CK-12 Chemistry - Basic

Answer Key

Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms

5.1 Properties of Light

Check Your Understanding

1. What are the general properties of light?

Answer: Light has color and energy. It can be emitted from various sources including
stars, flames – like candle light, electrical sources, like light incandescent or halogen
light bulbs. Light can be reflected and absorbed.

2. Can you give examples of different kinds and sources of light?

Answer: There are many different sources of light. For example, there is light
produced from stars (thermonuclear processes). Light can also be produced from
combustion reactions, for example, the burning of a candle produces light. Light can
also be produced from electrical sources, like electrical lighting used in homes, or
street lights.

3. Are there substances whose color varies with changes in the environment or natural
surroundings?

Answer: Some substances will reflect different colors of light. For example, street
signs, which can be coated with phosphorescence materials, will appear different
during the day than at night when shined with vehicle lights. Another example of
different light changes in the environment would be in the color the sky during
sunrise, sunset and mid day.

Lesson Review Questions

Questions
1. What type of electromagnetic radiation (what wavelength) do you suppose the
antenna on each of the vehicles shown in Figure 5.5 is designed to receive?

2. Black lights are used for a variety of applications, including sanitization of materials.
Why do you suppose the light is called “black light”? Are there other forms of black
light, please explain.

3. The laser in an audio compact disc player uses light with a frequency of 3.844 x 1014
Hz. Calculate the wavelength of this light in nm.

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4. An FM radio station broadcasts at 99.5 MHz. Calculate the wavelength in meters of
the corresponding radio waves.

5. Microwave radiation has a wavelength on the order of 1.0 cm. Calculate the
frequency in s-1 of a single photon of this radiation.

6. As the frequency of electromagnetic radiation doubles, the wavelength is ______?

7. As the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is quadrupled, the frequency is

changed to ______?

8. The yellow light given off by a sodium vapor lamp has a wavelength of 589.0 nm.
What is the frequency in Hz of this radiation?

Answers
1. The antenna shown above on the left is designed to receive shortwave radio
waves, while the antenna shown above on the left is designed to receive
long-wave radio waves – like that use for CB-radio transmission.

2. Black lights refer to lights which emit UV radiation, which is invisible. They
look black with a purple interior glow which is why they are called black lights,
unlike incandescent lights that are “bright” and emit visible light.

3. λγ = c
λ = c/γ
= (3 x 108 m/sec)/3.884 X1014/sec = (772 x 10-6 cm)(106 nm/cm) = 772 nm
4. λγ = c
λ = c/γ
= (3 x 108 m/sec)/99.5/sec)(1x106 Hz/megaHz) = 3.3 m
5. λγ = c
γ = c/λ = (3 x 108 m/sec)/1x 10-2m) = 3.0 x 1010 s-1

6. halved

7. ¼ original value

8. λγ = c
γ = c/λ = (3 x 108 m/sec)/(589 nm)(1 m/1x 109 nm) = [5.090 x 1014 Hz]

5.2 The Bohr and Quantum Mechanical Models of the Atom

Check Your Understanding

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1. What are some sources for light of different wavelengths?
Answer: A white LED produces light of shorter wavelengths while the strongest
intensities for a tungsten lamp are in the longer wavelengths

2. What is the relationship between the color of visible light and its wavelength?
Answer: Blue light has short wavelengths while red light has the longest wavelengths

Lesson Review Questions

Questions
1. Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. What were the shortcomings of
this model?
2. What are emission spectra?
3. Hydrogen has four, distinct emission spectra. What general property of emissions
does this indicate?
4. How are emission spectra related to energy levels within an atom?
5. What important property of electrons did de Broglie’s experiments demonstrate?
6. What is indicated by the term, “wave-particle duality?”
7. What are the distinguishing characteristics of wave and particle behavior?
8. Describe the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Answers
1. The Bohr model for hydrogen had the electron traveling around the nucleus. It
explained the emission lines for hydrogen, but did not provide an explanation for the
different emissions of larger atoms.
2. When most substances are heated to high enough temperatures, they give off light
of various wavelengths known as emission spectra.
3. The emissions were quantized- they were only emitted in fixed and predictable
intervals.
4. Energy= hv, where h is Planck’s constant, and v is the frequency of the
electromagnetic wave.
5. Electrons behave in waves even though they are composed of matter. Further
studies showed that particles exhibit wavelengths that are inversely proportional to
their momentum.
6. The concept of wave-particle duality indicates how waves (like light) behave like
particles and how particles (like electrons) can behave like waves.
7. Large objects have wavelengths that are immeasurably small, so wave behavior is
not observed, however the momentum of a very tiny particle, like an electron, can be
small enough to detect wave-like behavior. Schrodinger was able to incorporate both
particle behavior (mass) and wave behavior (an indefinite location in space) into a
single equation to predict the probability of finding the electron in a given region of
space.
8. States that the more precisely the position of a particle is determined, the less
precisely the momentum is known in this instant. Heisenberg showed
mathematically that it is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact location
and the exact velocity of an electron, or of any other particle.

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5.3 Electron Arrangement in Atoms

Lesson Review Questions

1. State the four quantum numbers and the possible values they may have.

2. Name the orbitals described by the following quantum numbers

a. n = 3, l = 0

b. n = 3, l = 1

c. n = 3, l = 2

d. n = 5, l = 0

3. Give the n and l values for the following orbitals

a. 1s

b. 3s

c. 2p

d. 4d

e. 5f

4. Place the following orbitals in order of increasing energy: 1s, 3s, 4s, 6s, 3d, 4f, 3p,
7s, 5d, 5p

5. What and the possible mL values for the following types of orbitals:

a. s

b. p

c. d

d. f

6. How many possible orbitals are there for n =

a. 2

b. 4

7. How many electrons can be accommodated by the full set of n=4 orbitals?

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8. Tabulate all of the possible orbitals (by name, i.e. 4s) for n=4 and give the three
quantum numbers which define each orbital.

9. Write electron configurations for the following atoms:

a. H

b. Li

c. N

d. F

e. Br

Answers:

1. [n may be any integer]

[l may be any integer from 0 to n-1]

[ml may be any integer from -l to +l]

[mS may be either + 1/2 or -1/2]

2. Answers:

a. 3s

b. 3p

c. 3d

d. 5s

3. Anwers:
a. n = 1, ll = 0
b. n = 3, ll =0
c. n = 2, ll =1
d. n = 4, l l=2
e. n = 5, ll =3
4. Answer: 1s, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 7s

5. Answer

a. 0

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b. -1, 0, 1

c. -2, -1, 0, 1,-2

d. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

6. Answer

a. 4

b. 16

7. 32
8. Answer:
name 4s 4p 4p 4p 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f

n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

l 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

ml 0 1 0 -1 2 1 0 -1 -2 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

9. Answers:
a. 1s1
b. 1s2 2s1 or He 2s1
c. 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 or He 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 or He 2s2 2p3
d. 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py2 2pz2 or He 2s2 2px1 2py2 2pz2 or He 2s2 2p5
e. Ar 4s2 4px1 4py2 4pz2

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