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15KQ1D8705 PDF
15KQ1D8705 PDF
ON
“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC
TILE IN CONCRETE”
SUBMITTED TO
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA
IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
BY
G.SAI CHAND
(15KQ1D8705)
VALLUR,PRAKASAM(Dt).
2015-2017
PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, VALLUR
CERTIFICATE
Principal
Dr. C.V.SUBBA RAO, M.Tech , Phd. PROJECT EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartiest concern of words to all
those people who have helped me in various ways to complete my project.
I extend my sincere thanks to our faculty members and lab technicians for their help
in completing the project work.
G.SAI CHAND
(15KQ1D8705)
DECLARATION
I, hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this dissertation entitled
“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC TILE IN
CONCRETE’’, submitted towards the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the
degree of Master of Technology in STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING at Pace institute of technology and
sciences, Vallur is an authentic record of my work carried out under the supervision of
Mr.P.RAVIKUMAR M.Tech, Assistant Professor Department of C.E,. at Pace institute of technology
and sciences, Vallur.
The matter embodied in this dissertation report has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree. Further the technical details furnished in the various chapters in
this report are purely relevant to the above project and there is no deviation from the
theoretical point of view for design, development and implementation.
G.SAI CHAND
(15KQ1D8705)
Abstract
Due to the day to day innovations and development in construction field, the
use of natural aggregates is increased tremendously and at the same time, the
production of solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also quite high.
Because of these reasons the reuse of demolished constructional wastes like ceramic
tile and granite powder came into the picture to reduce the solid waste and to reduce
the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete. The ceramic tile waste is not
only occurring from the demolition of structures but also from the manufacturing unit.
Studies show that about 20-30% of material prepared in the tile manufacturing
plants are transforming into waste. This waste material should have to be reused in
order to deal with the limited resource of natural aggregate and to reduce the
construction wastes.
Crushed waste ceramic tiles, crushed waste ceramic tile powder and Granite
powder are used as a replacement to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The
ceramic waste crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregates by
10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Granite powder and ceramic tile powder were
replaced in place of fine aggregate by 10% along with the ceramic coarse tile. M25
grade of concrete was designed and tested. The mix design for different types of
mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at
different percentages of crushed tiles and granite powder. Experimental investigations
like workability, Compressive strength test, Split tensile strength test, Flexural
strength test for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed
and granite powder after 7, 14 and 28 days curing period has done. It has been
observed that the workability increases with increase in the percentage of replacement
of granite powder and crushed tiles increases. The strength of concrete also increases
with the ceramic coarse tile aggregate up to 30% percentage.
i
CONTENTS
Page No.
ABSTRACT i
CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
SYMBOLS vii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONCRETE 2
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2
1.3 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 3
1.4 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 4
1.5 CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN INDIA 4
1.6 TILE AGGREGATE CONCRETE 5
1.6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TILE
AGGREGATE CONCRETE 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL 7
3.1.1 CEMENT 12
3.1.4 WATER 14
ii
3.1.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE 15
5. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
5.1 GENERAL 24
5.2 WORKABILITY 25
6. TEST RESULTS
6.1 WORKABILITY
7. DISCUSSION
7.1 WORKABILITY
iii
7.1.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST 41
8.1 GENERAL 46
8.2 CONCLUSIONS 46
REFERENCES 48
iv
LIST OF TABLES
v
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
SYMBOLS
C -Cement
CC -Conventional Concrete
GP -Granite Powder
CA - Coarse Aggregate
FA - Fine Aggregate
M -Mix
vii
Chapter-1
…………………………………..INTRODUCTION
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONCRETE
However, recently reactive concrete could be the one that having a compressive
strength of nearly 250mpa. It is fully supported by pozzolanic materials. The first
distinction between high-strength concrete and nominal-strength concrete refers to the
relation of utmost resistance offered by compressive strength of the concrete sample
for the application of any type of load. Though there is no correct separation between
2
high-strength concrete and normal-strength concrete, the Yankee Concrete Institute
defined the compressive strength greater than 42mpa as high strength concrete.
Due to the shrinkage and tension, all concrete structures crack to some extent.
Concrete prone to creep when it is subjected to long-duration forces. For the
applications various tests be performed to ensure the properties of concrete correspond
to the specifications. Different strengths of concrete are attained by different mixes of
concrete ingredients, which are measured in psi or Mpa. Different strengths of concrete
are used for different purposes of constructions. If the concrete must be light weight a
very low-strength concrete may be used. The Lightweight concrete is achieved by the
addition of lightweight aggregates, air or foam, the side effect is that the strength of
concrete will get reduced. The concrete with 3000-psi to 4000-psi is oftenly used for
routine works. Although the concrete with 5000-psi is more expensive option is
commercially available as a more durable one. For larger civil projects the concrete
with 5000-psi is oftenly used. The concrete strength above 5000 psi was often used for
specific building elements. For example, the high-rise concrete buildings composed of
the lower floor columns may use 12,000 psi or more strength concrete, to keep the
columns sizes small.
Bridges may use concrete of strength 10,000 psi in long beams to minimize the
number of spans required. The other structural needs may occasionally require high-
strength concrete. The concrete of very high strength may be specified if the structure
must be very rigid, even much stronger than required to bear the service loads. For
these commercial reasons the concrete of strength as high as 19000-psi has been used.
3
1.4 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
One of the disadvantages of concrete is its high self weight. Density of normal
concrete will be in the range of order of 2200 to 2600 kg/m3. This heavy self weight
will make the concrete to some extent as an uneconomical structural material.
Attempts have been done in the past to reduce the self weight of concrete to increase
its efficiency of concrete as a structural material. The light weight concrete density
varies from 300 to 1850 kg/m3 by the use of various ingredients.
In the present construction world, the solid waste is increasing day by day from
the demolitions of constructions. There is a huge usage of ceramic tiles in the present
constructions is going on and it is increasing in day by day construction field. Ceramic
products are part of the essential construction materials used in most buildings. Some
common manufactured ceramics include wall tiles, floor tiles, sanitary ware, household
ceramics and technical ceramics. They are mostly produced using natural materials that
contain high content of clay minerals. However, despite the ornamental benefits of
ceramics, its wastes among others cause a lot of nuisance to the environment. And also
in other side waste tile is also producing from demolished wastes from construction.
Indian tiles production is 100 million ton per year in the ceramic industry, about 15%-
30% waste material generated from the total production. This waste is not recycled in
any form at present, however the ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly resistant to
biological, chemical and physical degradation forces so, we selected these waste tiles
as a replacement material to the basic natural aggregate to reuse them and to decrease
the solid waste produced from demolitions of construction. Waste tiles and granite
4
powder were collected from the surroundings. There are some researchers are also
going on solid waste from construction to reuse them again in the construction to
reduce the solid waste and to preserve the natural basic aggregates. These researches
promotes to use the recycled aggregates in the concrete mix and they got good result
when adding some extent percentages of recycled aggregates in place of natural coarse
aggregate.
Crushed tiles are replaced in place of coarse aggregate and granite powder in
place of fine aggregate by the percentage of 10%. The fine and coarse aggregates were
replaced individually by these crushed tiles and granite powder and also in
combinations that is replacement of coarse and fine aggregates at a time in single mix.
For analyzing the suitability of these crushed waste tiles and granite powder in
the concrete mix, workability test was conducted for different mixes having different
percentages of these materials. Slump cone test is used for performing workability tests
on fresh concrete. And compressive strength test is also conducted for 3, 7 and 28 days
curing periods by casting cubes to analyze the strength variation by different
percentage of this waste materials. This present study is to understand the behavior and
performance of ceramic solid waste in concrete. The waste crushed tiles are used to
partially replace coarse aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Granite powder
is also used partial replace fine aggregate by 10%.
5
CHAPTER – 2
………………………………LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General:
Being the major component of structure, many researches have been done on
concrete to improve its properties in every possible manner to develop a sustainable
concrete mass. The concrete can be strengthened only by the replacement of its
ingredients by better ones. Not only replacing by some material but using an waste
material makes the environment friendly at the same time more suitable to
construction. In this aspect lot of researches have been done on using the tile aggregate
in concrete which is a waste material directly from industry or indirectly from
demolition of a structure. The present study is focused only on the literature related to
usage of tile aggregate in concrete as a replacement to coarse aggregate. The details of
literature review are given below.
Aruna D (2015)[1]: For tile waste based concrete, coarse aggregates were
replaced by 20mm down size, tile wastes by 0% , 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and
also the cement is partially replaced by fly-ash. The average maximum compressive
strength of roof tile aggregate concrete is obtained at a replacement of 25%. A
reduction of 10-15% of strength is observed compared to conventional concrete at 25%
of roof tile aggregate replacement. The workability of roof tile waste concrete is in the
range of medium. Overall, the replacement of tiles in concrete is satisfactory for small
constructions.
7
B. TOPÇU AND M. CANBAZ (2010)[3]: The amount of tile waste generation
is enough to use in concrete as a replacement to coarse aggregate. The use of ceramic
tile waste has a positive effect on environment and in the cost aspects too. By the use
of tile aggregate, the self weight of concrete is reduced about 4% which makes the
structure economical. Coming to the strength aspect, the tile aggregate replacement has
a negative effect on both the compressive and split tensile strength of concrete. But this
paper studied maximum replacements of tile waste which can be further divided into
smaller percentages and can be utilized in concrete with desirable properties.
N.Naveen Prasad (2016)[6]: Crushed waste tiles and Granite powder were used
as a replacement to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The combustion of waste
crushed tiles were replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
and Granite powder was replaced in place of fine aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30% and
40% without changing the mix design. M25 grade of concrete was designed to prepare
the conventional mix. Without changing the mix design different types of mixes were
prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at different percentages
of crushed tiles and granite powder. Experimental investigation is carried out. The
8
workability of concrete increased with increase in granite powder and it has been
observed that the compressive strength is maximum at 30% of coarse aggregate
replacement.
Parminder Singh and Dr. Rakesh Kumar Singla (2015)[7]: A research paper
on utilization of ceramic waste tiles from industries. A partial replacement to coarse
aggregate has been studied. Three different grades of concrete has been prepared and
tested. The results are not appropriate with the conventional but considering the
strength properties, it is advisable to use ceramic tile aggregate in concrete. It is finally
concluded that, about 20% of ceramic tile usage in M20 grade of concrete is
preferable.
9
Prof. Shruthi H. G. (2016)[10]: Ceramic tiles were obtained from
manufacturing industries, from construction and demolition sites, this cause’s
environmental pollution. The utilization of crushed tile as a coarse aggregate in
concrete would also have a positive effect on the economy. study, Ceramic tile waste
were used in concrete as a replacement for natural coarse aggregate with 0%, 10%,
20% and 30% of the substitution and M20 grade concrete were used. The concrete
moulds were casted and tested for Compressive Strength and Split Tensile Strength
after a curing period of 3, 7 & 28 days. The results indicate that, the maximum
compressive strength is obtained for the 30% replacement of ceramic tile aggregate
with natural coarse aggregate.
10
CHAPTER – 3
11
3. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
3.1.1 CEMENT:
Ordinary Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use
around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-
specialty grout. It developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in mid 19th
century and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder produced by heating
materials to form clinker. After grinding the clinker we will add small amounts of
remaining ingredients. Many types of cements are available in market. When it comes
to different grades of cement, the 53 Grade OPC Cement provides consistently higher
strength compared to others. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the grade
number of a cement highlights the minimum compressive strength that the cement is
expected to attain within 28 days. For 53 Grade OPC Cement, the minimum
compressive strength achieved by the cement at the end of the 28th day shouldn’t be
less than 53MPa or 530 kg/cm2. The color of OPC is grey color and by eliminating
ferrous oxide during manufacturing process of cement we will get white cement also.
12
Table-1 Properties of cement
13
3.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATES:
Crushed aggregates of less than 12.5mm size produced from local crushing
plants were used. The aggregate exclusively passing through 12.5mm sieve size and
retained on 10mm sieve is selected. The aggregates were tested for their physical
requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific gravity and bulk density in
accordance with IS: 2386-1963. The individual aggregates were mixed to induce the
required combined grading. The particular specific gravity and water absorption of the
mixture are given in table.
3.1.4 WATER:
Water plays a vital role in achieving the strength of concrete. For complete
hydration it requires about 3/10th of its weight of water. It is practically proved that
minimum water-cement ratio 0.35 is required for conventional concrete. Water
participates in chemical reaction with cement and cement paste is formed and binds
with coarse aggregate and fine aggregates. If more water is used, segregation and
bleeding takes place, so that the concrete becomes weak, but most of the water will
absorb by the fibers. Hence it may avoid bleeding. If water content exceeds
permissible limits it may cause bleeding. If less water is used, the required workability
is not achieved. Potable water fit for drinking is required to be used in the concrete and
it should have pH value ranges between 6 to 9
14
3.1.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE:
Broken tiles were collected from the solid waste of ceramic manufacturing unit
and from demolished building. The waste tiles were crushed into small pieces by
manually and by using crusher. The required size of crushed tile aggregate was
separated to use them as partial replacement to the natural coarse aggregate. The tile
waste which is lesser than 4.75 mm size was neglected. The crushed tile aggregate
passing through 16.5mm sieve and retained on 12mm sieve are used. Crushed tiles
were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregate by the percentages of 10%, 20%
and 30%, 40% and 50% individually and along with replacement of fine aggregate
with granite powder also.
The tile aggregate after crushing results in some material which is finer in size.
This material is also included in concrete as replacement to fine aggregate since it is
also a waste and similar to that of sand. The aggregate which passes through the
4.75mm sieve is used as a partial replacement to fine aggregate of 10% in combination
with the coarse aggregate replacement.
15
3.1.7 GRANITE POWDER:
Since granite powder is obtained from crushing of granite rocks, the chemical
and mineral composition of granite is similar to that in cement and natural aggregates.
It is chosen to test the behavior of concrete along with the ceramic tile waste.
From Industry granite powder will be collect; 4.75 mm passed materials was
separated to use it as a partial replacement to the fine aggregate. Granite powder was
partially replaced in place of fine aggregate by the percentages of 10% along with
replacement of coarse aggregate with crushed tiles also.
16
CHAPTER-4
…………………………………………MIX DESIGN
17
4. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (AS PER IS:10262-2009)
From IS: 456-2000, the minimum cement content is 300 kg/m3for severe
exposure.
Hence O.K.
e) From table 3 of IS:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding
to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone III) for water-cement
ratio of 0.50 =0.64 %
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.44. Therefore, volume of
coarse aggregate is required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate
content. Thus, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the
water-cement ratio of 0.44 = 0.652.
= 1- 0.652
= 0.348%
f) Volume of cement = .
* =0.121%
18
Mass of Coarse aggregate (C.A.) =e x Vol. of C.A. x Sp. gravity of C.A. x
1000
= 0.71*0.652*2.9*1000
= 1340.57 kg/m3
Mass of Fine aggregate (F.A.) =e x Vol. of F.A. x Sp. gravity of F.A. x
1000
= 0.71*0.348*2.59*1000
= 640 kg/m3
g) Mix proportions:
C : FA : CA : WATER
380 : 640 : 1340.57 : 170
h) Site Corrections:
.
Water Absorption of C.A. = 1340.57 *
= 2 kg/m3
Moisture content of F.A. = 640 *
= 6.4 kg
Weight of C.A. = 1340.57-2
= 1338.57 kg/m3
Weight of F.A. = 640+6.4
= 633.6 kg/m3
Adjusted water content = 170-2+6.4
= 174.4 liters
i) Final quantities of materials after corrections/adjustments according to the
site:
Cement = 380 kg/m3
Fine aggregates = 634 kg/m3
Coarse aggregates = 1339 kg/m3
Water = 175 kg/m3
C : FA : CA : WATER
380 : 634 : 1339 : 175
1 : 1.67 : 3.52 : 0.44
19
For 10% CCA Aggregates:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
20
For 10% CCA+10%CFA Aggregates:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
21
For 20% CCA+10%GP Aggregates:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
Mix Proportions:
In this project the concrete grades M25 is designed with a suitable water-
cement ratio at which the desired concrete strength attained and also for various mix
replacements of both fine and coarse aggregate.
22
CHAPTER -5
………………………….EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
23
5. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
This chapter deals with the various mix proportions adopted in carrying out the
experiments and experimental results obtained with respect to their workability, compressive
strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and durability test.
5.1 GENERAL:
24
5.2 WORKABILITY:
1. Slump Test
2. Compaction Factor Test
3. Vee-bee Consistometer Test
In this study, the slump-cone test and compaction factor tests were carried out to
determine the workability of concrete. The test procedures are given below:
ß Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 3 approximately equal layers.
25
ß Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers,
the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
ß Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
ß Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base
plate.
ß Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical
direction.
ß Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that
of height point of the specimen being tested.
26
∑ Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio,
which results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road
construction.
∑ Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too
high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump
test is not appropriate.
∑ Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and
concrete to be retested.
APPARATUS
Compaction factor apparatus’ trowels, hand scoop (15.2 cm long), a rod of steel
or other suitable material (1.6 cm diameter, 61 cm long rounded at one end) and a
balance.
Procedure:
ÿ To find the workability of concrete thoroughly mix cement, sand And coarse
aggregate according to designed mix proportions to form a homogenous mix of
concrete.
ÿ Find the Weight of empty cylinder (W1).
ÿ Fill the upper hopper with the freshly prepared concrete and after 2 minutes,
release the trap door of the hopper. Immediately after the concrete has come to
rest, open the trap door of the lower hopper and allow the concrete to fall into
the cylinder which brings the concrete to a partially compacted state.
ÿ Remove the excess concrete over the top of the cylinder by a trowel.
ÿ Clean the cylinder properly and weigh it with the partially compacted concrete
(W2).
ÿ Empty the cylinder and refill it with the same sample of concrete in four layers,
compaction of each layer by giving 25 blows with the tamping rod.
ÿ Level up the mi and weigh the cylinder with the fully compacted concrete
(W3).
27
COMPACTION FACTOR= (W2 - W1)/( W3 - W1)
28
Figure 5: Compression testing of Cube Specimen
29
Figure 6: Compression testing machine
ÿ Remove the specimens from water after specified curing time and wipe out
excess from the surface.
ÿ Leave the specimen in the atmosphere from 24hours before testing.
ÿ The specimen is then placed in the machine in such a manner that the load is
applied to the uppermost surface as cast in the mould, along the two lines
spaced 20.0cm a part. The axis of the specimen is carefully aligned with the
axis of loading devices.
ÿ The load is then applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate of
400kg/min.
ÿ Since a < 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3 cm but > 11.0cm for 10.0cm
specimen.
30
The Flexural strength or the modulus of rupture is calculated using the
formula:
=
Where,
P=load applied at failure
b=Width of specimen
d=Depth of the specimen
a= the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support,
measured on the center line of the tensile side of the specimen
31
CHAPTER – 6
………………………..……………..TEST RESULTS
32
6. TEST RESULTS
6.1 WORKABILTY:
The ideal concrete is the one which is workable in all conditions i.e, can
prepared easily placed, compacted and moulded. In this chapter, the workability is
assessed by two methods as follows:
6.1.1 Slump Cone Test:. The test was conducted for fresh concrete prepared before
the moulding process. A total of 14 concrete mixes are prepared at different times.
Workability Results obtained from slump cone test for M25 grade of concrete is
shown in table 7.
Aggregate Workability
Mix (mm)
S.No Replacements %
Designation
(CCA+CFA+GP ) M25
1 M0 0+0+0 62
2 M1 10+0+0 65
3 M2 20+0+0 68
4 M3 30+0+0 73
5 M4 40+0+0 78
6 M5 50+0+0 81
7 M6 10+10+0 63
8 M7 20+10+0 67
9 M8 30+10+0 71
10 M9 40+10+0 76
11 M10 10+0+10 72
12 M11 20+0+10 79
13 M12 30+0+10 86
14 M13 40+0+10 102
The workability from the slump cone test is in increasing manner as the mix
proportion replacement increasing. The workability range of concrete increasing as
mentioned while being in medium range overall.
33
6.1.2 Compaction Factor Test:
The compaction factor test was conducted to the same mix that tested for
workability by slump cone. The results obtained from the compaction factor test for
the workability of various mixes of replacements of M25 grade of concrete are
tabulated as follows:
34
Table: 09: Compressive strength results of M25 grade of concrete for 7, 24 and 28 days
30
25
20
15
CC
10 7 days
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Mix Designation
35
45
40
35
30
25
20 CC
15 14 days
10
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Mix designation
50
45
40
35
30
25
CC
20
28 days
15
10
5
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Mix Designation
36
6.3 Split Tensile strength:
The split tensile strength obtained by testing the cylindrical specimen for M25
grade of concrete to all the mixes designed for various replacements are given below:
Table 10: Split tensile strength results for M25 grade of concrete
1.74
1.72
1.7
1.68
CC
1.66 Series 2
1.64
1.62
1.6
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
37
2.26
2.24
2.22
2.2
CC
2.18 Series 2
2.16
2.14
2.12
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
2.7
2.65
2.6
2.55 CC
Series 2
2.5
2.45
2.4
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
The strength i.e., the tensile strength, from the results is clearly in an increment way
compared to the conventional concrete at all the curing ages of 7days, 14 days and 28 days.
The replacement of aggregates by various proportions has positive effect on the strength of
the concrete.
38
6.4 Flexural Strength:
The flexural test was conducted for M3 mix only since it has the highest
compressive and split tensile strength to compare it with conventional i.e.,M0. A Total
of 6 beams were casted and tested as follows:
Table 11:Flexural test results for 7, 14 and 28 days
39
CHAPTER – 7
…………………………………………..DISCUSSION
40
7. DISCUSSION
7.1 Workability:
7.1.1 Slump Cone Test:
120
100
80
C.C
60
C.C.A
40
C.C.A+C.F.A
20 C.C.A+G.P
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Mix Codes
0.95
0.9
CC
CCA
0.85
CCA+CFA
CC
CCA+GP
0.8
0.75
M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10M11M12M13
mix Designations
Figure 16: Comparison of compaction factor for various mixes with conventional concrete for M25 grade
41
From the results it is observed that the workability is increased by an amount of
2.4%, 4.3%, 6.1%, 8.5%, 13.4%, 1.2%, 4.9%, 7.3%, 10.9%, 3.6%, 9.7%, 13.4% and
15.8% and 64.5% for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13
mixes respectively over conventional M25 concrete grade(M0).
The workability from both slump cone and compaction factor tests is similar in
increasing manner. The workability increases with increase in ceramic coarse tile
aggregate but a little deviation with the addition of ceramic fine aggregate. The
addition of granite powder has significant improvement on the workability of concrete.
50
45
40
35
30
25 7days
20 14days
15
28days
10
5
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Mix Codes
42
M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12 and M13 compared with the
conventional concrete after 28days of curing.
On comparing the strengths of all mixes, M3, M8 and M12 has the highest i.e.,
30% replacement of coarse aggregate. The addition of granite powder has positive
effect on strength while improving the workability also.
2.5
1.5 7days
14days
1
28days
0.5
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Mix Codes
The split tensile strength of concrete varies as 0%, 1.2%, 2.4%, 1.2%, 0%,
1.2%, 1.2%, 1.8%, -1.2%, 0.59%, 2.4%, 3.0% and 1.2% for M1, M2, M3, M4,
M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13 compared with the conventional concrete
after 7days of curing.
The split tensile strength of concrete varies as 0.46%, 2.7%, 4.6%, 1.4%, -2.7%,
0%, 1.37%, 2.3%, 0.46%, 0.92%, 1.37%, 2.75% and 0.92% for M1, M2, M3, M4,
M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13 compared with the conventional concrete
after 14days of curing.
The split tensile strength of concrete varies as 1.95%, 5%, 7%, 1.18%, -1.6%,
0.39%, 1.9%, 3.1%, -2.3%, 0.78%, 3.5%, 3.9% and 2.3% for M1, M2, M3, M4,
M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13 compared with the conventional concrete
after 28days of curing.
43
7.4 Flexural Test:
The flexural test is conducted for the mixe, which has maximum
compressive strength and split tensile strength i.e., M3 (30% of CCA) and the results
are plotted below:
12
10
6
CC
4 M3
0
7Days 14 Days 28 Days
Age Of Concrete
Figure 19: Flexural strength comparison M25 grades for M3 mix with conventional
The strength gaining of beam is linearly increasing. The strength variation for
three grades is in increasing manner. The flexural strength of conventional varies as
12.6%, 1.8% and 3.32% of increment at 7, 14 and 28 days respectively for M3 mix.
The 7days strength gain is quite same for three grades but after 14 days M25 has the
rapid growth of strength. Even though we are not comparing with the conventional
concrete but the attainment of strength for is satisfactory.
44
CHAPTER -8
45
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
8.1 General:
The basic objective of the study is to prepare a concrete much more stable and
durable than the conventional by replacing aggregates both coarse and fine. Mix
designs for all the replacements of materials has done and a total of 90 specimens (42
cubes, 42 cylinders, 6 beams) are prepared and tested in the aspect of strength
calculation and also comparisons has done.
8.2 Conclusions:
The following conclusions are made based on the experimental investigations
on compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength considering
the―environmental aspects also:
46
FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
∑ The usage of marble floor tiles can be studied as it is similar to that of tile
waste generation and also it is quite hard compared to the natural crushed stones using
in conventional concrete.
∑ The usage of granite powder in concrete as an admixture to improve the
workability of concrete and the strength parameters can also be studied at various
percentages.
∑ A combination of different tiles (based on their usage) in different proportions
in concrete and their effects on concrete properties like strength, workability etc can be
determined.
∑ By the use of ceramic tile aggregate in concrete, the physical properties like
durability, permeability etc., can be analyzed to prepare a concrete with more
advantageous than conventional concrete.
∑ A study on properties of concrete made with combination of recycled aggregate
and tile aggregate in different proportions can be investigated to enhance the concrete
properties and also to reduce the pollution or waste generation from construction
industry.
∑ A further investigation on the use of granite powder alone as a replacement to
fine aggregate can be carried out the possibility of using such waste generation from
industries.
∑ The mechanical properties of concrete with marble aggregate (waste) either
from manufacturing units or from construction demolition can be investigated to
improve the properties like permeability; resistance to sound can also be studied.
∑ Ceramic tile aggregate in high strength concrete can be studied further to check
the possibility of its use in high rise buildings.
47
REFERENCES
48
International Journal of Engineering Research-Online Vol.5., Issue.3, 2017
A Peer Reviewed International Journal May-June
Articles available online http://www.ijoer.in; editorijoer@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Due to the day to day innovations and development in construction field, the use of
natural aggregates is increased tremendously and at the same time, the production of
solid wastes from the demolitions of constructions is also quite high. Because of these
reasons the reuse of demolished constructional wastes like ceramic tile and granite
powder came into the picture to reduce the solid waste and to reduce the scarcity of
natural aggregates for making concrete. The ceramic tile waste is not only occurring
from the demolition of structures but also from the manufacturing unit. Studies show
that about 20-30% of material prepared in the tile manufacturing plants are
transforming into waste. This waste material should have to be reused in order to
deal with the limited resource of natural aggregate and to reduce the construction
wastes.
Crushed waste ceramic tiles, crushed waste ceramic tile powder and Granite powder
are used as a replacement to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The ceramic
waste crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%,
30%, 40% and 50%. Granite powder and ceramic tile powder were replaced in place
of fine aggregate by 10% along with the ceramic coarse tile. M15, M20 and M25
grades of concrete were designed and tested. The mix design for different types of
mixes were prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at
different percentages of crushed tiles and granite powder. Experimental
investigations like workability, Compressive strength test, Split tensile strength test,
Flexural strength test for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste
crushed and granite powder after 7, 14 and 28 days curing period has done. It has
been observed that the workability increases with increase in the percentage of
replacement of granite powder and crushed tiles increases. The strength of concrete
also increases with the ceramic coarse tile aggregate up to 30% percentage.
Keywords: Crushed tiles, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Granite powder,
Split Tensile strength.
Table 2: Properties of Fine Aggregate aggregates. If more water is used, segregation and
S.No Description Test Result bleeding takes place, so that the concrete becomes
weak, but most of the water will absorb by the
1 Sand zone Zone- III fibers Potable water fit for drinking is required to be
2 Specific gravity 2.59 used in the concrete and it should have pH value
ranges between 6 to 9
3 Free Moisture 1% 2.1.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE: Broken tiles were
4 Bulk density of fine 1385.16 collected from the solid waste of ceramic
aggregate (poured density) kg/m3 manufacturing unit and from demolished building.
The waste tiles were crushed into small pieces by
Bulk density of fine 1606.23 manually and by using crusher. The required size of
aggregate (tapped density) kg/m3 crushed tile aggregate was separated to use them as
partial replacement to the natural coarse aggregate.
2.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATES: Crushed aggregates of The tile waste which is lesser than 4.75mm size was
20mm size produced from local crushing plants neglected. The crushed tile aggregate passing
were used. The aggregate exclusively passing through 16mm sieve and retained on 12.5mm sieve
through 25mm sieve size and retained on 10mm are used. Crushed tiles were partially replaced in
sieve is selected. The aggregates were tested for place of coarse aggregate by the percentages of
their physical requirements such as gradation, 10%, 20% and 30%, 40% and 50% individually and
fineness modulus, specific gravity and bulk density along with replacement of fine aggregate with
in accordance with IS: 2386-1963. The individual granite powder also.
aggregates were mixed to induce the required
combined grading. The particular specific gravity
and water absorption of the mixture are given in
table.
Table 3: Properties of Coarse Aggregate
S.No Description Test Results
1 Nominal size used 20mm
2 Specific gravity 2.9 Figure 1: Ceramic Tile Aggregate Sample 2.1.6
CERAMIC TILE-FINE AGGREGATE: The tile aggregate
3 Impact value 10.5
after crushing results in some material which is finer
4 Water absorption 0.15% in size. This material is also included in concrete as
5 Sieve analysis 20mm replacement to fine aggregate since it is also a
6 Aggregate crushing value 20.19% waste and similar to that of sand. The aggregate
which passes through the 4.75mm sieve is used as a
7 Bulk density coarse 1687.31kg/m3 partial replacement to fine aggregate of 10% in
aggregate (Poured 1935.3 kg/m3
combination with the coarse aggregate
density) replacement.
Bulk density coarse Table4: Properties of Ceramic tile aggregate
aggregate
density) Results
2.1.4 WATER: Water plays a vital role in achieving
the strength of concrete. It is practically proved that
minimum water-cement ratio 0.35 is required for of crushed 12.50%
conventional concrete. Water participates in tiles
chemical reaction with cement and cement paste is
formed and binds with coarse aggregate and fine
absorption of 4 M3 30 0 0
6 0.13% 5 M4 40 0 0
6 M5 50 0 0
7 M6 10 90 0
8 M7 20 90 0
Table 7: Test results from slump cone test for days and 28 days testing. For each grade of concrete
workability in mm 42 cubes are tested, 14 each for 7, 14 and 28 days
and the results are tabulated below:
Aggrega
te S.No MIX Grade Compressive strength at
Workability (mm) Code Of 7 days 14 28
S.No Designat
ion Conc days days
1 M0 M15 12.96 18.06 21.25
A+GP )
2 M0 M20 16.56 22.87 28.0
3 M0 M25 20.57 28.54 33.18
10+10+0
20+10+0
30+10+0
40+10+0
10+0+10
20+0+10
30+0+10
40+0+10 102
Strength gain and comparison of M15 concrete at
5.1.2 Compaction Factor Test: The results obtained
7, 14 and 25 days
from the compaction factor test for the workability
of various mixes of replacements of M15, M20 and
M25 grades of concrete are tabulated as follows:
Table 8: Test results of compaction factor test for
workability
Aggrega
te
Compaction Factor
S.No Designat
ion
A+GP )
Strength gain and comparison of M20 concrete at
7, 14 and 25 days
0.82
0.82 0.84
0.82
0.85 0.87
0.86 0.89
0.87 0.93
10+10+0 0.82 0.83
20+10+0 0.82 0.86
30+10+0 0.84 0.88
40+10+0 0.84 0.91
10+0+10 0.84 0.85
20+0+10 0.87 0.9 Strength comparison at 7, 14 and 28 days for M25
30+0+10 0.91 0.93 concrete
40+0+10 0.92 0.95
5.3 Split Tensile strength: The split tensile strength
Comparison of workability for different mixes of all
obtained by testing the cylindrical specimen for
Grade
M15, M20 and M25 grades of concrete to all the
5.2 Compressive strength: A total of 126 cubes of mixes designed for various replacements are given
size 150 x 150 x 150 mm were cast for 7 days, 14
in graphical representation as follows:
M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13 with the for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10,
conventional concrete after 28 days of curing M11, M12, M13 compared with the conventional
period. concrete after 7days of curing.
M20 Grade: The Compressive strength of concrete The split tensile strength of concrete varies
varies as 7.6%, 14.7%, 25.4%, 13.67%, 0.25%, 4.6%, as 2.8%, 10.4%, 24.3%, 9%, 1.4%, 1.4%, 7.6%, 13.8%,
8.4%, 20.5%, 8.6%, 8.4%, 14.3%, 24.7% and 0.06% 6.25%, 4.9%, 13.2%, 13.9% and 7.6% for M1, M2,
for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M3, M4, M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13
M11, M12, M13 compared with the conventional compared with the conventional concrete after
concrete after 7days of curing. 14days of curing.
The Compressive strength of concrete The split tensile strength of concrete varies
varies as 2.1%, 6.2%, 16%, 6.9%, -3.9%, -0.5%, 8.7%, as 1.7%, 5.2%, 14.5%, 1.2%, -4.6%, 0.58%, 3.5%, 8%,
10.8%, 0.3%, 3.4%, 11.5%, 13.8% and 0.3% for M1, 0.58%, 1.2%, 4.6%, 11.6% and 1.2% for M1, M2, M3,
M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13
M12, M13 compared with the conventional compared with the conventional concrete after
concrete after 14days of curing. 28days of curing.
The Compressive strength of concrete M20 Concrete: The split tensile strength of concrete
varies as -3%, 2.7%, 9.5%, -0.4%, -1.4%, -1.1%, - varies as 3%, 4.5%, 6%, 6%, 2.3%, -0.75%, 2.3%,
0.3%, 7.5%, 2%, -6%, 1.8%, 9% and 2% for M1, M2, 4.5%, 0.75%, 2.25%, 3.75%, 5.3% and 1.5% for M1,
M3, M4, M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13 M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11,
compared with the conventional concrete after M12, M13 compared with the conventional
28days of curing. concrete after 7days of curing.
M25 Grade of Concrete: The Compressive strength The split tensile strength of concrete varies
of concrete varies as 17.11%, 27.7%, 36.36%, 16.4%, as 2.8%, 5.1%, 7.4%, 5.7%, 2.27%, 0%, 1.7%, 6.8%,
8.02%, 6.85%, 13.8%, 28.82%, -2.72%, 2.33%, 0.56%, 2.3%, 3.9%, 7.9% and 1.7% for M1, M2, M3,
19.59%, 36.6% and 3.64% for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12 and
M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12 and M13 M13 compared with the conventional concrete after
compared with the conventional concrete after 14days of curing.
7days of curing. The split tensile strength of concrete varies
The Compressive strength of concrete varies as as 0.93%, 2.3%, 3.7%, 2.8%, 2.3%, 0%, 1.4%, 2.8%,
9.99%, 14.92%, 31.49%, 11.31%, 1.19%, 1.61%, 0.46%, 1.4%, 2.8%, 4.2% and 2.3% for M1, M2, M3,
10.72%, 20.53%, -6.62%, 0.3%, 17.65%, 34.54% and M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12 and
- 1.57% for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M13 compared with the conventional concrete after
M10, M11, M12 and M13 compared with the 28days of curing.
conventional concrete after 14days of curing. M25 Concrete: The split tensile strength of concrete
The Compressive strength of concrete varies as 10%, varies as 0%, 1.2%, 2.4%, 1.2%, 0%, 1.2%, 1.2%,
19.04%, 30%, 11.99%, 3.01%, 5.99%, 11.99%, 1.8%, -1.2%, 0.59%, 2.4%, 3.0% and 1.2% for M1,
19.04%, 0.8%, 3.97%, 19.04%, 27% and 1.98% for M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11,
M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13 compared with the conventional
M12 and M13 compared with the conventional concrete after 7days of curing.
concrete after 28days of curing. The split tensile strength of concrete varies
6.3 Split Tensile: The linear development of as 0.46%, 2.7%, 4.6%, 1.4%, -2.7%, 0%, 1.37%, 2.3%,
strength can be seen from the graph. The strengths 0.46%, 0.92%, 1.37%, 2.75% and 0.92% for M1, M2,
are quite good compared to the conventional M3, M4, M5,M6,M7,M8,M9,M10,M11,M12,M13
concrete. M3 being the maximum of all mixes along compared with the conventional concrete after
with the M12 mix which uses the granite powder. 14days of curing.
6.3.1 M15 Grade: The split tensile strength of The split tensile strength of concrete varies
concrete varies as 5%, 6.7%, 10%, 5.8%, -0.84%, as 1.95%, 5%, 7%, 1.18%, -1.6%, 0.39%, 1.9%, 3.1%, -
1.7%, 5.8%, 8.4%, 4.2%, 3.36%, 7.5%, 9.2% and 5% 2.3%, 0.78%, 3.5%, 3.9% and 2.3% for M1, M2, M3,
M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13 split tensile strength and flexural strength
compared with the conventional concrete after than the other mixes. But the mixes up to
28days of curing. 50% of ceramic coarse aggregate can be
used.
6.4 Flexural Strength:
∑ The usage of ceramic fine aggregate has
some effect on the properties of concrete
in decrement manner.
∑ Granite powder using as fine aggregate has
more influence on the concrete than the
ceramic fine because of chemical
composition it is made of and works as
admixture.
∑ The addition of granite powder along with
the ceramic coarse aggregate improves the
mechanical properties of concrete slightly
Figure 39: Flexural strength comparison of since mineral and chemical properties are
M15,M20 and M25 grades for M3 mix of granite.
The strength gaining of beam is linearly ∑ The split tensile strength of ceramic tile
increasing. The strength variation for three grades is aggregate is very much in a straighter path
compared to the conventional grades of
in increasing manner. The 7days strength gain is
concrete.
quite same for three grades but after 14 days M25 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
has the rapid growth of strength. Even though we
There is a vast scope of research in the recycled
are not comparing with the conventional concrete
aggregate usage in concrete especially ceramic tile
but the attainment of strength for three grades is
wastes in the future. The possible research
satisfactory
investigations that can be done are mentioned
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
below:
7.1 General: The basic objective of the study is to
∑ The usage of marble floor tiles can be studied as
prepare a concrete much more stable and durable
it is similar to that of tile waste generation and
than the conventional by replacing aggregates both
also it is quite hard compared to the natural
coarse and fine. Mix designs for all the replacements crushed stones using in conventional concrete.
of materials has done and a total of 261 specimens
∑ The usage of granite powder in concrete as an
(126 cubes, 126 cylinders, 9 beams) are prepared
admixture to improve the workability of
and tested in the aspect of strength calculation and
concrete and the strength parameters can also
also comparisons has done.
be studied at various percentages.
7.2 Conclusions
∑ A combination of different tiles (based on their
The following conclusions are made based
usage) in different proportions in concrete and
on the experimental investigations on compressive
their effects on concrete properties like
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength
strength, workability etc can be determined.
considering the―environmental aspects also:
∑ By the use of ceramic tile aggregate in concrete,
∑ The workability of concrete increases with
the physical properties like durability,
the increase in tile aggregate replacement.
The workability is further increased with permeability etc., can be analyzed to prepare a
the addition of granite powder which acts concrete with more advantageous than
as admixture due to its chemical conventional concrete.
properties.
∑ A study on properties of concrete made with
∑ The properties of concrete increased combination of recycled aggregate and tile
linearly with the increase in ceramic
aggregate in different proportions can be
aggregate up to 30% replacement later it is
decreased linearly. investigated to enhance the concrete properties
and also to reduce the pollution or waste
∑ M3 mix of concrete produced a better
concrete in terms of compressive strength, generation from construction industry.