Exercise 3.

1 43
Chapter 3
Exp4i): y varies directly as x & y=27 when x=3

Chapter 3 Find an equation connecting of x and y

Solution: we have y  x or
y  k x using y  27 & x  3
27  k  3
Ratio: comparison of two quantities with same
units same type. The ratio of two quantities a
and b is denoted as a : b and is defined as k 9
a : b  a b  ,b  0a
b
Exp4ii): y varies directly as x & y=27 when x=3
Find the value of y when x  11
Exp1i): write 3:12 in simplified form
Solution: we have y  x or
Sol: Given 3:12 divided by 3
1: 4 y  k x using y  27 & x  3
Exp1ii): write 6a :18b in simplified form 27  k  3
Sol: Given 6a :18b divided by 6 k 9
a : 3b Now to find y when x  11 and using k  9
Exp2 Divide Rs 5070 among three persons in y  9 11
the ratio 2 : 5 : 6
y  99
Sol: Total Amount = Rs 5070
Given ratio 2 : 5 : 6 Exp5:If y  x then complete the following table
Sum of ratio  2  5  6  13 x 4 5 8
2 y 6 18 22.5
Share of 1st person   5070  Rs.780 Sol: we have y  x
13
5 Or y  k x using x  4 & y  6
Share of 2nd person   5070  Rs.1950
13 6  k  4
6 3
Share of 3rd person   5070  Rs.2340 k
13 2
Proportion: A statement of equality of two Now to find y when x=5 and using k=3/2
ratios of same type and same unit is called 3 15
proportion. If four quantities a, b, c, d are in y  5   7.5
2 2
proportion then mathematically these are Now to find y when x=8 and using k=3/2
written as 3 24
1. a : b :: c : d y 8   12
2. a : b  c : d 2 2
3. Product of mans = Product of extremes Now to find x when y=18 and using k=3/2
i.e. a  d  b  c 3
18  x
a b a c 2
4.  or 
c d b d 2
x  18   12
Exp3: if a  b , a  b , a  ab  b , x are in
3 3 2 2 2 2 3
proportion. Find the value of x Now to find x when y=22.5 and using k=3/2
3
Sol: Given a3  b3 : a2  b2  a2  ab  b2 : x 22.5  x
Using Product of mans = Product of extremes 2
a2
 b2  a 2  ab  b2   x  a3  b3  x
225 2 75  2
 
10 3 10
a 2
 b2  a 2  ab  b2 
x 150
x  15
a 3  b3 10
 a  b  a  b   a 2  ab  b2  So complete table is given as under
Or x  x
 a  b   a 2  ab  b2 
4 5 8 12 15
y 6 7.5 12 18 22.5
x  ab Inverse Variation: A relation between two
Variations: quantities such that and increase or decrease
There are two types of Variations. causes an decrease or increase in the other
1. Direct variations 2. Inverse variations quantity in same ratio is called inverse variation.
Direct Variation: A relation between two quantities If two quantities x and y vary inversely, then
such that and increase or decrease causes an we write y  1x ( read as y varies inversely with
increase or decrease in the other quantity in the
same ratio is called direct variation. x) or y  k
x ( k is constant of variation ).
If two quantities x and y vary directly, then we Exp6:if x varies inversely as y & x=3 when y=12
write y  x ( read as y varies directly with x) or Find the value of y when x=6
y = k x ( k is constant of variation ). 1 k
Sol: Given y  or simply y 
x x
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.1 44
Chapter 3
Using x = 3 when y = 12 Q4. If 11 : x  1  22 : 27 , find the value of x
k Sol: Given 11 : x  1  22 : 27
12  Using Product of Mean = Product of extreme
3
 k  36 22   x  1   11  27
Now to find y when x = 6 using k = 36 22  x  1  11  27
k 36 
y  11 11
x 6 2  x  1   27
y6 2x  2  27
Exp7: Given that Pressure “P” on the quantity of 2x  27  2
gas in a container varies inversely to its volume 29
V. When Pressure is 10N/m2 its volume is 25m3. x  14.5
2
Find the pressure when the volume is 20m3.
Q5i). There is direct variation between x2 and
1 k
Sol: Given P  or P  y, when x = 7, when y = 49 Find y when x = 9
Sol: Given yx  y  kx2 …(1)
v v 2

Using P = 10 N/m2 and v = 25m3

When y = 49, and x = 7 put in (1)
k
10  49  k  7 
2

25
k  250 49  49k
k 1
3
Now to find P when V = 20m and using k = 250
P
250 Now to find y when x = 9 using k  1 put in (1)
y  1  9   81
20 2

P  12.5 N / m 2
Q5ii). There is direct variation between x2 and
Exercise 3.1 y, when x =7, when y=49 Find x when y= 100
Q1: which is greater ratio, 5:7 and 151:208 Sol: Given yx2  y  kx2 …(1)
Sol: we have 5:7 and 151:208 When y = 49, and x = 7 put in (1)
49  k  7 
2
5
First ration  0.714285
7 49  49k
151
Second ratio  0.72596153 k 1
208
Now to find x when y=100 using k  1 put in (1)
Clearly second ratio is greater.
Q2. Gold and silver are mixed in the ratio 7:4. 100  1.x2
If 36 grams of silver are used How much gold x2  100
is used.
 x2   100
Sol: Let amount of Gold = x
Amount of silver = 36 grams  x  10
Given ratio Gold : Silver =7 : 4 Q6i). X varies inversely as y, and when x=4,
Using proportion 7 : 4  x : 36 y=24. Find y when x = 12
Product of mean = Product of extreme 1 k
4 x  36  7 Sol: Given y y  ……(1)
x x
36  7 When x=4 and y=24 put in (1)
x
k
4 24 
x  63 4
Amount of Gold = 63 grams 24  4  k
Q3. Divide the annual profit of Rs.40,000 of a 96  k
factory among 3 partners in the ratio 5:8:12  k  96
Sol: Given ratio of 3 partners = 5:8:12 Now to find y when x = 12, using k = 96 in (1)
Sum of ratio = 5 + 8 +12 = 25 96
Total amount = 40 000 y
12
5 y8
Share of 1st Partner   40 000
25
= Rs 8000 Q6ii). X varies inversely as y, and when x=4,
y=24. Find x when y = 24
8
Share of 1st Partner   40 000 1 k
25 Sol: Given y y  ……(1)
x x
= Rs 12800
When x=4 and y=24 put in (1)
12
Share of 1st Partner   40 000 24 
k
25 4
= Rs 19200 k  24  4  96
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.1 45
Chapter 3
Now to find x when y = 24, using k = 96 in (1) When x = ? and y = 3.5 using k=1/2 put in (1)
96 3.5 
1
x
24  2
x
3.5  2  x
24x  96
x7
96
x When y = ? and x = 15, using k=1/2 put in (1)
24 1
y  15   7.5
x4 2
1 Putting the values in the table
Q7i). r & p=9 when r=2.Find r when p = 3 x. 4 6 7 15
p3
y. 2 3 3.5 7.5
1 k
Sol: Given r r ……(1) Continued Proportional: If three quantities
p3 p3 a, b and c are linked as a : b :: b : c then we say
when p = 9 when r = 2, put in (1) that these quantities are in continued
k proportional. b is the mean proportional( or
2 3 Geometric mean) while a and c are first and
9
third proportional.
2  93  k
Mean Proportional: If three quantities a, b and
 k  2  729 c are linked as a : b :: b : c then b is called mean
 k  1458 proportional.
Now to find r when p = 3, using k = 1458 in (1) Then Product of means = Product of extremes
1458 i.e. b  b  a  c  b 2  a.c
r
33  b  a.c
1458  Mean proportional = product of extremes
r
27
r  54 Exp 8: Find mean proportion of 5 and 15
Sol: Let mean proportion  x
1 1
Q7ii). r & p=9 when r =2.Find p when r  So 5, x,15 form continued proportion, So
p3
4 5: x  x :15
1 k Product of mean = Product of extreme
Sol: Given r 3 r  3 ……(1)
p p x2  5 15
when p = 9 when r = 2, put in (1) x2  5  5  3 Taking square root
k x  5 3
2 3
9 Exp9: Find the third proportion of a 2b2 & abc
2  93  k Sol: Let third proportion = x
 k  2  729 So a2b2 , abc, x are in continued proportion, so
 k  1458 a2b2 : abc  abc : x
1 Product of extreme = product of mean
Now to find p when r  , using k = 1458 in(1)
4 a 2b 2 x  abc  abc
1 1458
 3 a 2b 2 x  a 2b 2 c 2
4 p
 x  c2
p3  4  1458
Exp 10. Find the fourth proportion of a3  b3 ,
p  5832
3

a  b and a 2  ab  b2
 p  18 
3 3
Sol: Let fourth proportion = x
So a3  b3 : a  b = a 2  ab  b2 : x
18
3
 3 p3  3
Product of extreme = Product of mean
p  18 a 3
 b3  x   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
Q8. If yx , then compete the following tables.  a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
x
x.
y.
4
2
6
3.5
15
a  b  3 3

Sol: Given yx  y  kx …(1)  a  b   a  ab  b 

2 2

x
When y = 2, and x = 4 put in (1)  a  b   a  ab  b 
2 2

2  k  4 ab
x
1 a b
k
2 Theorems on Proportional:
When y = ? and x = 6, using k=1/2 put in (1) 1). If a : b  c : d , then a : c  b : d is called
1 Alternendo property. e.g. 3: 5 = 6 : 10
y   6  3
2 Then 3 : 6 = 5 : 10
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.2 46
Chapter 3
2). If a : b  c : d , then b : a  d : c is called using componendo Dividendo property
Invertendo property. e.g. 6 : 10 = 9 : 15
 x  3   x  4   x  3   x  4   13  12
2 2 2 2

 x  3   x  4   x  3   x  4   13  12
Then 10 : 6 = 15 : 9 2 2 2 2
3). If a : b  c : d , then a  b : b  c  d : d or
ab cd
 is called componendo property. 2  x  3
2
25
b d  Taking square root
2  x  4
2
a c 1
Or then a : a  b  c : c  d or  is
ab cd x3
called componendo property. e.g. 4:5 = 8:10  5
x4
4  5 8  10
Then  or  4  5  : 5   8  10  :10 x  3  5  x  4 
5 10
4). If a : b  c : d , then a  b : b  c  d : d or Either or
a b cd x  3  5  x  4  x  3  5  x  4
 is called Dividendo property.
b d x  3  5 x  20 x  3  5 x  20
Or If a : b  c : d ,then a : a  b  c : c  d or
x  5 x  20  3 3  20  5 x  x
a c
 is called Dividendo property. 6 x  17 23  4 x
a b cd
e.g. 5:4 = 10:8 then  5  4  : 4  10  8  : 8 x
17
x
23
2).If a : b  c : d , then a  b : a  b  c  d : c  d or 6 4
ab cd 17 23 
Solution set   , 
 called componendo- dividendo property.
a b cd 6 4
Or If a : b  c : d ,then a  b : a  b  c  d : c  d or
a b cd Exercise 3.2
 called dividend- componendo property.
ab cd Q1i): Are 4,12,36 in continued proportional?
7  3 14  6 Sol: Given 4,12,36
e.g. 7 : 3  14 : 6 then  For continued proportional we can write
7  3 14  6 4 : 12  12 : 36
a c 2a  3b 2c  3d Using Product of extreme = Product of Mean
Exp11:if  then prove that 
b d b d 4  36  12  12
a c 2 144  144 Satisfied
Sol: Given  multiply both sides by
b d 3 So given numbers are in continued proportional
Q1ii): Are 3,12,39 in continued proportional?
2 a 2c Sol: Given3, 12, 39
 using componendo property
3b 3d For continued proportional we can write
3 : 12  12 : 39
2a  3b 2c  3d Using Product of Mean = Product of extreme
 Multiply by 3
3b 3d 12  12  3  39
2a  3b 2c  3d 144  117 NotSatisfied
 which is required result
b d So given numbers are not in continued proportional
3a  4b 3c  4d a c Q1iii): Are 72,24,8 in continued proportional?
Exp12. If  then  Sol: Given72,24,8
3a  4b 3c  4d b d
For continued proportional we can write
3a  4b 3c  4d 72 : 24  24 : 8
Sol: Given 
3a  4b 3c  4d Using Product of extreme = Product of Mean
using componendo Dividendo property 24  24  72  8
 3a  4b    3a  4b    3c  4d    3c  4d  576  576 Satisfied
 3a  4b    3a  4b   3c  4d    3c  4d  So given numbers are in continued proportional
3a  4b  3a  4b 3c  4d  3c  4d Q2: Find the mean proportional of 12,3
 Solution: Let the mean proportional = x
3a  4b  3a  4b 3c  4d  3c  4d So 12,x,3 are in continued proportion
6a 6c For continued proportional we can write

8b 8d 12 : x  x : 3
a c Using Product of extreme = Product of Mean
Thus  x  x  12  3
b d
x2  36
Exp13: if 
x  3   x  4 
2 2
13 then find x
 Taking square root on both side
 x  3   x  4  12
2 2
x  6

Sol: Given  x  3   x  4   13
2 2
Q3: If 5,15,x are in continued proportional, find
the value of x
 x  3   x  4  12
2 2

Solution: we have 5,15,x

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.2 47
Chapter 3
For continued proportional we can write 2 3x  2 5
5 : 15  15 : x 
2 x 3
Using Product of extreme = Product of Mean
5  x  15  15 3x  2 5
15  15

x  3  15  45 x 3
5
Q4: If 3x  1, 4,35 are in continued proportion, Cross multiplying 3 3x  2  5 x
find the value of x Squaring both sides
3   5 x 
2 2
Solution: we have 3x  1, 4,35 3x  2
9 3x  2   25x
For continued proportional we can write
3x  1 : 4  4 : 35
27x  18  25x
Using Product of extreme = Product of Mean
27x  25x  18
35   3x  1  4  4
2x  18
105 x  35  16 18
x
105 x  16  35 2
x  9
51 17
x 
 x  1   x  2  17
2 2
105 35 Q7ii): Solve
Q5: Find mean proportional of a  b & a  b  x  1    x  2 8 2 2
2 2

a b
Sol: Given  x  1   x  2  17
2 2

Solution: Let the mean proportional = x

 x  1    x  2 8 2 2
a b
So a2  b2 ,x, are in continued proportion
a b Using componendo-Dividendo property
For continued proportional we can write Numerator  Deno min ator Numerator  Deno min ator

a b Numerator  Deno min ator Numerator  Deno min ator
a2  b2 : x  x :
 x  1   x  2   x  1   x  2  17  8
2 2 2 2
a b
 x  1   x  2   x  1   x  2  17  8
Using Product of extreme = Product of Mean 2 2 2 2
a b

xx  a b  2

a b
2

2  x  1
2
a b 9
x   a  b  a  b  
2

a b
 x  1   x  2   x  1   x  2 25
2 2 2 2

x   a  b
2 2

2  x  1
2
Taking square root on both side 9

2  x  2 25
2
 a  b
2
x 2

x    a  b
 x  1
2
9
a c ac  bd a2  b2 
 x  2 25
2
Q6:If  , then prove that 
b d ac  ad a2  b2
a c Taking Square root on both sides
Sol: Given  it can be written as
 x  1
2
b d 
9
c a a  x  2 25
2

 multiply both side by we get

d b b x 1

3
a c a a x 2 5
  
b d b b Cross multiplying
ac a2
 2 5  x  1  3  x  2 
bd b
Using componendo-Dividendo property Either or
ac  bd a2  b2


5 x 1  3 x 2   
5 x  1  3 x  2  
ac  bd a2  b2 5x  5  3x  6 5x  5  3x  6
Q7i): Solve 3x  2  x 4 5x  3x  6  5 5x  3x  6  5

3x  2  x 1 2x  11 8x  1
Sol: Given 3x  2  x 4 11 1

3x  2  x 1 x x
2 8
Using componendo-Dividendo property
3x  2  x  3x  2  x 4 1 x2  a2  x2  a2 1
 Q7iii): Solve 
3
3x  2  x   3x  2  x 4 1
 x2  a2  x2  a2
x2  a2  x2  a2
1
3x  2  x  3x  2  x 5 Sol: Given 

3x  2  x  3x  2  x 3 x2  a2  x2  a2 3
Using componendo-Dividendo property

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.3 48
Chapter 3
x2  a2  x 2  a 2  x 2  a 2  x 2  a 2 13 11
 y 16  22 
x2  a2  x 2  a 2  x 2
 a2  x 2  a 2  13 36
968
Thus y
2 x a 2 2
4 9

x a  x a  x a  x a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Q2.If f varies jointly as g and cube of h if
2 x a 2 2
f  200 when g  5 & h  4 . Find f when
 2
2 x2  a2 g 3 &h  6
Sol: Given f varies jointly as g & cube of h
x 2  a2
 2 f  g h3
 x 2  a2
x2  a2  2 x 2  a 2 f  k g h3
Squaring both sides if f  200 when g  5 & h  4

   2  200  k  5  4 
2 2 3
x2  a2 x2  a2

x2  a2  4 x 2  a 2   200
k
x  a  4x  4a
2 2 2 2
 5 64 
4a2  a2  4x2  x2 5
5a2  3x2 k 
8
5
x 2  a2 Now to Find f when g  3 & h  6 using k=5/8
3
5
Taking square root on both sides
f   3 6 
3

5 8
x a f  405
3
Joint variation: Q3.Suppose a is jointly proportional to b & c if
A direct variation with two or more quantities a  4 when b  8& c  9 . Then what value of
e.g. if x is jointly proportional to y and z. so a when b  2 & c  18
x  yz Sol: Given a is jointly proportional to b & c
Or xk yz a  bc
Exp14: if y varies jointly as x and z and y=12 a  k bc
when x =9 and z = 3 find z when y=6 & x =15
Sol: As variation y  x z or simply y  k x z if a  4 when b  8& c  9 .
Putting y=12 when x =9 and z = 3 4  k  8  9 
12  k  9  3 4
k
12  27 k 8 9 
12 4 1
k  k 
27 9 18
Now to find z when y=6 & x =15 using k = 4/9 Now to Find a if b  2 & c  18 using k=1/18
4
6  15  z 1
9 a   2 18
69 9
18
z  z a2
4 15 10
Q4. If p varies jointly as q & r 2 . if p  225
Exercise 3.3
when q  4 & r  3 . Find p when q  6 & r  8
Q1:If y varies jointly as x & z. if y  33 when Sol: Given If p varies jointly as q & r .
x  9 & z  12 . Find y when x  16 & z  22 p  q r2
Sol: Given If y varies jointly as x & z. So,
yx z p  k q r2
y k xz if p  225 when q  4 & r  3 .
If y  33 when x  9 & z  12 225  k  4  3
2

33  k  9 12  225 25
k k 
33 49 4
k
9  12 Now Find p when q  6 & r  8 using k=75/4
25
11 p   6  8 
2
k
36 4
Now find y when x  16 & z  22 using k=11/36 Thus p  2400

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.3 49
Chapter 3
Q5.if a varies jointly b cubed &c if a  36 when q  2, r  4, s  3& t  1
when b  4 & c  6 . find a when b  2 & c  14 Sol: Given If p varies jointly as q & r 2 and
Sol: if a varies jointly b cubed &c
inversely as s & t 2
a  b3 c
qr 2
a  k b3c p
st 2
if a  36 when b  4 & c  6 .
qr 2
36  k  4   6 
3 pk 2
st
36 If p  40 when q  8, r  5, s  3, t  2
k
 64  6  8 5
2

40  k
 3 2 
2
3
k 
32 50
Now find a when b  2 & c  14 using k=3/32 40  k
3
3
a   2  14 
3
3
32 k  40
21 50
Thus a 12
2 Thus k
5
Q6. If z varies jointly as x & y. if z  12 when
x  2 & y  4 find constant of variation. 12 q r 2
Therefore p
Sol: given If z varies jointly as x & y 5 s t2
zx y Now find p when q  2, r  4, s  3& t  1
zkxy
12  2  4 
2

if z  12 when x  2 & y  4 p
5  3 1
2

12  k  2  4 
128
12 p
k 5
8
K- Method: Let a : b  c : d be a proportion.
Thus constant of variation k  3 2 a c
3 Then   k ( say ). Thus a  bk , c  dk
and variation z xy b d
2 These eqs are used to evaluate certain expressions
Q7.If y varies jointly as x & z. If y  6 when
2 more easily. This method is called K-Method.

x  4 & z  9 . Write y as a function of x & z. a c e

Exp15: If   then each of these ratio is
and determine the value of y, when x  8 & b d f
z  12 la  mc  ne
equal to
Sol: Given If y varies jointly as x 2 & z lb  md  nf
y  x2 z a c e
Sol: Let    k ………….(1)
y  k x2 z b d f
Then each of ratio equal to k
If y  6 when x  4 & z  9 .
a c e
 k,  k,  k or
6  k  4 9
2
b d f
6 a  bk , c  dk e f k
k
16  9 la  mc  ne
Now taking putting a, b, c
1 lb  md  nf
k
24 lbk  mdk  nf k

Therefore given variation becomes lb  md  nf
Thus y
x2 z k  lb  md  nf 
24 
lb  md  nf
Now find y, when x  8 & z  12
 k ……………….(2)
 8  12 
2
From eq (1) and eq (2) we get
y
24 a c e la  mc  ne
  =
Thus y  32 b d f lb  md  nf
Q8. If p varies jointly as q & r 2 and inversely a c e ace
Exp16: Prove that   =
as s & t 2 , p  40 when q  8, r  5, s  3, t  2 b d f bd  f
Find p in terms of q,r,s,t. Also find value of p
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.4 50
Chapter 3
a c e From eq (1) Product of LHS= Product of RHS
Sol: Let    k ………….(1)
b d f x y z 1 1 1
. .  . .
Then each of ratio equal to k a b c k k k
a c e xyz 1
 k,  k,  k or  Multiply 3 on both sides
b d f abc k 3
a  bk , c  dk e f k 3 xyz 3
 ………………(3) From eq (2) & (3)
Adding a  c  e  bk  dk  f k abc k 3
a  c  e  k b  d  f  x3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
  
ace a3 b3 c3 abc
 k ……….(2)
bd  f Exercise 3.4
From eq (1) and eq (2) we get a c
a c e ace Q1i). If  then prove that
  = Hence proved b d
b d f bd  f 2a  3b 2c  3d

a c e a 2  c 2  e2 2a  3b 2c  3d
Exp17 Prove that    a c 2
b d f b2  d 2  f 2 Sol: Given  multiply by
b d 3
a c e
Sol: Let    k …………….(1) 2 a 2c
b d f  using componendo Dividendo
3b 3d
each ratio equal to k
2a  3b 2c  3d
a c e 
 k,  k,  k or 2a  3b 2c  3d
b d f
a c
a  bk , c  dk e  f k Squaring Q1ii). If  then prove that
b d
a 2  b2 k 2 , c2  d 2k 2 , e2  f 2k 2 adding pa  qb pa  qd

a 2  c 2  e2  b2 k 2  d 2 k 2  f 2 k 2 ma  nb mc  nd
a 2  c 2  e2  k 2  b2  d 2  f 2  Sol: Let
a c
  k then each ratio equal to k
b d
a 2  c 2  e2
 k 2 taking square root on bs a
 k,
c
k
b d  f
2 2 2
b d
a 2  c 2  e2 a  bk , c  dk
 k2
b d  f
2 2 2 Taking LHS and putting value of a
pa  qb pbk  qb
a 2  c 2  e2 
 k ………….(2) ma  nb mbk  nb
b2  d 2  f 2
b  pk  q 
From eq (1) and (2) we get 
b  mk  n 
a c e a 2  c 2  e2
   2 Hence proved pk  q
b d f b  d2  f 2  …………….(1)
mk  n
a b c Taking LHS and putting value of c
Exp18q if   then prove that
x y z pc  qd pdk  qd

x3 y 3 z 3 3xyz mc  nd mdk  nd
  
a3 b3 c3 abc d  pk  q 

a b c d  mk  n 
Sol: Let    k then each ratio equal to k
x y z pk  q
 …………….(2)
a
 k,
b
 k,
c
 k taking reciprocal mk  n
x y z Form equations (1) and (2) we get
pa  qb pa  qd
x 1 y 1
 ,  ,
z 1
 ……(1) Taking cubes 
a k b k c k ma  nb mc  nd
x3 1 y3 1 z3 1 a c e pa2  qc2  e2
 ,  ,  Adding Q2.   
a 3 k 3 b3 k 3 c3 k 3 b d f pb2  qd2  f2
x3 y 3 z 3 1 1 1 a c e
     Sol: Given    k ……(1)
a 3 b3 c 3 k 3 k 3 k 3 b d f
x3 y 3 z 3 3 Then each of these fraction equal to k
   ………….(2)
a 3 b3 c 3 k 3
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.4 51
Chapter 3
i.e., a  k, c e Multiply (2) by 2 4x  2y  4z  2bk
 k, k
b d f Multiply (3) by 2 4x  4y  2z  2ck
or a  bk, c  dk, e  fk Multiply (1) by -1 x  2y  2z  ak
Squaring both sided Adding three eq
9x  2bk  2ck  ak
a2  b2k2 , c2  d2k2 , e2  f2k2
9x  k 2b  2c  a 
pa2  pb2k2 , qc2  qd2k2 , e2  f2k2 x k
Now adding

2b  2c  a 9
 4
pa2  qc2  e2  pb2k2  qd2k2  f2k2 Multiply (3) by 2 4x  4y  2z  2ck
Multiply (1) by 2 2x  4y  4z  2ak

pa2  qc2  e2  pb2  qd2  f2 k2  Multiply (2) by -1 2x  y  2z  bk
pa  qc  e
2 2 2 Adding three eq
 k2 9y  2ck  2ak  bk
pb  qd  f
2 2 2
9y  k 2c  2a  b 
pa2  qc2  e2 y k
 k2
pb2  qd2  f2 
2c  2a  b 9
5 
pa2  qc2  e2 Multiply (1) by 2 2x  4y  4z  2ak
pb2  qd2  f2
k 2  Multiply (2) by 2 4x  2y  4z  2bk
Multiply (1) by -1
From equations (1) and (2) we get 2x  2y  z  ck
Adding three eq
a c e pa2  qc2  e2 9z  2ak  2bk  ck
   9z  k 2a  2b  c 
b d f pb2  qd2  f2
z k
Q3. If x  y  y  z  z  x then prove that 
2a  2b  c 9
 6
z x y
From equations (4), (5) and (6) we get
x  y  z , where x,y,z are non-zero numbers
x y z
 
and x  y  z  0 2b  2c  a 2c  2a  b 2a  2b  c
Sol: Given xy y z zx ………(1) Q5. Prove that each of its fraction in
  k
z x y x y yz zx x yz
Then each of these fraction equal to k   is equal to
a b bc c a a bc
x y yz zx
 k,  k, k x y yz zx
z x y Sol: Given 
a b bc c a
 k 1 
x  y  zk , y  z  k , z  x  k ................ A  Then each of these fraction equal to k
Now adding xy yz zx
x  y  y  z  z  x  zk  xk  yk  k,  k, k
a b bc ca
0  k z  x  y  x  y  k  a  b  , y  z  k  a  b  ,z  x  k  c  a 
0  k x  y  z Adding
Since x  y  z  0 k 0 x  y  y  z  z  x  k a  b  b  c  c  a
Put k = 0 in system (A) we get 2x  2y  2z  k 2a  2b  2c 
x  y  z 0, y  z  x 0 , z  x  y 0  2  x  y  z   2k  a  b  c 
x  y  0, y  z  0, zx  0 x  y  z 2k

abc 2
x  y, y  z, zx x yz
 k 2 
By transitive property x  y  z abc
2y  2z  x 2z  2x  y 2x  2y  z From eqs (1) & (2)
Q4. If   , x y yz zx x yz
a b c   =
then prove that x y z a b bc c a a bc
 
2b  2c  a 2c  2a  b 2a  2b  c bz  cy cx  az ay  bx
Q6: if   then
2y  2z  x 2z  2x  y 2x  2y  z bc ca a b
Sol:   k
a b c  a  b  c  x  y  z   ax  by  cz
Then each of these fraction equal to k
2y  2z  x 2z  2x  y 2x  2y  z bz  cy cx  az ay  bx
 k,  k, k Sol: Let    k then
a b c bc ca a b
2y  2z  x  ak, 2z  2x  y  bk, 2x  2y  z  ck bz  cy cx  az ay  bx
 k,  k, k
Arranging bc ca a b
x  2y  2z  ak 1 bz  cy  k  b  c  or bz  cy  kb  kc .…(1)
2x  y  2z  bk 2  cx  az  k  c  a  or cx  az  kc  ka …..(2)
2x  2y  z  ck 3 
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.4 52
Chapter 3
ay  bx  k  a  b  or ay  bx  ka  kb ….(3) b  f  d    cd  af 
to
Adding eqs (1) , (2) and (3) we get e f  d 
bz  cy  cx  az  ay  bx  kb  kc  kc  ka  ka  kb
a b bc
Rearranging Sol: Let   k ……..(1) then
ay  az  bx  bz  cx  cy  kb  kb  kc  kc  ka  ka d e e f
ay  az  bx  bz  cx  cy  0 a b bc
 k, k or
adding ax, by, cz on both sides d e e f
ax  ay  az  bx  by  bz  cx  cy  cz  ax  by  cz a  b  k d  e , b  c  k e  f 
a  x  y  z   b  x  y  z   c  x  y  z   ax  by  cz a  b  kd  ke …(2) b  c  k e  k f …..(3)
 a  b  c  x  y  z   ax  by  cz X eq (2) by f X eq (3) by d
af  bf  kdf  kef bd  cd  ked  kdf
x y z
Q7 if   then Adding
bc a c  a b a bc af  bf  bd  cd  kdf  kef  ked  kdf
b  c  x  c  a  y   a  b  z  0 Multiply by -1
x y z bf  bd  cd  af  kef  ked
Sol: Let    k then
bc a c  a b a bc b  f  d    cd  af   ke  f  d 
b  f  d    cd  af 
x y z
 k,  k,  k or
bca c  a b abc  k ………(2)
e f  d 
x  kb  kc  ka ……………….(1)
y  ka  kc  kb ……………….(2) From eqs (1) and (2) we get
z  ka  kb  kc ……………….(3) a b bc b  f  d    cd  af 
 
Taking LHS  b  c  x   c  a  y   a  b  z d e e f e f  d 
Putting values of x, y, z Exp19. A stone is dropped from the top of hill. The
distance it falls is proportional to the square of the
  b  c  kb  kc  ka    c  a  ka  kc  kb  time of fall. The stone falls 19.6m after 2seconds.
  a  b  ka  kb  kc 
How far does it fall after 3seconds?
Sol: Let distance covered = d
 kb  kbc  kab  kbc  kc 2  kac
2 And time spends = t
According to condition d  t2
 kac  kc 2  kbc  ka 2  kac  kab
Or d  k t2
 ka 2  kab  kac  kab  kb 2  kbc When d = 19.6m then t = 2 sec
Rearranging the terms
19.6  k  2 
2
 kb  kb  kbc  kbc  kab  kab
2 2

kbc  kbc  kc 2  kc 2  kac  kac 19.6  k  4 

ka 2  ka 2  kab  kab  kac  kac
Or k  4.9
Now to find d when t = 3sec using k = 4.9
 0 =RHS hence proved
d  4.9  3
2
8.if 2x  3 y : 3 y  4 z : 4 z  5x  4a  5b : 3b  a : 2b  3a
Then 7 x  6 y  8z  0 d  4.9  9 
Sol 2x  3 y : 3 y  4z : 4 z  5x  4a  5b : 3b  a : 2b  3a d  44.1m
2 x  3 y 3 y  4 z 4 z  5x Exp20: Height of an image y on a screen varies
Or    k then directly as distance x of the projector from the
4a  5b 3b  a 2b  3a
screen. Height of an image is 20cm when distance
2x  3y 3y  4z 4 z  5x
 k,  k,  k Or of the projector from screen is 100cm. At what
4a  5b 3b  a 2b  3a distance should projector be kept from the screen
2 x  3 y  k  4a  5b  or 2 x  3 y  4ak  5bk ..(1) so that height of an image on screen be 15cm.
Sol: Let Height of an image = y
3 y  4 z  k  3b  a  or 3 y  4 z  3bk  ka ….(2) Distance of projector = x
So, yx
4 z  5 x  k  2b  3a  or 4 z  5x  2bk  3ak ..(3) Or ykx
Adding eqs (1), (2) and (3) When height y  20cm projector’s distance x  100cm
2 x  3 y  3 y  4 z  4 z  5x
20  k 100 
 4ak  5bk  3bk  ka  2bk  3ak
20
7 x  6 y  8 z  4ak  ka  3ak k
100
5bk  3bk  2bk 1
7 x  6 y  8z  0 Hence proved. Or k
5
a b bc y  15cm projector’s distance x  ?
Q9. If  then each of them is equal When height
d e e f
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Exercise 3.5 53
Chapter 3
1 Sol: Given Thickness of hedge = x
15  x Number of planks = y
5
According to given condition
15  5  x
yx  y  kx ….(1)
Or Distance of projector from screen x  75cm
Exp21: The ratio of the mass of sand to cement in a When y = 4 and x = 12cm
particular type of concrete is 4.8:2. If 6kg of sand 4  k 12 
are used, how much cement is needed?
1
Sol: Sand : Cement k
Mass 6kg : x 3
Ratio 4.8 : 2
1
For direct proportion i). Find x when y = 6, using k  put in (1)
6 x 3
 1
4.8 2 6 x
3
6 2 63  x
Or x
4.8 18  x
Mass of cement x  2.5 kg  x  18cm
Exp22i): 4 people can paint a fence in 3 hours. How ii).Find y when x = 9cm
y  13  9 
long will it take 6 people to paint it.
Sol: Number of people  p
Time taken to complete the work  t y 3
1 Q2. A fountain, pressure ‘P’ of water at any internal
According to condition t 
p point varies directly as depth ‘d’ from surface.
Pressure is 51 newton/ cm when depth is 3cm.
2
k
Or t Find pressure when depth is 7cm.
p Sol: Given dP  d  kP ………(1)
When p  4 and t  3 hours so, When P = 51 N / cm and d = 3cm
2

3
k 3  k  51
4 k  513  171
 k  12
Now to find t  ? when p  6 and using k=12 Find P when d = 7cm using k  171 put in (1)
1
12 7 P
t 17
6 7  17  P
t  2 hours  P  119 N / cm2
Exp22: 4 people can paint a fence in 3 hours. How
many people are needed to complete the job in half Q3. Pressure of gas in container varies directly
an hour? as temperature. When pressure is 50 N/m2,
Sol: Number of people  p temperature is 75oC. Find pressure when
Time taken to complete the work  t temperature is 150o
1 Sol: Given Pressure of gas = x
According to condition t Temperature = y
p According to condition
Or t
k yx  y  kx ………(1)
p When y = 75oC and x = 50 N/m2 put in (1)
When p  4 and t  3 hours so, 75  k  50 
k k
3
3
2
4
Find x when y = 150o using k  3
in (1)
 k  12 2
3
1
Now to find p  ? when t  hours and using k=12 150  x
2 2
2
1 12
 150   x
cross multiplication 3
2 p
50  2  x
Number of persons p  24
x  100
Exercise 3.5 Q4. If 8 persons complete a work in 10 days
Q1. A hedge is made of wooden planks. The then how many days would 10 persons take to
thickness of the hedge varies directly as number complete same work?
of planks. Four planks make 12cm thick hedge. Sol: Given Number of persons = x
i). Find Thickness of hedge when number of Number of days = y
planks is 6 According to condition
ii). Number of planks when thickness of hedge is 9
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Review Exercise 3 54
Chapter 3
1 k i). Direct variation between a and b can be
y y  ……(1)
x x expressed as
When x = 8 and y = 10 put in (1) O ab O a 1
b
10  k8
O ab O a 1
b
k  10  8  80
1
Find y = ? and x = 10, using k = 80 in (1) ii). If m then
80 n
y O mkn O nkm
10
y8 O n k O mn  k
m

Q5. Volume of gas ’V’ varies inversely as iii). Identify the item that does not have the
pressure ‘P’. when P = 300 N/m2 and V=4m3. same ratio as the other three
Find the pressure when V= 3m3 30
Solution: According to condition O O 4 to 6
1 k 45
P P  ………(1) O 2:3 O 3 to 2
V V
a c
when P = 300 N/m2 and V=4m3 iv). If  then by atlernendo property
k b d
300  O a b
 c d d O  c c d
4
a
b a b

k  300  4 O a
c
 b
d
O b
a
 d
c
k  1200 v). if 7 :9:: x : 27
Find P when V= 3m3 Using k = 1200 in (1) O x  21 O x3
1200
P O x7 O x  81
3
P  400N / m2 vi). The third proportional of x and y is
Q6. Attraction force ‘F’ between two magnets vary O xy O x
y
inversely as square of the distance ‘d’ between
O O None of these
y2
them. F is 18 newton when d is 2cm. Find distance x

when attraction force is 2 newton. 1 1

vii). If x and y then
1 k z
Sol: Given d2 d2  ………(1) y
F F O y 1z O xz
When F = 18 and d = 2cm put in (1)
O xy  z O xzy
k
22  viii). If 2a  1: 21:: 4 : 7 then a 
18
O 13/2 O 11/2
k  4 18  72
When d=? and F = 2 N, using k = 32 in (1) O 10 O 9/2
72 ix). if a
d f
c e
then each fraction is equal to
d2   36 b
2 O la  mb  ne
ld  me  nf
O la  mc  ne
lb  md  nf
d 6
Q7. The volume of a right circular cylinder varies O la  mc  ne
md  nd  ef
O la  mb  nc
lb  mc  nf
jointly as the height and the square of the radius. x). which of the following is a situation in
The volume of a right circular cylinder, with radius
4cm and height 7cm is 352cm 3. Find the volume of which x varies directly as y
another cylinder with radius 8cm and height 14cm. 4 7
Sol: Let Volume of right circular cylinder = V
O x O x y
y 16
Height of right circular cylinder = h
Radius of right circular cylinder = r O x  xy O xy  6
According to condition V hr 2
Q2. Find the constant of variation, when st2
Or V  k h r2 and t = 10 when s = 5
When r  4 cm, h  7 cm and V =352cm3 Sol: Given st2  s  kt2 ……(1)
When s = 5 and t = 10 put in (1)
352  k  7  4 
2
Putting
5  k 10 
2

352 22 5  k 100 
k 
112 7 5
Now to find V=? when r = 8cm and h = 14cm k
100
22 1
V 14 8
2
k 
7 20

Hence volume of cylinder V  2816cm

3 1
Q3. y , y = 4 when x=3. Find x when y=9
x2
Review Exercise 3 1 k
Sol: Given y 2  y  2 1 
Q1. Fill in the correct circle x x
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Review Exercise 3 55
Chapter 3
y = 4 when x = 3 put in (1) Or a kb c
k
4 2 If a  21 when b  5 & c  36 ,
3
21  k  5  36
k  4  9  36
Find x when y = 9 using k = 36 in (1) 21
k
9 2
36  5 6 
x
9x2  36 7
k 
36 10
x2 
9 Find a when b  9 & c  225 using k=7/2160
x2  4 7
a   9  225
x2   4 10
x  2 945
a  94.5
Q4. Pressure of gas in the closed vessel varies 10
directly with the temperature. If pressure is 150 Q7. What number should be added to each of
unit the temperature is 70 units. What will be number 3, 8,11 and 20 to make them in proportion?
the pressure if temperature is 140 units. Solution: Suppose the number = x
Solution: Assume that Pressure of a gas = P According to condition
Temperature of a gas = T 3  x : 8  x  11  x : 20  x
According to condition Product of mean = Product of extreme
TP T  kP 1 8  x 11  x   3  x 20  x 
When P = 150 unit and T = 70 unit put in (1) 88  8x  11x  x2  60  3x  20x  x2
70  k 150 
88  19x  60  23x
70
k 88  60  23x  19x
150
k 
7 28  4x
15
x7
Find P when T = 140 unit using k  157 in (1) Thus the number = 7
7 And the proportion 10 : 15 =18 : 27
140  P
15 Q8. What number should be subtracted to each of
15 the number 6, 8, 7 and 11 so that the remaining
140  P number are in proportion?
7
20  15  P Solution: suppose the number = x
According to condition
 P  300 unit
6  x: 8  x  7  x : 11  x
Q5. In a electric circuit, current varies inversely as
resistance. When current is 44 amp, the resistance Product of mean = Product of extreme
is 30 ohm. How much current will flow if resistance 8  x  7  x    6  x 11  x 
becomes 22 ohm.
Sol: Let Electric current = I 56  8 x  7 x  x 2  66  6 x  11x  x 2
And Resistance = R 56  15 x  66  17 x
According to condition 17 x  15 x  66  56
1 k
R ,
I
R
I
1 2 x  10
When I = 44 amp, R = 30 ohm put in (1)  x5
K Thus the number = 5
30  And the proportion 1 : 3 = 2 : 6
44
30  44  k Q9. The ratio between two numbers is 8 : 3
and their difference is 20. Find the numbers.
 k  1320
Solution: difference of their ratio  8  3  5
Find I when R = 22 ohm using k = 1320 in (1)
1320 First number  8  20
22  5
I  8 4
22I  1320
1320  32
I 3
22 Second number   20
I  60 amp 5
Q6. If a varies jointly as b and square root of c . If  3 4
a  21 when b  5 & c  36 , Find a when b  9  12
& c  225 Q10. Find the numbers in continued proportion
Sol: If a varies jointly as b and square root of c . such that their sum is 14 and sum of their
squares is 84.
So, a b c Sol: Let 3 numbers are in continued proportion

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Review Exercise 3 56
Chapter 3
First number = x Second number = y x:6  6: y
Third number = z xy  36
36
So continued proportion
x: y  y:z
y
x
1 
 y2  xz 1 According to condition
x  y  13
According to conditions
36 36
Sum = 14 sum of squares = 84 x  13  y 
x x
x  y  z  14 x2  y2  z2  84
36
x  z  14  y 2  x2  z2  84  y2 3  x.x  .x  13.x
x
Squaring  x  z   14  y 
2 2

x2  36  13x
x2  z2  2xz  142  y2  2 14  y
x2  13x  36  0
Using equation (1) and (3) we get x2  9x  4x  36  0
84  y  2y  196  y  28y
2 2 2
 y  xz
2
x  x  9  4 x  9  0
84  y  196  y  28y
2 2
 x  z2  84  y2
2

28y  196  84  y2  y2
 x  4  x  9   0
Either or
28y  112
X–4=0 x–9=0
112
y X=4 x=9
28
Put in equation (1)
y4
36 36
Put y = 4 in equation (1) y y
4 9
xz  42 y9 y4
xz  16 So first number = 4 Or First number = 9
16
z
x
 4 Second number = 9 Second number = 4
Q12. Find angle of a triangle which are in ratio
Put y = 4 in equations (2) and (3) we get 3:4:5
x  z  14  4 x2  z2  84  42 Solution: Since triangle has three angles
x  z  10 x2  z2  84  16 Suppose that First angle = x
Second angle = y
z  10  x 5  x2  z2  68 6 Third angle = z
Put the value of z = 10 – x in equation (6) Sum of angles = 180
x + y + z = 180 ………(1)
x2  10  x   68
2
according to condition
x : y :z  3: 4 :5
x2  102  x2  20x  68
x y z
2x2  20x  100  68  0   k
3 4 5
2x2  20x  32  0 Then each of its fraction equal to k

2 x  10x  16  0
2
 x
3
 k,
y
4
 k,
z
5
k

x2  8x  2x  16  0 x  3k y  4k z  5k 2 
x  x  8  2  x  8  0 Now adding and using equation (1)
x  y  z  3k  4k  5k
 x  2 x  8  0 180  12k
Either or 180
x–2=0 x–8=0 k 
12
x=2 x=8  k  15
put in equation (4) Putting the value of k in equation (2)
16 16
z
2
z
8
 
x  3 15 , y  4 15 ,  
z  5 15  
z8 z 2 x  45, y  60, z  75
Therefore the three numbers are Q13. If a
b  then prove that
c
d
x y z
ac  a  c  a  c
3
either 2 4 8 
or 8 4 2 bd b  d  b  d 
3

Q11. The mean proportion of two number is 6 a c

and their sum is 13. Find the number Sol: Given   k 1
Sol: Given two numbers are b d
First Number = x Then each of its fraction equal to k
a c
Second Number = y k k
And mean proportion = 6 b d
then x,6,y are continued proportion so a  bk c  dk
Take LHS and putting the value of a and c
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org
 Review Exercise 3 57
Chapter 3
ac  a  c bk dk bk  dk  Now Take

bk    ck 
2 2
bd b  d  bd b  d  a2  b2

b c  ck   c2
2 2 2
ac  a  c  k2bd bk  dk 

bd b  d  bd b  d  a2  b2

b2k 2  c2k 2
b c
2 2
c2k 2  c2
ac  a  c  k2 .k b  d 
a2  b2  ck  k  c k
2 22 2

bd b  d  b  d  
b2  c2 c2k2  c2
ac  a  c 
bd b  d 
 k3 2  a2  b2 c2k2k2  c2k2

b2  c2 c2k2  c2
Now Take RHS and putting the value of a & c a2  b2 c k k  1
2 2

 2 2
2
 
 a  c bk  dk 
3 3

b  d 
3

b  d 
3
b2  c2 c k 1  
 a  c k b  d 
3
a2  b2
 k2  4 
3


b  d 
3
b  d 
3
b c
2 2

 a  c k b  d  From equations (2), (3) and (4) we get

3 3 3


b  d 
3
b  d 
3
a a2  ab  b2 a2  b2
 
 a  c
3
c b2  bc  c2 b2  c2
 k3 3 a c e
b  d 
3

Q15. If   then prove that

From equations (2) and (3) we get b d f
ac  a  c   a  c
3
a3  c3  e3 ace


bd b  d  b  d 3 b3  d3  f3 bdf
a c e
Q14. If a, b, c are in continued proportion then Sol: Given    k ……(1)
b d f
prove that a  a  ab  b  a  b
2 2 2 2
Then each of these fraction equal to k
c2
b  bc  c
2 2 2
b c a c e
Solution: Since a,b,c are in continued i.e.,  k,  k, k
b d f
a:b  b:c
proportion so a b
or a  bk, c  dk, e  fk
 k
b c
1 Take LHS and putting the value of a,c and e
bk    dk    fk 
3 3 3
Then each of its fraction equal to k a3  c3  e3

a b b3  d3 f 3
b3  d3  f3
k k
b c a3  c3 e 3
b k  d3k 3  f3k 3
3 3

a  bk b  ck b3  d3 f 3
b3  d3  f3
Take
a bk
a3  c3  e3


k 3 b3  d3  f3 
  a  bk
c c b3  d3  f3 b3  d3  f3
a  ck  k a3  c3 e 3

c

c
 b  ck
b3  d3  f3
 k3 2 
a
c
 k2 2  NowTake RHS and putting the value of a,c & e
Now take ace

bk  dk  fk 
bk   bk  ck   b bdf bdf
2 2
a2  ab  b2
 ace bdfk 3
b  bc  c  ck    ck  c  c2 
2 2 2
bdf bdf
ace
b2k 2  bck 2   ck 
2
a2  ab  b2
 bdf
k 3
3
b2  bc  c2 c2k 2  c2k  c2 From equations (2) and (3) we get
 ck  k2   ck  ck2  c2k2
2
a2  ab  b2 a3  c3  e3 ace
 
b2  bc  c2 c2k 2  c2k  c2 b3  d3  f3 bdf
a  ab  b
2 2
c k k  c2k 3  c2k 2
2 2 2

b  bc  c
2 2
c2k 2  c2k  c2
a2  ab  b2 c2k 4  c2k 3  c2k 2

b2  bc  c2 c2k 2  c2k  c2
a  ab  b
2 2


c k 4  k3  k2
2

b2  bc  c2 c2 k 2  k  1  
a2  ab  b2 k k  k  1

2 2
 
b2  bc  c2 
k2  k  1 
a2  ab  b2
b2  bc  c2
 k2 3
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Shah Essa Bilot Sharif Available at www.mathcity.org