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KAVOSHCOM
Waveguiding Structures
A wave guiding structure is one that carries a signal
(or power) from one point to another.
2
Transmission Line
Properties
§ Has two conductors running parallel
§ Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
§ Becomes lossy at high frequency
§ Can handle low or moderate amounts of power
§ Does not have signal distortion, unless there is loss
§ May or may not be immune to interference
§ Does not have Ez or Hz components of the fields (TEMz)
Twin lead
Coaxial cable (coax) (shown connected to a 4:1
impedance-transforming balun)
3
Transmission Line (cont.)
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
The two wires of the transmission line are twisted to reduce interference and
radiation from discontinuities.
4
Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines commonly met on printed-circuit boards
w
er
h
er h w
Microstrip Stripline
w w w
er h er h
5
Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines are commonly met on printed-circuit boards.
Microstrip line
6
Fiber--Optic Guide
Fiber
Properties
§ Uses a dielectric rod
§ Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
§ Can be made very low loss
§ Has minimal signal distortion
§ Very immune to interference
§ Not suitable for high power
§ Has both Ez and Hz components of the fields
7
Fiber--Optic Guide (cont.)
Fiber
Two types of fiber-optic guides:
1) Single-mode fiber
Carries a single mode, as with the mode on a
transmission line or waveguide. Requires the fiber
diameter to be small relative to a wavelength.
2) Multi-mode fiber
Has a fiber diameter that is large relative to a
wavelength. It operates on the principle of total internal
reflection (critical angle effect).
8
Fiber--Optic Guide (cont.)
Fiber
Higher index core region
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
9
Waveguides
Properties
§ Has a single hollow metal pipe
§ Can propagate a signal only at high frequency: w > wc
§ The width must be at least one-half of a wavelength
§ Has signal distortion, even in the lossless case
§ Immune to interference
§ Can handle large amounts of power
§ Has low loss (compared with a transmission line)
§ Has either Ez or Hz component of the fields (TMz or TEz)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism) 10
Transmission--Line Theory
Transmission
11
Transmission Line
2 conductors
4 per-unit-length parameters:
C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [W/m] Dz
G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m]
W
12
Transmission Line (cont.)
i ( z, t )
B x x x +++++++
----------
v ( z, t )
Dz
+ +
- -
z
13
Transmission Line (cont.)
i(z,t) R Dz LDz i(z+Dz,t)
+ +
- -
z
¶i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) = v( z + Dz , t ) + i ( z , t ) RDz + LDz
¶t
¶v( z + Dz , t )
i ( z , t ) = i ( z + Dz , t ) + v( z + Dz , t ) GDz + C Dz
¶t
14
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Hence
v( z + Dz , t ) - v( z , t ) ¶i ( z , t )
= - Ri ( z , t ) - L
Dz ¶t
i ( z + Dz , t ) - i ( z , t ) ¶v( z + Dz , t )
= -Gv( z + Dz , t ) - C
Dz ¶t
Now let Dz ® 0:
¶v ¶i
= - Ri - L
¶z ¶t “Telegrapher’s
Equations”
¶i ¶v
= - Gv - C
¶z ¶t
15
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
To combine these, take the derivative of the first one with
respect to z:
¶v2
¶i ¶ æ ¶i ö
= -R - L ç ÷
¶z 2
¶z ¶z è ¶t ø Switch the
order of the
¶i ¶ æ ¶i ö derivatives.
= -R - L ç ÷
¶z ¶t è ¶z ø
é ¶v ù
= - R ê -Gv - C ú
ë ¶t û
é ¶v ¶ vù2
- L ê -G - C
ë ¶t ¶t úû 2
16
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
¶v
2
é ¶v ù é ¶v ¶ vù 2
= - R ê -Gv - C ú - L ê -G - C
¶z 2
ë ¶t û ë ¶t ¶t úû 2
Hence, we have:
¶v
2
¶v æ¶ vö
2
- ( RG ) v - ( RC + LG ) - LC ç ÷=0
¶z 2
¶t è ¶t ø
2
17
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Time-Harmonic Waves:
¶v 2
¶v æ¶ vö
2
- ( RG ) v - ( RC + LG ) - LC ç ÷=0
¶z 2
¶t è ¶t ø
2
dV
2
- ( RG )V - ( RC + LG ) jwV - LC (-w )V = 0 2
dz 2
18
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
dV2
= ( RG )V + jw ( RC + LG )V - (w LC )V 2
dz 2
Note that
RG + jw ( RC + LG ) - w LC = ( R + jw L ) (G + jw C )
2
Z = R + jw L = series impedance/length
dV
2
19
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
g = ZY dV
2
= (g )V
2
Let Then 2
dz 2
Solution: V ( z ) = Ae + Be
-g z +g z
g = [ ( R + jw L )(G + jwC )]
1/ 2
Convention:
z= z e jq /2
= principal square root
-p < q < p
g = a + jb a = attenuation contant
a ³ 0, b ³ 0
b = phase constant
20
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Forward travelling wave (a wave traveling in the positive z direction):
V + ( z ) = V0+ e -g z = V0+ e -a z e - j b z
{
v + ( z , t ) = Re (V0+ e -a z e - j b z ) e jwt }
= Re {( V 0
+
e jf e-a z e- j b z )e }
jwt
bl = 2p
g
t = 0
lg
Hence:
V 0
+
e -a z
z 2p
b=
l g
21
Phase Velocity
Track the velocity of a fixed point on the wave (a point of constant phase), e.g., the
crest.
vp (phase velocity)
v + ( z , t ) = V0 + e-a z cos(wt - b z + f )
22
Phase Velocity (cont.)
Set wt - b z = constant
dz
w-b =0
dt
dz w
=
dt b
w In expanded form:
Hence v = w
b
p
v =
Im {[ ( R + jw L )(G + jwC ) ] }
p 1/ 2
23
Characteristic Impedance Z0
I+ (z)
+
V+(z)
- z
V + ( z)
Z0 º +
I ( z)
+
V0
+
V ( z ) = V0 e + -g z so Z0 = +
I0
I + ( z ) = I 0 + e-g z
(Z0 is a number, not a function of z.)
24
Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
¶v ¶i
= - Ri - L
¶z ¶t
dV
so = - RI - jw LI
dz
= - ZI
+ -g z + -g z
Hence -g V0 e = - ZI 0 e
25
Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
1/2
V0+ Z æ Z ö
From this we have: Z0 = + = = ç ÷
I0 g èY ø
Using
Z = R + jw L
Y = G + jw C
1/ 2
We have æ R + jw L ö
Z0 = ç ÷
è G + jw C ø
Note: The principal branch of the square root is chosen, so that Re (Z0) > 0.
26
General Case (Waves in Both Directions)
V ( z ) = V0+ e+ g z + V0- e+ g z
jf + +a z - j b z jf -
=V e e
0
+
e + V e e +a z e + j b z
0
-
wave in +z
wave in -z
direction
Note: direction
v ( z , t ) = Re {V ( z ) e jwt }
= V0+ e -a z cos (wt - b z + f + )
+ V0- e +a z cos (wt + b z + f - )
27
Backward--Traveling Wave
Backward
I - (z)
+
V -(z)
- z
V - ( z) V - ( z)
-
= Z0 so = -Z0
- I ( z) -
I ( z)
Note: The reference directions for voltage and current are the same as
for the forward wave.
28
General Case
I (z)
+
V (z)
- z
29
Summary of Basic TL formulas
V ( z ) = V0+ e -g z + V0- e+ g z
V0+ -g z V0- +g z
I (z) = e - e
Z0 Z0 guided wavelength º lg
1
g = a + j b = éë( R + jw L )( G + jwC ) ùû 2
2p
lg = [ m]
æ R + jw L ö
1
2 b
Z0 = ç ÷
è G + jw C ø
phase velocity º vp
w
vp = [m/s]
b
30
Lossless Case
R = 0, G = 0
g = a + j b = [ ( R + jw L)(G + jw C )]
1/ 2
= jw LC
a =0 w
so vp =
b = w LC b
1/ 2
æ R + jw L ö L 1
Z0 = ç ÷ Z0 = vp =
è G + jwC ø C LC
(real and indep. of freq.) (indep. of freq.)
31
Lossless Case (cont.)
1
vp =
LC
In the medium between the two conductors is homogeneous (uniform)
and is characterized by (e, m), then we have that
1
The speed of light in a dielectric medium is cd =
me
Where do we assign z = 0?
What if we know
V + and V - @ z = -l
l
Can we use z = - l as
a reference plane?
V0+ = V + ( 0 ) = V + ( -l ) e - g l V - ( -l ) = V - ( 0 ) e - g l
Þ V0- = V - ( 0 ) = V - ( -l ) eg l
Hence
V ( z ) = V + ( - l ) e - g ( z + l ) + V - ( - l ) eg ( z + l )
34
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Terminating impedance (load)
l
Compare:
V ( z ) = V + ( 0 ) e-g z + V - ( 0 ) e+g z
V ( z ) = V + ( -l ) e + V - ( -l ) e
-g ( z - ( - l ) ) g ( z -( - l))
What is V(-l )?
propagating propagating
forwards backwards
V0+ g l V0- -g l
I ( -l ) = e - e
Z0 Z0 l º distance away from load
36
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Z0 , g
è V0 ø
Ampl. of volt. wave prop.
towards load, at the load Ampl. of volt. wave prop. GL º Load reflection coefficient
position (z = 0). away from load, at the
load position (z = 0). Gl º Reflection coefficient at z = - l
= V0+ eg l (1 + G L e -2g l )
Similarly,
V0+ g l
I ( -l ) = e (1 - G L e -2g l )
Z0 37
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Z0 , g
Z ( -l )
V ( -l ) = V0+ eg l (1 + G L e-2g l )
V0+ g l
I ( -l ) = e (1 - G L e-2g l )
Z0
V ( -l ) æ 1 + G L e-2g l ö
Z ( -l ) = = Z0 ç -2g l ÷
I ( -l ) è 1 - G L e ø
æ 1+ GL ö Z L - Z0
Z ( 0 ) = Z0 ç ÷ º ZL Þ GL =
è 1- GL ø Z L + Z0
æ 1 + G L e-2g l ö
Recall Z ( -l ) = Z0 ç -2g l ÷
è 1 - G L e ø
Thus, æ æ Z L - Z0 ö -2g l ö
ç 1+ ç ÷e ÷
ç è Z L + Z0 ø ÷
Z ( -l ) = Z0
ç æ Z - Z ö -2g l ÷
çç 1 - ç L 0
÷ e ÷÷
è è Z L + Z0 ø ø
39
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Simplifying, we have
æ æ Z L - Z0 ö -2g l ö
ç 1+ ç ÷e ÷
Z ( -l ) = Z0 ç è Z L + Z 0 ø ÷ æ
= Z0 çç
( Z L + Z 0 ) + ( Z L - Z 0 ) e -2g l
ö
-2g l ÷
÷
ç æ Z - Z ö -2g l ÷
è ( Z + Z ) - ( Z - Z ) e ø
çç 1 - ç L 0
÷ e ÷÷
L 0 L 0
è è Z L + Z0 ø ø
æ ( Z L + Z 0 ) e + g l + ( Z L - Z 0 ) e -g l ö
= Z0 çç -g l ÷
÷
(
è L Z + Z 0 ) e +g l
- ( Z L - Z 0 ) e ø
æ Z cosh ( g l ) + Z0 sinh ( g l ) ö
= Z0 çç L ÷÷
Z
è 0 cosh ( g l ) + Z L sinh ( g l ) ø
Hence, we have
æ Z L + Z0 tanh ( g l ) ö
Z ( -l ) = Z0 çç ÷÷
è Z0 + Z L tanh ( g l ) ø
40
Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
g = a + jb = jb
V ( -l ) = V0+ e jb l (1 + G L e-2 jb l )
Impedance is periodic
+
V jb l
I ( -l ) = 0
e (1 - GL e-2 jb l ) with period lg/2
Z0
tan repeats when
æ 1 + G L e-2 j b l ö
Z ( -l ) = Z0 ç -2 j b l ÷
è 1 - GLe ø
bl = p
2p
l =p
æ Z L + jZ0 tan ( b l ) ö lg
Z ( -l ) = Z0 çç ÷÷
Z
è 0 + jZ tan ( )ø
b l
L
Þ l = lg / 2
Note: tanh ( g l ) = tanh ( j b l ) = j tan ( b l )
41
Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
For the remainder of our transmission line discussion we will assume that the
transmission line is lossless.
Z0 , b
Z ( -l)
V ( -l ) = V0+ e jb l (1 + G Le-2 jb l ) Z L - Z0
V0+ jb l
GL =
I ( -l ) = e (1 - G Le-2 jb l ) Z L + Z0
Z0
2p
lg =
Z ( -l ) =
V ( -l ) æ 1 + G L e-2 jb l ö
= Z0 ç
b
-2 jb l ÷
I ( -l ) è 1 - G e ø
L
w
æ Z + jZ0 tan ( b l ) ö vp =
= Z0 çç L
Z + jZ tan ( b l )
÷÷ b
è 0 L ø 42
Matched Load
Z0 , b
Z ( -l)
Z L - Z0
GL = =0
Z L + Z0
No reflection from the load
Þ V ( -l ) = V0+ e+ jb l
V0+ + jb l Þ Z ( -l ) = Z 0
I ( -l ) = e
Z0 For any l 43
Short--Circuit Load
Short
B Short circuit load: (ZL = 0)
0 - Z0
GL = = -1 Z0 , b
0 + Z0
Þ Z ( -l ) = jZ0 tan ( b l )
l
Note: b l = 2p
lg Always imaginary! Þ Z ( -l ) = jX sc
X sc = Z 0 tan ( b l )
l / lg
45
Example
Z0 = b
æ Z L + jZ0 tan ( b d ) ö
Zin = Z ( -d ) = Z 0 çç ÷÷
è Z0 + jZ L tan ( b d ) ø
æ Zin ö
Þ V ( -d ) = VTH ç ÷
Z
è in + ZTH ø
46
Example (cont.)
Note: V ( -l ) = V e 0
+ jb l
(1 + G e L
-2 j b l
)
Z L - Z0
GL =
Z L + Z0
At l = d :
æ Zin ö
V ( -d ) = V e
0
+ jb d
(1 + G eL
- j2bd
) = VTH ç Z + Z ÷
è in TH ø
+ æ Zin ö - jb d æ 1 ö
Þ V = VTH ç
0 ÷e ç - j 2b d ÷
è Zin + ZTH ø è 1 + G L e ø
Hence
æ Zin ö - j b ( d -l ) æ 1 + G L e- j 2 b l ö
V ( -l ) = VTH ç ÷e ç - j 2b d ÷
è Z m + ZTH ø è 1 + G L e ø
47
Example (cont.)
æ 1 + G L e- j 2 b d ö
Some algebra: Zin = Z ( -d ) = Z0 ç - j2bd ÷
è 1 - G L e ø
æ 1 + G L e- j 2 b d ö
Z0 ç
Z in è 1 - G Le- j 2b d ø
÷ Z 0 (1 + G L e- j 2 b d )
Þ = =
Zin + ZTH æ 1 + G Le- j 2b d ö Z 0 (1 + G L e- j 2 b d ) + ZTH (1 - G L e - j 2 b d )
Z0 ç - j 2b d ÷
+ ZTH
è 1 - G L e ø
Z 0 (1 + G L e- j 2 b d )
=
( ZTH + Z0 ) + G L e- j 2 b d ( Z0 - ZTH )
æ Z0 ö
=ç
(1 + G Le- j 2b d )
÷
Z
è TH + Z 0 ø æ Z - ZTH ö
1 + G Le- j 2b d ç 0 ÷
Z
è TH + Z 0 ø
æ Z0 ö
=ç
( 1 + G Le- j 2b d )
÷
Z
è TH + Z 0 ø æ Z - Z0 ö
1 - G L e - j 2 b d ç TH ÷
è ZTH + Z 0 ø
48
Example (cont.)
Hence, we have
Z in æ Z0 ö æ 1 + G L e- j 2 b d ö
=ç ÷ç ÷
Z in + ZTH è Z 0 + ZTH ø è 1 - G S G L e - j 2 b d ø
ZTH - Z 0
where GS =
ZTH + Z 0
æ Z0 ö - j b ( d - l ) æ 1 + G L e- j 2 b l ö
V ( -l ) = VTH ç ÷e ç - j 2b d ÷
è Z0 + ZTH ø è 1 - G G
S L e ø
49
Example (cont.)
Z0 = b
æ Z0 ö - j b ( d -l ) æ 1 + G L e- j 2 b l ö
V ( -l ) = VTH ç ÷e ç - j 2b d ÷
è Z0 + ZTH ø è 1 - GS G Le ø
50
Example (cont.)
Z0 = b
é1 + G L e- j 2b d + ( G L e- j 2 b d ) G S ù
æ Z0 ö êê ú
V ( -d ) = VTH ç ÷ + éë( G Le ) G S ùû ( G Le ) + éë( G L e ) GS ( GLe ) ù GS ú
- j 2b d - j 2b d - j 2b d - j 2b d
û ú
è Z0 + ZTH øê
ê +K ú
ë û
51
Example (cont.)
é1 + G Le- j 2 b d + ( G Le- j 2b d ) GS ù
æ Z0 ö êê ú
V ( -d ) = VTH ç ÷ + éë( G L e ) G S ùû ( G L e- j 2b d ) + éë( G Le- j 2b d ) GS ( G L e- j 2 b d ) ùû G S ú
- j 2b d
è Z 0 + ZTH øê ú
ê +K ú
ë û
é1 + ( G G e- j 2 b d ) + ( G G e- j 2b d )2 + K ù
ê L S L S
ú
æ Z0 öê ùú
V ( -d ) = VTH ç ÷ê + G L e - j 2b d é
êë1 + ( G G
L S e - j 2b d
) + ( G G
L S e )
- j 2b d 2
+ Kúû ú
è Z0 + ZTH øê ú
ê +K ú
ë û
Geometric series:
¥
1
åz
n =0
n
= 1+ z + z2 +K =
1- z
, z <1 z = G LG S e- j 2b d
52
Example (cont.)
Hence
é 1 ù
ê - j 2b d ú
æ Z0 ö ê1 - G L G s e ú
V ( -d ) = VTH ç ÷ê
è Z0 + ZTH ø + G e- j 2 b d æ 1 öú
ê L ç - j 2b d ÷ú
êë è 1 - G LG s e øúû
or
æ Z0 ö é 1 + G L e- j 2 b d ù
V ( -d ) = VTH ç ÷ê - j 2b d ú
è Z0 + ZTH øë 1 - G G
L s e û
53
Time-- Average Power Flow
Time
I(- )
+
Z0 , g V(- ) ZL
-
1 V ( -l ) = V0+ eg l (1 + G Le-2g l )
P ( -l ) = Re{V ( -l ) I * ( -l )}
V0+ g l
2 I ( -l ) = e (1 - G Le-2g l )
éV+ 2 ù Z0
1
2 ê Z0
0
(
= Re ê * e2al (1 + GL e-2g l ) 1 - G*L e-2g l
*
) ú
ú
g = a + jb
ë û
Note:
If Z0 » real (low-loss transmission line)
*
G Le-2g l - G*Le-2g l
+ 2
1V
( ) = GL e-2g l - ( G L e-2g l )
*
P ( -l ) »
0 2
e2a l 1 - GL e-4a l
2 Z0 = pure imaginary
54
Time-- Average Power Flow
Time
I(- )
+
Low-loss line Z0 , g V(- ) ZL
-
+ 2
1V
P ( -d ) »
2 Z0
0 2
(
e2a l 1 - G L e-4a l )
+ 2 + 2
1V 0
2a l 1V 2 -2a l 0
= *
e - *
GL e
2 Z0 2 Z0
1424 3 1442443
power in forward wave power in backward wave
Lossless line (a = 0)
+ 2
V
P ( -d ) =
1 0
2 Z0
1 - GL
2
( )
55
Quarter--Wave Transformer
Quarter
so
2
Z Hence
Z in = 0T
ZL Z 0T = [ Z 0 Z L ]
1/2
56
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
I(- )
V ( -l ) = V0+ e jb l (1 + G L e-2 jb l ) +
Z0 , g V(- ) ZL
=V e0
+ jb l
(1 + G L
jfL -2 j b l
e e ) -
V ( -l ) = V0+ 1 + G L e jfL e- j 2 b l 1+ G L
V ( z)
1 V0+
Vmax = V0+ (1 + G L ) 1- G L
Vmin = V0+ (1 - G L ) Dz = l / 2
z
z =0
Vmax
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio ( VSWR) =
Vmin
1 + GL
VSWR =
1 - GL 57
Coaxial Cable
Here we present a “case study” of one particular transmission line, the coaxial cable.
b e r ,s
Find C, L, G, R
For a TEMz mode, the shape of the fields is independent of frequency, and hence we
can perform the calculation using electrostatics and magnetostatics.
We will assume no variation in the z direction, and take a length of one meter in the z
direction in order top calculate the per-unit-length parameters.
58
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
Find C (capacitance / length)
er
Coaxial cable
æ rl 0 ö æ rl0 ö
E=r ç
ˆ ÷= rç
ˆ ÷
er è 2p e r ø è 2p e e
0 r r ø
a
rl0 B
V = VAB = ò E × dr
b -rl0 A
b
rl 0 æbö
= ò Er d r = ln ç ÷
a
2p e 0 e r è a ø
59
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
er
Coaxial cable
Hence
Q rl 0 (1)
C= =
V æ rl 0 ö æ b ö
ç ÷ ln ç ÷
è 2p e 0 e r ø è a ø
er
a We then have
rl0
b -rl0 2p e 0 e r
C= [F/m]
æbö
ln ç ÷
èaø
60
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
æ I ö
B = fˆ ç ÷ m0 m r
Note: We ignore “internal inductance”
here, and only look at the magnetic field
è 2p r ø
between the two conductors (accurate I
for high frequency.
z
Magnetic flux: I center conductor
b S
y = (1) ò Bf d r
a
h
61
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
b
y = (1) m0 mr òH f dr
h = 1 [m] a
I b
I
= m0 mr ò dr
2pr
mr a
y 1 æbö
L= = m0 mr ln ç ÷
I 2p è a ø
m0 m r æ b ö
Hence L= ln ç ÷ [H/m]
2p èaø
62
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
Observation:
2p e 0 e r
C= [F/m]
æbö
ln ç ÷
èaø
m0 m r æ b ö
L= ln ç ÷ [H/m]
2p èaø
LC = me = m 0e 0 ( m r e r )
63
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
L
For a lossless cable: Z0 =
C
2p e 0 e r m0 m r æ b ö
C= [F/m] L= ln ç ÷ [H/m]
æbö 2p èaø
ln ç ÷
èaø
mr 1 æ b ö
Z 0 = h0 ln ç ÷ [W]
e r 2p è a ø
m0
h0 = = 376.7303 [W ]
e0
64
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
Find G (conductance / length)
s
Coaxial cable
æ rl 0 ö æ rl0 ö
E=r ç
ˆ ÷= rç
ˆ ÷
s è 2p e r ø è 2p e e
0 r r ø
a
rl0 B
V = VAB = ò E × dr
b -rl0 A
b
rl 0 æbö
= ò Er d r = ln ç ÷
a
2p e 0 e r è a ø
65
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
s J =sE
a
rl0
I leak = J r
r =a
[(1) 2p a ]
b -rl0 = 2p as Er
r =a
æ rl 0 ö
= 2p as ç ÷
è 2p e e
0 r a ø
I leak
We then have G=
V
æ rl 0 ö
2p as ç ÷
è 2 p e e a ø 2ps
G= 0 r
or G= [S/m]
rl 0 æbö æbö
ln ç ÷ ln ç ÷
2p e 0 e r è a ø èaø
66
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
Observation:
2p e
C= [F/m] e = e 0e r
æbö
ln ç ÷
èaø
2ps
G= [S/m]
æbö
ln ç ÷
èaø
æs ö
G = Cç ÷
èe ø
This result actually holds for any transmission line.
67
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
As just derived,
æs ö
G =Cç ÷
èe ø
To be more general:
G æs ö
÷ = tan d
This is the loss tangent that would
=ç
wC è we ø arise from conductivity effects.
æs ö
ec = e - j ç ÷ Effective permittivity that accounts for conductivity
èw ø
æs ö
= ( e - je ) - j ç ÷
¢ ¢¢
èw ø
= e c¢ - je c¢¢
¢¢ æs ö
e +ç ÷
e c¢¢ èw ø
tan d º =
e c¢ e¢
69
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m] Find R (resistance / length)
R = Ra + Rb
Coaxial cable
æ 1 ö
Ra = Rsa ç ÷
è 2p a ø
Rs = surface resistance of metal
æ 1 ö
Rb = Rsb ç ÷
s b , m rb è 2p b ø
1 1
s a , m ra Rsa = Rsb =
s s ad a s bd b
a
2 2
b da = db =
wm0 mras a wm0 m rbs b
70
General Transmission Line Formulas
L
(1) = Z 0lossless = characteristic impedance of line (neglecting loss)
C
(2) LC = me ¢ = m 0e 0 ( m r e r¢ ) R = Ra + Rb
é 1 ù
Ri = Rs ê 2 ò J sz (l ) dl ú
2
G (4)
(3) = tan d êë I Ci úû
wC Ci = contour of conductor, i = a, b
Equations (1) and (2) can be used to find L and C if we know the material
properties and the characteristic impedance of the lossless line.
Equation (3) can be used to find G if we know the material loss tangent.
L = Z 0lossless me ¢
C = me ¢ / Z 0lossless
G = (wC ) tan d
R=R
72
Common Transmission Lines
Coax
mr 1 æ b ö e r , mr
Z lossless
0 = h0 ln ç ÷ [W]
e r 2p è a ø a
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö b
R = Rsa ç ÷ + Rsb ç ÷
è 2p a ø è 2p b ø
Twin-lead
h0 mr æ h ö
Z 0lossless = cosh -1 ç ÷ [W] h
p er è 2a ø
a a
é ù
ê æ h ö ú
ç ÷ e r , mr
ê 1 è 2a ø ú
R = Rs ê
p a æ h ö2 ú
ê -1 ú
êë ç ÷ úû
è 2a ø 73
Common Transmission Lines (cont.)
Microstrip ( w / h ³ 1)
æ e reff ( f ) - 1 ö e reff ( 0 )
Z 0 ( f ) = Z 0 ( 0 ) ç eff
ç e ( 0 ) - 1 ÷÷ e eff ( f )
è r ø r
120p
Z0 ( 0) =
e reff ( 0 ) éë( w¢ / h ) + 1.393 + 0.667 ln ( ( w¢ / h ) + 1.444 ) ùû
t æ æ 2h ö ö
w¢ = w + ç1 + ln ç t ÷ ÷
p è è øø
w
t
er h
74
Common Transmission Lines (cont.)
Microstrip ( w / h ³ 1)
2
æ e r - e reff (0) ö
e reff ( f ) = çç e r (0) +
eff
-1.5
÷
÷
1 + 4F
è ø
e r + 1 æ e r - 1 ö çæ 1 ö æ e -1 ö æ t / h ö
e eff
( 0) = +ç ÷ç ÷-ç r ÷ç ÷
è 2 ø è 1 + 12 ( h / w ) ÷ø è 4.6 ø è w / h ø
r
2
æ hö æ æ æ w ö ö
ö
2
F = 4 ç ÷ e r - 1 ç 0.5 + ç1 + 0.868ln ç1 + ÷ ÷ ÷
è l0 ø ç è è h ø ø ÷ø
è
w
t
er h
75
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory
At high frequency, discontinuity effects can become important.
transmitted
incident
Bend
reflected
+- Z0 ZL
76
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
ZTH
+- Z0 ZL
77
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
er a
z b
78
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
+ -
The extended fields may cause
interference with nearby objects.
(This may be improved by using
“twisted pair.”)
Having fields that extend to infinity is not the same thing as having radiation, however.
79
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
The infinite twin lead will not radiate by itself, regardless of how far apart
the lines are.
æ1 ö
Pt = ò Re ç ( E ´ H* ) ÷ × rˆ dS = 0
è2 ø
reflected S
S
incident
+ -
h
80
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
A discontinuity on the twin lead will cause radiation to occur.
Incident wave
pipe
obstacle h
Reflected wave
bend h bend
81
Reflected wave
Limitations of Transmission-
Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
82