ENVIRONMENT s, CONSERVATION

ISSN 0971-765 X

Vol. 25
(2)
2019
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ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT
AND CONSERVATION Quarterly ISSN 0971 - 765 X

Reflis*1.2, Fahrurrozie Sjarkowi3, Date: 28.12.2018

Sriati3 and Didik Susetyo4 Ref. No.EEC-F-209
1 Department of Environmental Science,

The Graduate School of Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

2Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Bengkulu, Indonesia

3Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture,

Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

4Department of Economics Development,

Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Dear Authors,
The Editor thanks for your manuscript entitled –
- Farmers’ Participation for Irrigation Water Resource Services Fee, Kapahiang Regency
Bengkulu Province-Indonesia
submitted for publication in - ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION. Pl.
always quote Ref. No. EEC–F-209, while doing any correspondence with us.
Editor is pleased to inform you that your paper is accepted for publication in ECOLOGY,
ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION, in 2019 (2) Issue.
Kindly note the journal has SCOPUS h index 10.0 and NAAS India impact rating 4.89
(www.envirobiotechjournals.com). The journal is in Master Journal List of ISI, Thomson
Reuters, U.S.A.
Thanking you & with regards
Yours Sincerely

Publisher
 ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION
VOL. 25 (2) : 2019
CONTENTS
475–484 Impact of green Hr practices on environmental sustainability of a UAE based organization
—Jacob Cherian, Jolly Jacob and Sherine Farouk
485–487 Saponin: a new promising plant compound to control plant pathogens
—Aalaa K. Hassan and Nawres A. S. Al-Kuwaiti
488–496 The effect of different additions of curcuma extract (Curcuma canthorrhiza roxb) in artificial
feed on the growth and immunity of Juvenile Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
—Pinandoyo, Vivi Endar Herawati and Ristiawan Agung Nugroho
497–506 Fungi associated with Platypus cylindrus (Fab. Coleoptera) Xylomycetophage of Quercus
suber of north-eastern Algeria
—Mounia Amoura, Maria Lurdes Inàçio, Filomena Nóbrega, Gahdab Chakali and Edmendo
Sousa
507–513 Efficiency, physico-chemical, commodity-technological properties and biological value of
pork depending on fattening technologies
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Agarkov and Nikolay Agarkov
514–522 Detection of some of the virulence genes in Klebsiella spp. isolated from community-
acquired pneumonia in Basra City, Iraq
—H.M. Alhajem, M.A. Almazini and B.Y. Khudaier
523–526 Phytotoxicity of aluminium contaminated soil to Scirpus grossus and Typha angustifolia
—Ipung Fitri Purwanti, Bieby Voijant Tangahu, Harmin Sulistiyaning Titah and Setyo Budi
Kurniawan
527–536 Farmers’ participation for irrigation water resource services fee, Kapahiang regency
Bengkulu province-Indonesia
—Reflis, Fahrurrozie Sjarkowi, Sriati and Didik Susetyo
537–541 A study on the efficiency of desining urban Park as cooling spot in the center of Bangkok -
Targeting Raining Season
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542–555 Enhanced arid areas on-site Aryl-Di-Alkyl-phosphatase biosensor built on au-nanoparticles
decorated graphene hybrid nano-sheets for diazinon detection
—Muntasir Ali Al-Najjari, Othman Mousa Hakami, Abdul Jabbar Al-Rajab, Emad Mohamed
Ebada and Taharh Zelai
556–561 The Fijian and Indonesian perception of climate change: A case study of University student
organisations
—Ravinesh Rohit Prasad, Sugeng Utaya, I Komang Astina and Dwiyono Hari Utomo
562–570 Carbon stock of different land use systems
—Felix T. Cancio, Treaseur B. Susulan, Charlyn T. Gorgonio, Jollibee O. Marilla and Guillermo
B. Bonghanoy
571–576 Implementation local wisdom of Karampuang tribal community for forest conservation in
South Sulawesi, Indonesia
—Muhammad Yusuf, Sugeng Utaya, I. Komang Astina and I. Nyoman Ruja S.U
577–581 On the ways of improving photosynthesis productivity in spring rape plants in the crops
—V. A. Gulidova, T. V. Zubkova, V. A. Kravchenko, O. A. Dubrovina
II CONTENTS Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019

582–588 The level of community participation on forest and land rehabilitation program in Sorong
City, Indonesia
—Yohan Putirulan, Rima Herlina S. Siburian and Ihwan Tjolli
589–598 Abundance and diversity of meiofauna as water quality bioindicator in Losari Coast,
Makassar, Indonesia
—Muh. Sri Yusal, Muh Aris Marfai, Suwarno Hadisusanto and Nurul Khakhim
599–603 A review of Fusarium head blight disease, pathogenicity and immuno-identification
—Alaa A. Al-Rifaie and Marwan Y. Al-Maqtoofi
604–608 Monitoring of species diversity of microorganisms in the soil of the Northeastern Caspian in
the Spring, summer and fall periods
—Diana Talgatovna Idrissova, Erik Zharylkasynovich Shorabaev, Saltanat Zharylkasynovna
Ibadullayeva, Anipa Seidalievna Tapalova, Lazzat Bauyrzhanovna Ramanova
609–613 Does increasing nestboxes size affects breeding success of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)?
study in a Locality of Seraidi (Northeast, Algeria)
—Walid Sakraoui, Zihad Bouslama and Adnene Ibrahim Belabed
614–619 The coal characterization using proximate and ultimate analysis- A case study of South
Sumatera Coal, Indonesia
—Aryansah, Eddy Ibrahim, Subriyer Nasir and Muhammad Said
620–625 Breeding biology of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) in Taranga
Hill Forests of North Gujarat, India
—Manish Gor and I.R. Gadhvi
626–629 Printing of silk fabric using eco-friendly textile auxiliaries
—Sunita Kale, Sangita Naik and Manisha Karhale
630–635 Investigation of strength and durability properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on
various curing techniques with M-sand as fine aggregate
—G. Siva Chidambaram, M. Natarajan and K. Vivek
636–642 Species diversity of predaceous coccinellids in different crop ecosystems under the hilly
and terai region of West Bengal (India)
—Biwash Gurung, PonnusamyN. and Suprakash Pal
643–649 Leachability behavior of heavy metals by contaminated soil with additives
—G Venkata Ramaiah, S. Krishnaiah and Shankara
650–654 Antagonistic activity of goat milk and fermented milk products on its basis enriched with
biologically active additives
—Sanam Nadirova, Yuriy Sinyavskiy, Zhaniha Lessova, Arsen Saltybayev and Aigul Alybayeva
655–661 Optimization of feature extraction from high resolution satellite imagery for urban
environment
—R. Murugasan and C. Venkatesan
662–666 Effect of type of curing and curing temperature on strength behavior of Geopolymer
concrete made with Flyash
—G. Siva Chidambaram and M. Natarajan
667–671 Particulate matter in stack emissions, generated by various fuels – a comparative study
—Karuppiah I., Sumathi S. and Gurunadha Rao Bvs
672–676 Adaptive sunflower cultivation technologies in West Kazakhstan
—Beybit Nasiyev and Ainash Yessenguzhina
677–680 Experimental behaviour of water hyacinth Ash as partial replacement of cement on short
column
—V. Murugesh and N. Balasundaram
Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019 CONTENTS III

681–685 Physicochemical properties of Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce): A tribal fruit of

Rajasthan
—Swati Shukla and Shashi Jain
686–690 Assessment of uranium in the groundwater along Neendakara-Kayamkulam belt,
Southwest coast of India
—Anitha, J.K and Sabu Joseph
691–697 Analysis of flooding and drying conditions through trend analysis of AMSR-E satellite soil
moisture over the Himalayan Gandak River basin
—Brijesh Kumar and Dipankar Roy
698–701 An experimental investigation of the strength obtained by partial replacement of cement
with sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash in cement concrete
—S. Prakash Chandar, N. Rajmohan, Satish Pranav D., K. Thiyaneshwaran, Dheepak S.,
Jayasuriya S. and K. Muthukumar
702–705 Performance enhancement of concrete by replacing coarse aggregete with tyre rubber: A
Study
—M. Harikaran and N. Balasundaram
706–712 Isolation and identification of Bacillus spp. thermophilic obligate producing Serine alkaline
protease from hot spring in Sungai Abu, Kerinci, Jambi, Indonesia
—Arzita, Syamsuardi, Anthoni Agustien and Yetria Rilda
713–717 Assessing semi-natural forests as population sink for pollinators in Mountainous
agricultural field
—Subhankar Gurung, Arun Chettri and Aditya Pradhan
718–720 An experimental study on fire resistant concrete using mineral admixture
—Johnpaul V. N. Balasudaram, Anima M., Avishkar T., Devaan and K.C.
721–728 Comparative impact analysis of drought in Marathwada region, India
—Sagar Khetwani and Ram Babu Singh
729–735 Source material for lentil selection in the conditions of South-east Kazakhstan
—Alma Zhumabaevna Saikenova, Taken Nurgasenovich Nurgasenov, Mukhtar Sarsenbekovich
Kudaibergenov, Mirjana Vasie and Bakytzhan Rakhmetolinovich Saikenov
736–739 An experimental study on comparision of curing pf concrete using natural resins and curing
components
—R. Sindhu, V. Johnpaul, A. Nisha Devi and R. Senthilkumar
740–744 Micro structural study on nano fly ash concrete
—M. Harihanandh and N.K. Amudhavalli
745–752 Hydropower projects and air Pollution in the Northwestern Indian Himalayas
—Renu Lata, Madhuri Rishi, Rajkumar Herojeet and Konchok Dolma
753–756 Experimental study on aramid fiber in rehabilitation and strengthening of structures using
recycled coarse aggregate
—S. Gobhiga, R. Sundararajan and R. Anandaraj
757–766 Environmental, social and economic impact assessment of ecotourism in the Tirthan Valley,
Great Himalayan National Park: A World Heritage Site, Northwestern Himalaya, India
—Sarla Shashni, Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal, Gulshan Sharma and Jatinder M. Julka
767–774 The use of sudan grass for the production of green fodder, hay and Haylage in Western
Kazakhstan
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775–778 Behaviour of RC beams with ferro cement warp – An experimental investigation
—S. Gobhiga, R. Sundararajan and Vijaya Kumar
IV CONTENTS Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019

779–783 Wastewater treatment : Milk processing industry effluent using sequential batch reactor
process
—Y. Ibrahim, M. Ayisha Sidiqua, Vasanthi Padmanabhan, Sufiyan Ahmed Jeddy and R. Tauseef
Ahamed
784–789 Environmental assessment of hydropower development in Northwestern Indian
Himalayan region
—Renu Lata and Konchok Dolma
790–796 A theoretical approach on urban challenges of rurban slums: An assessment of
transformation of villages to slum
—Neha Pranav Kolhe and K. K. Dhote
797–802 Studies of physicochemical water parameters to assess the water quality of Gangan River
in Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh), India by using water quality index
—Animesh Agarwal, Nitin Kumar Agrawal and Harendra Kumar
803–806 Research in soil stabilization using biological process and its Environmental impact - A
Review
—K. Sundarayamini and P.D. Arumairaj
807–812 Plant growth promotion by volatile organic compounds produced by Chryseobacterium
rhizoplanae isolated from Vigna radiata
—O.N. Shemshura, Zh.B. Suleimenova, A.K. Sadanov, M.B. Alimzhanova, S.T. Daugaliyeva,
G.A. Mombekova and Zh.K. Rakhmetova
813–817 Prospect of optimizing Pterospermum celebicum stem bark ethanol extract and bee pollen
composition in the formulation of Sunscreen with simplex lattice design method
—Asnah Marzuki, Latifah Rahman and Sukamto
818–821 The bioactive alkaloid from Derris elliptica (Roxb.) as biopesticide agents of Scotinophara
coartata E on rice crops
—Weny Musa, Chairunisah. J. Lamangantjo and Jusna Ahmad
822–830 Computation of heat quantity, thermal detector filling coefficient and peformance of single
circuit solar system with thermo siphon circulation
—Murat Kunelbayev, Omirlan Auelbekov, Nazbek Katayev, Aliya Kalizhanova, Didar
Yedilkhan, Ainur Kozbakova and Salauat Daulbayev
831–836 Coastal Village empowerment model for the fishermen economic strength in Pasuruan
—Dwiarko Nugrohoseno, Erina Rahmadyanti, Wiwin Yulianingsih and Hasan Dani
837–844 Assessment of physical carrying capacity of tourism for ecological development at
Phawngpui National park, Mizoram, India
—Lalrosanga, Manohar Sajnani and Rintluanga Pachuau
845–852 Community conservation behavior in controlling of forest and peatland fires, in the Kalawa
village forest, Indonesia
—Penyang, Syekhfani, Mochtar Luthfi Rayes and Mangku Purnomo
853–857 Effect of nitric acid mutation of Bacillus subtilis on seeds germination of Vigna Radiata
—Zh. B. Suleimenova, O.N. Shemshura, A.K. Sadanov, G.A. Mombekova, Zh. K. Rakhmetova
858–869 The dependence of productivity and elemental status of dairy cows on the level of lead
—Sergey Miroshnikov, Oleg Zavyalov, Alexey Frolov and Ivan Gorlov
870–875 Experimental investigation of Aegle marmelos L. as biofertilizer and biopesticides
—Andi Badli, Rompegading, Muhammad Ardi and Yusminah Hala
876–887 A fuzzy logic control of a polynomial carbon dioxide model
—Azeddine Elmajidi, El housseine El Mazoudi, Jamila Elalami and Noureddine Elalami
Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019 CONTENTS V

888–895 Application of activated carbon derived from durian wastes for improving turbidity, total
organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon
—M. F. M. Nordin, Y. Manickam, Shameli K., Tsuji T., M. J. Megat Mohd Noor, Shariff A. H. M.,
R. Wannahari and A. Saufi M. Nawi
896–899 Studying new fish feeds based on nontraditional feed additives
—Ayazhan Urkimbayeva, Nurzhan Sarsembayeva, Kuandyk Sagyndykov, Bozena Lozowicka,
Asyl Biltebay and Miramkul Yergumarova
900–906 Characterization of activated carbon prepared from cassava peel for Methylene blue
removal
—M. F. M. Nordin, N. A. Rosli, Shameli K., Tsuji T., M. J. Megat Mohd Noor, R. Wannahari and
A. Saufi M. Nawi
907–916 Development the International responsibility system in preventing damage caused by
climate change
—Mona Davanlou, Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi, Ali Zare and Ohsen Abdollahi
917–922 Breeding new aquaculture objects at geothermal sources
—Kuanysh Nygmanovich Syzdykov, Zhaxygali Batyrgaleyevich Kuanchaleyev, Ainur
Serikbaevna Assylbekova, Eldar Berikuly Marlenov and Suyundyk Erlanovich Mussin
923–930 Evaluation of growth performance of three stocks of Labeo fimbriatus from rivers of
Peninsular India
—S. Vijaykumar, Muttappa Khavi and Y. Basavaraju
931–934 Synthesis and Characterization of 2 - (3-Hydroxybenzylidene) Amino)-1-methyl-1H-
Imidazol-4(5H)-one and evaluation of biological activity
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935–942 An insight into an extra-curricular activity on environmental education: an experiential
learning approach
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943–947 Explanation of the spatial pattern of Tourism capabilities in the development of rural
entrepreneurship (Case study: Villages of Rasht, Guilan Province)
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948–956 Trends and challenges of mangrove restoration management - A lessons from Labuhan
Village, Indonesia
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957–963 Diagnosis and differentiation of entamoeba infection in human stool samples using
microscopic and Immunochromatographic assays
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964–971 Provision of moisture and photosynthetic activity of oil flax crops at different seeding times
and seeding rates
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Almabek Batyrzhanovich Nugmanov
972–977 Economical-biological features of Simmental and Holstein hybrids
—A.P. Velmatov, N.N. Neyaskin, Al-Isavi Ali Abdulamir Hamza, T.N. Tishkina and A.A. Velmatov
978–984 The sensitivity of ants on soil and air temperature as bioindicators of climate change in
small Islands of Indonesia
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985–991 A multi-dimensional drought risk analysis in the Free State drought-hit municipalities,
South Africa
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Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019; pp. (527-536)
Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0971–765X

Farmers’ participation for irrigation water resource

services fee, Kapahiang regency Bengkulu province-
Indonesia
Reflis*1.2, Fahrurrozie Sjarkowi3, Sriati3 and Didik Susetyo4

1
Department of Environmental Science, The Graduate School of Sriwijaya Univeristy, Indonesia
2
Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Indonesia
3
Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
4
Department of Economics Development, Faculty of Economics, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

(Received 5 November, 2018; accepted 28 December, 2018)

ABSTRACT
The environmental services fee program is a policy instrument to protect the watershed and increase the
quantity quality and availability (QQA) of irrigation water. The value of willingness to pay as the
environmental service of water resource can state the participation of farmers in the sustainable management
of environmental services for water resources in the upstream watershed area of Musi. Kapahiang Regency.
Furthermore this study aims to find out the participation of farmers through the formulation of willingness
and ability to pay a fee for irrigation water resource services. The result of binary regression obtained that
factors affecting willingness to pay of farmer for irrigation water resource services fee were the basic
knowledge of irrigation water resource services fee the role in irrigation maintenance the farming income
and the distance rice fields to the river as a water resource. The estimation model of the ability of farmers to
pay compensation for the services of the water resources environment with multinomial logit regression
showed that the distance rice fields to the river the status of land ownership education and demographic
history affect the willingness to pay of farmers for irrigation water resource services fee. The average value
of willingness to pay that farmer respondents want is IDR 168,927.37 per land areal and planting season.
Meanwhile, the total value of willingness to accept the farmer community in the upstream watershed area
of Kepahiang Regency was estimated to be Rp.640,310,526.30 per planting season.

Key words : Wilingness and ability of Farmers, Irrigation water resource services fee, Wilingness to Pay, Quantity. quality and
availability (QQA).

Introduction Quality and Availability (QQA) systems of water

Rapid population and economic growth generate
the high pressure on the land use which results in a
decrease in the ecological function of the watershed
area (Sihite, 2001; Muradian and Cardenas, 2015;
Valiant, 2014). The management of the ecological
watershed functions and soil and water conserva-
tion is a means of determining water and Quantity.
*Corresponding author’s email :
for sustainable human life and all organism. Water
is one of the essential needs in life including in the
agriculture aspect. With the scarcity of water. con-
flict and competition emerge to possess. utilize and
manage water resources which result as the water
management becomes increasingly important in
overcoming its limitations on time. space. quantity.
and quality (Valiant, 2014).
528
The environmental services fee program is an in-
creasingly popular policy instrument for watershed
protection. Most of the program involve the users
for example farmers in downstream as consumers.
In addition, the producers are the rice field owners
in upstream who carry out activities to protect the
watershed’s ecological functions. The rice field own-
ers in upstream can be paid to stop deforestation, do
reforestation, reduce soil erosion on agricultural
land or stop the slash and burn farming system. The
potential benefits to water users in downstream in-
clude improvements in QQA water reducing the
risk of severe flooding and reducing inheritance
value by conserving natural resources for future
generations (Whittington and Pagiola, 2012;
Lapeyre et al., 2015; McElwee et al., 2014). An envi-
ronment service fee is a tool for managing ecosys-
tems related to ecology and its economic services
(Mombo et al., 2014; Rodríguez-de-Francisco and
Budds, 2014). From an economic standpoint.the en-
vironmental service fee of water resources can run
effectively if the market mechanism works well
(Salim, 2005).
In the implementation of successes and failures
of the environmental services fee program relates to
the role of local communities. the level of received
compensation and the broader dynamics of life (He
and Sikor, 2015). The environmental services fee
emerged as an incentive-based policy instrument to
manage and secure the flow of environmental ser-
vices for human welfare (Caro et al., 2015). The en-
vironmental services fee (IJL) deals with environ-
mental problems as a result of production system
failures in internalizing environmental costs and
failure to regulate the behavior of institutions to
maximize individual utility (Singh, 2015).
Willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental ser-
vices fee of water resources reflects the perception of
water user farmers on the existence and importance
of water. Considering the limited development
funds and irrigation management from the govern-
ment. it is necessary to have active participation of
water user farmers to take care of them (Yulianti,
2012). In the management context of environmental
fee sustainable water resources.The IJL scheme is
considered a management tool that can help to
change the destructive behavior of environmental
economic actors in ecosystems through compensat-
ing for their losses and increasing attitudes to con-
servation (Mombo et al., 2014). IJL is generally ar-
ranged on a voluntary, conditional agreement be-
Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019
tween at least one ‘seller’ and one ‘buyer’ as long as
environmental services are well defined or re-
sources that use will produce environmental ser-
vices (Caro et al., 2015). The success of the Environ-
mental services fee that is voluntary dependent on
changes in the behavior of the people involved. Lo-
cal heterogeneity as a livelihood strategy plays a
strong role in achieving the ultimate goal of the suc-
cess of the Program of environmental services fee
(Newton et al., 2012).
WTP of environmental services fee of water re-
sources is an effort to conserve stable water
throughout the year. The existence of upstream for-
ests as a catchment area must always be maintained.
In an effort to conserve the cost is one of the ob-
stacles. The lack of a conservation budget is one of
the important factors that make the management of
watershed areas ineffective. (Yulianti, 2012; Hayes et
al., 2015). Utilizing market mechanisms can protect
water sources in the watershed (maintaining avail-
ability and meeting water demand). Thus. the de-
velopment of market mechanisms must consider the
assessment of the total economy and ensure that
there are stakeholders who have awareness. knowl-
edge and capability in the process carried out. as
well as a clear definition of land rights; the existence
of supporting policies and institutionalization
(Rozak, 2010).
According to Muradian and Cardenas (2015) the
market for environmental resources faces a number
of important limitations. It is caused by the charac-
ter of the community or group of most ecosystem
functions. The market faces serious limitations as an
instrument in possessing environmental services.
The economic value of river water resources is not
often defined because there is no market. River wa-
ter resources that provide benefits and services are
intangible and are often misinterpreted as non-mar-
ket value products and are not traded in real eco-
nomic markets so that the general public may not be
willing to pay if additional funds are needed for
environmental management. Therefore. environ-
mental quality is degraded over time due to the ab-
sence of prices (money value) (Yeo et al., 2013).
Basically. farmers strongly agree to adopt prac-
tices or activities to restore ecological conditions and
therefore receive the fee set by the government as
their compensation even though they incur addi-
tional costs and reduce income (Meyer et al., 2015).
It is hoped that the majority of environmental ser-
vices fee initiatives can help to improve the liveli-
REFLIS ET AL
hoods of local communities by reducing poverty.
especially for the poor who are involved in selling
their environmental services. However. the environ-
mental services fee program with its approach to
poverty reduction certainly faces several risks and
constraints (Mudaca et al., 2015). This study aims to
analyze the willingness and ability of farmers to pay
environmental services fee for water resources and
identify factors influencing the farmer participation
in environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
sources in the upstream Musi watershed in
Kepahiang Regency. Bengkulu Province. Indonesia.
Methodology
Method
This research conducted in the upstream watershed
area of Musi. Kepahiang Regency. Bengkulu Prov-
ince. Indonesia. The research was conducted
through the survey with the quantitative approach
and descriptive analysis with the qualitative
method. The population was all farmers who rely
on the irrigation water as a source of irrigated rice
fields in the upstream Musi watershed in
Kepahiang Regency. Bengkulu Province. Indonesia.
This study used a random sampling method. The
number of samples in each village was determined
by the proportional random sampling. The number
of samples used in this study was 100 samples (re-
spondents of irrigated rice farmers) spread in 54 vil-
lages in 3 (three) sub-districts which were the loca-
tion of the study. Gujarati (1995) and Guntoro (2003)
stated that the normal curve distribution can be
achieved if the number of research samples ap-
proaches 100. For qualitative methods using purpo-
sive sampling and snowballing sampling. The re-
source people. informants or participants become
the samples of data sources.
Method of Data Analysis
Data obtained in the field were processed and ana-
lyzed quantitatively and carried out qualitatively.
To analyze the willingness to pay (WTP). a contin-
gent valuation method (CVM) was used. This
method was a direct calculation (survey) by asking
the willingness to pay (WTP) to the respondent us-
ing a questionnaire. This method allows all com-
modities that were not traded in the market to be
estimated for economic value by using the following
stages: (1) Forming a Hypothetical Market of envi-
529
ronmental services, (2) Obtaining Supply Value
(BIDs), (3) Determining Total WTP (TWTP), and (4)
Evaluating CVM.
Logistic Regression Analysis
a. Logistic Regression Analysis was used to ana-
lyze the influence of socio-economic and institu-
tional factors on the level of farmer participation
in environmental services fee for water re-
sources (Dipokusumo, 2011):
Logit [P(Y  j)]=  j + X i; j = 1, 2, 3, ..., c-1.
……. (1)
To measure the level of farmer participation in
the form of willingness and ability to pay for envi-
ronmental services as suggested by Hosmer and
Lameshow (1989). with modifications as follows:
(i) Assessment of the willingness to pay for envi-
ronmental services:
Logit Will2[P(Y j)] = j + Xi; j = 1, 2, 3, ..., c-1.
……. (2)
(ii) Assessment of the ability to pay for environ-
mental services:
Logit Afford4[P(Yj)] = j +Xi; j = 1, 2, 3, ..., c-1.
……. (3)
Will2 [P (Yj)] = The binary logistic regression
model expressed in 2 (two) possible events in the
form of variable categories as follows: 1 = unwilling
to pay Environmental Services fee for Irrigation
water resources, 2 = willing to pay Environmental
Services fee for irrigation water resources. In the
analysis of possible event from the category of re-
sponse variables carried out through logit transfor-
mation (Sugiyono, 2009).
b. Participation of farmers can be expressed in the
scale of very low. low. medium and high. so
that the measurement can be in a statement of
the ability to pay fee for irrigation water re-
source services. For measuring the level of par-
ticipation. an assessment of the level of repay-
ment ability was stated as follows:
• Afford4[P(Yj)] = The multinomial logistic re-
gression model was expressed in 4 (four) cat-
egories as follows: Very low participation = 1 if
WTP was smallest alternative irrigation fee
value (IDR 150,000); Low participation = 2 if
WTP was a small alternative irrigation fee value
(IDR 180,000); Medium participation = 3 if WTP
was moderate alternative irrigation fee value
(IDR 210,000); High participation = 4 if WTP
was large alternative irrigation fee value (IDR
250,000).
530
• Xi = Independent variabel consisting X1= age
(year); X2= education where 1 = not graduating
from primary school, 2 = primary school, 3 =
secondary school, 4= high school and 5 = higher
education; X3= size of household (person); X4=
land area (Ha); X5= knowledege about Environ-
mental services fee ( 1= if know and 0 = other-
wise) (Dummy); X6 = demographic history ( 1=if
a migrant and 0 = otherwise) (Dummy); X7 =
role in irrigation maintannce ( 1= never in irriga-
tion maintannce, 2 = rarely in irrigation mainte-
nance, 3 = frequently in irrigation maintannce);
X8 = Farming income (IDR/land areal/planting
season); X9 = Status of land ownership (1=share-
cropper, 2= tenant farmer, 3= owner); X10 = dis-
tance river (as water resource) to rice fields
(meters);  = intresep;  = slope of regression
model.
Results and Discussion
Factors affecting participation of farmer in
enviromental services fee (IJL) of irrigation water
resources
From 100 respondents. there were 76 people (76%)
who were willing to pay for the environmental ser-
vices fee of irrigation water resource purpose to
operational cost and maintaining irrigation net-
works and 24 people (24%) were unwilling to pay
environmental services fee (IJL) of irrigation water
resource for several reasons. The main reason of
unwillingness to pay was because the assumption
that water is a public good so it does not need to
pay. The quality, quantity, and availability (QQA)
of water received were not good enough. and their
distrust of the management of the Water User Farm-
ers Association. The social and economic factors in-
cluded in the model are age, education level, size of
the household, land area, knowledge about environ-
mental services fee, demographic history, the role of
respondents in irrigation management, farming in-
come, the status of land ownership and distance rice
fields to the river as irrigation resources.
Establishing the Willingness to Pay Model of IJL
of irrigation water resources in the Upstream
Musi of Kepahiang Regency
The results of the analysis show that out of the ten
factors included in the model, only 4 (four) variables
have a significant effect on the model of farmer par-
Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019
ticipation in the formulation of willingness to pay
IJL of irrigation water resource at  (alpha) 1%, 5%,
and 10%. In detail, it can be seen in Table 1.
From the results of the binary logit regression
analyst. the analysis of the effect of socio-economic
factors on the willingness to pay of farmers in envi-
ronmental services fee of irrigation water resources
obtained a value of -2 log likelihood which is 74.52
resulting Chi-square value is 35.687 with a signifi-
cant 0.000. It means that independent variables si-
multaneously have a significant effect on the partici-
pation of farmer to be willing and unwilling to pay
environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
sources. Other interpretation is that the binary logit
model obtained can explain or predict the choice of
farmers. The test of Hosmer and Lemeshow show
that the p-Value (0.768) is greater than alpha 0.2.
which means that the empirical data matches the
model (Table 1) (Hosmer and Lemeshow, 1989).
In this model the value of Nagelkerke R Square is
0.449 which is relatively good. The Nagelkerke R
Square value shows about how much effects of the
independent variables determine the respondents’
possibilities of willingness to pay of farmer to envi-
ronmental services fee of irrigation water resources.
The value of the Nagelkerke R Squares is 0.449.
which means that simultaneously all the diversity of
WTP variables of respondents is 44.9 percent can be
explained by the model. the remaining is 55.1 per-
cent explained by variables outside the model. The
value of R Square in economic research on natural
resources and the environment is still tolerated up
to 15 percent (Garrod and Willis, 1999; Sutopo et al.,
2011).
Based on Table 2, the results show that the value
of observations and expectations for possiblity to
environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
source with the difference between the overall cor-
rected value (Overall Percentage) is 82.0 percent of
100, then the resulting regression model is quite fea-
sible. The binary logistic regression equation model
is:
YWTP = -3.617 - 1.173X5 + 1.332X7 + 1.641 X8 + 0.003
X10
The results of the WTP logistic regression model
show that there were out of 10 social and economic
factors there are 4 (four) factors affecting the will-
ingness to pay of farmer to environmental services
fee of irrigation water resource namely: knowledge
of environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
REFLIS ET AL 531

source (X5), role in irrigation maintenance (X7),
farming income (X8), and the distance of rice fields
to river (X10). The knowledge factor about environ-
mental services fee of irrigation water resource af-
fects the increase or decrease in the willingness to
pay of farmer to environmental services fee of the
irrigation water resource. Hayes (2015) explained
that the success of the environmental services fee
depends on the ability of the community to translate
its objectives to the conservation of natural resource
management and produce collectively regulated
environmental additional benefits. Matthies (2015)
emphasized that environmental services fee of irri-
gation water resource is considered for biodiversity
conservation and climate change mitigation. The
participation in environmental services fee can in-
crease the resilience and survival of small farmers
through structural. operational and financial diver-
sification. Furthermore. Matthies (2015) explained
that the environmental services fee can act as a strat-
egy to reduce needs and reduce the risk of land use
for the community because the diversity of land use
by landowners can avoid developing risks.
Leimona (2015) identified that environmental
services fee of irrigation water resource payments is
in accordance with the capabilities and expectations
of the community which are very favored and fea-
sible. This type of payment is well known as the so-
cial economic (socioeconomic) investment like mu-
tual cooperation and the role in institutions which is
one of the important aspects of the environmental
services fee and anti-poverty approach. Further-

Table 1. Results of Analysis of the affect of Socio-Economic Factors on Willingness to Pay Farmers in IJL of irrigation
water resources in the Upstream Musi of Kepahiang Regency.
Variables in the Equation
Parameter B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)
Constants -3.617 3.002 1.451 1 0.228 0.027
Age (X1) 0.018 0.030 0.352 1 0.553 0.982
Education (X2) 0.234 0.372 0.394 1 0.530 1.263
Size of Household (X3) -0.443 0.311 2.028 1 0.154 0.642
Land area (X4) -3.317 4.415 0.564 1 0.452 0.036
Knowledge about IJL of irrigation water resources (X5) -1.173 0.688 2.910 1 0.088c 0.312
Demographic history (X6) -0.521 0.670 0.604 1 0.437 0.594
Role in irragation maintanance (X7) 1.332 0.630 4.473 1 0.034b 3.790
Farming income (X8) 1.641 0.584 7.900 1 0.005a 5.161
Status of land ownership (X9) -0.003 0.658 0.000 1 0.996 0.997
Distance rice fields to river (X10) 0.003 0.001 8.472 1 0.004a 1.003
Model Summary
Step -2 Log likelihood Cox and Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square
1 74.529 0.300 0.449
Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients
Step Chi-square Df Sig.
1 Model 35.687 10 0.000
Hosmer and Lemeshow Test
Step Chi-square Df Sig.
1 Model 4.898 8 0.768
Variable(s) entered on step 1: X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, dan X10.
Notes : a =  <1%; b =  < 5%; c =  < 10%

Table 2. Observation Value and Expectations on Possibilities of Willingness to Pay IJL SDAI.
Observe Expected
Wilingness Corrected
Unwilling Willing (Persent)
Step 1 Wilingness Unwilling 10 14 41.7
willing 4 72 94.7
Overall corrected value (%) 82.0
532 Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019

more, the farming acceptance factor determines the
participation in the willingness to pay of environ-
mental services fee of irrigation water resource pay-
ments. The willingness to pay can be increased
through several efforts which increase the accep-
tance of lowland rice farming. The higher level of
acceptance of perennial planting rice farming gener-
ates the higher level of farmer participation in the
willingness to pay of environmental services fee of
irrigation water resource payments which is 1.641
times. This approach happens because the farmers
who have a high level of farm acceptance tend to
have a higher awareness and willingness to pay for
environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
source payments. The other research showed that
the number of external parameters responds to en-
vironmental service fee payments to the environ-
mental service providers such as household income
and opportunities for livelihood diversification,
payment rates, and opportunity costs, land area and
ownership (Bremer et al., 2014).
The distance between the paddy field to the riv-
ers is the key factor which determines the participa-
tion of farmer in the willingness to pay of environ-
mental services fee of irrigation water resource pay-
ments. This is because the distance of rice field to
river determine the water QQA. The long-distance
generate low water QAA which increase the will-
ingness to pay environmental services fee of irriga-
tion water resource payments which hopefully ful-
filled to their irrigated rice field. Koehler (2015) re-
ported that the success of Handpumps related to the
given opportunity cost in the use of alternative wa-
ter pumps which provide water service in the coun-
tryside. The general users tend to pay higher fees
than walking over the longer distances.
Determination of the farmer paying Y AffTP
(Affordability to pay model) ability model
(environmental service fee of irrigation water
resource payments in Upper Musi River Basin in
Kepahiang district
The factor which affects the ability of farmers to pay
the environmental services fee of irrigation water
resource payments YaffTP (Affordability to pay
model) were further analyzed by multinomial logis-
tic regression with four (4) categories. The analysis
results showed that only four (4) factors have the
ability effects to initiate the environmental services
fee of irrigation water resource payments in the up-
per Musi River Basin in Kepahiang District which
are Education (X2), Demographic history (X6), Land
Ownership status (X9), and the distance of paddy
field (X10). Table 3 detailed showed the Chi-Square
values obtained from the results of statistical analy-
sis and the values of probability strength.
Table 4 showed that the success rate of the total
forecasting multinomial logit regression model of
97.4% is able to correctly predict. According to the
prediction of willingness to pay.the willingness to

Table 3. Analysis results of the influence of socioeconomic factors on the ability level of YaffTP (Affordability to pay
model) paying farmers of environmental services fee of irrigation water resource paymentsin the upper Musi
River Basin in Kepahiang District.
Socioeconomic factor Model Fitting Likelihood Ratio Tests
Criteria-2 Log Chi-Square df Sig.
Likelihood of
Reduced Model
Constants 0.314a 0.000 0 .
Age (X1) 2.794b 2.480 2 0.289
Education (X2) 38.173 37.859 6 0.000
Size of Household (X3) 0.091b . 2 .
Land area (X4) 0.046b . 2 .
Knowledge about environmental services fee of 7.543b 7.229 2 0.027
irrigation water resources (X5)
Demographic history (X6) 34.152 33.838 2 0.000
Role in irragation maintanance (X7) 0.006b . 4 .
Farming income (X8) 0.036b . 2 .
Status of land ownership (X9) 38.777 38.463 4 0.000
Distance rice fields to river (X10) 107.622 107.308 2 0.000
Description: (a) Reduce Models (Constants) and (b) Unexpected variables
REFLIS ET AL 533

pay of Rp.150,000.-.Rp.180,000.andRp.120,000 can resource services as the implication of those de-

be correctly predicted with the percentages of
97.6%, 95.0%, and 100%, respectively. Thus, the
model of farmer’s ability to pay the environmental
services fee of irrigation water resource payment is
statistically set into three (3) categories which shows
reliable predictive behavior.
The analysis of farmer’s willingness to pay
(WTP) to contribute paying the environmental ser-
vices fee of irrigation water resource payment in the
upper Musi river basin,Kepahiang district.
In this study.the contingent valuation method
(CVM) approach was used to analyze the farmer’s
willingness to pay on the participation in paying the
environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
source payment in the upper Musi river basin in
Kepahiang district. The results of the implementa-
tion of five (5) step in the CVM method are as fol-
lows
1. Hypotetical market formation
All the respondents were given by the scenarios re-
garding to the statements which describe the cur-
rent state of the environment and the condition of
the irrigation water resource network nowadays
and future in which there will be a decline in QQA
resulting in the implementation of economic instru-
ment as the form of payment for irrigation water
clines. In addition, the respondent obtained an over-
view of the hypothetical situation which was built
in an effort to improve the QQA of irrigation water
in the upper Musi river basin area of Kepahiang dis-
trict.
2. The willingness to pay obtained bid
The technique which was used in this study was
dichotomous choice which offers respondent farm-
ers a certain amount of money willing to pay to get
the value of irrigation water and asked if they want
to pay of not the amount of money to contribute to
environmental services fee of irrigation water re-
source payment in the upper Musi river basin of
Kepahiang district.
3. Estimated average value of willingness to pay
(EWTP)
The estimation of the willingness to pay the average
(EWTP) is calculated based on the data on the distri-
bution of WTP respondent in which obtained by
dividing the number of given WTP with the total
number of the respondent who is willing to pay.
The result of the calculation of the respondent
EWTP value is Rp.168,947.37 per planting season.
The distribution of WTP value of the respondent
can be detailed seen in Table 5.

Table 4. Free variable prediction capability of YaffTP (Affordability to pay model) level of farmers paying the environ-
mental services fee of irrigation water resource payments (Rp.) in the upper Musi river basin in Kepahiang
district.
Prediction
Observation 150,000 180,000 210,000
150,000 41 1 0 97.6%
180,000 1 19 0 95.0%
210,000 0 0 14 100.0%
Overall Percentage 55.3% 26.3% 18.4% 97.4%

Table 5. The analysis result of environmental services fee of irrigation water resource in the upper Musi river basin
of Kepahiang district.
WTP Respondent % WTP x EWTP % Population Total WTP
(people) Respondent Respondent (WTP x %) (WTP average
× % Population)
150,000 42 0.55 6,300,000 82,894.74 2,094.47 314,171,052.6
180,000 20 0.26 3,600,000 47,368.42 997.37 179,526,315.8
210,000 14 0.18 2,940,000 38,684.21 698.16 146,613,157.9
250,000 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 76 1.00 12,840,000 168,947.37 3,790.00 640,310,526.3
534
The result showed that the values turn out to be
above the value of the irrigation management fee
that was once applied in this area which is equal to
one (1) can of rice (approximately Rp.150,000.00).
According to one of the respondents (Mr. Zainal
Amirsyah) previously, there is the contribution of
KP2A which amount to one can of rice per planting
season paid to “Uluulu”.
The valuation or economic valuation of the natu-
ral resource commodities reveals the alleged eco-
nomic value of the environment or irrigation water
resources and it is an estimate of the decline in indi-
rect irrigation water resource QQA (passive use)
(Fauzi, 2010). This value is determined by the will-
ingness and the ability of farmers to consider profile
and loss and pay water natural resource irrigation
prices, as well as the conservation and maintenance
efforts. The willingness to pay method can provide
the consideration for determining policies and ob-
jectives for managing natural and environmental
resources in a sustainable manner (Cheung and Jim.
2014; Hizami et al., 2014; Kamri, 2013; Kolahi et al.,
2013; Sekar et al., 2013).
4. Total WTP
Willingness to pay is the amount or value of money
that farmers are willing to pay for goods and ser-
vices and measure the willingness of farmers to sac-
rifice their income (Aswad et al., 2011). The aggre-
gate willingness to pay value or total willingness to
pay (TWTP) of respondent farmers in environmen-
tal services fee of irrigation water resource pay-
ments in the upper Musi river basin of Kepahiang
regency which is based on the willingness to pay
respondents distribution using formula 3. The result
of calculation of the total TWTP value is Rp.
640,310,526.30.- per planting season.
5. The evaluation of CVM implementation
Based on the results of the multiple regression analy-
sis it is quite good because the R2 value is equal to
65.5 percent. This study deals with the natural and
environmental resources that can be tolerated up to
15 percent (Masrun et al., 2016). CVM is one of the
most important concepts in WTP. Aswad (2011) con-
sider that WTP is important to develop a valid and
optimal price estimation strategy.
Conclusion
The factors that significantly influence the decision
Eco. Env. & Cons. 25 (2) : 2019
of respondent farmers to be willing to pay for envi-
ronmental services fee of irrigation water resource
are the knowledge of environmental services fee of
irrigation water resource, roles in the irrigation
maintenance, farming receipts, and the distance of
rice field to rivers. The distance between paddy
fields to rivers, land ownership status, education,
and demographic history influenced the ability of
farmers to pay the environmental services fee of the
irrigation water resource. The average value of WTP
that the respondents wanted was RP.168,947.33 per
planting season, while the total value of the willing-
ness to pay of farming communities in the upper
watershed area of Kepahiang district Rp.640, 310,
526.30 per planting season.
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