1tri
\ 'l i'!

F-t¡rrte Én se:¿tir¡tt¡tÉs tlrtritrtl 1¡tce:ir:: tx-'ctir :rs 'l'r¡ll-lv

ÉeíEtia-r!¡tcd :,tu;npl etrh*.Inlt ájsYs-t;¡l:j tviiti a ::it¡¡Fle llab¡t {}r}
sh¿i¡'É tríEe¡:.- g!-.:Engtlk¡r *¡ fractrrrc¿l irr¡g¡¡!¡¡ l i:tgtlrr-n1::- -?5--- ' -i _-, :..i
tr¡r.al íi¡rt¡¡s (c! ¡trd ri¡*¡rtJetl it¡ t¡-r!1 rt¡*ttrl.:cl gt;iitr::. l ht-:v
cxhihit ;r high r":lie !' **<tusir'¡+:: are zircon itllrl ¡'iP¿lq'rq -L .---+=5'-' =:

rr:tptiriti*... :;t¡ftiÉj gia;ili nrav tli:;¡it:tv ztirril¡g lJn:rlt¡-¡t:tl é-a :-É - :5

:c*¿¡t¡r¡ic;rPÉ)ri*ts ÉitÉ+;+ hief¡ tr:'Ír*¡¿¡s,¡¡ via¡etlt+: lu:.i¡'.-:. lruí
gr*ln: fri*v tlj ltL'al:+-:É!¡ Fif i.:r¿ '-rF :;¡r.-'cLlcd r'.'itt¡ !¡¡'iR ¡rilh
e}Éer¿iÉi¡¡n FrtEJttL-t:: rvhiel: a[:;tr aÍ]Fk'¿r in lE'liisi(¡tn'-¡:r¡ilL i
'F:r''L:; <€*
arid t* irrc.Ltutítritie:-.

€'tliclur': €-¿rh-¡trqtrs¡- !¡¡rnca vr,:t!qi*, lr¿itr: tr¡orvtr ilr v*tv ¡ltl,:

gree 11.

Pk¡¡thrr.tisttt-' 1Vq,:¡l-- grle**:hrtiisitr i: rlÍse¡,¡nitrle in rt*clrct-

cr¡t.¡t¡rcc* v:¡ririics: eir. p:*c velhrt';- ¡ralc !'ellttt'.'t-rowtt. l;lrle
frls¡=-; F. Fr¡!": vctltirvi:h grecE. ya¡ltlts". gret triitrvtt-

Eire:ftircgt:rte'i'.' VLr:; st¡!*tle ;tnd 'trrirrl-ling' r]f,!' ¿r[¡pt]ilr .rt¡

l¡¡ic*'eretu": r-t¡tuur= ¡¡rc frigtt<rrtltr lir:lr¡ $'hliL
:;l:r!¡É,' t(r1¿1Í;€rB-
e¡r ltitlL. si¡¡riJ:tr tr¡ il¡+ts' t¡f (--¡ilsr;ie- IlltEttsive llli!¡L'r:ll {1¡l(tlr¡
+rn m¿lsL thc itrtr,rfcrene.: iini:;- T-hitr¡lcr e<l::c:- solt¡ctirtrc:
rtispErt' trrigtrt trarrt*v ini.'rtcrci!a!i-L-ol(!u I l;:¡ n(ls.

E -z é i ¡ttf i o tt : F¿tr:¡liel.

lncerJertnrc fig¿tft'.' *¡r¡sl.n;tf¡-- !;i.'-: give f¡rint hiari¿¡i ll¡slr

figurn. Blt:;:ri tqrtu:; ( suel¡ ¡t5 str*rvn i¡¡ e'l vithl crcclle ni
r'r't¡tred t¡rri¡t.::i¡l figrrres with r¿'ver:tl tlcnse ttai folv isuchtt¡lllc:.
-Eturr- gr':tirrs ur*:rItv t¿rit t{} L::itatl{ttish atrtl rlispl;ry bltrish
vet[olr ¿rihrizati¡rt] crrlt¡*f:. ruL'nr-trilS:il sl'cti()tts illtsl s(]lll(j
rc¡¡rrklc¿! grai¡rs Ér¡cvidc rit'r-ce¡¡Ére-'tt¡ri¿tri;ri lr hilt:riltl figrtres
r¡ith snrall ]1j.

EÍt t rt gitt i t t tt : Rrritive.

Í) ist i nguis h irtg f¿'izÉl.tre: :'fir.: :;inril:trii¡' rif xdnotinrc tt¡

zifr'atn. ¡nr¡rl;rritc ¿ttrtt s¡*rctirttr-t to sl)h(,:tlt'. c:¿tlses s(rill!:
rlit'fir'uttics itr diagnosis. iVh*¡i r*rlv o¡rtic:rl titctlttitls arc
rrpptied- th* simptc tu¡lrii i¡f the *trfrc¡l¡¿tt gtititts ctittt¡r;tr.'d lo
ttlf,i of *trlrcilr;rt ?if(-{}t}. :ttral rttl¿iti¡.t¡c's krr'¡t:t ¡-r:f¡:lctive
ir¡*ic,-:, high.'r trirefringrl¡1.!- f,n(-l. whcn prcsrttt. hrorv¡¡i.sh
r¡ltcruti*n ¡rrrxltrts- :rid qlistincairitt. Xe rrt¡ti¡¡tc strongly
rcse¡ntrlt¡ r*¿rnarite, and pxitivc iderttitit:¡tion e:¡tt lrc ¡n¡ttle
ii¡lty lyhcll ;¡ larntrc(l i¡rte¡t'crcnec figrrrc i: ()ht¿tirl;ihlii. ;rs
¡¡rorr;¡zit.'is lri;i:¡i¿¡t *¡¡rI r<,ttrtÉit¡r.'' i.u u¡ri;¡:iul. a¡. l\: ril'
nrr*uiriic i:. s¡lt¡rtt :t¡rrl itr *ff-¡rtrtr* iigu¡es ltl¿lv rl'rrtnt)l(,' il¡a
*ff-ct¡ttrc ltgur* cf rlni:¿¡i:tt t¡¡ine¡als. cnttatrcinr r.ltllltii(i¡I.
fl*wr've¡- tltc ";r:tv trigti-rrtrltr intelt¡iE:naa t.t'ltiltls ¡rl rt¡¡r¡-
tinr* hc:ttr di;igniisir. S¡rhcttt har :¡ stt¡)llgcr rtliri :tntl dis-
r.o-i:iori antI i:; hi:r::i¡l.
{'}l the r¡r¡uFlenteilt¿ri:' rnethttts tlsttl iirt itL'nliiie;rtisrn^
Ifutirrn É!-(t+7I ruggL::;{ed v;rr;.}tlt at¡}¡ncrsiolt ttrttli¡1. lr¡r¡ ¡lrt'
sim¡rlt, qnir:k rlrd t¡rest rr:tirtrlr ¿tpFt(l;lch lqr¡.thc iiltttiilii::¡tio¡t
rIí r*n.rtiEItü, :rnt1 for tlisii*gtrirÉritrg hctrt.'r'rr \alllrlinrc, lll(illa

l-l{}
 XENOTIME
zite and zitcon. is to use a simple 'pocket spectrosc()pc'
(Adarns 1954. Smithson 1959). This, by revcaling thc disrincr
absorption spcctra ol xenotimc and monazite, ensurcs a
positive diagnosis. Hcring & Zinrrnerlc (196-l) calle<i ¿rtrcntion
to this method, discr:ssed its valiclity, and gave data of the
absorption lines of monazite and xenotime. Xenotirne exhibits
a strong thick band in thc deep red and has two or thrce faint
lincs on both sides. A strong double line appe¿lrs in thc grccn,
and in thicker grains a f¿int line is visible rn thc clcep blr,rc. It
has no absorptit¡n lines in the vello*', in rrhich monazitc show's
broacl clouble, less conimonlv triple lines. Zircon fails t() show
any absorption lines. This method is stronqly recomm!-nclcd.

Occurrence: Xenotimc is an accesson. ntineral ol qrauires,

svcnites and cranite peglnatites. lt is also a constituent of
quartzose micuceo¡-rs qneisses anri of some Alpine-typc vcins.
In placer cicposits it conccntrilfcs r.,,ith ntL¡n¡zitc, cussirr.litc,
cold or diamond. Xenotime is fairll'stablc in seclimcnts and is
probably nrore w'iclesprcacl than reported in hear,1'nrincral
anal¡"ses. Monazite or zircon-rich assentblaltcs nrtrv signtrl its
occutrencc.

Grains front: (tt) Bunrsanclsrcin, Triassic, N.fumpf. Srvit-

zerland; (b) Oligocene. Nerthe-chain. southern Frlnce:
ic) Buntsandstein. bt¡rchole Pf¿rffnau. lEll nr. S*,itzc¡lancl
(ltrmt 1.662).

t3l
 I it ,ii'1 ¡i{lF-JtrliÁ!. l,}li:;{-li¡g'! l{,¡F.J:; Ái-.Jii ( i}l {!llH i¡l á-lt:.:;

F-,€€Fjá-lE:-lE,E,A-FjFl{-ÉE=Iír=

FÜFEEfEEÉE

c-'¡ri,?'{ }:
1q:lr:lgil¡li1l. ti¡¡i:;.'li:tl ( + i

r¡it¡ ¡.!?tH l.+l{l

tti l.tl.]4 i.ul7
i¡ ti ttlG {}.1}17
A i í!4 í:.1 'l

l':¡lrnl i¡t :;¿:í!iirl{nís" e-l¡';ii¡15 l¡¡¡..,¿.';r hirh ¡rliri :rit¿i ¡rrr' 1:

1ii'isrü:ttii'. i¡¡.'gt:lar. :jt!ll¡()t!t¡(l|r{! .¡¡ ¡Uurrder-! iiL]ll(:iilllr,' illfl.
:!:-
;ria tiricli i!¡rr! ct¡lrse i:!iri!r!,:.-1. ['.ii:t¡-iiteci:- ;!¡r(l i]tuliilll'r:tnti{l:ll #=é =:--:

=:€
=

lLtrriiinaii{}r¡:;- si¡nila¡ ic lh¿¡se, e:rl¡il¡iir:<l l¡v'Jilr¡rti-;1¡¡ !¡r-r¡ttr-t¡i

()¡1 alL-iritel :lIii¡t¡s. Sqi¡llrli¡¡¡r:: -ti¡'i:tt !r! .]!{i¡i!llga i¡:!fci: 1!¡f
==.= =-:-=::=
-::-= :=-;

vi::i l¡le
=_-:-:
==i

=:: -
-=

:
{ltilt¡u¡': i'olorrrle:;::- gr'r-v. ¡rlrit ve lLrrv q'¡ htr¡w¡iish. L4o:;t
gt ilins l¡irvr :r s¡rntewltitl tlark.'tlu-sl:v' irlllt!riri :¡tlee

t lrion-¡rlcoelir'iL.
I I c t ¡c h ru t i :; t¡1.'

llirt-Jt'ittgt'ttt:r': N4;rrirtttnr bir.:lritiEencr is ¡¡rritL:rll, :tntl

rcncr, eokrur:r ¿rfr: grlr\, (rr vivlrl i rllorv. l¡lttt
it¡¡ctf.e ;r¡¡,i
crirtrsrlrt. rll:fx:n(li¡rg on ihc ihicknr:s:; iii lfrc g,titin:.,-

[:]-riincli¡t¡t: l-,'.1(.)ngatr:.1 fr:¡s¡trrtl:: h¿rvr' !¡i¡t¿tllt:l L:xiincli()n

l nterj'ert:n t:e Ji gu rt= : { ir:rin:; usr¡:rllv y'.ickl urr rif i-q'r:nl r r:

urliilxial figttri: rvilh br0:rd isQeltttil¡litiiL ctlrvrl:; ilntl shorv ¿l
clcar ¡lrsitive sign.

li I t t n,qu li r ttt : F.sit iv,-'.

Distin¡tuishitt-q.ltatt!rr's: Fliglr i.:licl.'rlusk\" u¡r¡-rc;rr';rnee .

irequcttl ctclt-t¿¡r:r'ts lt)gcllicr rvitlr vivirl interlrlcite,c ct¡k¡rtts
rrrc dilrg¡r()sti!-. ( ll¡:;site lilr rrsrr¡¡hle :; sclrrclitr. lrtrl ií h;¡:; lr
higher relir:l and bilr:lrin¡erlrr. (i:¡rnL:t is isotr-n¡ric ;rr¡tl iltc
iu't()nralousl\,anisrittti¡ric g;rtr(:(:; l¡;rvc ilt¡ll krrv¡irclcr ir¡tct-
lcrcnr:c rrilour:t :t¡tcl unclullll otv crl irtctior¡.

()ct'urre nce: Schte litc is lirrnre,l irr pr:snlrlilc: irntl irr lrigh-
lcnrpcralurt vr:ir¡s. l1 is prcsr:ttl ¡¡1 ri)nl¡rct-rllclirnrorphir: r'ock:;
lrrountl gr:r¡rilir: inlrusivcs. :rrtd it :rrrtplrilx¡lilrs:rnrl region:rlly
nlcl afit( !f []l¡(t$ed irtrput r litilcs{ Ottr,-s.

Rt!rnilrk-t: I'ur,: -schc,'lilc :ihour:: ;r eh¡nretq:ristic btue llrro¡i-,s

ccllr:r ir! -shtrr! w¡r,c t i\'-ligh{. N4ri-b¡:¡¡j¡1g :¡:lr.:.'litc h:r:: rrhil.:
lo ¡,ellorv llurrtcstrr:rlcc. l1 ¡l¡r¡er¡¡r¡rosc5 in H{ 1. leavin.rl ii vL-ll!)w
powdcr.; rcsirluc ol \4/{ i,.

{irain:; .itttttt: lliver :-;rrrrl. {-'c¡itovall!. S,rvitzellar¡,1

(l\4ml 1.662).

I t-?
! r--
 FLL'ORITtr

Fluorite -- ::-É
: - ]j-...€

L--aF1
isometric a - :'i=
¡¡ i.4,j3-1.435
€::=: -. :=' :,-.
3.18
^ =áJ. -=:'=:
Forrn in scdimenÍs: owing to its low refr:tctive index,
fluoritc appcars with a iregative relicf evcn in low-intlex ,/
r¡ounting medi¿¡ and its outline is surrounded by a palc yelkrrv b
rim. Grains are triangular, rect¿lngular or irregular fragtlrents,
usually with sharp (more rarcl¡r with curvcd) edges. Rounded
grains are rare. Flut¡rite is relativcly solul¡le in c¿rrbonated
waters and the surlace of the grains n-ray be etched. showing
triangular facets or crescent-shaped indentations. Clleavage
traces are rarely noticeatrle. Iron orc and fluid inelusions may
be present.

Colour: Colourless, pale violet or pale pink'

Distinguishing fbütures: Negative rclief together with

isotropic eharacter are diagnostic ttf fluo¡ite ancl distinguish it
írom all other tninerals. -
{}ecurrenc.e : F'luoritc crimmonly occurs in hydrothcrmal'
pegmatitir.: and pnettmatolithic veins, in greisen' in cavities of
granitc, and rrcc¿tsionally in cirrtrr-rnate rocks and phosplrorites.
it is found somctiRres in saudstones and rarcly, it lorms their
ccment.

Rerntlrks: Fluorite iirim drilling ¡nud ean eont¿rtninate thc

|¡g¡1,y mineral fractit¡ns of drill cuttings.

{irctins frttm: 1a'¡ Bc:ach sand, St lves, Cornrvall. Englandl

(b) Llpper Eoccne. B¿rrréme Basin. Fr¿rnce : (c) Btrntsandstein,
'l'riassic. t¡orchole Bottstcin. 314 m. Srvitzerl¡ncl (Mtnt l.-519).

1:33
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Identification table
o
@
q .9
MINERALS a)
o
o o C
f
o
o
v
.g
c
6 lt o.
f
a)
f
o
o :o o; o
(6

o n_ E. o- c0 C' co o dl

.o o o o o
Garnet
o Spj.nel-Group
o Sphalerite o
a Fluori.te o

zircon o o o o o o
o
G
'i+ Cassiteri.te o
o
Ruti 1e o
.s¿ Xenotime o
)
c
Schee lite o o o

ve suvi. anite o o o
o o o
Tourmaline o o
corundun o
-g Anatase o
.j rosi te o
(Úl a

c calcite
:) Siderite o
Dolcmite-Ankerite o o
Apati te o

Sphene o o
o o
sif limanite, Fibrclite
o o o
Statrrolite
zoisite o
cl inozoi si te o
Pienontite o
G Lawsoni te o
Punpel l-yite o o
Enstatite o
x+ Di opside o
GU Diallage o o
Augite o o o

l]
Prehni te
Brooki te o
Ea:yte o
Celestite o
C\T)sw
An¡ydrite o o
Monazite o o

Olivine o o
Chloritoid o

.:t AIlmite
Aegi rine-Augi te o
.:+ Anthophyl lite-Gedr j. te o
Hornblende- Serie s
Ri ebecki.te o o
Ch)-orite-Group o o

Vesuvianite o o o
Andalusi te
Kyanite o
Dunortierite
Ep j.dote o
Axinite o o o
¡lypersthene *
(! Aegi ri.ne ( Acmi. te )
iremolite o o
*l Acti.nol ite
G1 aucophane-Cro s si te o
Arfvedsonite o
; wbite Mica
o o
o
Cl"auconite
Biotite o o
Talc
Serp€ntine GrouP o

Commcn colour o lnfrequent colour

l-igure 3.5 Cathodoluminescence photomicrographs
(A) Zircons extracted from an orthognciss. Grains shorv blue luminescence and internal zoning. Notc- the cunr-tl terminations and rounded morphologl

Africa). (C) Zircons rvith ycllorv lumincscing cores and non-lumincscing overgro*th (Cretaceous, northern Tuni:iia).

743
Mineral trndex

disrlnne 52 phosphates i25-31

acmite 82
dolsmite-ankerite series 123 piemontite 63
actinolite 87
durnortierite 54 prehnite 103
aegirine 82
pumpellyite 67
aegirine-augite 81
p)'roxene group 73-82
alkili amphiboles 91 €nstatite 74
allanite 6,1 epídote 6l
epidcte group 59-72
riebeckite
amphibole group 8-3-94
glaucophane-riebeckite series 91
alkili 91
ferroactinolite 87 rutile 107
calcic 85
iron-magnesium-manganese 84 ffuorite 133
scheelite 1i2
sodic-calcic 85
garnel group 45 serpentine grouP 102
anatase 109
gedrite 84 siderite 122
andalusite 50
glaumnite 96 silicales 39-58
anhydrite 1 18
glarrcophane-riebeckite series 9 I sillimanite'19
ankerite
g¡psum 1i7 sodic-calcic amphiboles 85
dolomite-ankerite series 123
sphalerite 113
antho¡rhyllite 84
hedenbergite sphene -14
apatite minerals 125
spinel group 112
arfvedsonite 93 diopside-hedenbergite series 77
hornblende series 88 staurolite 55
augite 79
hy¡rersthene 75 sulphates 1i.{-19
aegirine-augite 8l
sulphides I 13
axinite 72
idocrase 47
amphiboles talc 99
baryte 114 iron-rnagnesium-manganese SJ
titanite -1-1
biotite 97
jartrsite topaz -53
brookite 1 1 1 I 19
tourmaline group 69
kyanite 52 tremolite 86
calcic amphiboles 85
calcite 120
vesuvianite 47
carbonates 12G.4 larsonite 65
cassitedte 104
mica, u'hite 95
white mica 95
celestite 1 16
chlorite group 100 rnica group 95-103
Í*o$azite i28 xenotime 130
chloritoid 57
clinozoisite 60 ¡¡rnscovite 95
zircon.l1
corundum 106
olirrine group 39
oxides 10.1_13 zoisite 59
diallage 78
diopside-hedenbergite series 77

144
General Index

References in italics are to figures

abrasion 4 basin analysis -1. 29-30,31 crystal structure 20

absorption brstitc 7"1.7.i cummingtonite-grunerite series 84
line 128. 131 beach sand. lateral movement of 29
spectrum 1-31 Becke method 17 data
bed configurirtion -í analy'sis of 27-8
acetic acid 1 1
bedrock mapping 3l presentarion of 27
acetone 13, l6
henzene 13. 16 deep burial 7. 9, Table, 2.1
acid
digest 11 benzol ll diagenesis 4, 9-10, 18. 20, 32
berthierine 96 diallage 78. l.ll
environment 7 -
leaching 7. Table 2.1 binan plot 27 diamond placer 3l
acmite 82, 1.11 biotite 97. 1-11. Table 3.1 differential miireral transport -5

actinolite 87. 111. Table 2.1 blue sodic amphibole 2i). 9l diluent 1i
bromoform 1i diopside 78, 111. Tables 2. l. 3. 1
activator 22
bronzite 71. Table 3.1 diopside-hedenbergite series 77
aegirine 82. 1-11
aegirine-augite 8i, 1-11 brookire lll.1l1 disaggregation I I
pseudrr-brookite 31 discriminant analysis
agitation 12
alcohol 13.19-20 linear 27-S
alkili amphibole 91 calcic amphibole 20. 8-Í. J.4, Table 2.1 steprvisc'muttiple 28
alkiline calcite 1 l. 110. lll dispersant ll
digest I I Canada b;rlsam 16 dissolution b-7. 9-10
environment 7 carbon disulphide 11 intrastratal -1. 9-10
carbon tetra;hli:¡ride l.i post-depositional -1.6, 10, 2{)
all¿nite 31. 6-1, 1-11
almandine 7.4,i, Table 3.1 c¿irbonale 1 1. 17. l:t)-+ disthene 5l
alterite 18 carbonatrte 22 distilled ir att-r 9-lt)
1

aluminium l2 cassiterite l0+. 1+1. Table 3. I dokrnitr' 11

amphibole 9. 15. 19-20. 8-3-91 cathodoluminesce nce (CL) 22-3, -1.'s. Tablc dolomite-ankcrite 1l-1. 1"1I

Tables 2. 1. 3. I 3.1 dravite 69.70

alkili 91 ced.rr oil l6 dumortierite 5-1. l-1[
blue sodic 20. 9l celestite 1 l¡i. 111 dust fallout 3l
calcic 20, 85. -1.4, Table 2. I celestoban tc' 1 16
iron-magnesium-manganese 8.1 cement ll edenite 83
socid-calcic 20. E-5 ce nt ri iuge ferro-edenite 83
analvsis, data 27-8 seperition 1l-l-) elt ritc 6o
anatase 109, 1ll, Table 2.1 tLrbe 1-1. -1.2 electron
andalusire 6.50. 1.11, Tables 2.1,3.1 chemical stabiliti 6*i0.32. Table 2.I microprobe 20, 21
andradite ¡15 chc'mis!rr'. míneral I9-2ti, 30 nlicrr'sc:lc. seannrng 7 . 20-2. -1. I
anhvdrite 12. 1 18, 111 chiastolitc -5t)
electron-probe microanaly'sis 20
an ke ri te chlorite 100.Ill enbedding
dolomite-ankerite series 123 chloritoid ll ,57. I. Table 2. 1 agent 16
anthophyllite 81. 1.11 chloroform ll partial 16_17, 19-10
antigorite 102 chronrianspinel 111 energl', environmental 5
apatite 6*7. 11-12, 15, 18-:.9,22,125,1:11, chrl-sotile 103 energv-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 20, 2.

Tables 2. i, 3.1 clar' 1 l-ll enigmatite Table 3.1

Araldite 17 cleaning 1 l-12 enstatite 74.141, Table 3.1
arfvedsonite 9J. 1¿11 Clerici's solution 13 entrainment 5
asphalt 12 clinozoisite 9,60, 111 environment
augite 78, 79, 111, 3.4, Tables 2.1, 3. I clove oil 16 acid and alkaline 7
aegirine-augite 81 cluster analysis 28 energy of 5
authigenic contaminant 12 Collodion 16 epidote 5, 9, 61, 141, Tables 2.1 , 3. i
auxiliary techniques 19-26 collophane 126 group 19,59-72
axinite 72. 141, Table 3.1 computer analysis 27 epoxy resin 17,20
concentrating table 1-5 etching G7, 9-10,3.4
barroisite 8-5 corundum 10ó, 141 , Table 3.1 ether 12
baryte 12. 114,141 counting. grain 17-18 eth¡'l 16
barytocelestite 116 crossite 91. 141

145
 GENERAL INDEX.

facies analysis 32 hypersthene 75,141 , Tables 2.1. 3.1 iilumination 17

factor analysis 27-B observation 17
fayalite 39 idocrase 47 oil infilt¡ation 9
ferroactinolite 87 ilnBnite 5, 32-3 olivine 39, 141, Table 2.1
frbrolite 49, 141 imrnersion 17 opaque suite 32-3
Fleet method 17 liquid 16, 19 optical analysis
fluorite 133, 141, Table 3.1 índicolite 70 preparation for 15-i7
forsterire 39, Table 3.1 intrastratal optical mount 7
fraction, heavy and light 12 dissolution,4, 9-10 order of persistence 7, Table 2.1
spliuing 15-16 sclution 7 orthodichlo¡obenzene 13
fractionation, heavy liquid 12-13 iroo-magnesium-manganese amphibole 8.1 oxalic acid 12
francolite 126 ironoxide grain-coating 11-12 oxide 104_13
freezing agent 13 isoamylacetate 13 o¡'hornblende 88
funnel separation 13 isolating grains 19
isopleth map 27 panning 15
garnet 5-7, 9, 13, 15, 19-20, 15, 141, 3.1, paragonite 95
Tables2.1.3.1 jadeite 73, Table 3.1 pargasite 88
gedrite 84, 141 jarcsite 119, 1'{1 ferro-pargasite 88
gelatine 1ó pa¡tial
geochemical methods 31 kaersutite 88 embedding lG17 ,19-)0
geological exploration 31 katophorite 85 freezing l3-14
glacial terrain 31 nagnesio-katophorite E5 pedology.l
glauconite 96, i,+1, Table 3.1 kimberli¡e 32 permanent partial embedding 1G17
glauconitic mica 96 KOH solution 11 petroleum
glauconitic smectite 96 kuazite Table 3.1 distillates I 2
glaucony 96 k¡'a*ite 5-6. 52, 111 . Tables 2. 1. 3. 1 erploration 32
glaucophane 91 resen'oir 32
ferro-glaucophane 91 lau:onile 65, 141 phengite 95
glaucophane-crossite 141 leucoxene 5 phlogopite 97
glaucophane-riebeckite series 91, Table 2. I ligbr fraction 10 phosphate 11, 125-31
grain linecounting 17-18 pie-diagram 27
counting l7-18 lir¡e¿¡ dixriminant analvsis 27-8 piemontite 63, 141
isolating 19 liquid immersion 16 pocket spectroscope 128, 131
mounts 16_17 lithcstratigraphic unit 30 pore ffuid 9, Table 2.1
shape 5, 12 lizardite 102 post-depositional dissolution 4. 6, 10. 20
size 6, 11-12, 18 luminoscope 22-3 prehnite 103, 141
sorting, selective 5 principal component analysis 27
gravíty settling 12-13, 3. I magnetic separation 15 prospecting 31-2
grossular 45 mal¿con zircon 42 provenance 5, 10,29
grunerite Table 3. I manganepidote 63 province, heavy mineral 29
cummingtonite-grunerite series 8-1 me{Émict zi¡con 42 pumpellyite 67, i41
gum arabic 16,37 me hylene chloride 16 pyrite 12
gypsun 12,117 ,141 mer&ylene iodide 13, 16 p¡'rope 45, Table 3.1
mi¡c¡ pyroxene 5-ó,9, 15, 19-20,73-82. Table 2
hand picking l9 group 95*103, Table 3.1
hastingsite 83 qfute 95 quencher 22
HCI treatment 11 microscope Q-mode factor anall sis 17
heavy liquid fractionation 12-13 scanning electron 7 . 2V2, 3. 4
heavy mineral province 29 ptrographic 19 rare earth element (REE) 31
hedenbergite slides 1G17 re-€ntrainment 5
diopside-hedenbergite series 77 stereotrinocular 19 refractive index 16.i7
hercynite 112 micmscopic identifi cation l7 remote terrain 31
hexane 12 microsplitter 16 replacement 6
high density liquid 12-13 mooazite 5, 3l , 128, 141, Tables 2.1, 3.1 resin, mounting 1G17
hinterland 4, 32 mc*obromnophtalene 16 epoxy 17
hornblende series 5,9, 88, 141, Table 2.1 moulds 20 ribbon counting 18
hot cathode luminoscope 22-3 mouoting resin 16-17 ,20,23,37 richterite 85
hyacinth22,42 mo{$ts 16-17 riebeckite 141
hydraulic muscovite 95, Table 3.1 glaucophane-riebeckite series 91, Table
effects 4-6, 18 2.1
equivalence 4-5 NaOH solution 11 magnesio-riebeckite 91
fractionation
¡atio 4
5
.: eedle 19
percentages 18
rounding 18
rubellite 70
0n I llllllll llll lllll lllllll ';er
rutile 5-6, 9, 19, 107, 141, Tables 2.1, 3.1
ru€

146
 GENERAL INDEX

11
sample, preparation of 45
spessartine ferro-tschermakite 88
1i
sampling 141
sphalerite 113, tube rvithin tube method 1+15, -1.-l
saussurite59,60 sphene31,44,l4l,Tables2.1,3.1 tungstenwire19
scanning electron microscope (SEM) 7, spindle stage 17
20*2, 3.4 spinel group 32 , 112, 111 , Table 2. 1 ultrasonic disaggregation 1 2
scatter diagram 27 splitting fractions 1-5-16 uralite 87
scheelite 3l , 132,1 4 I , Table 3. 1 stau rolire 5-6,9 , 19-20,55, 141 , -1.4, Tables uvarovite 45
Schiller-structure 78 2.1,3.1
schorl 69 stepwise multiple discriminant varietal study 18-19, 30
Schroeder-van-der-Kolk test 17 analysis28 varimax rotation 27
sediment dispersal pattern 29 stilpnomelane 97 vesuvianite 47, 1,11
separation 12-15 stratigraphic correlation 30 viridine 50
3.1
sericite 95, Table sulphate 17, i14-19 volcanism 31
14i
serpentine group 102, sulphide 1i3
4-5
settling velocity washing 1 1

shaking table 15 talc 99, 1,{1, Table 3.1 liquid 13

5
shape-fractionation index taramite 85 weight percentages 6, 18, 27
siderite 122, 1¿11 tecronic activity 4, 9, 20. 30-1 uet sieving 12
sieving 1-12
1 Teepol I 2 \uetting agent 12
silicate 11, 39-58 tephra layer 31 white mica 95
sillimanite 54, 49,1.11 , Tables 2.1, 3.1 ternary diagram 27 winchite 85
11
size reduction tetrabromoethane 13 ferro-r,r'inchite 85
slides 1G17 thin section 17 wollastonite Table 3.1
sodic-calcic amphibole 20, 85 thulite 59
sodium carbonate solution 12 time-strati-eraphic correlation 30 xenotime 130, 141 , Table 2.1
sodium metaphosphate 12 79
titrnaugite X-ray
sodium nitrite 19 titanite.l-1 diffraction (XRD) 20
sodium polytungstate 13 toluene 16 fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) 20
sodium silicate 12 topaz 6, 53, 111, Table 3.1 x1'lene 16
Soxhlett equipment 12 tourmaline 5-6, 9, 18-19. 69, 141, Tables
specificgraiitvs 2.1.3.1 zircon 5-ó,9, 13, 15, 18-19, :l-i. 31,11,
spectrometer,X-ray20 tremoliteS6, 141.Table3.1 1'11,3.i,Tab1es2.1,3.1
spectroscope. pocket 128, 131 trichloroethylene 12 zoisite 9,59, 1-{1,'fable 2.1
spectroscop), energv-dispersive 20,22 tschermakite 88 ZTR index 9,43,71, 108

147