ENERGY ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:

DR HIRRA ANJUM
SUBMITTED BY:

ZAIN UL ABIDIN

[COMPANY NAME] [Company address]

 Role of Coal for sustainable energy in Pakistan
History
Coal was first discovered across Pakistan and the rest of South Asia in the 1880s and was used by
the British-owned railway companies under colonial rule. Later, post-colonial Pakistan had used coal to
fuel its industry from independence to the discovery of the Baluchistan's Sui gas field in 1952 and the Toot
oilfield in 1964.
Environmentalists are now concerned that Pakistan has recently discovered one low and four low to
medium quality coal seams in the Punjab and plans to re-fuel its economically important cement industry
with it after their oil fields have run dry. Low sulfur coal was recently reported to have been found at
the Baluchistan near Quetta as well. There are reports that low a sulfur deposit has been found near
Islamabad.
Sindh's Thar desert lignite mines will also be expanded soon for industrial usage too. This Thar's mine
is open-cut mine. These mines are relatively safer to mine from. While Baluchistan's mines
are underground mines, these are dangerous to mine from.
Pakistan Baluchistan's mines have seen several accidents over the years among which the one which
happened in 2011 was with the greatest number of casualties. According to one newspaper the death toll
rose up to 45, though majority agree upon that it ranged from 40-45 people.
Special measures are being employed to reduce the resulting fly ash, carbon footprint and sulphur fume
emission problems after it is burnt.
Types of coal found
 Bituminous coal is a relatively hard and less sulfurous coal containing a tar-like
substance called bitumen and would be burnt largely on domestic fires after being
turned into coke fuel.
 Sub-bituminous coal is a coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those
of bituminous coal and is used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation.
It is set to fuel power stations and cement works in Pakistan.
 Lignite is a low-grade, sulfurous coal that is generally used in modified industrial
furnaces to generate heat for boilers, coke oven heaters, brick kilns, etc.

Refined Coal
Refined coal is the product of the application of a coal-upgrading technology that removes
moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-
bituminous and lignite (brown) coals and raising their calorific values. Coal refining or
upgrading technologies are typically pre-combustion treatments and/or processes that alter
the characteristics of a coal before it is burned. The goals of pre-combustion coal-upgrading
technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when coal is burned. Depending
on the situation, pre-combustion technology can be used in place of or as a supplement to
post-combustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers. A primary
benefit of refined coal is the capacity to reduce the net volume of carbon emissions that is
currently emitted from power generators and would reduce the amount of emissions that is
proposed to be managed via emerging carbon sequestration methodologies. Refined coal
technologies have primarily been developed in the United States, several similar technologies
have been researched, developed and tested in Victoria, Australia, including the Densified
coal technology (Coldry Process) developed to alter the chemical bonds of brown coal to
create a product that is cleaner, stable (not prone to spontaneous combustion), exportable and
of sufficiently high calorific value to be a black coal equivalent.
Coal Upgrading Technology
Coal-upgrading technology refers to a class of technologies developed to remove moisture
and certain pollutants from low rank coals such as sub-Bituminous coal and lignite (brown
coal) and raise their calorific values. Companies located in Australia, Germany and the
United States are the principal drivers of the research, development and commercialisation of
these technologies.
Environmental rationale
Around 30 nations collectively operate more than 1,400 brown coal-fired power stations
around the world. Brown coal power stations that cannot economically dewater brown coal
are inefficient and cause of high levels of carbon emissions. High emitting power stations,
notably the Hazelwood power station in Australia, attract environmental criticism. Many
modern economies including Greece and Victoria (Australia) are highly dependent on brown
coal for electricity. Improved environmental performance and the need for stable economic
environment provide incentive for investment to substantially reduce the negative
environmental impact of burning raw ('as mined') brown coal.
Economic rationale
Coal-upgrading technologies remove moisture from 'as mined' brown coal and transform the
calorific performance of brown coal to a 'cleaner' burning status relatively equivalent to high
calorific value black coal. Some coal-upgrading processes result in a densified coal product
that is considered to be a Black coal equivalent product suitable for burning in black coal
boilers.
Victorian brown coal with a characteristic moisture content of 60% by weight is regarded as
the 'wettest' brown coal in the world. The high moisture content is the key reason why the
state's three major power stations are collectively regarded as the dirtiest carbon emitters in
the world. Studies undertaken by the University of Melbourne and Monash
University confirm that when moisture is removed from Victorian brown coal, naturally low
levels of ash, sulfur and other elements rank it as being one of the cleanest coals in the world.
When dewatered upgraded brown coal can compete in the export market at comparable prices
to black coal.

Coal Production in Pakistan

 Pakistan produces 4,506,243.28 tons (short tons, "st") of Coal per year (as of 2016)
ranking 34th in the world.

Coal Consumption in Pakistan

 Pakistan consumes 10,199,674 Tons (short tons, "st") of Coal per year as of the year
2016.

 Pakistan ranks 38th in the world for Coal consumption, accounting for about 0.9% of
the world's total consumption of 1,139,471,430 tons.

 Pakistan consumes 50,089 cubic feet of Coal per capita every year (based on the 2016
population of 203,631,353 people), or 137 cubic feet per capita per day.