Chemistry (Basic Mathematical Concepts)

Unit-1 Basic Mathematical Concepts

1. FUNCTION

Definition
If A and B two non-empty sets then a relation defined from A to B is said to be a function if every
element of A is associated with some unique element of set B
A f B A f B
a 1 a 1

b 2 b
2
c 3 c

d 4 d 3

(i) (ii)
Domain, Co-domain & Range
If y = f (x) is a function such that f is defined from A  B then
(1) Domain
Set A is called domain of f(x) and it is the set from which the independent variable ‘x’ takes its
values. The independent variables ‘x’ must be able to take each and every element of set A
(2) Co-domain
Set B is called co-domain of f(x) and it is the set from which the dependent variable y takes its
values the dependent variables ‘y’ cannot take its values outside the co-domain.
(3) Range
The set of values that ‘y’ actually takes for different values of ‘x’ is called range of f(x)
 Range is a subset of B
Range  co-domain
Some Important Definition
(i) One-One Mapping
A function f : x  Y is defined to be one-one (or injective). If the images of distinct elements of
X under f are distinct, i.e., for every x1, x2 X
F(x1) = F(x2)
 x1 = x2
(ii) Many-One Mapping
A function f : A  B is said to be many-one iff two or more different elements in A have same
f - image in B.
(iii) Onto Mapping
A function f : X  Y is said to be onto (or subjective), if every element of Y is the image of some
element of X under f i.e. for every y  Y, there exists an element x in X such that f(x) = y.
(iv) Into Mapping
The mapping f is said to be into iff there is at least one element in B which is not the f-image
of any element in A in this case f (A)  B. i.e. range of A is proper subset of B.
(V) Equal Function
Two function f and g are said to be equal, iff
(i) domain of f = domain of g
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 Chemistry (Basic Mathematical Concepts)

(ii) co-domain of f = Co-domain of g and

(iii) f(x) = g (x) for every x belonging to their common domain If two function f and g are equal
then we write f = g.
(Vi) Real Function
A function f : A  B is called a real valued function, if B is a subset of R. If A and B both are
subset of R, Them f is called a real function.
(vii) Periodic Function
If x  domain of function and x + T  D the if f(x) = f (x + T) then the function is said to be
periodic. Here T is a positive real no. independent of x. All the value of T which satisfies the equation.
Note
(A) Period of sinx, cosx, secx, cosecx = 2
(B) Period of tanx and cotx = 
(C) Period of sin2 x, cos2 x, sec2 x, tan2 x, cot2 x, cosec2 x = 
(D) sin x 2 , cos x 2 , sin x are not period function.
(viii) Inverse of A Function
Inverse of a function is defined if the function is bijective.
If y = f (x) : AB
-1
then f (y) = x : BA
Note : (i) Domain of the inverse is the range of function.
(ii) Range of the inverse is the domain of function.
(iii) If the function is increasing then its inverse will also be increasing and vice-versa.
Some Important Functions
(1) Constant Function
y = f(x) = c where c is some real constant is called a constant function
Y
Domain  x  R
f(x) = C
Range  {x}
(O, C) Co-domain
X
O

(2) Identify function

y = f( x) = x is called Identify function
Y
f(x) = x
Domain  x  R
Co-domain
X Range  R
O

(3) Greatest Integer Function [ ]

y = [x] is called greatest integer function of x and its value is equal to that greatest integer which
 x if x  I

is less than or equal to x and it can also be defined as y= [x] = an int eger just less then
 x if x  I

(4) Fractional part function { }
y = {x} is called fractional part function of x and it is defined as
{x} = x- [x]

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