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Chapter 7 - Groundwater - Edit
Chapter 7 - Groundwater - Edit
(BFC 32002)
By:-
GROUNDWATER
PUMPING TEST
CONFINED AQUIFER PUMPING TESTS
RECHARGE WELLS
APPLICATION OF GROUNDWATER
FLOW
Season.
Intermediate Intermediate
Zone of aeration
zone zone water Water in
Zone of voids in
fissured rocks
Capillary
rocks Capillary zone (pore,
water
fissure,
Groundwater cavern
Zone of water)
(phreatic
saturation
water)
What
is
Aquifer ?
Coarse-grain water.
Two categories :-
CONFINED AQUIFER
CONFINED AQUIFER
... Cont ‘
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
... Cont ‘
Zone 3 parts :-
Saturated
Unsaturated
Water Table
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
... Cont ‘
1. SATURATED ZONE
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
... Cont ‘
2. UNSATURATED ZONE
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
... Cont ‘
2. UNSATURATED ZONE
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
... Cont ‘
3. WATER TABLE
Porosity, n
Specific Retention, Sr
Specific Yield, Sy
Storage Coefficient, S
1. POROSITY,
2. SPECIFIC RETENTION, Sr
Volume of water retained against gravity force compared to
the total volume of soil.
Formula :-
Wr
Sr ……. 7.1
V
Where ;
2. SPECIFIC RETENTION, Sr
Capillary pressure, Pc
Specific retention
Volumetric-moisture content, w
Wan Afnizan b Wan Mohamed ;
JKAP ; FKAAS
GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS
... Cont ‘
2. SPECIFIC RETENTION, Sr
Ground level
Level-2
Level-2
3. SPECIFIC YIELD, Sy
Volume of water released from storage in a water table
aquifer per unit horizontal area of aquifer with unit decline
of water table.
Formula :-
1 dv
Sy . or S y n Sr ……. 7.2
Where ;
A dh
Sy = Specific yield
Sr = Specific retention
A = Area of soil formation
dv = Volume of water drained
dh = Change in water table
= Porosity
GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS
... Cont ‘
3. SPECIFIC YIELD, Sy
Specific Yield
Material
(%)
3. SPECIFIC YIELD, Sy
1 1
S w b
w
E E s
Storage Coefficient
S gb
S
Ss (Jacob)
b
Specific Storage
S s w 1 (DeWeist)
GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS
... Cont ‘
S = Storage coefficient
b = Thickness of aquifer
= Porosity
w = Specific gravity of water
Ew = Bulk modulus of elasticity of water
(3105 psi at ordinary temperature)
Es = Bulk modulus of elasticity of soil solids
= Aquifer compressibility (1/Es)
= Water compressibility (1/Ew)
Ss = Specific storage
Hydraulic Conductivity, K
Transmissivity, T
Coefficient of Leakage, Le
1. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, K
K k OR q = Ki
K = hydraulic conductivity
k = intrinsic permeability (refer Table 7.2)
= specific weight of fluid
= dynamic viscosity of fluid
q = specific discharge
i = hydraulic gradient = Dh/L
1. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, K
Table 7.2
Parameter Unit Unit Conversion
(multiply by)
Intrinsic Darcy cm2 ft2
permeability
1 Darcy 0.987 10-8 1.062 10-11
Hydraulic Meinzer or
ft/day m/day
conductivity gpd/ft2
1 Meinzer 0.134 0.041
Transmissivity gpd/ft ft2/day m2/day
1 gpd/ft 0.134 0.0124
2. TRANSMISSIVITY, T
Formula :-
T bK ……. 7.3
Where ;
FLOW RATES
FLOW RATES
... Cont ‘
Datum
Dh
Q KA
L ……. 7.4
Where ;
P
h z
g ……. 7.5
Where ;
WELL HYDRAULIC
WELL HYDRAULIC
... Cont ‘
Assumptions made :-
Flow is radial
Original water table is horizontal
Well is fully penetrated
At steady state conditions.
r2
r1
Ground
Observation
Original water table wells
S dx
dy
Cone of depression b
Drawdown
hw y h1 h2 h0
Pumped well
Impervious x
stratum
Figure 7.15 : Well in an unconfined aquifer
Wan Afnizan b Wan Mohamed ;
JKAP ; FKAAS
GROUNDWATER FLOW ANALYSIS
K ( h 2 2 h12 )
Q
r
ln 2
r1 ……. 7.6
Where;
K ( h 2 2 h12 )
Q
r
ln 2
r1
Find h2 & h1 ;
h1 = b – S1
h1 = 35 – 8 = 27 m
h2 = b – S2
h2 = 35 – 7.5 = 27.5 m
Therefore ;
( )( 200) ( 27.52 27 2 )
Q
80
ln
30
Q 17,456 m 3 /day OR
m3 1 day
Q 17,456
day 24 60 60 s
Q 0.202 m 3 /sec
WELL HYDRAULIC
r1 Observation
wells
Ground
Original
S1 S2 piezometric
Pumped well surface
x
Piezometric surface
y h1 h2 h0
Aquifer
Impervious
thickness
strata
( h 2 h1 )
Q 2Kb
r2
ln
r1
Find h2 & h1 ;
h1 = b – S1
h1 = 33 – 3.5 = 29.5 m
h2 = b – S2
h2 = 33 – 0.5 = 32.5 m
Therefore ;
( 2)( )( K ) (33)( 32.5 29.5)
0.07
180
ln
18
m 24 60 60 s
K 2.59 10 4
s 1 day
K 22.38 m/day
PUMPING TEST
(m)
Susutan (m) 4
3 s2 = 3.1 m
Drawdown
Ds
2
s1 = 1.37 m
1
1 cycle
log to = - 0.76
0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Log
Log masa
time (jam)
(hour)
RECHARGE WELLS
Construction includes :-
Installations
Pre-development well
THANK YOU
Wan Afnizan b Wan Mohamed ;
JKAP ; FKAAS