CERAMIQUES JONIES D’EPOCA ARCAICA: CENTRES DE PRODUCCIO | COMERCIALITZACIO AL MEDITERRANI OCCIDENTAL Actes de la Taula Rodona celebrada a Empuries els dies 26 al 28 de maig de 1999 BARCELONA, 2000 Coordinacié Paloma Cabrera Bonet i Marta Santos Retolaza MONOGRAFIES EMPORITANES 11 CD e228 ose de Catalunya| | EAST GREEK FINE WARES AND TRANSPORT AMPHORAE OF THE 8"- 5™ CENTURY BC FROM CARTHAGE AND TOSCANOS Roald F. Docter’ En aquest estuc's'axamina a carimica fn ies dfores comercias do a Grek de Est rabades anos estabsiments fens ce CCartago i Toscan, tract, do forma particular, do la sava cronoogia ide la seva dfs. Entre las amifores comercias arc ques hom dstingak los produccions sami, quotes, clszoménes, midsies, abi com una categoria poc conequda caracteit- _zada per una cobartura de color nagre, Es proposa una data 0 aries de ies amfres de Samos, de Quibs (de Cazomenes ‘més antiga quo fa qua ha estat admesa taciionalmant, Les primeves dmfores gragues (oriental) mportades en ets dos esta Dliments fons, 2 partir del terver quart dol segle Vil aC, contenien all cova. A Cartago, es troben acompanyadtes de diver- ‘508 vaso tancats de cordmica fa do a Grécia oe ES. Les emtores greques orintals Oe vl apareixran més tard en estat grafia dels cos faciients, pero, aquosta vegadta, estan acompanyades por la vaikella pey howe deta Grési oe Est En este estudio 8 analesn la crdmica fina y las dnforas de transporte dla Grecia del Este haladas on los establocimiontos Iencios de Cartago y Tascanos, con una especial atenciin a las cusses de cronoogia y afin. Entre las dnforas comercia les arcaicas se distngue las producciones sama, quotas, clzzomenis, miksis, as/como un too de nara greco- orienta rt tvamente descancotte, recubeta con pintura negra. Se propone una fecha de aparicén para las énoras de Samos, Quéosy Ca _>émenas mds antigua que la que so adie traccionalmente. Las prmeras dnforas greg (aentaes) mportadas en ls esta blecimientos fenicios part deltercecuarta dl siglo Vl aC, cantann acate de ova yen Cartago, aparecen acompariadas por dversos vases cerados de carimica fins le ls Grecia del Este, Las dnforas vinais greco-orentales se docurentan mas tarde en f estatirafa de ambos yacimentos, per, esta vez, acompaads de availa para bebey righara oe a Grecia cel te. Cotte étude s'intéresse dla céxamique fine et aux amohores commerciales do fa Gréce de Est retrouvées dar ‘ments phéniciens de Carthage ot de Tascancs, et ahorde pls particulérement leur chronologi a eu fusion. Par es ar pphores commerciale archaiques, on alstingue ks productions samiennes, chat miéslenres ans qu'une catégarie mal cannue caracté'sée par ure cowverture noire. On propase il une date d'eppartion des amohores de Samos, {de Chios et de Clazomenes, plus ancionne quo cae admisetractionneloment Les preifyos amphores grecques (orients) Immportées dans les deux établssements phénicons, apart du trsiéme quart at VIPs, aw J.-C, contenaient de hue ao ve. A Cartage, als étaient ancompagnées de quolques vases fins fomés on provenance de i Grace de Est. Les ampho: ‘6s grecques (orntals) vi n'agparabsant que pus tard dans a statigraphie des deux établssements, mais ales sont alors laccompagnées co vaissele & tre de le Gréco de Es Chronology and distribution of East Greek pottery were chapter 1 reads: “At Al Mina, by the mouth of the Oron: ‘wo main points of discussion at the Amourias confe- tes, and at Pihhecusae (Ischia) off the Bay of Naples finds rence. The present contribution focuses on thase two aspects by evaluating the East Greek material found in two Phoenician settlements: Carthage in Tunisia and TToscanos in Andalucia, Spain In the recent publication on East Greek pottery of FAM. Cook and P. Dupont, one of the introductory lines of [of East Greek pottery] go back to the mid eighth cen: tury. Elsewhere so far there is little before the late seventh, when Africa and the Black Sea were opening up" (Cook/Dupont 1998, 6). While preparing the ppublicalion of the archsic imoorted material at Carthage”, . present author was struck by this remark by B.M, + Lessosgroep Kasscke Archeslogi en Knessctiedenis dr Oued Oe Tatra 199, N-1D12 G6 Anetra, NedraOWLD pocTER ONOGRAFES EMPORTANES 1, 2000, 6-88 ‘Cook. The excavations of the University of Hamburg, below the crossroads of the Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X of Carthage have clearly shown that this Central Mediterranean settement also received is share ‘of East Greek material by the middle of the 8 century BC. The number of fragments of East Greek transport ‘amphoras, moreover, though low in absolute terms, is substantial when considered in reiation to the total num- ber of Greek (amphora) imoorts ofthe archaic period. “The material from another well-studied Phoenician set- tlement, Toscanos, is taken into consideration forthe sake of comparison, Also in Toscanos the importation of East Greek pottery already started well bora the late 7* century BC, to be precise, one century earlier. ‘Carthage and Toscanos are Phoenician colonies of the ‘8 century BC, Carthage clearly being the earer of the ‘two. As such they belong to a relativoy late phase of the process of Phoenician wostward expansion. Fur thermore, they belong to two different Phoenician regions: Tascanos to the so-called ‘Ctroulo del Estre- ‘cho’ (Portugal, South-West and South-East Spain liza ‘and Morocco), Carthage to the Central Mediterranean area. The conclusions to be drawn from the folowing. analysis are revealing, but it should be kept in ind that the two Phoenician settlements clearly diferin scale, importance and chronological scope. “The matorial presented here from Carthage stems from excavations of the Archaeological institute of the Uni- versity of Hamburg, led by H.G, Niemeyer, which took place between 1986 and 1993 below the cross-roads of the Roman Decumanus Maximus and Cardo X, thus in the very centre of the archaic city’. A clearly defined stratigraphy was documented with layers probably beginning shortly betare the middle of the 8° century BC (Phase I continuing unintertuptedly up to the des- truction layer of 146 BC, at the end of the Third Punic ‘War (Phase IX). The few East Greek finds trom the well: studied necropoleis of Carthage and the seltlement ‘excavations of the other German mission {German Archaeological Institute in Fore, led by F. Rakob) are mentioned for the sake of completeness! In Toscanos, the material stems trom two sectors of the archaic site: the so-called Warehouse area ‘Magazin- reich’) in the nuclous of the settlement that compri- ‘0s buildings and a street or courtyard (excavations of 1964 and 1967)" and the fling ofthe triangular defen- sive citch {‘Spitagraben’), which demarcated the wes- tern border of the central built-up area (excavations of 1971 til 1978), As is well knowin, these excavations ‘ware undertaken by the German Archaeological Inst tute in Madrid and led by H.G. Niemeyer and H. ‘Schubart, The straligraphies reached irom the ond of the 8 contury till around the middle of the 6* century BC, whon the seltlment of Toscanos was abando- ned and a new settlemont sprung up on the other bank ofthe river Vélez (Cerro del Mar). East Greek finds fron {My thanie ate du to H.8, Nemayer, he ance again porited me esd and pegont the mater rom his excavations Toscanos ad Cartage, Ihe Cathago pletion team m Hang Staion kindly mace th Canhagrion mati acessst endl oped men pening the Iietraone, For oir computerng my ngs ack has goo C Kuso, HH. Sasi Parr) prepared ho photo's. JL Men ‘Pome corected he Engl tet, enc, Seba Rauscher er ay ald hora uss oh syphilis the Tosa ‘06 1967 campaign to a Sera in pees) Tha study tha Est Grek matron Carthage st rade poste by flows pf ne top Fourdticn ooo, hat Rosh any desertion (ocr 1997) oan Enh suena which soo Doctr 1958, Listy | ou keto ark he organs of he Apri connie for cal an a andy simosshr in wich pan nd simulating ‘sons cond take pace, 2.- Aa to tw atnton of some of hs rags dsssb, lowe mach oto serdar: Marne Slt Hamiburh who coment onthe tee ars, nc Mark Lawl Wripeg ho Ky ge hs penn sce the eaneport san te catalogue, aaswerans arn cen- erates se ous flow he Manse code (1973, {On those excavations (Nemaye/Doct eal! 19, a5, 205, ote 12 for conventions on "Phases "Lye end Sal’; Neoyer/Doe- tec 15; NemayindlaSehrit 1006, To ution i expat for 2000/2001 Nemayer eat rps The tds a posted in te storercoms othe Mia Natona de Carhnge S08 noe 27, below Nocti setementexcaation in Cartnoge have vied aera str tos ho Bo cru BC, wh the cep ten ofthe Amoican excavators the commercial arbour, hich ytd tr ida im rages o Crean Aamphore (WH 1980, 134, 14, 89.1 the or amebore dae ots patie betworn tho occ hafo ha 4% corr and 146 BC, ea leo Morel 1868, 5, nt8 7, {5- Ontheoe excavators NomeyerScnsbar 1968, Noneyer 1682; Scuba a pres), The foes aro dap in stores of the Museo ‘Auacigco, Nalag,excopt for Cat. 30 (60 bol. {On hans excavations ar 1070; ener 1082), On te habs of ha rs, 8 105. 72 Tha sna tagger of an Ae skype a tha 5 0 4" conta BC foun corre TA 64/127, wich kgs to te lst eof Toscano (to bs conedered a ter nuson Ree, Fa. 4). ewes, moto, some atiy was taking place mn te cent rea ol Toscano ‘tors abandon omeyer Scuba 1989, 68, 116 Ca. 1253, Doct 1997, §H.1.1.2"Schich V" wh fotate Espacio the exes of Cro cl Pen rab ih ners of Esl Grek ne wares and anspor amphorse re known. Oy par fits pets, However ermayeBleslBatnerar 1988, 167,189 es. 10,{AST ORE PE WANES AND TRASTORT AIPNORAE OF THEE CENTURY FROM CATING AN TORE ‘other excavations on the site of Toscanos (Cerro del Pafién, Cerro del Alarcén, harbour) are mentioned as ‘comparisons* In both settlements, there are levelling layers or filings, mainly composed of accumulated domestic and industial garbage. Primary archaeological contexts, that is to say destruction layers, were found only in a few ‘cases (Carthage Layer lb in House 1, IVb in House 2 and Phase IX in the whole area; Toscanos Warehouse area, Layer Vc in Houses F and G). Since chronology is one of the main points of discus- ‘Son in this contribution, It seems appropriate, apat from presonting the East Greek material to givea clear outing Of the other object classes on which the chronologies of Carthage's and Toscanos' stratigraphies are based. For the archaic period this is best presented in tabula- ted form (Figs. 1-5). The chronology of East Greek pot. tery is mainly based on the dates established for the Corinthian pottery series, and has recently been dis ‘cussed ny P.M. Cook (Cook/Dupont 1998, 8-10). He ‘and P. Dupont use the ‘absolute’ dates for the Corin. thian series, as established by H. Payne and revised by U.N. Coldstream, which differ from the lower ones of DAA. Amy and C.W, Neeft used here". For the strati- raphies of Toscanos this implies thatthe present chro- nology for some of the layers is lower than the one pro- posed intially by the excavators (Niemeyer 1982, 192, ote 31 with reforonces: “um ale Mitte des 8.hs.* for Layer i) and taken over by other scholars (Roullaré 1991, 687; "vers 750" for Layers (and I). For the later periods, ‘of Punie Carthage the ‘absolute’ dates are mainly based Con the chronologies ofthe imported and local Black Gla- 22d pottery Punic/ciassical and hellenstic) and coins (Punic/hellenistic}". For all layers, but especially for the archaic ones, it holds that the datation wich is, ‘based on the relatively well dated series of Grek pot. tory are corroborated by the more or less general dates. established for the Phoenician pottery ‘THE TRANSPORT AMPHORAE™ ‘The East Greek transport amphorae constitute only a very small portion within the amhora material from Car= thage and Toscanos®, In Carthage a total of 15,225 amphora sherds (al fabrics) pertaining to undisturbed archaic layers, that is to say from Phases |to V, were recorded in the find statistics, 10,075 of which could be analysed (6014 from the campaigns 1986-1991 and 4061 from 1993). Only 0.53% of these 15,225 sherds were from Greek amphorae, not more than 0.18% belonged to East Greek ones". In Toscanos a total of 14,603 armphora sherds trom undisturbed archaic layers were recorded during the excavations, 5196 of which could be studied in detail (campaigns 1964-1978); 1.09% of these 14,603 fragments belonged to Greok amphorae, 0.44% to East Greok ones*. Although the absolute and relative numbers of Greek “mphorae within the archaic fie material ofthe two sat- ttements are negigible, the fact thatthe East Greek types, form such a large part of this material is remarkable. In Carthage ©. 40% of all Greek ampharae in Phases {9 Complete pubtcaion of tho rpord te ware tha achsc pared: RF Doctor, ib inpers grectische url zonimesterane Fee: rnc orchsches Zo, Neroye of a(n preparation), 10.- 0750-720; EPC 720-6905 MPC 690-670}; MPC 670-650; LPC 50-640; TA (540-626); EC (629-600 MO (600 57S} LC 87S 580); LOI |550}. How, tb ‘abeoLt! cates etal by CV, Neo oe urrnarizodin Neots foaming ar ro vod nh edo ofthe Tanstionsl and Gosthan pots ar rica ota crea etal by DA. Amy (188; L715 EPC 716 625 MPC 85-8} MC 605-645; LPC 845-6 TH (680-0615; EC 6 2OS- 596) MC (595 70k LC 1570-90} LC (50. My tharks goto C.W. Net or is hopin tren and dat ho Ossian cts em Cargo. {11 To bo pebtahod by B,Beshtld and H.R, Saou rxpocteh,n Noreyer ota fo prepara), Th Grerelogy ofthe Ferran paid oto tothe awa othe oer a he Coeur Maxtrus and Garo %, stig a ty asthe socon he tht carta BO, nt lene 0 12. On th ransprt amanare oft ache pred are decuesoa or. Th imported casa and eleristictareport arora tom args wie pubis by Becht In Nemayere ln preparati),The cacsrais wh the Wario tem Phase Vo Vi (aun 480 GO}, Conse ‘ant, the ahora tein Fg, 3 ro Phase VI onaarcs ar ny pat fhe Est Grok ane meter, vz ho res pa, Sain am Para fhe asia pered rg, lo aested Doct Nemeyer oa 1903, 228-234 Ca, 9, 125; Dot 197, 508, +8. Esti the mineral punbar famphora to vic the arora fags might have bonged macs the ttstce mentenod her, Ont prinpiee, 68 oct: 1997, 52.4 "4 its toe assumed trata fragman of insted tenspotamphorae were ecopizad as such are elector futher study cing ho st yoseso excavation 1965, 1957, 1988). 161 anc 1983 detaled record was kept fhe empha tne, Fore ptceragoa of ranspa argh. ra thin tho total amount of fags fl shapos), S00 Doc 1997, tbl 4, gs, 567-660, 15. bo inthe cae of Toscencs It can bo assumed thatthe mpored Grok anspor erpherae were recog adsl er std ing ‘no excavation, Even the salt ported wal agments wore ested in he cated hs, Fo the porcontagos of wanspet amphorae ‘th tho total ancunt of agents ol shapas) See Doct 1957, tie and es. 56-668, osRoxconares eu Stratigraphy] Greek and alan fre wares Fast Groak fm was Transport amphoree 7 [ran7an |v enanis pte Tare te [70725 | teens aceon Tors Tema Geko 1 Ojcack Geom oven ps | 150715 1 samen Fs 1 Pecan Aton 5 koe 150715 1 Pron dren eset z We | 725700 | Stoconta seed Taos 1 Pewouton at > te | 700675 | GeioemtG seed T=O7IS | tp ton Nem wna 70-650 | Sarin 2Precsan LO ayes v0.7, | wins. 1 becuse riseo ‘ae goon Tapssockyphos | 720.715, 1 Caintan PCF oe 5 0 1 Cowan koi : 1 Noi (coed vss 2 1 ak open 3 erste Jeg ve t [66% |v cernvee shygmer |? ‘fomen Ne | 675686 | 1 Eatoan LG akphoe Tauris | ean Gwae coma 7 5 Sa mn LS spot resis. sesel 20) 1 becuse Ate 88 oN 715 ‘pecan epeontre oypree | Ts0eHS 2hurgtic aka ‘e060 1 pa za fo es) cso 1 Besta Peper 2 1 Grek open est ? Figure 1. Carthage Distrioution of re wares and trensport amphorao, Layers laa (1886-1989), Straigraoty | Greek and tain ine wares East Groak ino wares Franaport amphoree 045-000 | 1 Precosan i sks 150-715 1 East oan 11a) | Precren EPC-E0 kote 716-805 }25amon 2.ornhan WPCA PCr 5-600 20h Pas, 108) 2 Coeten NEC-EC haya! 195-605 1 Et Greakbaek pon ‘Corman MECAPC anges | 660-680 ea taoe | Conran ROTA skpos op 8 o9ff | om .G sort 750715 [Tier om e2ira, 160) [e00.680 | 1 en 2 Phonan hal 75.850 1 Ozer? fabs 16) | Gornhen TRanochoo ca5-818 1 Buccher sel anptrs 600. 1 Barone skype 620-000 8 Brecher karhao| 530645 1 ict (inch ec0-480 2165 | Beoen ros T0718 1 Man be Fa. H1) 1 Ptaousan fotos 685atVo 700-715 1 ast Geek? foe 6 1 Feo pat Tis-650 2a Grok (ante 12) 7 Goeth EFC kts Ti8-685 1 Eas Greok fete 17 ‘ coretnian EFC: EO xo Tis-605 sSarion Fg. 82) ‘5 Corethan MPC-EC eyed 635-605 sound Sanos abc 14) 1 Coretion ECG oye 00-580 ‘hin i. 10) 1 Conran MCLE eye 580580 Corea ko 2 1 eusco-Coxehlan EOMC aybats | 620-570, 1 Bucchoro skyphoanye 50800 2 Bohr kant ens 1 Bucher clos wo 2 1 Grek open vse ; reek anaos 2 Figure 2. Carthage ~ Distribution of fne wares and transport amchoree, Layers Io (1986-1993),AST OREEX INE WARES AND TRANSPORT AUSHORAE OF THEW 5 {TRY FROM CARTHAGE AND TOCANOS Stratigraphy (Greek and tafan foe wares East Greok fne wares | Transport ammphoree espe 1 Thapoos cass cose vesse | Conan EPC Koy ‘connthan EPC pen Commit PCN koto 2 Gomihion EPO-EC Holy 1 Coven MPG EO kos 1 Cerin MPC I anybale 1 Corthen standard syro= 4 rsco-Cornthan MC alabeston 1 Buono closed vase! 790-890 8.8 Tees, nee neeos 605-05 670.80 yo0-800 580-570, ? 1 Rhoden (9) anbalos (cat 3a 1 East Grek fb 9 3 Cha 1 East Gree tac panied fabric 5) fv [80-8 | rt tea) [Neth lion ow oat 6 |? East Groak ? Fabre 12) 2 onion cupe 82 (rigs. 18b-c | €00.s60 | 2 Saman Fin. Bc) ‘Henan eve B2 7g. #58) | 600-550 + Toran 6 Fa 188) 7 fig [425-000 | (pat isea) Tierian cup 82 7a. 164) | 600:660 | 1 Eas Grok ? abi 12) erlan exp (Cat 29) ? fae 200-260 | ot tte " oiosea vowel Fa. 12 | 2 7 Sami ‘eran cup 82 (Fi. 16a) | 600:550 | 1 Eat Grok 7 (atic 6) ‘eran ep 82, oeund | 600:580 Gazerrona (9. 185) fom | 260-146 | ot steal ‘lenon om Bt (2) (Fe. 144 | 620-560 | 9 Chin i, 106-0 ‘Toman 608 82 (Fg, 6c) | e00:860 | 1 Eas Grek Dake pated fare 5) "eran up Fa. 14) 2 x [rae | hot sctect aPs, ater 146 (not ieec) ‘lenin cup &2 (Fe. 16 | 600-500 | 1 Samian omen ‘enn cap 6.1 (2). 148). | §20:860 | 2 Ohlone, 108) et “ican ep, rouna crags” | 500-400 ‘oar 5 100 layers Figure 3, Carthage — Distrbution of fre wares and transport amphora, Phases V1 and ater (1986-199), Srratigraphy | Greok and Ratan fina wares East Grook fe wares anspor amphora 1 free ri0| 1 Conntion EPC Hove Tis-685 1 East Geoak Fa, 110) ‘East Grok bck parted fr |r10-700 | rons 1 Eas Grook back pahiod Ten |raseas | + Commian La kone 70716 1 Soren EP kaye ris638 [aa Twa [ans-c60 | « Gomanan EPC vata: Tees 7 Semen Fa, 03) 8 Connhian EPCS enya ris-s08 5.Chan Figs, 10h) 1 Gresko 7 East Grek ack pated (tga) fe [660-240 | 1 Conmtian MPC-EG wate ss os 3 Chan Figs. 09. K. 0 1 Gymnataeetvame W" wera juq | 700-500 7 katt Grok bck pes ae ob) Wea [aco 7 Rhoden North eran 650 62 Bd bowl ig. 133) ae [40-820 [7 Gomian Kao 7 1 Sarin Fe. 80) ‘3 Gri blak pated Iv _ [685-620 [1 Cyprate Bichema Mwave ug | 700-600 ast Grok bag pod 1 Bere cup 620.600 Ce ee eo ‘SS | P hemispheres East Goa [600 | 1 Garomantan bow go, 180 Fa ta) 1 Bucohero cup 25.600 1 Ehet Gres Inte skrptos: = intsont | 500.980 5 East rook pod 1 Clazenion| evi 1 Gorknhin EPG-EC Kane 775005 || RhodiawNon nin Bit | 630-600 | 4 Chaar rte 4 Gorin MPC-EC koa 85-009 | bow Fg. 136) 2Samon 9.8) fins | Busch cosad vesel ° Saat Grek bck pated Figure 4, Toscanos ~ Distbuton of ne wares and transport amphorae Warehouse area (suvay 1981, excavations 1964-1967) oCy Statgranhy | ‘Grook and Htaian fre wares East Groak fne wares | Transport amphorae 7 700-685 eae | oa5.67e 7 Fst Geka pied ae | eee [Garon Fe 1 Onee fae | 0ea0 Ton onan” 1 Ez tek 9st Gok beck rato a | erseo 1 ohen 2s roo bak pats ie [e20000 [1 Piteorsan UG I- LPC koe 750-650 ‘2s Gro pod 5 [ea | Vtvesrona win ananed moar | 2 Eat Geokng eat sa) |? | Schongies. one 1 "Buccheo karte 2 ‘st rook ak pre lamer 7 Bucs vase 7 7 Saran le esa ‘Eas Grok ek pat lays Figure 6. Toscanos - Distrbutton of re wares and transport amphorae, ling oftlangulr defensive ctch (1971-1978), 780.675 675.645 5.575 575-480 (ayers HN) (Layer a) (ayers vb) | (Layer vp Cavan @ 7 10 e Ne 5 1 3 4 ‘Soman 8 1 5 net ook blk pate 1 4 ‘chien 6 1 Cazes ' Mision) 1 not Grose 1 5 1 Greek. 3 4 Figure 6, Carthage ~ Distribution of Greek transport amphorae {1986-1896}. 725-685 685-620 620.550 Layers M1 (Warehouse) | Layers Ma-d Warehouse) | Layer V (Warehouse) han Ctaromesin net Greok raak 2 1 1 Layert (atten) ayers 2-3 (toh) Layer 4-5 (lich) Corian 2 a Ae 23 a Semen 2 nat Grook blak pind 2 23 19 Figure 7, Toscaros~ Distrbution of Graak transport arphorae (1064-1978)FAST GREEK PE WARES AND TRANSPORT AVEHORAE CF THE I-V came from the East Greek area (Fig. 6); in Toscanos 6, 34% (Fig, 7). As for Toscanos, H.G. Niomeyer (1987, 32) has already drawn the attention to the early pre- dominance of East Greek amphorae. The number of ‘amphorae from the site presented here is considerably higher than “un vingtaine d'amiphores de Gréce de Est ‘ou des lle’, that P. Roullard (1991, 693) counted with in the material from the 1967 and 1971 campaigns in the Warehouse area. ‘SAMIAN TRANSPORT AMPHORAE ‘The first imports from the East Greek area to reach Carthage are Samian amphorae™. This classi repre- sented by only one piece in Layer lla, which is dated fon the basis of the imported Greek fine ware pottery (Fig. 1) to within the third quarter of the 8® century BC, Fragments of Samian amphorae occur more atten in Layer Illa and in alt layers of Phase IV (Figs. 1-2, 6), that is to say within the 7” century and the first quar- ter of the 6” century BC. From the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute (Rome) in the ‘See- torstraBe’ of Carthage one base fragment of a Samian ‘amphora was published, which dates to the 7" or early 66" century BIC (M. Vegas in Rakob 1991, 148-149, fig, 30,117), Also in Toscanos the class has an early occurrence, being attested in Layers lVa-b and IVd-6 of the Wave: house area. Accordingly, they may be dated to within the 7" century, trom 685 to about 620 BC, Only fow resi ual fragments are to be found thereafter, both in the Warehouse area and in the filing of the triangular ditoh (Fags. 4-5, 7). G, MaeB-Lindemann (1988, 193, 196, fg 3. [referred to as “4g") published a handle fragment Of a painted Samian amphora, which had been found in the excavations on the Cerro del Alarcon. Three ver- tical lines were painted on the otherwise red polished ‘surface of @ round handle, On the basis of good com- parisons on Samos and in Gravisca, Maa3-Lindemann dates the piece to the late 7" or early 6" century BC, “The fabric types of the Samian serias have boon recently described by LK. Whitbread (1995, 122-133) and P. Dupont (Cook/Dupont 1998, 165). The fabric of one pice from Layer IVb in Carthage difered sighly tis Sescrtbed as fabric 14 of he Carthaginian amghores, which may wll belong t production ofthe mainlans ‘opposite Samos (Fi. 2) ‘The shape ofthe example found in Layer Vis of Car- thage fg. 8 cis ypical forthe mice ofthe 6 cen- tury BC. The piece from Toscanos (Fig. 8 f), found in disturbed layers, may be dated o aout the same patod ani thereore to be considered one of tho last prs tohave reached the Werenouse area”. With the pieces ilystrated in Flas. 6f and Be they share the massive echinus rims, which are typical for the “Early type" {Cook/Dupont 1998, 166, fg, 23.6 a, 4) Due tothe early occurrence of tis cass in these two Phoenician setlerents the rational ew that Saran amphorae were first produced in the late 7" or early century BC requres revsor™. With the exception of one East Greek piece of unclear provenance in Laver lia, Samian amphoras are the sole class of anspor: amphorae to have been iorted in Carthage fom the East Greek area between 760 and 645 BC {Layers la- Iva; Fg). This wl cori have been stipulated by the fac that Saian amphorae primary contained oi” East Greek wine amphorae only came tobe imported al a conskereby ator dat, and, by tal ime, accom panied bya few East Greek inking vessels 1. Carthage KA 91537-0282, Wa rogment wth groove attraction to neck; Stratum iat (th part of material fem Sratum a), street Docter 1997, § X12, fa, 50. 2, Carthage KA 88/1 14-57 (Fig. 8b), Ri fragment: ‘Stratum IV-1b1, room C-D of House 1 (find complex contains few minor rusons of ater dee); Diame- terrim 14,0 Docter 1997, § XL, fg 506). 3. Carthage KA 88/28-5 (Fig. 8 d), Shoulder neck fragment Satu Vi, room 'A-Norc of House 1 Diameter rim 19.8 octer 1997, §X.3, fo, 605) 4, Toscanos TM 67/265-4 (Fig. 8 d), Rim-neck fragment vith traniton to shoulder, Layer Na-b, House 8; Diameter rim 12.8 (Nemeyer 1984, 214.215, fig. 2 f;Nomoyor 1967, 92-94, fig. 2 6, pl 2t Rollers 1981, 694, fig, 99,4 (12,6549); Docter 1997, § 13 fig. 508). 5. Toscanos TM 64/119-18 (Fig. 8 e), Rim fragment; 16. The ran sity on te casa si Graco 1871, Mae ecaniy these anphoae have boon cussed ty LK, Wied (195, 122-109) and upon Cook Dupont 1998, 164-109), 17.8 Rul |1901, 682, i, 9,9 [12.6540 dates a seoond Soman im tagment tom dated layers inthe Werorcuse ara ig. 4) owen vrs 50 rw a ro reson. 18.-On the date: Graco 1071; Witbrad 1005, 12 Cook/Oupeet 1888, 188 Inthe Index of he otherwise Usetl pubs of Cook sd Duport, no relsenee sad oss ae Carhape, Toscana or Huelva, he ior a aonad the tex, ameng char hinge conn fen wth Simian amphors (on 169). Te ocourerco of Samia agree in Toscan has fat been notes by HG. Namie (984, 214216, figs. 29; 1987, 32-94 £92, 8.29), 19. On the possibly et Sarin ampere ato cetanedl wna, soe hile 1905, 128 wth frees; CoxkDupoa! 1958, 167-168. * CENTURY OC FAOM CARTHAGE AND TOSCANOS NONOGRAFES EMPOMTANES 17,2000. 6-98 Ieoa. FoocrER Figure 8, Sain transport amphorae, Carthage: a, Cat, 1b, Ca. 2:6, Ct. 9. Toscanos: Cat. Ae, Cat. 5, Cat. 6 (scale 1:3. Layer IVa (with part of Layer IVc), street near House ©; Diameter rim 16.0 (Docter 1997, § X13, fig. 512), 6. Toscanos TM 67/267-8, 16, 31 (Fig. 8), Three jor ning shoulder-neck-rim fragments with handle; Cle- aning of profile in area of House C (Layer V, distur- bed); Diameter rim 17.0 (Doctor 1997, § X.3, fig 507). EAST GREEK BLACK PAINTED TRANSPORT AMPHORAE, “There are many fragments in Toscanos, but few in Car- thage which lack an attribution to one of the known ‘sates of archaic amphorae. Following a first sugges lion by H.G. Niemeyer (1987, 32}, a connection with the series of East Greek amphorae is tentatively proposed[AGT GFEX INE WARES AND THANEPORT AMPHORAE OF THE {or some of thern. The fabric is mostly characterized by ‘reasonable quantity of mica, both on the surface and in the clay matrix, The latter often shows a dark-grey core; the clay itself is always fired very hard. The sur- {ace is completely painted biack, which in many cases. appears as a red paint, due to oxidising firing cond tions. Sometimes the painting is done in an ‘é-la-brosse! ‘manner, ghing the surface a diuted appearance. In Tos- ccanos, wall fragments of the class with reddish surfa- ‘ces may easly be confused with the better fred exam- ples ofthe local Phoenician} red sip ware. This of course ‘does not hold for characteristic fragments like rims, which difer completely from the well-known shapes, Cf red slip ware pottery, In Carthage, fragments of this, class were described as fabric 5 of the transport, amphorae. Initially | tentatively attributed some frag- ments of the class, found in Toscanos, to Samian (7) productions, with a very large question mark (Doctor 1997, § XI.9). In any case, the fabric difers markedly {rom the contemporary Attic amphorae. ‘This class is represented in Toscarios by a relatively high ‘umber of fragments; in Carthage there are only three pieces (Figs. 2-3, 6). They constitute the earliest imports ‘among the amphorae of Toscanos, already occurring in Phase lof the Warehouse area, that isto say at the end Of the 8" century BC. They continue in layers relative to the 7” century BG, both in the Warehouse area and in the filing of the triangular defensive ditch. in Carthage they only oocur'n ayers ofthe second half of the 7" and the 6" century BC, if one looks for parallels within the published materia of Mediterranean sites, one is left with rather modest, results, The well pubished transport amphora from Gua- alharce (Cerra del Villar, Andalucia) has a similar sur- face treatment, as is easily recognisable trom the exce- llent colour plate published few yoars ago (Martin Fuiz 1995, figs. 135-197), ithas beon attributed to an Eubo- an (Chalcidian) version of an Attic SOS amphora by P. Cabrera 1994a, 100-102, 114, fg. 1). For two reasons. this seems unlikely: firstly in the light of the stratigra- Phical postion of the piece in Layer Vof trench 6, which Is dated by this amphora to the beginning ofthe 7* cen tury BC; theroafter there is an hiatus (Cabrera 1994a,, 100-102; Aubet 1999, 45). Since Eubosan imports are ‘extremely rare on the Iberian Peninsula, it would be sur- prising to find one by the early 7" century BC, ata time \when Eubooan imports elsewhere in Mediterranean are ‘dwindling, ifthey have not aready come to a hat (Board- ‘man 1998, 146). The second reason is based on the {general appearance of the piece, which is quite distinct {orn the SOS-type amphorae of Euboean production known to me from Pithekoussai (sch). Ina recent pubi- " CENTURY Bc FROM CARTADE AND TORCANDS cation on Cero de Vil, ME. Aubet attributed the a= pphora to an East Greok production: “un ejemplar de importacion griega que correspond probablemente ‘a.uns imtacién greco-eriental de un anfora dtica dtp SOS" (Aubet 1990, 44-46, Fig 8), Consequertiy, t may very well be compared to the fragments published here andi the lon fo East Gree) '-a-brosse' amphorae, which for exemple are known trom Huelva". Already in 1978, AW. Johnston and R. Jones mentioned SOS type amphorae as having bean produced “elsewhor that is to say, notin Attica (lonnston(ones 1978, 121, 4J. Boardman and J. Hayes distinguished Samian ver sions of the SOS type amphorae among the material {om Tecra (Boarciman/Hayes 1968, 137, 139. fig £67,142; 1978, 62-68, ls. 25,2264-2265; Cabrera 1987, 60), Since the typical decoration ofthe neck SOS and related, kackng onthe published pieces, tis per haps better to label these amphorae simply as East Greek biack painted amphorae Morphologically, two rim shapes can be distinguis- hhed. The fist ono is very largo rounded or echinus rim (Fig. 92-0) It seems to be the older one since it ocours already in Layer Nacb ofthe Warehouse area of Tosca- nos (Fig. 9 f) and may be dated concordantly to bet- ween 685 anc 660 BC. The second one has less roun- ded echinus rim Fig, Kee). Here, also the shape of thenackis clea, characterised by ade below therm, slightly above the place where the handles would have been attached to the neck. The rim-neck ofthe Coro dal Vilar amphora belongs tothe latter category ‘The fabric and painting ofa large East Greek jug trom Toscanos (Cat. 35) Is comparable, suggesting that not only transport amphorae were exported rom these Lnknown East Greek production piace (s02 below). ‘What aid these East Greek ampiorae contain? Their afilation with tho Attic SOS series and the fact that at teast part of thom were also produced on Sarnos, would suggest ove ol asthe primary commodiy to have been transported in those vessels, but as withthe Attic pro- ‘otypes, they may have boon usod for wine as wal (t. Docter 1991}. 7. Toscancs TM 87/265-5 (Fig 9), Fim fragment; Layer IVa-b, House 8; Diameter im 17.0 (Docter 1997, § X12 i, 518 as Samian?, paint not indicated). £8, Toscanos TM 87/1062 (Fig. 8b, Rim fragment; Layer Io, street near House C; Diameter rim 16.8 (Docter 1997, §X4, fg. 14 as Sarnan?, pant not indicated. 8, Toscanos TM 87/153-4 (Fig. 8), Fen fragment; Layer No, street near Haus ©; Piamoter rim 18.0 (Docter 1987, §X14, fg. $09 as Sarin, paint not inclicated), 10, Toscanes TM 67/120-135 (ig. 9d), Rim fragment; Layer Va‘, street near Haus G; Diameter rim 17.0 20. Cabrera 1088-80, 64,69, i. 9.22 and 36, These amphexae ee V6 fa Masport meso Hs he exci, HHae-e nn Figure 9, East Grook black paintod transport amphoree, To (Bocter 1997, § XI.4, fig. 510 as Samian?, paint rot indicated) 11. Toscanos TM 67/32-69 (Fig. 9 e), Rim fragment; Layer IVo, street near Haus C; Diameter rim 16.0 (Doster 1997, § XI-4, ig. 511 as Samian?, paint not indicated) CHIAN TRANSPORT AMPHORAE CChian amphorae form a well-studied class of transport containers, at least from a typological point of view. They are divided into two large series (Whitbread 1995, 134: +163; Cook/Dupont 1988, 148-151). The ones presen- ted here belong to the frst series of white-slpped am: phorae with painted decoration on various parts of 18a, Cat. 7b, Cat (Cat 1050, Cat. 11 (scale the body and the neck. In Carthage the frst fragments of Chian transport am ppharae occur in layers of the second half af the 7" cen- tuy and the 6” century BC (Figs. 1-3, 8, 10.2. Inator layers they are to be considered residual. Apart from these fragments, the class is known in Carthage with ‘oni one ceriain pieca, originating inthe settlement exca vations of the German Archaeological Institute (Rome! probably dating to the 6" century BC (Vegas 1989, 221, 223, fig. 3,19). In 1983, Hane Georg Niemeyer published a large fragment of a Chian ‘bobbin shaped’ amphora from Tos canos, which is generally dated to the end of the 7” and the beginning of the 6” century BC (Niemeyer 1983; here, fig. 10-7) At that time, Niemeyer dated the frag-Figure 10. Chian transport amphorae, Carthage cat. 18: 12; Cat, 19;¢, Cat. 14:6, Cat. 15:0, Cat. 16:1, Cat. 17. Toscanos: g, 19:1, Gat, 20; Cat. 21; k, Cat. 2251, Cal. 23; m, Cal. 24 n, Ca 25 (scale 1:3)DONGGEARES EHPORETANES 11,200, 3-98 % ment of Toscanos to within the ast years ofthe 7" cen {tury BC. Its strligraphical position in Layer 5a of the triangular ditch, however, allows for a slightly later date, within the first years orin the first quarter of the 6" con: tury BC. In Huelva the same type of amphora appears, in Layer Il of Puerto 9, that is to say not earlior than 590/80 BG (Cabrera 1988-89, 50) The other fragments of Chian amahorae in Toscanos: were found in (much) earlier layers: in Layers IVab-c (Fig. 10 g-) of the Warehouse area and Sa-b-c in the fing ofthe triangular defensive citch (Figs. 6-7). These may be dated to the 7® century, or to be specific bet- ween 885 and 620 BG. Toscanos has yielded more. CChian amphorae of the late 7" and catty 6” contury BC: ‘one from the excavations in the harbour area (Arteaga 11988, 134-195, fg. 6 a) and at least three from the exca- vations in the otal working quarter on the Cerro dol Pefion (Niemeyer/Briese/Bahnomann 1988, 167, 169, figs. 944, ‘The on-set ofthe production of Chian amphorae is com- ‘monly put al the end of the seventh century BC (Whi bread 1995, 135), Inhis recent study of the class, how- ‘ver, P. Dupont suggests an earlier date, within the third ‘quarter of the 7* century BC, on account of finds in Ete ria, The stratlgraphical dating of the Chian amphorae ‘rom Carthage is wollin ine with such a date: the ones, ‘rom Toscanos might be slightly earlier, but stil within, the second quarter of the 7” contury BC (Figs. 46) Just lke Clazomenian amphorae, from which they are offen aficut to cstinguish (see below), Chian amphorae were mainly used for the transportation of wine, 12. Carthage KA 91/175-16 (Fig. 10a), Base fragment; Stratum IV-2b1,, room ‘K-obsn’ of House 2: Diame: ter base 9.0 (Dacter 1997, § X14, fla, 515). 18. Carthage KA 91/163-72 (Fig. 19 b), Wall frag- ment; Stratum 1V-201, room 'K-oben’ of House 2, max, Diameter 45.0 (Docter 1997, § Xi, fig. 819). 14. Carthage KA 91/454-152 (Fig. 10), Wal fragment; ‘Stratum IV-1b2 (containing material from Stratum IV- 1b1), room C-D of House 1; max. Diameter 31.0 (Docter 1997, § X14, fig. 517) 18. Carthage KA 91/503-100 (Fig. 10d), Wall fragment; Stratum Roman | (containing material from Strata IV- 11 til |V-112), room C-D of House 1; max. Diarno- tor 42.0 (Docter 1897, § X14, fig. 518). 16. Carthage KA 86/1 10-2 (Fig. 10 «), Shoulder frag- ent; Stratum Villa2, room L of House 2; max. Dia~ meter 34,0 (Oocter 1997, § XI.4, fg. 620} 17. Carthage KA 91/181-17 (Fig. 10 9, Rim fragment, Stratum Vilat, room K/L of House 2; Diameter rim 21. Cook/Dupant 1998, 148 210, nota P: Dupen) His ark an the “alge eo specimens am Syee ad Pkt i 14.0 (Doeter 1997, § Xi4, fig. 627) 18, Toscanos TM 67/128-14 Fig. 10 g), Base fragment; Layor Vc, street near House C; Diameter base 10.0 (Docter 1997, § Xi.4, fig. 818) 19. Toscanos TM 67/120-61 (Fig. 10h), Wall raginent; Layer IVa-b, stroot near House C (Doctor 1997, § X14, fig. 524), 20. Toscanos TM 67/152-431 (Fig. 10), Wall fragment; Layer IVb, street near House C (Docter 1997, § X14, fig, 522), 21, Toscanos TM 67/152-434 (Fig. 10), Wall fragment; Layer IVb, street near House C (Docter 1997, § X14, fig. 523), 22, Toscanos TM 67/200-28 (Fig, 10), Wall ragmont; Layer Ne, street near House C (Docter 1997, § X14, fig. 526). 22, Toscanos TM 67/IVe-500 (Fig. 10, Wall ragment Layer IVe (Dacter 1997, § Xl, fig. 525), 24, Toscanos TM 71/6-N7 (Fig. 10 m), Wal fragment vith handle attachment; Layer 6 (containing materia ‘rom Layors atl 4), triangular detensive ditch (Doo ter 1997, § X14, tig. 521), 28, Toscanos TM 76/288-N2, TM 76/289-N1 (Fig. 10, 1), Four joining shouldor-neck-rim fragments with, ‘onset of handle; Layer 6a, triangular dofensive citch; Diameter rim 14.0 (Niemeyer 1983 with figs. 1-2; Fouillard 1991, 694, 12,7576; Doctor 1997, § X.4, tig. 528), CLAZOMENIAN TRANSPORT AMPHORAE ‘A useful summary of studies on Clazomenian ampho- rao has recently been published by P. Dupont (Cook/Oupont 1998, 151-186). Itis rather aificult to keep the clays of the Clazomenian amphorae and the contemporary Chian ones apart, at least on the basis, (of the material seen by me in Carthage, Toscanos and Pithekoussai®. Clazomenian amphorae were mainly intended for the transportation of wine (Cook/Dupont 1998, 195, 211, note 81), In Carthage and Toscanos a few amphora fragments, were found, which may be attributed to this class. ‘The only fragment of a Clazomenian (?) amphora of the Carthaginian fabric type 16 belongs to Layer IVc of House 2, the material of which can be dated between 630 and Sf BC (Figs. 2, 6). This date is inline with the generally accepted date for early versions of the class: the end of the 7" and the frst quarter of the 6 century BC (Cook/Dupont 1998, 182) ‘Toscanos has yielded one strap handle fragment of @ concer in eon with Bs Cazorarianamporae to wh est he ater one pein 22.- Pagan however, emacs that ts te Wey to dings bo to css (Cook/DUpON 1998, 151, =Figure 1. Ciazomenion tansport amphorae ~ Toscano, Cat. 28, Tansport amphorae of the East Greck series ~ Carthage: d, painted amphora, which may tentatively be attributed to Clazomena (Fig. 11 3). Itis decorated with (g0ssioly ‘gr0ups of] four red horizontal ines. Its stratigraphical position, in Layer Vc of the Warenouso area suggests ‘a dating ator 620 BC, which is in line with the traditio- ral ate date of the class. ‘Another characteristic fragment was found in Layer 3a of the triangular dofensive ditch (Toscanos; Fig. 14 bb. This layer is dated between 675 and 640 BC. A para- lel for the fragment is to be found in the necropolis of Pithekoussa: an amphora used as coffin for an enchy- trigos bull (70. 397). The context is dated to the local Late Geometric (LG) I period, which corresponds to the Early Protacorinthian (EPC) period, ie, the end of the 8” century BC. A.W. Johnston attributed the amphora to the Clazomenian class (Qurando 1989, 64, 80, note 41), whereas G, Buchner and D. Ridgway assig ned itto a 'Proto-Chian’ production (Ourando 1989, 64, 80, note 40 with reference; Buchner/Ridgway 1993, 26;', Cat. 27. Mlesian (7) transport emphora Cartage: c, Cat Cat, 28, Toscana: 8, at. 30 (scao 1:3). 429, pl. 211, 227) The rn, however, cifers from the fragront in Toscanos (Fig. 11 b} ‘Appeouliar sgn was scratched below one ofthe hand los ofthe Pithekoussan amphora: threo vertical strokes ‘crossed by three herizontal ones (Buchner/Ridgway 1995, no. 397-1, pl. 227). Similar and contemporary signs are encountered on two othor transport ampho- rae fram the necropolis, one of whichis probably East Greek, the other local and defritely meant for storage and transport of wine”, as wel as on @ Rhocéan or North tonian katyle (no. 168-9). Below one ofthe handles of ‘his drinking cup, better known as the Nestor cup, a sinilar motif had been inscribed, precisely using the space within the reserved aroa, and ciearly done by a different hand than that of the famous metrical ins- crition™. is this ign a (commercial grafito, which, ike the Nestor Inscription itself, alludes to (the consump: tion of wine? As to the precise mening, one can ony epecuiate, It could very well represent a vine, consis- 23. Unpsiood imported amphora ro, 613-1 (LG Wl, Buchner Rekgway 199, $97. 207,227; Durand 1989, 64, 84,1 loea spore ioe grczea A 69, 951-1 (LG, Buchner guy 1088, 397, le, 195,227; Dusndo 1888, 7, 87-8, Doctor 1987, § HS, 24. Bucraxdgvey 1988, 218, ls, 72-79, Aopen I Nal rang ispamatoa dasa do soraone éhelsoleggeent,chavamerts da mano diver, un motvo brea"oan pocTER 6 ting of crossed sticks (vine stocks supported by two or more stakes), and thus be a pictogram of the product of the vineyar. Since the motif is practically unpara- lleled within the published records of potters’ marks (Papadopoulos 1994, esn. 474-476, Table 1) and com- ‘mercial graffiti and dipint (Johnston 1979}, its occu- renga on four vases related to the transport and con: ‘sumption of wine in LG Il Pthekoussai can hardly be accidental. | know aniy two other examples. One was, painted on the body ofa Levantine wine amphora, which ‘was found in tho excavations below the Carthaginian Decumanus Maximus, dating to between 645 and 5| BC (Stratum IV-1b; Docter 1997, § V4.1, fig. 46). The second one was incised on the shoulder of a Cartnagi rian transport amphora, which was found in Street layer Va, dating to between 640 and 620 BC (Docter 1997, § V1.5, fig. 374), The original contents of these Carthaginian amphorae are unknown, but might have been wine, among various other commodities. It is not improbable that fragments of transport am- phorae from Old Smyrna, published as early versions of the Chian class (Cook/Dupont 1998, 146, 210 note 37, with reference), which were found in late 8° century levels, may in fact Include Glazomenian ones ae well The chronology of Clazomenian amphorae probably needs to be revised in an upward direction, like the ‘Samian and Chin classes, 26. Toscanos TM 67/252-5 (Fig. 11 2), Handle fragment ‘of Clazomenian (2) amphora; Layer V6, strest near House © (Docter 1997, § X14, fig. 529 as Cian?) 27. Toscanos TM 71/525-59, 80 and TM 71/487-s.n, (Fig. 11 0}, Three joining neck-rim fragments with handio; Layer 32, triangular defensive ditch; Dia- eter rim 18.0 (Doctor 1997, § X14, fi. 630). MILESIAN TRANSPORT AND TABLE AMPHORAE Dupont has recently discussed this particular class, ‘of amphorae (Cook/Dupont 1998, 170-177). Their pro- files seem to be characteristic: the necks have a flaring tendeney and the lip is mostly high, thin and convex. ‘The production of these oil amphorae probably starts, atthe end of the 7” century BC. With regard to the fabric, it should be noted that M. Soifert (1996, 40 with note 37) encountered dificulies in distinguishing between, the chemical compositions of clays from ‘Samian’, ‘Cia zomenian’ and "Miesian’ amphorae, This may be explai- ned by the similarities between the geological forma- tions ofthe Mlesian Peninsula and of Samos, and the geographical vicinity of Miotus to Clazomena ‘This classi well attested in Spain (Fernéndez /ufete/ Garcia 1994, 82, 96, fg. 10 a; Cabrera 1994b, 971), although in the material from Toscanos (campaigns 1964-1978) no examples could be recognised. Two ‘exampies ofthis class may perhans be distinguished “among the published materi from the Cerro del PeriGn site in Toscanos: one neck fragrent with broad pain ted zone on the rim and upper part ofthe neck and two Joining fragments of neck with im and handle rot, although both lip profiles are rather citferent from the {general shape described by P. Dupont. The latter one is decorated on the neck witha horizontal wey ine bet ‘ween two horizontal bands; the rim is painted as wel. The fragments probably belong tothe carly versions of the class dating tothe frst half ofthe 6” century BC, ‘which isin ine vith the general chronology of the mate ral found in the Cerro de! Peftén excavations. A good parallel forthe ast mentioned fragment has been foun in Huelva. The excavators compared it to amphorae from Miletus (Fernéndez/Rutete/Garcia 1994, 82, 96, Fig. 10 a) and datedit to the 6 century BC. In Carthage, apairted double reedad handle was found, for which an attribution to the Miesian ciass is tent ‘ety proposed (Fig 11). This particular hance shape israther common in the cass (Cook/Dupont 1998, 171- 172, 174, figs. 23.7 d, 23.8 ¢-0). The clay ofthe Car- tagirian piece was described as fic 4 which i finely grained and wel fred In light of P. Duponts remark that “with afew excon: tions, the exported specimens have neither slo nor pa ted decoration” (Cook/Dupont 1998, 174), it is rather strange that all examples cited here ere painted. Does his remark pertain only to the Black Sea area? 28. Carthage KA 91/478-217, 218 (Fig. 11 9), Two jo ‘ing double-reedod handle fragments; Stratum IN: ‘Dt (perhaps with few minor intrusions in find com: plex due to building of cistern), room C-0 in House 1 (Docter 1997, § X.5, fig. 634) ‘TRANSPORT AMPHORAE OF THE EAST GREEK ‘SERIES Within the material from Carthage and Toscanos eleven and three amphorae were found, respectively, which showed some morphological familarities with transport ‘emohorae ofthe East Greek series. In Carthage at least 25.2 Thepctogram shows amar with heed wine agen (AB 11) und Lrea Awe B cls, which probably oprecais2vine stock supper by to stakes Parr 1008, 272.278 917.1, 28. NomeyerBxies/Bahnonnn 1963, 167,169, g,Se, fh, 1, Compare fr the decorate, Cck/Dypont 1998, 171, i, 287 9 aba ‘ora With part tha decoration sehen the econd rant, sso Bo Sarria parte ry or amphora tom Gare dt lars co parable (Cabeoa 19980, 105-18, 118, 38,AST GREEK FINE WARES ANO TRANSPORT ANPHORAE OF THE A™ 9 CERTURY FROM CARTHAGE AND TOCANOS TMONOGHAES EMPORIANES 17,200), 696 five diferent fabrics could be distinguished within this heterogeneous group. Two of these amphora fragments are ilustrated here because oftheir relatively eerly date within the setement stratigraphios Fig. 11 d-). 29, Carthage KA 86/70-2 (Fig, 11 d), Base fragment; Stratum IV-2b1,, room K in House 2; Diameter base 7.0; (Dacter 1997, § X15, fig. 533). 30. Toscanos TM 67/247-105 (Fig, 11 e), Base frag ‘ment; Layer |, below House B; (Docter 1997, § X15, fig. 532), FINE WARE POTTERY ‘Avery limited amount of fine ware pottery from the East ‘Greek area found its way to Carthage and Tascanos. In the excavations below the Decumanus Maximus of Car- thage, only 24 fragments belonging to 19 vessels were recorded (Figs. 1-3). The majority belongs to open sha- pes, mainly drinking vessels, which only in few cases ould be connected with known production areas. In the settlement excavations of the German Archaeolo- gical Institute (Rome) in Carthage, at least three frag- ‘ments of ‘Ionian’ cups were found. The Carthaginian necropoleis have yielded Ite, only two East Greek "Grey ware’ aryoallo| (see below) tsa remarkable fact that the earilest fina wares from the East Greek area to have found their way to Carthage consist of closed vessels, Drinking vessels onty occur from the last 90 years ofthe 7” or first quarter of the 6* century BC onwards. In Toscanos, the East Greek fine wares are limited to two hodian or North lonian bird bowls, two East Greek bowls and one large closed vessel (Fig. 13 a-d), They ‘occur relatively late within the stratigraphies (Figs. 4-5). CLOSED VESSELS East Greek ‘Groy ware’ jug Ip Street layor lla of Carthage a double-reeded handle of a ‘Grey ware’ jug was found. Initially it was labelled fas a handle of an Etruscan Buechero oinochoe, but its stratigraphical position pointed to a date too early for Etruscan Bucchero. ts proper attribution was made by Martina Seifert (Hamburg), who compared it to ‘Grey ‘ware’ jugs which were ether produced in Northern lonia (or around Mitus. An early dating within the fist hatf of the 7* century 8G seems likely because is surtace is, not yst polished as on later examples, From the Carthaginian necropoleis of Carthage, two East Greek ‘Grey ware’ aryballoi of Corinthian shape are known and are dated to the late 7* century BC (Bou- cher 1989, 97, Pl 24,182-189, with references) 81. Carthage KA 91/595-68 (Figs. 12 a, 17 3) Double- reeded handle fragment; Stratum lat (with material ‘fib, street; wel-ired grey clay with few very smal lime and mica inclusions; surface dark grey. Rhodian(?) aryballos ‘Avery thin-waled arybalos is tentatively attributed to a hodlan produetion®, It could not be established any- more whether the surface had been orginally painted. Comparable East Greek aryoalli are known from other West Mediterranean sites, 0.9 rom Huelva (Fernén: dez/Rutete/Garcia 1904, 79, 81, fig 5.8) 32. Carthage KA 88/1 19-3, Five joining wall frag- ments with handle attachment, Stratum Vat, room Cof House 1; well-fed very pale brown clay (1018/3); surface plain, white (2.5y8/2), worn n0 inclusions recognisable. Unspecified closed vessels ‘Two other fragments from Carthage belong to unspe- ified East Grook closed vessels (Figs. 12 b-c, 17 b) ‘One of them appaared in Layer Ma of House 8 and may bbe dated concordantly between 675 end 645 BC (Figs. 12b, 17 b}. “The fabric of a tare jug from Toscanos (Cat. 35} is com: parable with the fabric of the East Greek black pain- ‘ted amphorae (Fig. 8). It was found in Layer § of the triangular defensive ditch, which is dated after 600, 27 According to M. Vege 1987, 254 teen ogments of ‘Tela’ cups dating tothe eal 6” certry BC has boon foun older pubes tions, however, sho meians tre rim ragmerts othe 7 cet, 6 tne Ureher wher hase me acon ces (Megas 1060, 219, 22 mi the 7” cetuy BC: Mos: Rake 109%, 143-144, 69,2897 Ape 1 We and a, 640-800 BG, 146, 140. Fg, 90,100, “Theil of nos 1997 pueston [Der Kerrigan in Kamago watvend der arcasenen Za) suggests a bcusscn ol known pls hed moot clases, buts in fot very neamlete, Nathar does i manton the matt Rom ma exatonsbabw the Decumarus Maximus, ‘nich hve boon publshod wit thor sory accra numbers and atrbaon on ts diferent casons (on Mase 1989, 32 not 1; No oyeDecte fal 188, 226-290, 9,11 88; Docla/Nameyer 1902, bu wich se ces as the “her unputitan Fund cr Aus ‘bungen dor Universitit Hamburg Nega® 1897, 35), nor does she rlor to we Cot, Laconan and Esco, Corian ratrl fom ho ecrop908, now nth Baa musaum ad psc ead in tha 19° cantar, 28.-M, Seo parteated ithe neces essere anspor amphi ae soa 96, nate 25; Soler 1097; Stet 1996), 29. Two spociaists who commented onthe pine exclude the poss thatthe placa so Manin Grek provrance, that sto say's neshor Contin, Arve moressons (Noo ar Laccrian (CM, Sib vessels ton Mus (Stet 1996, esp. 7a eo-\\ \ \ ne =. Figure 42. ‘Grey ware jug - Caray BO (Fig 83. Carthage KA 99/541-114 (Figs. 12 b, 17 b), Wall fragment of large jug; Stratum IV-8a2, room U of House 8; woll-fred light redalish brown clay (Syr6/4) with mecium mica; surface painted or washed, very pale brown (10)17/4), on which reddish brown hor! zontal ines (5 14/3), worn; max. Darmetor 24.8; unpu: biished. 84, Carthage KA 99/164-35 (Figs. 12 c, 17 o), Wall frag ‘ment with handle attachment of small juglet; Stra: um Vilb1, room ‘E-Ost; wellfired redaish yellow clay (6yt7/6) with many fine quartz and mica inclu: sions; surface pink (Syr8/4) with red painted deco- ration (2.5yr4/6); unpublished. #5, Toscanos TM 78/292-86 2.0. Five joining wall frag ‘ments of large jug: Layer 5, tanguiar defensive diton, well fired redaish brown clay, grey towards the int: ‘ior; surface painted brownish, extremely smooth with {gold mica: one thin purple horizontal ine at height of ‘widest part bally; max. Diameter 22.0; unpublished. DRINKING VESSELS. ‘Bird bowis! From Toscanos two fragments of East Greek drinking vessels of the ‘Bird bow" type are known (Fig. 18 a- '). The type wes probably produced on Rhodes, but at least the latest stage of the type was also produced in, 2, Cat. 31. East Greek closed vessos- Carthage: b, Cat. 93; ¢, Cal. 34 (scale 1:2}. the North lonian area, at or around Clazomeng (Cook/Dupont 1998, 26-28, esp, 27; Boardman 199 147 and note 23). The fragments belong to the second or thi stage in the development ofthe type, based on the decoration (J.N. Coldstream), which is dated to 675 615, that i to say between the late MPC I peri til hat way in the EC period. Starting rom the Corinthian onro- ‘ology of Amyx and Neeft {see above), the pieces from Toscanos may be assigned a general date between 670, ‘and 610/605. H.G. Niemeyer (1971, 164-155) elabo- rated 2 more precise date for the two pieces on the ‘basis of details of the profile and many independently dated comparisons, on the basis of which the folowing dates may be proposed: 630-600 BC for Cal. 36 (Fig 18.9) and 650-625 BC for Cat. 97 (Fig. 13 b). ‘third Bird bowl was found in nearby Guadalhorce (Coto del Vilar} and dated by B.8. Shefton (1962, 351 ‘ote 38, fig 6) tothe last decennium of the 7” orto the bbeginning of the 6” century BC. It belongs tothe fourth stage in the decorative development of the type. 36. Toscanos TM 67/279-s.n. Fg, 13.9), Rm fragment; Layer WVe-d, strect around House C; well-fred I brown clay with fine quartz and few fine mica inclu sions; Surface light greyish brown slip/wash; black paint at interior and in decoration at exterior (worn Diameter mouth ¢, 15.5 (Niemeyer 1971, esp. 183, fig. 1b; Niemeyer 1984, 219-214, fig, 1 @: Niemeyer 1987, 28, 80, pl. 1 6; Rouilard 1991, 693; SchubartLAST GREEK ENE Wares Figure 13. ‘St bows. Toscanos: a Ca. 96;0, Cal, 7. Heisohercal East G in press, § 1) 87. Toscanos TM 67/267-87 (Fig, 18 b), Rim fragment with onset of handle; Cleaning of profile in area of House C (Layer V, disturbed); well-fed light brown to light greyish brown clay with few fine mica inclu sions; black to brownish black paint at interior and in decoration at exterior; Surface slightly polished; Diameter mouth 12.5 (Niemeyer 1971, esp, 152-153 Abb. 1 a; Niemayer 1984, 213-214, fig. 1 h; Niern yer 1987, 28-90, fig. 1a, pl. th; Roullard 1991, ‘Schuibart in press, § 1). East Greek hemispherical bowls Two fragments in Toscanos (Fg. 18 ¢-c) belong tos low hemispherical bowls, which were described by J. Boardman and J. Hayos (1965, 44, 55-56, fg. 28,780; 1978, 20-24, fg. 8,747) as “plain banded bowis of lato form, Thoir interiors are painted black and may havo sorne additional painting. initially Boardman and Jayes attriouted such bowls to Rhodos, but in their second Tecra volume (1973, 20} other East Greek areas were also suggested, including Samos and Cos, but "a North lonian origin for the present series is improbable". Their occurrence in Tos first discussed by Toscano 6, Cat 8,0, Ca H.G. Niemeyer (Niemeyer/Schubart 1968, 92; Nimo. yar 1984, 214), The two fragments were found in one siratigraphical unit of Layer V, which is dated tothe kate id early 8 century BC mainly on account of the chronology of these bowis, 38. Toscanos TM 67/5-102 (Fig. 13 c), Rim fragment with handle attachment; Layer V, stteet/House F; well-fed light brown clay, few fine quartz and mica isions; dark grey — reddish brown paint on t interior and exterior; Diameter rim could not be esta blished (Niemeyer/Schubart 1968, 92, fig. 9; Nie meyer 1984, 219-214, fg. 1 1; Niemeyor 1987, 28 80, fig. 1, pl. 1 Rouilard 1991, 693; 12,650. Toscans TM 67/5: (Fig. 18 ), im ragment; Layer V, street/House F; well fired grey — ight brown clay, few fine quartz and mica inclusions; paint greyish, a interior rather diluted; Diameter rim 15.0 (Nierneyer 1984, 213-214, fig. 1 g; Niemeyer 1987, 28-30, fig. 1 b, pl. 1 g; presently in Museo Arqueotégico Nacional, Madi) Honian’ cups inthe following presentation ofthe ‘Ionian’ cups only reference is made to the typology of F. Vilard and G. nAOALDF.bocTER Iso Valet (Vilard/Vallot 1955), which is based on the finds in Megara Hyblaea. The chronology of their typology Js based on that of the well-stucfed Corinthian pottery sequences. ‘At Carthage the first occurrence of 'lonian’ cups is in Layer Vo of House 2, which may be dated to between 630 and 5f BO. The rim fragment (Fig. 15 a} belongs {0 the simple versions of the class, type 8.2. Unfortu: nately, the other 15 cups occur mainly in later levels of the stratigraphy, where they are cioary residual. Within tho material of Toscanos discussed here (campaigns. 1961-1978), such cups are absent. They are, howe- ver, to be found within the material of small excavation ‘on the Cerro del Petion (1978) (Niemeyer 1982, 189, pl 29g) and within the unoubished material from the metal ‘working quarter on that hil (excavations 1984 and 1956), Plain (undecorated) ‘Ionian’ cup Apparently rom a secondary position within the Gar- thaginian stratigraphy comes an undecorated ‘lonian’ ‘cup (Figs. 14 a, 18 a), It belongs to a very shallow ver= sion of the series, which might have even been lipless. 40. Carthage KA 91/127-27 (Figs. 14 a, 18 a), Two. Joining wall fragments with handle attachment; Stra- tum Vilat, room O of House 4; well-fred reddish yyolow clay (5yr6/6) with itl ine mica; surface plain, vary smooth, reddish yellow (Syr6/6); unpublished, ‘onian’ cups type B.1 ‘Two cups are tentatively attributed to type 8.1 of the \llard/Vallet typology. The first one (Fig. 14 b) is cha- racterised by a red or purple line on the lower part of ts interior, in combination with three red dots. it should be noted, however that itis not necessarily to be con- ‘nected with an archaic ‘ionian’ cup. Its stratigraphical position and general appearance (among ather things, ‘rather deap bow!) would also permit attribution to a ‘lassical or helerstc production of the East Greek area. The second one (Figs. 14c, 18) is alow cup, painted black in the interior and provicied with two black bands below the handle zone on the exterior. It could not be: established whether there were cxginally additional red lines on the interior. 41, Carthage KA 99/202-25, 26 (Fig. 14 b), Two joining ‘wall fragments; 'REPS', room Z of House 5; well- fied redlich yoiow clay (5yr6/6) with few medium sized quariz and fine vacuoll; surface painted red (2.5yr4/6) on the exteriar and biack at the interior, patchy: adaitional paint at the interior red (1015/6); Unpublished, 42, Carthage KA 86/106-19 and KA 91/127-3 (Figs. 14 ©, 18 b), Two not joining wall fragments of one cup; Stratum Villa1, adjoining rooms Land O of Houses 2 and 4; well-fred reddish yellow clay (5yr7/6) with few fine quartz, vacuali and mica; surface reddish yellow (6yr6/6), smoothened, containing much mica; painted black atthe interior, two horizontal bands at the exterior; unpublished. ‘Tonian’ cups type B.2 'n Carthage, five cups are attributed to large versions of typo 2 (Cat. 43-47, figs. 18 -€, 18.¢-) and four to small versions ofthis type (Cat. 48-51, figs. 16 8-0, 18.7). The wall fragment Cat. 48 and the base frag- ment Cat. 47 (Figs. 18 0-¢, 17 d, 18 are only tentat- vealy atriouted tothe general ype. The small versions (Figs. 182-0, 18 9) are also the heavier ones, having thicker walls than the larger versions and in general more ‘compound shapes. M. Seifert kindly attributed Cat, 49 (Figs. 16, 18.) to Western lonia, the area around Glazomena, 43, Carthage KA 99/107-1 Figs. 15.9, 18), Rim frag iment; Stratum 1V-202, room M of House 2; wol-fred light red cay 2.5yr6/6) with some mica; surface re: dish yellow (Syr6/6); painted black et th interior and exterior; unpubished 44, Carthage KA 88/25-48 (Figs. 15 b, 18 d), Rim frag- ment; Statum Vlat, room ‘A-Norc’; well-fed red- «ish yolow clay (7.5yr6/6) with many fine mica and few fine vacuol surlaco of reservad zone reddish yellow (7.5yr6/6); paintod black atthe interior anc exterior; unpublished. 45, Carthage KA 88/31-1 (Figs. 15 ¢, 18 6, Rm fag- ‘ment; Stratum Viat, room ‘A-Nora's well-fed red- dish yellow clay (Syr6/6) with few fine charmotte ‘and many fn mica; surface of reserved areas red dish yellow (57/6; painted biack atthe interior and ‘terior Nemeyer/Doctr et ali 1903, 227-228, 230, Cat, 30, fg. 111; a8 type B.1)- 46, Carthage KA 91/219-S2 (Figs. 16 d, 18 Three jo= ning wal fragments; Stratum Vlat, room H of House 5; wel- fred reddish yellow clay (56/6) with few fine mica; surface of reserved areas reddish yellow (7.5y17/0), painted black at the interior an redish brown 2514/4) athe exterior (four horizontal bands) rather diuted; unpublished 47, Carthage KA 91/225-18 (Figs. 16 e, 17 o), Base fragment; Stratum Vlat (with material from Strata 0. Fer slaty devating ‘abeckae’ cats, uted Mee, 208 note 10, ovo, Sav ako Couk/Duport 1886, 129-101 whip. 18,1 LM. Cond fr ‘concn decussion of he dase S51. K. Schmit Hamburg is ob thanked fr nfatin on tho place (A 97/2), which willba pubs by her and. Kurz in he Ose rnthicne bined.QT Figure 14, Plain undecorated ‘onan’ cup - Carthage: a, Cat, 40. onlan’ cups type Bt - Carthage: b, Cat 41 6, Oat. 42 ecale 12) a2 tit Vad), room BH of House 5; wellfred reddish yollow clay (7.5y17/6) with few fine quartz; surface painted red (2.5y¢4/8), unpublish 48, Carthage KA 99/538-21 (Figs. 16 a, 18g), Wall rag ment, broken off at transition to base; Stratum Vilo2, room U of House 8; well-fred reddish yellow clay (6yr6/6) with ight redaish brown core (Sy16/4) and ‘some fing mica; surfaca of the exterior light red : painted black atthe interior; unpubl 49, Carthage KA 88/94-A9 Figs, 16, 18h), Wall rag ment; Stratum Vit, roo C of House 1; wall-red. radaish yellow clay (5yr6/6) wit few fine quartz; sur face of the exterior light brown {7.5yr6/4), painted reddish brown (2.5yr4/4) at the interior, rather du ted; unpublished. 0. Carthage KA 86/1 10-3 (Figs. 16 c, 18 9), Wall frag- ‘ment; Stratum Vlla2, room L; wel-fied redalsh yetow clay 6yr6/6} with some fine vacuoli, surface in reser- vved area reddish yellow (5yr6/6); painted black atthe interior and exterior; unpublished 51. Carthage KA 88/71-8 (Figs. 16 d, 18 ), Fim frag- ‘ment; Stratum disturbed in modern times, room D of House 1; wellfred reddish yellow clay (7.5yr6/6) with fow fine quartz and much fine mica; surface in reserved areas reddish yellow (5317/6); painted black atthe interior and exterior; unpublished. Unspecified ‘Ionian’ cups (Of the fotowing three cups, one (Cat, 84, fig. 17 N could be attributed by M. Selfert to a known production area: North loria, 2, Carthage KA 99/225-5 (Fig. 16 e), Hand ragment; Stratum Viat (with material of Strata lib2 til 1Va2) room J of House 6; well-fired reddish yellow clay (6y76/6) with come fine mica; surface light brown (7.yt6/4); party painted black; unpublished. 53, Carthage KA 91/354-10 (Fig. 17 e), Wall frag ‘ment; Stratum Vlat (with material of Satur tl-1at), room ‘F-Sudost’ of House 1; wol-fed light red clay (2.5yr6/8) with fow fine quartz and mica; surface pain- ted red at the exterior (2.5y15/8} and at the interior (2.5y15/6); unpublished. 54, Carthage KA 99/458-10 (Fig. 17 9), Wall fragment; Stratum Via1, street; wall-fred light brown clay (75yr6/4) with much fine gold mica; surtace in reser: ved area pinkish white (7.5yr8/2); painted back at the interior and exteror, rather worn on exterior, abun dant gold mica in surface; unpublished. Classical ‘Ionian’ cup (South lonia with Cnidus) Cat. 55 (Figs. 16 f, 18 k) is remarkable because of its ‘dripped’ decoration on the exterlor, executed in red paint, M, Seifert who studi the abject attributed it to ‘a group of drinking vessels ofthe classical poriod, which were preduced in the area of South lonia, among others around Cnidus. Unfortunately it was found in a mixed context which dates tothe Roman period. During recent excavations in the area of Damous el Kerita (Car- thage) an almost identical ragment was found, again in ‘mixed layer of late (Roman) dato”Figure 15. lonian’ cups ty xthager a, Ca, 43; b, Cal. 4a, Ca, a8; Cal 48 0, Cat. 4 Figure 16. ‘nian’ curs type 8.2 - Carthage: a, Cat, 48; b, Ca. 49; , Ca. 50; d, Cat. 61. Unspecified ‘nian «Cat, 62, Classical South lian cup ~ Carthage: f, Cat. 55 (scale 1:2 pp - Carthage’[AST GREEK PRE WARES ND TRANSPORT AUPHORAE OF THE 185. Carthage KA 91/463-280 (Figs. 161, 18k), Wall fragment, broken off at transition to base; Straturn Roman V, over strast/room E; well-fed red clay (2.5yr5/8) with very many fine quartz and mica; surface exterior reddish yellow (Syr6/6), painted red al the exterior (2.5yr5/6) and at the interior (10r4/6); unpublshes. CONCLUSIONS ‘The East Greek finds from Carthage and Toscanos belong to the same chronological horizon as the ones: from Al Mina and Pithekoussai, mentioned in the introduction, that is to say they start shorlly after the middle ofthe 8° century BC (or inthe last quarter of the ‘century in the case of Toscanos). The corpus of East Greek pottery in this early period is not identical in the four settlements, however: East Greek transport am pphorae and drinking vessels arrived at Pithexoussal fron the time this sotiment was established; Al Mina appa- rentiy only received East Greek fine ware pottery, mainly drinking vessels, and Carthage and Toscanos recel- vad in their early days only (or principally) amphorae, some of which wore East Greek. {this early phase, the Phoenicians of Carthage and ‘Toscanos imported these vessels mainly to obtain one single commodily: olve ol, This fact is most cloarly seen In Carthage (Fig, 6), where Samian and Corinthian A amphorae (alive ci belong to the earfest Greek imports, accompanied by Altic SOS amphorae, which at this time were mainly used for the transport of olive oil” ‘Apart from four unspecified Greek and East Greek am- pphorae of which the original contents are, of course, Unknown, these oll containers are the only Greek trans: port amphorae imported inthe settlement between 760 ‘and 645 BC. This may pethaps explain why no con temporary East Greek drinking vessols were imported together with Samian amphorae™. in the century or 30, before c. 630 BC only two East Graek fine ware closed vessels found their way to Carthage (Figs. 1, 12 a-b) Wine amphorae from Chios and Clazomena were only ‘added to the repertoire ater the middle of the 7" cen- tury BC (Fig, 6), at which time also the first East Grook drinking vessels appeared in Carthage (Figs. 2, 14 a. In Toscanos the picture is similar, although not as clear as in Carthage (Fig. 7}. Corinthian A and Samnian am: pphorae are among the frst Greek amohorae to have rea- Cched this Phoenician settlement, already by the early 7 ccontury BC (Fig, 4). They are accompanied and prece- ded by amohorae ofthe East Greek black painted! sees, Which imitate the Attic amphorae of SOS shape. It has been tentatively proposed that the principal usage of these amphorae was as storage and transport contai ners for olve ol (see above}, thus strengthening the case for imports aimed at the acquisition of olive ol. In a ‘second phase (685-620, fig. 7, Chian and Clazomerian wine-amhorae appear, slightly eater than in Carthage, but stil ony ata later stage. Few drinking vessels from, the East Greek area accompany these East Greek wine imports during this second phase (Figs. 4, 12 4-0) “The predominance of olive oil among the earliest Greek imports in the two Phoenician settlement is surprising, Apparently, wine was acquired elsewhere in this early period: the Phoenicians may have either been satisfied by a sufficient local production or by a regular import from other Mediterranean areas (Fantar 1997; Oocter 1997, § XIL2.2; Greene 1998; Morel 1998}. With regard 292. Kearsley 1900, 171; Boardman 1990, 14, 147, 166-167, Tbe 1. Th assume “pependerence of North ron and Sain wares tA nan, 157 s20rs grey ekageratod tha it otha 3 East Grosso rom Levels 9176 nt ha Strut oho pant port {b.143, Tao 1) These 9 vas continent 2.70% ofa gost petory kept 9200), whan SBF mst be only ation othe ea numberof ptr excavate, dept Boardman (o.14) evecaive descriptions ofthe excavator’ aura. would surprise vary much, If Weoley felt note (AL =the nsttuta of Achaelogy, London) manton rumors ofthese Plan wetes,slerage or ctriaga amor! wie wer not Kap bu the shape were nel a hr cocance inal evan ous ecrded, Tae reco wont gobo! ha i ‘ration at or example amphote of yp 2 ceouradin evel 8. AG exelent sen! kas, ain wares, mainly of cs ‘aries, may account fr 508 an seroteras even 80 cr 80% of al te crac Hs. nny cas, su unacourde inthe pty kop fom ‘Ma goos ‘a quot of san and meaningless macy nen Gosk sherds IAL” p, 138, note) Eas! Gres vanspor ampere may perhapsbe singed ang the Greek neck anpheae of Wools ype 11 ft, Boaran 1988, 152) 838. Alot fom the ter pat oe 7” cartury BC onwards hey yor alco sod forth nepal wa, alteughpaheps nate he sane sl 50 =p, Docter 1991 eo Mor! 1268, 0-31 win ctor refoanoesinncte 27 anp, 6, Fox tasreason, Nomoye (688, 216-217; 1957, 312) argu hat rook wine war moaredin the Phoenician getionents ota eran Pinas dos a ane re, ‘34. oe elaborates upon this in of thou the nporation of Ate il containers would ret have stdatod nar avon naceasatad a on temporary mpor ot Ate dintng ves, wren dood ar esr! the West wel no He 6 eantsy BC. The Ae MG rae ten Hh (0.9, Rouors 190%, 40.6, P.12,8, about ota dnking Yess, Wu connected wr wine consumption, sho conspicuous exception, In Carhaga, ate pottary anlybecare popsar axing the lte 8 and 4" carturea 2, se B, Bech in Nemeyar eta fn preperation, CContian inking vessel doo tn the moet, since they wore rac! ove hugo que, Intopodonty om te eantemporary Corian A arohorae, but mest lyon ho samo ships, hough,a Figure 17. ‘Grey war! jog - Carthage: a Cal. 3 (Grack closed vessels - Carthage: b, Cat 83 0, Ca. 34 “ori cup 82- Cavthage: d, Cat 47 terior. Unspectied‘onian’ cups ~ Carthage: e, Ca. 53, f. Cat. 54 nteri. to olive ol, two recent studies on the burned wood remains in the tophet of Carthage show that only from the 6” century BC onwards was olive wood suffi ciently avalable as combustible, making up for 86.8% of all wood in the pyres (Stuits 1990; LM. Stuits in: Briese et all forthcoming). By that time, the area around Carthage must have been covered by olve groves and the demand for ove oll may have been met principally by local production. In the late &* and 7® century BC, however, only 28.7% of the combustible used in the tophot consisted of olive wood, suggesting a rather low local production of alive ol, With regard to the palaeo: ferwiranment and! land-use in the area of Toscanes, less information s available, For nearby Cerro del Vilar, howe ver, the fact that alives are not mentioned amongst, the agricultural products for which palaeo-ecological ‘evidence has been obtained, is perhaps signitican (Aubet 1999, 43; Doctor 1997, § VL5.2; XIl.2.3). Sin lary, in the Phoenician settlement of Castilo de Do Blanca, in the area of Cadiz, olive remains turn up, only in levels relative to the frst quarter of the 6* cen tury BC [J.G. Chamorro, in: Rosell6/Morales 1994, 27) ‘Tne importation of olive oll during the earliest period of the Phoenician settlements Carthage and Toscanos may therefore be easly exolained by an insufficient local production of this commodity. Although here is not the place to elaborate upon wider questions of trade, distribution and modes of exchange, a few thoughts may stimulate further ds. ‘cussion. It may be argued that consumption or demand dictated the importation of East Greek pottery in Phoe: rican gettlements during this eary period. Prosnicians, rather than Greeks, on their regular travels from the Levant to the covonial settlements in the West, took in fow East Greek transport amphorae with commodities (in particular olve ail) for which they knew a demand ‘existed. In principle, they could have picked these am: phorae up at any intermediate Meciterranean staging post (Rhodos, Samos, KommIs, Aegina, Corinth, Syra- ‘ouse etc.), but the fact that also few East Greek fineAST GREEK FINE WARES AND =PNSFORT ANPHORAE OFTHE 65% CENTURY 8 MONOGRFIES EMPORTANES 1,200, ° ‘Sem —_—— — Figure 18, Pain undacorated‘onlan’ cup - Carthage: 2, Cat, 40, ‘onan’ cups type 8.1 ~ Carthage: b, Cat. 42, ‘onan cups ‘ype B.2- Carthage: c, al. 43 ftir 0, Cat. 44; e, Cat. 45;f, Cat. 48; g, Cat 48; Cat, 49, i, Cal. 60: |, Cat. 1 ftorin). Cas sical South lian cup - Carthage: k, Cat. 56. ‘wares (closed vessels) were taken in into their ships (Cat. 81-36, fig. 12) suggest that the production area itsotf was the place of acquisition. Moreover, their limi- ted number suggests that this import business was not a large enterprise; | would rather callit ‘chance trad Despite its casual character, this business may even have been rememioered throughout antiquity, singe the Pseudo-Arstoteles (De Miabiibus Auscuttationibus 135) explctly mentions alve oll among the commoities tra ced by the frst Phoenicians sailing to Tartessos. Ina second phase, trom somewhere in the second quar- tor of the 7° century BC onwards, the situation chan: (988, Now, forthe first time East Greek wine amphorae {and drinking vessels are imported, Progressively, their Importation seems to be determined by the production ‘capacity ofthe East Greek cites and thelr Wester colo nes in combination with the energetic trading of their ‘merchants rather than by factors of demand and con- sumption in the Phoenician cities. This phase corres: ponds to, and overlaps with the fst two phases of Greek impor in Huelva and Cerro del Vilar, which P, Cabrera, dated to betwoon the late 7" contury and 590/580 BC, ‘and 590/580 til $60 BC respectively (Cabrera 1988-89, 48-69; 1904a, 108; 1994, 370-372). On good grounds. ‘she distinguishes Samnian trading involvement next to the better-known Phocaean activites (Cabrera 1994a), eee asDuring the last twenty years there have been a large number of publications on Greek imports in Spain in which different models of distribution, exchange and interaction between Greeks, Phoenicians and Tartes- sians/berians have been discussed, rejected and eva- luated again. As a rule, these discussions start fom very few, mostly distorted, Ancient sources and a large BIBLIOGRAPHY AMYX, D.A. 1988, Corinthian Vase-Painting in the ‘Archaic Period, Berkeley a.o. ARTEAGA, O. 1988, Zur phoniziscnen Hafensituation von Toscanos. 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