CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and scope of study

It is no news that water scarcity is one of the major problems facing the world todays.
There will be about 1 billion more months to feed worldwide by 2025 and global
agriculture alone will require another 1 trillion cubic meters of water per year. (United
Nations University, 2012)

Because it cannot under look such statistics, it is important to find solutions to

this problem. One of such solutions is Rainwater Harvesting (RWH). It also referred
to as Rainwater Catchment or Roof Water Collection. Rainwater Harvesting is also
used in developing countries. Rainwater Harvesting simply refers to teh collection and
storage of run-off rainwater for subsequent use. Usually, it includes the collecting
rainwater from the roof of a house via gutters which will then channel the run-off
water into some kind of storage containers.

To make the process of Rainwater Harvesting easier, it is advisable to build some

sort of collection system. But before delving into the various components of an RWH
system. Over one years, rainwater harvesting has gained grounds especially in
developing countries where water scarcity is frequent making rainwater one of the
major sources of water for many.

Figure 1.1 Rainwater Harvesting System

1
 There are more and more households and business turning to rainwater harvesting
as an alternative source of water supply. It is because, first and foremost, rainwater
harvesting allows to control water supply allowing self-sufficiency and water
conservation. Then, rainwater harvesting is an environmentally responsible and
socially acceptable source of water. Also, rainwater is a free and relatively clean
source of water. Because of its lack of chlorine, rainwater is ideal for landscape
gardens and plants. Rainwater Harvesting also helps in reducing runoffs and solving
drainage problems while giving you unrestricted access to free and clean water. It is
an inexpensive and easy-to-maintain source of water. Rainwater Harvesting system
can be adapted to fit into any existing structure or constructed while building a new
home. Also, the flexibility of RWH systems allows for easy relocation,
reconfiguration and expansion.

Water supply systems each have their uncertainties and sporadically need repair
and maintenance. Also, droughts may cause water shortage. Such major repairs or
periods of droughts may

Re-use of rainwater can overcome the problem of water shortage especially in

city areas. Malaysia only relies on water supply such as dam, river or river water. In
line with the rapid growth of the population in the country, water demand has also
risen to more than its limited capacity and has resulted in water shortages especially in
city areas. Referring to the water crisis occurring in the mudflow in 1999, is one of the
most critical scenarios. With regard to the crisis, it has been raising awareness among
residents about the importance of re-use of rain water as one of the alternatives to help
overcome the shortage of water supply.In this regard, the government has agreed on
the implementation of the system through amendments to by-laws 2, 10 and 115
under Undang-Undang Kecil Bangunan Seragam 1984 (UKBS) which was approved
in the 64th Mesyuarat Majlis Negara Kerajaan Tempatan on 23 May 2011 to be
gazetted in all The States of Peninsular Malaysia as well as the Federal Territory
Ministries. Figure 1.2 shows the government of johore gazette.

2
 Figure 1.2 Government of Johore gazette

While from the economic perspective, the use of rainwater can reduce water bill
payments either for domestic, commercial or industrial use. Rainwater can be used for
non-drinking purposes such as washing floors, watering crops or landscaping, toilet
flushes and washing clothes.

The purpose of this study is to understand more about Rainwater Harvesting System
(RWHS) that are required by the National Council for Local Government in separate
detention in Undang-undang Kecil Bangunan Seragam, 1984 (UKBS) on 23 may
2011. This study focuses on permohonan pelan bangunan di bawah akta 133 bagi
tujuan pembangunan 1 blok hospital pakar swasta 9 tingkat (150 katil) dan 1 tingkat
sub-basement di atas sebahagian lot ptd 163189, Jalan Dato’ Onn Utama, Taman
Bukit Mutiara, mukim tebrau, Daerah Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Ta’zim. In addition,
this study aims to describe the components of Rainwater Harvesting System with
consists of catchment area, conveyance, first flush, storage tank and distribution
system. Other than that is to determine the type and the process of Rainwater
Harvesting System.

3
1.2 Objectives

The following are the objectives of this study :

i. To identify the type of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) that involve in

building.

ii. To determine the components that applied to Rainwater Harvesting System

(RWHS).

iii. To determine the process of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS).

4
1.3 Methods of Study

This method of study is implemented with a good sequence to ensure the purpose of
this study and its objectives can be achieved well. The sequence of this study is as the
following :

1.4.1 Primary source

i. Observation

This observation is made during current industrial training at the site visit are made.
Any information that are related to the objectives are been collected. The site visits
are made with the Assistant Architect Officer (PPS) and be guided by site supervisors.
All the important information and related pictures as a references are recorded by
using the technologies such as camera and mobile phone.

ii. Interview methods

The next method that can be used to collect the data by using primary source is made
by interview method. The interview method is made to collect the information about
the project and the system are use and also interviews with someone who have more
experience and involved to the project such as interviewing the engineer, site
supervisor, technical assistant, contractor and project manager.

iii. Documents reviews

A few of document that managed to gain regarding of the Rainwater Harvesting

System (RWHS) at the certain project, on the application file and drawing plan.

1.4.2 Secondary source

i. Research

The research are made to studies about the Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS)
that are applied in the building such as detached house, separate buildings from the
drawing plan of the project. Such as the architectural drawing.
5
ii. Internet

Internet also used as a secondary source to get more information about the
components, type and method of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS). There are
some several websites that be use to the information. This information can be use on
added at the information from others method.

6
 CHAPTER 2.0

COMPANY BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction of Company

Johor Bahru was declared the state capital and administrative center of the Johor
Darul Ta'zim state on 1 January 1896. The history of the Johor Bahru City Council
(MBJB) began in 1933 when the Town Board was established, then upgraded to the
Town Council in 1950, In April 1977, the Johor Town Council was upgraded to the
Johor Bahru Municipal Council and subsequently acquired the status of a band on 1
January 1994.

To date, MBJB has earned some outstanding achievements and recognition to its
performance that always meets the demands of the government and the people place
MBJB as one of the two Local Authorities (PBT) best of 149 PBT in Malaysia with a
rating of 5 Star SPB - PBT received in the year 2013.

The city of Johor Bahru is undergoing a rapid transformation of economic

development which has also been identified as one of the cities of competitiveness
other than Kuala Lumpur, Bandar Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. The establishment of
the Iskandar Region (IM), has provided various development benefits, particularly in
the context of domestic and foreign investors' confidence in implementing various
high-impact investments in the city.

7
 Photo 2.1 Office of Majlis Bandaran

Photo 2.2 Office of Majlis Perbandaran

Photo 2.3 MBJB Building

This phenomenon indirectly creates a wide range of job opportunities for banners in
particular. Social and social interests are also never forgotten. Hence, MBJB has
always been keen to collaborate with urban people through organizing programs like
LA21 and other community programs.

8
The ultimate goal is to create a high social value society where it is the core of the
future development of Johor Bahru city.

Despite the rapid development of municipal issues, a holistic and balanced approach
is believed to create a sustainable environment that seeks to meet the needs and
aspirations of the entire community as well as realize the vision of the Johor Bahru
City Council, the Johor Bahru International, Cultural and Sustainable City.

Figure 2.1 MBJB Administration Area

9
2.2 Company Profile

Figure 2.2 The Logo of Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru.

Company/Agency Name

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru

Business Address

Peti Surat 232, Jalan Dato’ Onn, 80720, Johor Bahru, Johor.

No Tel/Fax

07-2198114 (T) / 07-2231731 (F)

2.2.1 Vision of the Company

Johor Bahru City Is International, Cultural And Sustainable City.

2.2.2 Mission of the Company

The mission of Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru is strengthening the role of the
organization as a strategic driver and facilitator for all stakeholders,ensuring the
sustainable development of the city, prosperous and prosperous and high cultural
identity, and providing an efficient delivery system, high-risk governance, effective
resource management and innovative technology for the benefit of urban residents.

10
2.2.3 Objective of the Company

Good quality, high integrity and competent human capital, strengthening the financial
and sustainability of the city's economic growth, adopt new technology use through
continuous innovation, quality services, facilities and infrastructure, prosperous and
prosperous based on high spiritual and social values, drive interactive and inclusive
public participation in empowering development, and the balance of development and
environmental sustainability

2.2.4 Functions And Roles

Functions and roles of MBJB's local authorities is the planning and control of urban
development, provision and maintenance of roads within the city, provision and
maintenance of public utilities, municipal law enforcement, provision of city health
and services, city beautification and cheerful, eco-system drainage management,
traffic management and public transport, property tax management and support
revenue sources, urban socio-economic development, regulation of business activities
through the issuance of business licenses and community development.

Figure 2.3 Functions and roles of MBJB's local authorities

11
2.3 Organization Chart

Table 1 The organization chart of MBJB's Local Authorities

12
Table 2 Organization Chart of Building Control Department

13
 2.4 List of Project

2.4.1 Completed Projects

DURATION DATE OF
CONSULTAN DATE OF
NO PROJECT NAME OF FAIL
T NAME APPLIANCE
APPROVED CLOSED
1 PERMOHONAN HARUM 17/01/2017 10 MONTHS 12/09/2018
PELAN BANGUNAN MEGAH
DI BAWAH AKTA 133 RESOURCES
BAGI PEMAJUAN 4 SDN. BHD
BLOK APARTMENT
(96 UNIT) BERSERTA
KEMUDAHAN DI
ATAS LOT 1832
JALAN PERMATANG 1
KEMPAS
PERMATANG MUKIM
TEBRAU JOHOR
BAHRU

2 PERMOHONAN COUNTRY 26/02/2017 5 MONTHS 02/05/2018

PELAN BANGUNAN DANGA BAY
DI BAWAH AKTA 133 SDN.BHD
BAGI PEMAJUAN
PERDAGANGAN
YANG
MENGANDUNGI 1
BLOK KOMERSIAL 2
TINGKAT (16 UNIT), 1
BLOK (6 MENARA)
PANGSAPURI
14
 PERKHIDMATAN 36
TINGKAT (2352 UNIT)
DAN 7 TINGKAT
TEMPAT LETAK
KENDERAAN
BESERTA 2 TINKAT
PUSAT MEMBELI
BELAH DAN
KEMUDAHAN DI
ATAS PLOT 3
PERSIARAN ABU
BAKAR SULTAN,
TELUK DANGA,
JOHOR BAHRU.
3 PERMOHONAN WENTEL 13/04/2017 7 MONTHS 12/09/2018
PELAN BANGUNAN CORPORATIO
DI BAWAH AKTA 133 N SDN.BHD
BAGI CADANGAN
PEMBINAAN 1 UNIT
KILANG SESEBUAH
INDUSTRI
SEDERHANA 1
TINGKAT DENGAN
PEJABAT 2 TINGKAT,
1 BLOK PERUMAHAN
PEKERJA 5 TINGKAT
(36 UNIT), 1 UNIT
PECAWANG
ELEKTRIK DUA
RUANG, 2 UNIT
PONDOK PENGAWAL,
2 UNIT RUMAH
SAMPAH DI ATAS
15
 LOT 354 MUKIM
TEBRAU, DAERAH
JOHOR BAHRU

4 PERMOHONAN CHUAH 27/04/2017 4 MONTHS 01/08/2018

PELAN BANGUNAN SEONG PENG
DIBAWAH AKTA 133 & KOH
BAGI CADANGAN SEONG KOOI
MEMBINA SEBUAH
GELANGGANG BOLA
KERANJANG
BERBUMBUNG
DIATAS SEBAHAGIAN
LOT 84419 (PTD
156608), MUKIM
PLENTONG, JOHOR
BAHRU

Table 2.1 : The list of applications on Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB)
completed projects.

16
 2.4.2 Project in Progress

CONSULTANT DATE OF DURATION OF

NO PROJECT NAME
NAME APPLIANCE APPROVED
1 PERMOHONAN PELAN KPRJ 17/01/2017 8 MONTHS
BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA DEVELOPMENT
133 BAGI CADANGAN SDN.BHD
PEMBINAAN PEMBANGUNAN
SEBUAH STADIUM BERSERTA
KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN DI
ATAS SEBAHAGIAN LOT
160866 MUKIM TEBRAU
JOHOR BAHRU

2 PERMOHONAN PELAN HPL BUILDERS 06/02/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA SDN.BHD
133 BAGI CADANGAN
MEMBINA BANGUNAN
PERDAGANGAN BLOK A
(HOTEL) 4 TINGKAT (39 BILIK)
BLOK B 3 TINGKAT PEJABAT,
DI ATAS PTD 149403, JALAN
SASA 1, TAMAN GAYA,
JOHOR

3 PERMOHONAN PELAN POTENTIAL 01/03/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA LANDSCAPE
133 BAGI CADANGAN SDN.BHD
PEMBINAAN 26 UNIT KEDAI
PEJABAT 3 TINGKAT DI ATAS
SEBAHAGIAN PTD 83705
JALAN BUKIT MUTIARA
TAMAN BUKIT MUTIARA
17
 JOHOR BAHRU

4 PEMOHONAN PELAN PETRON FEUL 07/03/2018

BANGUNAN BAGI INTERNATIONAL
CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN SDN.BHD
MENYIAPKAN SEBUAH
STESEN MINYAK PETRON DI
ATAS LOT 170249 GRN 539182
JALAN KEMPAS JOHOR
BAHRU

5 PERMOHONAN PELAN APEX 15/03/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA EXHIBITION (M)
133 BAGI MEMBINA 1 UNIT SDN.BHD
KILANG SETINGKAT
BERSERTA PEJABAT 3
TINGKAT DI ATAS PTD 202593,
JALAN SRI PLENTONG 8,
TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN SRI
PELNTONG, JOHOR

6 PERMOHONAN PELAN BENUA KURNIA 22/03/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA SDN.BHD
133 BAGI CADANGAN
PEMBANGUNAN YANG
TERDIRI DARIPADA 14 UNIT
RUMAH BERKEMBAR 2
TINGKAT JENIS A 2 UNIT
RUMAH BERKEMBAR 2
TINGKAT JENIS B 2 UNIT
RUMAH BERKEMBAR 2
TINGKAT JENIS C DAN 40
UNIT RUMAH KLUSTER 2
18
 TINGKAT JENIS A FASA 1D-2
TAMAN GLENMARIE JB.

7 PERMOHONAN PELAN ANGSANA 29/03/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA ABADI SDN.
133 BAGI CADANGAN BHD.
PEMAJUAN PANGSAPURI
PERKHIDMATAN 39 TINGKAT
DI ATAS LOT PTD 221667,
JALAN MASAI BARU
PLENTONG JOHOR BAHRU.

8 PERMOHONAN PELAN SMART ENVIRO 05/04/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA (M) SDN. BHD.
133 BAGI CADANGAN
MEMBINA 1 UNIT STESEN
MINYAK 1 UNIT KEDAI
SERBANEKA DAN 1 UNIT
RESTORAN MAKANAN
SEGERA DI ATAS PTD 172799
TAMAN SERI AUSTIN MUKIM
TEBRAU DAERAH JOHOR
BAHRU

9 PERMOHONAN PELAN SETIA INDAH 12/04/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA SDN. BHD.
133 BAGI CADANGAN
PEMBANGUNAN YANG
MENGANDUNGI 90 UNIT
KEDAI PEJABAT 3 TINGKAT
DAN 1 UNIT PENCAWANG
ELEKTRIK (DOUBLE
CHAMBER) DI ATAS PTD
19
 190868 DI ATAS MUKIM
TEBRAU JOHOR BAHRU.

10. PERMOHONAN PELAN TRIOWELL 10/04/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA DEVELOPMENT
133 BAGI CADANGAN SDN. BHD.
MEROBOH DAN MEMBINA
SEMULA 2 UNIT RUMAH
TERES 1 TINGKAT BERSERTA
LANTAI MEZZANIN DI ATAS
LOT 103365 (NO.1)& LOT
103366 (NO.3) JALAN JAYA
PUTRA 2/12 BANDAR JAYA
PUTRA JOHOR BAHRU.

11. PERMOHONAN PELAN TAN HENG HIN 17/04/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA
133 BAGI CADANGAN
MEROBOH DAN MEMBINA
SEMULA SEBUAH RUMAH
BANGLO 2 TINGKAT JENIS
KEKAL DI ATAS PTD 6572
JALAN SRI GUNUNG EMAS
ULU TIRAM JOHOR BAHRU.

12. PERMOHONAN PELAN ROZANA BINTI 18/04/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA ROSLI
133 BAGI CADANGAN
MEROBOH DAN MEMBINA
SEMULA SEBUAH RUMAH
BANGLO 2 TINGKAT JENIS
KEKAL DI ATAS LOT 12616 NO
4 JALAN SERINDIT KG DATO
20
 ONN JAAFAR MUKIM
BANDAR JOHOR BAHRU.

13. PERMOHONAN PELAN WIN WIN FOOD 05/06/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA INDUSTRIES
133 BAGI CADANGAN SDN. BHD.
MEROBOH DAN MEMBINA
SEMULA SEBUAH KILANG 1
TINGKAT DI ATAS PTD 7124
NO 5 JALAN TAHANA
KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN
TAMPOI JOHOR BAHRU.

14. PERMOHONAN PELAN WESLITE 13/06/2018

BANGUNAN DI BAWAH AKTA DORMITORY
133 BAGI CADANGAN (TAMPOI) SDN.
PEMAJUAN 3 BLOK ASRAMA BHD.
PEKERJA 5 TINGKAT (203
UNIT) DI ATAS SEBAHAGIAN
LOT 2051 JALAN BAYU
KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN
TAMPOI JAYA MUKIM
TEBRAU DAERAH JOHOR
BAHRU.

Table 2.2 : The list of Applications on Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) in
progress.

21
 CHAPTER 3.0

CASE STUDY

3.1 Introduction of Case Study

The project that will be the case study during practical training in Majlis Bandaraya
Johor Bahru is Permohonan pelan bangunan di bawah akta 133 bagi tujuan
pembangunan 1 blok hospital pakar swasta 9 tingkat (150 katil) dan 1 tingkat
sub-basement di atas sebahagian lot ptd 163189, Jalan Dato’ Onn Utama, Taman
Bukit Mutiara, mukim tebrau, Daerah Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Ta’zim. It is KPJ
International Specialist Hospital, Bandar Dato Onn, Johor. This project was registered
on 15 October 2012 in the building department and was approved on 19 November
2012. The construction started on 27 August 2013. The duration of the construction
and the completion date is on 16 October 2018. There are several parties involved in
this project. It is Bandar Dato Onn Specialist Hospital as a client or owner, M&R
Architects Sdn. Bhd. as architect, GJ Runding Sdn. Bhd. as civil and structure
engineering, and Aya Engineers Sdn. Bhd. as mechanical & electrical engineering.

Photo 3.1 The Perspective View of the Project

22
 Photo 3.2 The Perspective View of the Project

Figure 3.1 The Location Plan of KPJ International Specialist

Hospital, Bandar Dato’ Onn, Johor

23
 OWNER
BANDAR DATO ONN SPECIALIST HOSPITAL
C/O KPJ JOHOR SPECIALIST HOSPITAL SDN BHD,
NO. 39-B , JALAN ABDUL SAMAD,
81100 JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM

ARCHITECT
M&R ARCHITECTS SDN BHD
NO.7 & 7A, JALAN HARMONI 12,
TAMAN DESA SKUDAI,
81300 SKUDAI,
JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM.

CIVIL & STRUCTURE ENGINEERING

GJ RUNDING SDN. BHD.
TAMAN TAMPOI INDAH,
81200 JOHOR BAHRU,
JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM.

MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AYA ENGINEERS SDN. BHD.
NO. 18, MEZZANINE FLOOR,
JALAN SS21/35, DAMANSARA UTAMA,
47400 PETALING JAYA,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.

Table 3.1 : the List of Consultant

24
The total area of this building is 50,612.37m2. On sub-basement level, it is use for
kitchen, parking and plant room. Level one is use for parking, reception, A&E,
imaging and plant rooms. On the level two, there is retail, pharmacy, central store,
cafe, vacant and MSB room. Next, at level three, it is use for ortho & clinic,
diagnostic servives, endoscopy and physio lab. Clinic, hall, medizal record, executive
office and vacant was at level four. On the level five, there is orthopedic ward, ICU,
OT, CSSD, and vacant. In level six, it is use for geriatric ward, HDU, AHU. For the
next level which is level seven, it use for women & cosmetic ward and vacant. There
is vacant in level eight and nine. The RWHS is at level nine.

For this case study, the focus will be on the Rainwater Harvesting System
(RWHS) that accordance with the uniform building by law as the topic due to this
system need to apply on certain building and it is one of the condition to enter the
application on local authority (PBT).

3.1.1 Rain Water Quality

Rainwater contains substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air,
nitrogen oxide from lightning or thunder, and sulphur dioxide from gas of combustion
of material fire. Although rainwater contains the materials, it can still be used for a
variety of uses and not encouraged for beverage purposes. Besides, the pH of
rainwater is below the neutral stage. It is slightly acidic with pH level is more than 4.5.
When the rain falls in over surfaces such as roof, gutter and others, the water may be
dissolved with dirt material and micro material that can be negatively affecting human
skin. When it rains, rain will bring various dirt from the roof buildings such as dry
leaves, animal faeces and others. There is a trap space which is by pass trap, can be
installed as a rainwater first filter to keep rainwater collected is clean from dirt.

25
3.1.2 Rainwater Utilization

Generally, rainwater can be used for potable use and not for non-potable use such as
drinking and bathing. Rainwater that used for drinking or dining purposes should be
treated first, especially rainwater in urban areas. This is because rainwater contains a
toxic metal which is lead that over the guidelines of World Health Organization.
Additionally, acidic acid pH that too acidic is not suitable for drinking and it should
be between pH 6.5 to pH 8.5.

Non-drinkable water does not need to be treated but needs to be filtered to clean it
from dirt materials. Examples of uses of rainwater is such as, washing outdoors,
watering the plants or landscaping, toilet flushes and washing clothes.

Photo 3.3 Rain water is use for washing outdoors

Photo 3.4 Rainwater use for landscaping

26
3.2 The Type of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) that involved in the
building.

3.2.1 Above Ground (Gravity Feed)

In some situations it may be possible to have a system that functions purely through
gravity, requiring no pump and therefore no energy use. With this arrangement,
rainwater is collected from a part of the roof which has gutters above the filter and
collection tank which are in turn above all the outlets. This arrangement is only ever
possible where the storage tank can be located below the level of the gutters, yet
higher that the outlets that it will supply. Only the power of gravity is needed to feed
collected and filtered water to various parts of the home for use, so it is an
ultra-energy efficient option.

Figure 3.2 Diagrammatic of Gravity feed system

27
Figure 3.3 Diagrammatic of RWHS piping Installation

28
3.2.2 The important of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS)

The use of rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) has been known as a source of
sustainable water supply. This activity preserves the environment through the
reduction of energy inputs to treat and pump water into a large service area. This can
reduce carbon emissions. The use of rainwater can save the consumption of treated
water and thereby reduce the deforestation to build the dam. Additionally, the use of
RWHS can delay surface runoff that can help control floods especially in urban areas
and control soil erosion.

The use of rain water can also overcome the water supply in urban areas.
Malaysia relies on water supply from dam, river or groundwater. In line with the rapid
population growth, demand for water has risen to more than the capacity of water
supply and this has led to a lack of clean water supply especially in urban areas. The
water crisis in Kuala Lumpur in 1999 was one of the most critical scenarios. this has
given rise to awareness of the importance of using rainwater as an alternative to
helping overcome water supply problems.

From an economic perspective, the use of rainwater can reduce water bill
payments whether domestic, commercial or industrial uses. Rainwater can be used for
non-potable water such as washing the floor outdoors, watering plants or landscaping,
toilet flushes and washing clothes. In general, daily water consumption for a
household is estimated at 64% of the water use can be replaced with rainwater where
22% to wash clothes, 16% for car wash, indoor and outdoor laundry and landscaping,
26% for toilet cleaning. While research studies conducted by National Hydraulic
Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) show that 34% of the total monthly
household water consumption can be replaced with rainwater for landscaping, toilet
flushes and cleaning outdoors.

29
 Both studies show that the use of rainwater can reduce water bills between 34%
to 64%. According to NAHRIM, rainwater is more higher quality which is IIB class
compared to groundwater or surface water as it does not contain salt and mineral
solutions. It also does not contain contaminants as found in rivers. This high degree of
purity of rainwater can attract some industrial types that use pure water for processing
activities such as microchip computers and photographic processing.

30
3.3 The Components that applied to Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS)

3.3.1 Catchment Area

Photo 3.5 Catchment area of KPJ International Specialist

Hospital, Bandar Dato’ Onn, Johor

The catchment area of a water harvesting system is the surface which is directly
receives the rainfall and provides water to the system. The rainwater catchment area
consist of a roof or house that is used as rainwater only. In addition, the surface of the
building, parking area, leisure area and other outdoor areas. However, rainwater from
this catchment area is not suitable for rainwater harvesting system because of
pollution. A roof made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or
corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.

Amount of water collected dependent on surface area and type of roofing. Avoid
metallic paint or other coatings that are hazardous to health.

Its important to take note of the material on the roof. A metal roof is the best
material to use because water slides down immediately. So it will avoiding the risk of
bacterial festering to the water. Avoid wood and materials that contain lead.

31
 Another factors is the slope of the roof. Its determine how quickly water will
drain to the gutters during rainfall. Steep roofs will cause water to run off quickly and
making it easier to clean the roof and prevent contamination. On the other hand, less
steep roofs will reduce runoff making it more possible for contaminations to stay on
the roof.

Size is important too, as it will determine the amount of rainwater harvested.

Knowing the area of the catchment area can help to determine how much water can
harvest. The area can be calculated by adding the building’s area to the area of the
roof’s overhang. The larger the size, the greater the volume of water harvest.

3.3.2 Conveyance

This is simply refers to the gutters and roof drain pipes. These are the pipes that
channel water from the catchments area to the storage tanks. On selecting the gutters
and drain pipes, there are some factors that need to be considered.

Photo 3.6 The Conveyance of KPJ International

Specialist Hospital, Bandar Dato’ Onn, Johor

32
 The size of the gutters should allow adequate movement of rainwater harvested
from a storm event it spanning 100 years, with a 1% likelihood of occurring. Thus,
storm-prone places require wider gutters than places with less-intense rainfall. Gutters
should generally be at least 5 inches wide.

Every 100 sq. feet of catchment area should have one inch drain pipe. The same
rule should be applied to circular PVC piping. It is important to properly install drain
pipes and gutters for the system to function properly. For effective draining, gutters
should be sloped at 1/16” per foot of length.

The rounded-bottom gutters reduce the risk of debris build up. Also, consider
putting gutter hangers after every 3 ft. In areas with heavy snow, gutters should be
placed after every foot. Paint PVC pipes to minimize UV sunlight breakdown.

3.3.3 First flush

A first flush device is a valve which ensures flushing out of first spell of rain away
from the storage tank that carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air
and catchment surface.

Photo 3.7 The First Flush of KPJ International Specialist Hospital, Bandar Dato’
Onn, Johor.

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3.3.4 Storage tank

This is the most visible component of a rainwater harvesting system. This is where
rainwater harvested and stored for subsequent use. The main use is the safety of water
collected.

Photo 3.8 The storage tank in level 9 with 180,000 litre (47,550 Gallon)

It is important to carefully on select the material for the storage tank. There are some
ideal storage tanks such as concrete, enclosed metal and monolithic-pour concrete
tanks. Others, fiber glass, plastic such as polypropylene and polyethylene, and
wooden tanks.

The colour of the tanks also important as it plays a number of roles. It preserves
the quality of the water. Clear or translucent tanks encourage the growth of algae
since sunlight can penetrate the material. So it is important for clear tanks to be
painted. Also, tank colour can affect the temperature of the water. During summer,
water in the light tanks will tend to be colder since the colour are reflects to solar
energy.

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 Others, it important to take into consideration the location of storage tanks. Either
it will be underground or aboveground. If it below ground tanks, it take up less space.
It also are less visible and can maintain a temperature. But, it is prone to cracks due to
soil shifting and settling. Also, constantly open to water pollution and cracks and it be
very difficult to detect. Underground storage tanks are costlier to install, remove and
maintain. Meanwhile, aboveground storage tanks are subject to weather conditions
including sunlight, and this may affect the water quality.

3.3.5 Distribution System

This element involves all the devices used to move out of the storage tank for use
including pipes and pumps. For irrigation used for rainwater harvesting system, all
needed is a length of drip tubing. However, if the water is use for indoor purposes,
then the distribution will involve a number of other components. It will prudent to
employ the services of a licensed plumber.

It is important to note that friction in the pipes will lead to loss of the pressure.
This is true if the water move far from the storage tank.

Pressure tanks and pumps are also the very important components of a
distribution system. If the rainwater harvesting system uses gravity flows, there is no
need for pump. However, selecting the perfect pump is important for rainwater
harvesting system and it depend on volume and pressure requirements.

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Photo 3.9 Distribution System of KPJ International Specialist Hospital, Bandar Dato’
Onn, Johor

Photo 3.10 The Uses of RWHS on Basement

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Photo 3.11 The Uses of RWHS on Landscape

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3.3.6 Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting System.

Based on the observation during completed this report, there are advantages of
Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS). Utilizing the rainwater harvesting system
provides certain advantages to the community. First of all, rainwater harvesting
allows to better utilize an energy resource. Is is important to do so since drinking
water is not easily renewable and helps in reducing wastage. System for the collection
of rainwater are based on simple technology.

The overall cost of the installation and operation is much less than that of water
purifying or pumping systems. Maintenance requires little time and energy. The result
is the collection of water that can be used in substantial ways even without
purification.

Water collected in the rainwater harvesting system can be put to use for several
non-drinking functions as well. For many families and small businesses, this leads to
a large reduction in their utilities bill. On an industrial scale, rainwater harvesting can
provide the needed amounts of water for many operations to take place smoothly
without having to deplete the nearby water sources.

It also lessens the burden of soil erosion in a number of areas, allowing the land
to thrive once again. In fact, it can also be stored in cisterns for use during times when
water supplies are at an all time low.

There is little requirements for buildings new infrastructure for the rainwater
harvesting system. Most rooftops act as a workable catchment area, which can be
linked to the harvesting system. This also lessens the impact on the environment by
reducing use of fuel based machines.

Rainwater is free from many chemicals found in ground water, making it suitable
fir irrigation and watering gardens. In fact, storing large reservoirs of harvested watre
is a great idea for areas where forest fires and bush fires are common during summer
months.

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 With increase in population, the demand for water is also continuously increasing.
The end result is that many residential colonies and industries are extracting ground
water to fulfill their daily demands. This has led to depletion of ground water which
has gone to significant low level in some areas where there is huge water scarcity.

During rainy seasons, rainwater is collected in large storage tanks which also
helps in reducing floods in some low lying areas. Apart from this, it also helps in
reducing soil erosion and contamination of surface water with pesticides and
fertilizers from rainwater run-off which results in cleaner lakes and ponds.

Rainwater when collected can be used for several non-drinking functions

including flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden, washing cars, and
others. It is unnecessary to use pure drinking water if all we need to use it for some
other purpose rather than drinking.

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3.3.7 Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting System.

Rainfall is hard to predict and sometimes little or no rainfall can limit the supply of
rainwater. It is not advisable to depend on rainwater alone for all water needs in areas
where there is limited rainfall. Rainwater harvesting is suitable in those areas that
receive plenty of rainfall.

Depending on the system’s size and technology level, a rainwater harvesting

system may cost anywhere between hundreds to thousands and benefit from it cannot
be derived until it is ready for use. Like solar panels, the cost can be recovered in
10-15 years which again depends on the amount of rainfall system.

Rainwater harvesting system require regular maintenance as they may get prone
to rodents, mosquitoes, algae growth, insects and lizards. They can became as
breeding grounds for many animals if it is not properly maintained.

Certain types of roofs may seep chemicals, insects dirt or animal droppings that
can harm plants if it is used for watering the plants.

The collection and storage facilities may also impose some kind of restrictions as
to how much rainwater can be use. During heavy downpour, the collection systems
may not be able to hold all rainwater which ends in going to drains and rivers.

Rainwater harvesting is a system that is gaining speed over time. Areas that
experience high amounts of rainfalls will be benefit the most from the system and will
be able to distribute water to dry lands with ease. However, the beneficial
environmental impact of the system is what drives it further as of now.

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3.4 The Process of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS)

3.4.1 Collection of Rainwater from the Catchment Area.

When the rain falls, the roof is the first element that will receive rainwater. Roofs
designed more sloping will drain rain faster than the less sloping roof. Rainwater from
the roof will flow to the aperture. Gutters also need to be fitted with appropriate
gradients so that the water does not stagnate and becomes a breeding ground for
mosquitoes. Rainwater from the floods will flow to the rainwater pipeline. Rainfall
pipes should be from non-soluble substances such as UPVC, galvanized iron and
others to avoid adverse effects on water quality.

3.4.2 Rainwater removal at the beginning

A separator tank or similar device is installed on a rainwater pipe before positioning

on a rainwater storage tank. It aims to filter and dispose of dirty and rubbish materials
using separate devices.

Photo 3.12 The filter on first flush

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 Figure 3.4 The first rainwater removal flow

Rainwater will enter the separator tank first and when the tank is full, the floating
valve will close the separator tank. Then the rain will flow into the rain water storage
tank. The separator tank content should be emptied before the next rain. The rainwater
storage tank needs to be equipped with a large diameter pipeline larger than the
incoming pipe. Pipes to reduce pressure in rainwater pipes can be installed.

3.4.3 Removal of solid materials.

Rainwater flow containing leaves, dust, sand and other solid materials will affect the
quality of rainwater storage. However, frequent cleaning on the roof of a house or
building for removing solid materials is not practicable.

Therefore, methods of avoiding leaves, sand dust and other materials from entering
the pipeline and rainwater tank are by installing a cartridge or netting filter on the part
before the rainwater goes into the tank. it will assist in the removal of solid materials.

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3.4.4 Rainwater storage

The rainwater storage tank should have a lid that prevents the entry of any foreign
material and is designed and installed so that it is easy to maintain. Water that has
been filtered will flow into the storage tank and stored for use as needed. System to
pour rain water either gravity, use pump or both. The water level indicator tool is not
required, but with this tool the user can know the water level in the tank.

3.4.5 Rainwater flow on distribution system

The pipes used to drain rain water should be distinguished and separated by public
water pipes for drinks or baths to prevent public water from being mixed with
rainwater. The RWHS pipe must be coloured to distinguish it with other use pipes.
The RWHS tap should be clearly marked "Not for drinking or bathing purposes"

Photo 3.13 Mark "Not for drinking or bathing purposes"

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3.4.6 Policy Provisions and Legislations.

The policy and legislative provisions that relating to RWHS is Secretary General of
the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Implementation of Rainwater
Harvesting System (RWHS), 1999. The initial initiative of the implementation of
RWHS in Malaysia has commenced since 1999 when KPKT issued a Circular on
Guidelines for Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System (1999) to
instruct PBT to implement RWHS building. This guideline can be regarded as the
preliminary basis of Malaysia in the implementation of RWHS to reduce the
dependence on treated water while at the same time the transition period to
overcome the problem of water shortage especially in urban areas.

After seven years of initial RWHS implementation initiative, the National

Water Resources Council in 2006 has decided to expand the use of rainwater in all
federal and state government buildings. The Council also recommended agencies
responsible for implementing rain and water use campaigns providing solutions to
prevent mosquito breeding.

While, the 9th Malaysia Plan Efforts to promote the use of this RWHS have
been strengthened with the availability of policies in the 9th Malaysia Plan where
modern technology is use such as solar power generators, wind turbines, and
includes to enhance and expand RWHS in the interior.

In 2006, Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Semenanjung Malaysia

(JPBD) has enacted Dasar Perbandaran Negara (DPN) which also emphasizes the
use of RWHS. The relevant policy is the DPN-18 which is "Enhancing efficient
water management with emphasis on demand, alternative and non-conventional
which is rain water harvesting and water recycling, and reduced wastage". The
implementing agencies identified are Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan
Air (KeTTHA), Water Supply Department, State Government and Local
Authorities.

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 In line with the policy at the federal level, the policy regarding RWHS at the
state and local level has been translated. For example, the Kuala Lumpur Structure
Plan 2020 provided in 2003 by Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL) has
provided RWHS's policy. This is intended to reduce demand for water supply
where measures for the use of rain water and recycling of waste water should be
implemented. The policy is "Policy: UT 6: DBKL will implement measures to
reduce demand for water supply by encouraging consumers to install rainwater
collection tools and recycle wastewater for non-beverage purposes."

The 64th Majlis Negara bagi Kerajaan Tempatan (MNKT) on May 23, 2011
approved the amendments to the Uniform Building By-Law to require RWHS
implementation in semi-detached houses, bungalows and buildings separate. The
UKBS provisions on RWHS are "RWHS elements such as drainage systems, rain
water tanks, water pumps and others that required to install RWHS should be
clearly illustrated in the plan for the following types of buildings. RWHS should be
installed only for bungalows and semi-detached homes that have the same roof area
or exceed 100m2. In connection with all categories separate buildings that have the
roof is equal to or exceeds 100m2 .

The government's commitment towards green development and Green

Building Index (GBI) and the Green Neighborhood Planning Guidelines, RWHS
are identified as green initiatives to promote the efficient use of water. RWHS was
also identified as an immediate measure in the Green Neighborhood Development
Blueprint by the Green Neighborhood Development Working Committee in
December 2011. The Committee is set up in an administration to coordinate, assist,
encourage and advise the Green Technology Council and Climate Change in
matters involving matters relating to with green neighborhood.

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 CHAPTER 4.0

CONCLUSION

4.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion the need for RWHS use in certain buildings has been identified in this
study. This effectiveness plays an important role in solving problems related to the
source of treated water. The use of RWHS is one of the alternatives suggested by the
Local Authorities for all developers and industrial areas throughout the state by
creating their own storage tanks besides relying on domestic water supply.

Therefore, every housing construction project must follow the UBBL (1984) Act,
whereby each housing should be based on the size of a building for each housing
developer to install this system with a design plan by the developer and according to
standards set by the UBBL (1984) Act to approve the building and construction plan
application form.

Installation of RWHS has proven to be beneficial to its former residents with

rapid urban development. In terms of legislation, amendments relating to RWHS have
been enacted and this will be the first step in ensuring the implementation of RWHS
in Malaysia. Legislation needs to be enforced while research studies on RWHS
implementation should be continued to ensure the effectiveness of its implementation.
Local Authorities should play an important role in ensuring the implementation of
RWHS at the local level. With the increase of public awareness on the use of rain
water by various parties will ensure the implementation of RWHS in Malaysia.

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 REFERENCES

Web Site

Jeremiah Castelo (15August,2018); available on.

-https://worldwaterreserve.com/rainwater-harvesting/introduction-to-rainwater-harves
ting/

R&d.jpbd (29 july 2013); available on

https://issuu.com/anwar_townplan/docs/laporan_panduan_pelaksanaan_spah__f/7

Rainharvesting System(4th August 2017)

https://rainharvesting.co.uk/types-of-rainwater-harvesting-systems/

Wrap_dchttps://www.slideshare.net/mobile/CathrynCourtin/water-catchment-system-
presentation

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APPENDIX

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