As per my understanding, both these aspects have their own values in the process of learning and in fact self-study

works majorly as the

support system of classroom study for better performance. The classroom study is considered as the first step towards the all-round
development of a student.
Following do's and don'ts are advised to derive maximum benefit from classroom learning

BEFORE THE CLASS AFTER THE CLASS

• Review lecture notes of previous class.
• Read all the assigned material. Some part of your study time each
day should consists of looking ahead to those sections of your
syllabus that are to be covered on next day.
Remember! here, reading means
only the survey of concepts,
terminology, diagrams and
examples etc. There is no need to
study and learn the material on
your own.
• By reading so you can note down the concepts that appear
confusing or difficult so that you will be able to figure out your
concerns and queries to be listen/asked with in the class. This will
increase your depth of understanding with in the class.
• Besides, previewing new material enables you to see what is
coming and prepares you to absorb the same.
WITHIN THE CLASS
• Be regular/ consistent within the class. Your attentive presence in
the class will be helpful in understanding your lessons and being
regular helps in the development of a proper rhythm required for
better result. I am of the opinion "a gap of single day causes harm
equivalent to 21 effective days".
However, if you are compelled by
your circumstances to skip your
lectures, make sure that you update
your notes and request for an extra
lecture from your teacher.
• To stay focused in the class and listen to everything told by the
teacher, you must also ensure the right place to sit. This will
ensure that you are not deviated by distractions. For example,
window seat or sitting with a talkative partner may cause a
possible diversion.
Remember while choosing a perfect
seat, consider the place from where
you can listen to your teacher
perfectly and see the black-board
clearly.
• Leave a lot of blank space within your notes to accommodate
extra material while going for the same topic/ concept later on at
home.
The work is not over as soon as the class is over. Some learning and
notes making is still left. For you, the time period after the class can
be categorised as
Time period immediately after the class
You can double your learning effectively just after the class via
• Review the notes prepared by you during the class and pen down
the words and sentences left over while writing.
This can be done only because a
normal human being can retain
such things only upto 20 minutes
(max) after a lecture or class.
• Try to squeeze every last drop of detail out of your memory. Finish
the sentences you couldn't finish at that time. Complete the
diagrams/ examples while the images are still fresh in your
memory. Mark important, wherever required for further
attention.
Time period before next class
As discussed above, a proper review is required of the notes
prepared in previous class with the goal
• To refresh your mind constantly with the older material
• To activate your prior knowledge immediately before being
exposed to new material.
Time period within one week of the class
It is important to devote some time in each week for periodic
revisions along with the updations. Your goal must be to further
consolidate the essence of the past week lectures in your long term
memory. Same periodic revisions must be continued in monthly
fashion too.
Along with the above written facts, in my opinion a classroom is the
place, from where the competitiveness begins. For the importance
of class room study, the lines that appeal me the most, i.e.
“The body of a child will not grow if
it is not fed; the mind will not
flourish unless it is stimulated and
guided, and the spirit will suffer if
it is not nurtured”
RACHAEL KESSLER
The subject fluid mechanics is of
great significance in real life, like the
passage of blood through our veins,
the falling of the rain through the
atmosphere, the currents in the oceans
and the seas are all examples of fluid
flow. Moreover only because of fluid
flow we can have the motion of the
aeroplanes, bicycles or other vehicles,
propulsion of rockets, etc. One is
interested in studying fluid mechanics
in order to utilise and control the
effect of fluid flow for the benefit of the
society. Just like the importance of this
unit in real life, it is important for JEE
aspirants too, as every year two-three
questions used to come from this topic
in JEE main exams.

Fluids Fluid Statics

The substances which flow are called fluids.
Fluids include both liquids and gases. The
science of fluids at rest is called fluid statics while
that of moving fluids are called hydrodynamics.
Fluid statics includes hydrostatic pressure,
floatation, Pascal's law and Archimedes’ principle
while hydrodynamics includes continuity
equation, Bernoullie’s principle and Torricelli’s
theorem.
Here, we assume fluid to be incompressible (i.e.
the density of liquid is independent of variation in
pressure and remains constant) and non-viscous
(i.e. the two liquid surfaces in contact are not
exerting any tangential force on each other).
In this part of fluid mechanics, the mass of liquid is stationary
w.r.t. container containing the fluid.
Density
Fluid is characterised by density ρ at every point which is defined
as the ratio of the mass of the fluid contained in an infinitesimal
volume element around the point to the volume of element.
Δm
ρ = lim
ΔV → 0 Δ V
Another term, specific gravity is also used to represent density, it
is a relative measure of density of substance (fluid) w.r.t. density of
ρ liquid
water at 4°C. Specific gravity of liquid =
ρ water

4
Pressure G
If container is accelerating down, then
p2 − p1 = ρ (g − a) h.
G
At every point in a fluid, we can define the pressure, which
G
If container is accelerating down with acceleration
is defined as the force per unit area at that point. Let us
> g, then the liquid occupies under part of the liquid.
consider that force dF is exerted on a small area dA
including the point, then pressure (d) Variation of pressure when fluid container is
under both horizontal and vertical acceleration
dF
p= Consider a container containing liquid is moving
dA up with constant acceleration on an inclined plane
G
Pressure is scalar quantity and its unit is N/ m2 or Pascal or as shown in the figure.
atmosphere.
Now, we will see how the pressure varies within a θ
a
stationary fluid as a whole, i.e. no relative motion between
the layers of fluid even through the container having fluid
y
may have acceleration
G
The expressions which we are going to write a valid for x
incompressible fluids only, generally gases are
compressible in nature, so we can’t apply these for gases. φ
(a) Pressure at two points in a horizontal plane or at G
In this case, pressure difference at two points in
same level When the fluid is at rest or moving with
same horizontal level separated by a distance s is
constant velocity are related by expression p1 = p2 ,
i.e. pressure at all points at same level in a given by p1 − p2 = ρs × a cos φ
particular liquid is same for stationary fluid G
In vertical plane,
container or uniformly making container. p2 − p1 = ρ (g + a sin φ) h
a cos φ
and tan θ =
g + a sin φ
At rest 1 2
or moving where, θ is the angle made by free surface of liquid with
with constant S
horizontal.
velocity
(e) Variation of pressure within an accelerating
(b) Pressure at two points in a horizontal plane when closed container
fluid container is having some constant horizontal Here, all the points lying
acceleration are related by the expression on a particular line making 2
p1 − p2 = lρa an angle of tan −1 (a/g) with a
a the horizontal having same
and tan θ = , where θ is the angle which the liquid’s pressure. In present 1
h
g
situation, point 2 is the
free surface is making with horizontal. least pressure point, if the
vessel is completely closed, we can take its pressure
θ to be zero.
a i.e. p1 = p2 + ρgh + ρsa
l As, p2 = 0,
1 2
then p1 = ρgh + ρsa

(c) Pressure at two points within a liquid at vertical

separation of h When the liquid container is Pascal’s Law
accelerating up are related by expression ■
According to Pascal’s law, pressure in a fluid at rest is the same at
p2 − p1 = ρ (g + a) h all points if we ignore gravity.
■
Pascal’s law can also be stated as - A change in pressure applied
to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point of
1 the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel.
a
■
We can say that this is an independent principle but a necessary
h consequence of law of mechanics. There are a lot of practical
2
applications of Pascals law one such application is hydraulic lift.

5
 Step II As pressure produced in the cylinders,
THINGS TO BE REMEMBER p1 =
F1
=
20
= 40000 N/m2
■ The liquid pressure is the same on all points at the same depth. A 1 5 × 10 −4
■ The total (or absolute) pressure at a depthh below the free liquid Step III Thrust exerted on the larger plunger,
surface is more than the outside atmospheric pressure by an ⎛A ⎞ 10 −2
amount ρgh. F2 = F1 × ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 20 × = 400 N
⎝ A1 ⎠ 5 × 10 −4
■ Force is a vector quantity but pressure is a scalar quantity.
■ Hydrometer can be used to measure density of the liquid or fluid. . m,
Step IV Work done by force, if the smaller plunger moves down 01
■ The pressure at the bottom of the container will not depend upon F1 = 20 × 01
. =2J
the shape or size of the container. ⎛A ⎞
■ Pressure increases with depth linearly, i.e. the rate of increase of Note The displacement d 2 of the larger plunger = d1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ . The
⎝ A1 ⎠
pressure with depth is equal to the specific weight of the liquid
at that point. displacement of the larger plunger is less.
■ The specific weight is defined as the weight per unit volume, i.e.
dp
ρg. Thus, = ρg
Archimedes’ Principle and the
dy Buoyancy Force
TYPE 1 Problem Based on Pascal’s Law A body when wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it is
buoyed up by the fluid. Like Pascal’s law, the explanation
1 of this effect follows directly from the laws of mechanics
Example
− −
and does not depend on any special properties of the fluid.
×
According to Archimedes’ principle A body immersed in a
fluid is buoyed up with a force equal to weight of displaced
fluid. This buoyed up force is also termed as buoyancy
force and it arises due to pressure difference within the
fluid.
Consider three bodies 1, 2 and 3 having densities σ1 , σ2
(a) 40000 N/m2, 400 N, 2 J and σ3 respectively, which are left in a liquid having
(b) 400 N/m2, 20 N, 4 J density ρ.
(c) 8000 N /m2, 2 N, 8J
(d) 80 N/m2, 4 N, 5 J Buoyancy force = Vin ρg
F1

2
1
Area (=A1) 3
Area (=A2)

A B
F2 where, Vin is the volume of body immersed in the liquid. If
Liquid
all three bodies are having same volume, then
BF1 = BF3 > BF2
If a body can displace its own weight of fluid before it is
Sol. (a) Key Concept Hydraulic lift is an application of Pascal’s
law. Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a
completely immersed, then it will float, otherwise, it will
fluid contained in a vessel, it is transmitted undiminished sink in the fluid.
and equally in all directions. The point of application of buoyancy force acts through
Step I In a hydraulic press, a force F1 applied to the smaller plunger the centroid of the displaced fluid. This is a common
creates a pressure F1 / A 1 in the liquid and this pressure is Misconception that buoyancy force passes through centre
transmitted equally throughout the liquid and acts on the larger of gravity of floating body, but it is not so, if the body
plunger upwards due to the pressure is
(floating one) has non-uniform density.
⎡F ⎤
F2 = A 2 ⎢ 1 ⎥ The point of application of buoyancy force is termed as
⎣ A1 ⎦
centre of buoyancy, whose location depends on the
A2
Hence, the thrust on A 2 is magnified by times. surface area of the body rather than on the mass
A1
distribution which determines the centre of gravity.

6
In non-inertial frame of reference, buoyancy force =/ Vin
ρg, it would be some what different.
If a beaker is kept in an elevator which is falling freely,
then buoyancy force acting on the block is zero.
g
Beaker
Apparent weight
When a solid of mass m is dipped in a liquid (fully or
partially), its weight feels to be lighter than actual, this
apparent feeling is due to buoyancy force and we define
apparent weight as
Apparent weight = mg − buoyancy force = mg − Vin ρg
Floatation and Stability of Floating Bodies
When the weight of the submerged (fully or partially) body is
equal to the buoyancy force, then the body is said to be floating
and this process is termed as floatation.
Since, the centre of buoyancy does not coincide with the centre
of gravity, a floating body in general is subjected to a torque. In
equilibrium, the line joining centre of gravity (G) of body and
M as a single particle.
θ
G G B′
B
(i) (ii)
centre of buoyancy (B) must be vertical as shown in Fig. (i) If the
body is tilted, the centre of gravity remains al the same point
relative to the body (this may not be true if there is a
redistribution of masses as a result of tilting), while centre of
buoyancy changes as shown in Fig. (ii) If B ’ is the new position of
centre of buoyancy and vertical line through B′ intersects line BG
at M, then M is metacentre and GM is metacentric height.
If M lies above G, then equilibrium would be stable one and if M
lies below G, then equilibrium would be unstable.
TYPE 2 Problem Based on Calculating
Length of Block Immersed in Water
2 the same path that has been followed by the particles
Example
= known as streamline. In figure, the paths 1, 2, 3 are
− streamlines. If a liquid follows the path ABC, particles
(a) 52 cm (b) 65 cm
(c) 39 cm (d) 26 cm
Sol. (c) Key Concept The upthrust by liquid on a body when
submerged partially or fully is equal to the weight of liquid
displaced.
Suppose h be length of block immersed in water.
As, weight of block of wood = upthrust acting on block
mg = F
⇒ ρw Vw g = ρl Vg
l [Q m = ρw Vw = ρw × ( A × H )]
⇒ 650 × A × ( 54 × 10 −2 ) = 900 × A × h
⇒ h = 0.39 = 39 cm
So, length of block immersed in water is 39 cm.
Fluid Dynamics
G
When a fluid moves in such a way that there is a relative
motion between the fluid particles, then fluid is said to be
flow. To know the exact details of motion of a fluid particle
is extremely difficult, in this part, we discuss only about
the fluid which has a relative motion w.r.t. the container.
G
In case of motion of solid particles, we consider a particle
and observe its motion w.r.t. some chosen frame of
reference by identifying the force on the particle and using
laws of motion we can analysis the motion of solid
particles. But, this approach won't work for the fluid in
motion as it is next to impossible to identify the fluid
particles and to keep track of its motion.
G
In case of fluids, this technique works only in some special
condition, i.e. when we can consider the whole of the fluid
G
Here, we focus only on control volume and make
observation of the fluid particles leaving and entering the
control volume. We measure generally
(a) the velocity of the fluid with which it enters and leaves
the control volume.
(b) the amount of fluid entering and leaving the control
volume over a particular time.
(c) the pressure acting on the control volume.
Types of Flow
The fluid flow can be of many types and very complex, here
we can classifying them.
Streamline flow
If every point of a steadily flowing liquid follows exactly
preceding it, the flow is said to be streamlined. The path is
following it move along the same path.
A B
C
7
Turbulent flow Applications of Bernoulli's Theorem
When the velocity exceeds a certain critical value, the In the application of Bernoulli's equation to numerical
nature of flow becomes complicated. Random, question, the students face the major problems in choosing
irregular, local current develop throughout the fluids. two points where Bernoulli's theorem has to be applied. This
The resistance to the flow increases tremendously. This problem can be solved by discussing various applications of
type of flow is called turbulent flow. Bernoulli's theorem which we are discussing here.
Drop of Pressure When Fluid Moves from Broader to
Equation of Continuity Narrower Horizontal Pipe
G
For an incompressible and non-viscous liquid G
According to equation of continuity, Av = constant, so where
undergoing steady flow, the total mass A1 the area is small, velocity will be large and vice-versa.
A2
(or volume) of fluid entering through G
As per Bernoulli’s equation for a horizontal pipe
one end is same as that leaving any v
1 v2 (i.e. h = constant)
other cross-section in same time. This
1 2
statement gives rise to equation of p+ ρv = constant
continuity. 2
dm i.e. where the velocity is large, pressure will be small. Hence,
G
From above statement, we can say that = constant
dt when fluid flows from broader to narrower pipe, its velocity
ρdv increases and so the pressure decreases as shown in figure.
⇒ = constant
dt Duct
L1 L2
As for incompressible liquid, ρ is constant.
dv
⇒ = constant v2
dt
As, Av = constant v v2
⇒ A1 v1 = A2 v2 = equation of continuity. v1

Thus, the product of cross-section area and speed of

fluid particle remains same at all points of a tube of p1
p p2
flow. This statement is the equation of continuity and
also expresses the conservation of mass in fluid L1 L2
mechanics.

Bernoulli’s Theorem Attraction between Two Closely

v2
Parallel Moving Boats (or buses)
G
It is a fundamental equation of Flow
v1 When two boats or buses move side by
hydrodynamics or fluid dynamics. p0
side in the same direction, the water (or air) B1
Essentially, it is the form taken by ΔS2 in the region between them moves faster
ΔS1 p<p0
work-energy theorem when h1 h2 than that on the remote sides. v large
p<p0
applied to fluid flow. Consequently, in accordance with B1
G
It relates the pressure, velocity and Bernoulli's principle, the pressure between p0
elevation at different points along a streamline.
them is reduced as shown in figure and
hence due to pressure difference they are pulled towards each other
G
It is valid for incompressible, non-viscous fluid having creating so called attraction.
irrotational nature in streamline motion.
The equation of Bernoulli's theorem, we have (c) Magnus Effect
v
ρv2 When a spinning ball is thrown, it rω
p+ + ρgh = constant deviates from its usual path in flight. P
2
This effect is called magnus effect v
ρv2 ρv2 Q
i.e. p1 + 1 + ρgh1 = p2 + 2 + ρgh2 and plays an important role in tennis, ω rω
2 2 (a)
cricket and soccer, etc., as by applying v
Here, remember that p is the absolute pressure and not v+rω (b)
appropriate spin the moving ball can
the gauge pressure. be made to curve in any desired Vertical plane
O
The above equation is the Bernoulli's equation and direction. v–rω
Curved
path
represents conservation of mechanical energy in case G
If a ball is moving from left to right Usual path
of moving fluids. and also spinning about a horizontal (c) A0 A1

8
 axis perpendicular to the direction of motion as shown in
Fig.(a), then relative to the ball air will be moving from
right to left.
G
The resultant velocity of air above the ball will be (v + rω)
while below it (v − rω) as shown in the Fig.(b). So, in
accordance with Bernoulli's principle pressure above the
ball will be less than below it.
G
Due to this difference of pressure an upward force will act
on the ball and hence the ball will deviate from its usual
path OA0 and will hit the ground at A1 following the path
OA1 as shown in Fig.(c), i.e. if a ball is thrown with back
spin, the pitch will curve less sharply prolonging the flight.
This is called Torricelli’s theorem.
If A is the cross-section of orifice, then discharge rate of
liquid through orifice is
dV
Q= = A 2gh m3 /s
dt
Note If area of opening is much lesser than area of cross-section of
tank ( A 2 << A 1 ), then velocity of efflux v = 2gh
Which is the same speed that an object would acquire in falling
from rest through a distance h under gravity.
The velocity of efflux is the velocity of escaping liquid relative to
the container (but not necessarily relative to ground when the
container moves).

Pitot Tube
Analysis of Streamline Flow
The pitot tube arrangement is shown in the figure below.
It is used to measure the speed of fluid flowing through a
■ The flow is assumed to be steady, i.e. there is no change in
pipe. pressure, velocity and density of the fluid at any point with
respect to time.
G
Here, the pressure in the left arm of the manometer whose ■ However, in the problems of unsteady flow with gradually
opening is parallel to the direction of flow which is equal changing conditions, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied
to the pressure in the fluid stream, while pressure in right without appreciable error. For example, a problem of emptying a
arm can be computed by using Bernoulli's theorem. It is large tank can be solved by applying Bernoulli's equation.
obvious that velocity of fluid is zero at point b. ■
The flow is assumed to be incompressible. Since, liquids are
v incompressible, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied to all
liquids. However, it can be applied to the problems of gas flow
b
when there is little variation in pressure, velocity and
v a temperature so that density of gas can be assumed to be
constant.
h
■
The flow is assumed to be irrotational. The irrotationality means
the net angular momentum at any point in the fluid flow is zero.
■
The fluid is assumed to be ideal, i.e. the energy loss due to
friction is assumed to be absent.
ρv 2
pα + = pb , where ρ is the density of fluid flowing
2
through tube. TYPE 3 Problem Based on Work done per
pb − pa = ρ0 gh, where ρ0 is the density of liquid in the Unit Volume by the Pressure and
manometer tube. Gravity Forces
ρv 2
So, = ρ0 gh 3
2 Example Q
v2
Torricelli’s Theorem v1 a2
P
Figure represents a liquid flowing out from a tank through a1
an orifice at a depth h below the 1 h 1= 2 m h 2=5 m
surface of liquid in the tank.
h
Take point 1 at the surface, point 2
2 just outside the orifice. Apply
− −
Bernoulli's theorem for these two × ×
points,
ρv2
i.e. p0 + ρgh = p0 +
2 (a) 2.9625 × 104 J/m3, −3 × 10 4 J/m3
[Since, pressure at point 1 and point 2, both equal to (b) 2.275 × 10 3 J / m3, 3 × 10 4 J/m3
atmospheric pressure (p0 ) reference level at orifice]. (c) 7 × 10 4 J/m3 , 9 × 10 2 J/m3
⇒ v = 2gh (d) 2.489 × 10 3 J/m3, 7 × 10 4 J/m3

9
Sol. (a) Key Concept The problem is based on applying
Bernoulli's theorem at different points in order to find out
work done by pressure per unit volume and work done by
gravity.
Step I According to equation of continuity at points P and Q, we have
vP η vP η
a 4 × 10 −3 (a) = 1 (b) = 2
a 1 v1 = a 2 v 2 ⇒ v 2 = 1 v1 = × 1 m /s = 0.5 m /s vQ η2 vQ η1
a2 8 × 10 −3
(c) vP ⋅ vQ > 0 (d) vP ⋅ vQ < 0
Step II According to Bernoulli's theorem at points P and Q, we get
1 1 Sol. (a,d) Key Concept When two spheres of equal radii having
p1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = p 2 + ρ v 22 + ρgh2 densities ρ1 and ρ2 placed in liquids L1 and L2 , then calculate
2 2
viscous force with terminal velocities of liquids.
Each term in the equation represents energy per unit volume.
Step I Consider a body of density ρb kept in density ρl whose viscosity
Step III Work done by pressure per unit volume is
is η and terminal velocity be v. Then,
1
p1 − p 2 = ρ ( v 22 − v12 ) + ρg (h2 − h1 ) Fviscous + Fmg + Fbuoyancy = 0
2 4 4
1 ⇒ Fviscous + ρb πR 3 ( − $j ) + ρl πR 3( $j ) = 0
= × 1000 × (( 0.5)2 − (1)2 ) + 1000 × 10 × ( 5 − 2 ) 3 3
2 4 3 $
1 ⇒ Fviscous = (ρb − ρl ) πR ( j )
= × 1000 × ( − 075 . ) + 1000 × 10 × 3 3
2 4
6 πηRv = (ρb − ρl ) πR 3
= − 0.375 × 10 3 + 30 × 10 3 3
= 29.625 × 10 3 = 2.9625 × 104 J/m3 ∴ If ρb > ρl, then Fviscous increases
Pb

Step IV Work done by gravity = ρgh1 − ρgh2 1

i.e. v∝
= ρg (h1 − h2 ) = − 1000 × 10 × 3 = − 3 × 10 4 J/m3 η
and if ρb < ρl, then Fviscous decreases.
Viscosity
Step II As per condition, we can say that
G
The amount of resistance that is offered in real non-ideal σ 2 > σ 1, ρ1 < σ 1 and ρ2 > σ 2
P
liquid depends upon the property of the substance itself. ⇒ ρ2 > σ 2 > σ 1 > ρ1
For example, engine oil, coaltar, honey, molasses, etc., are
highly viscous while liquid such as water, kerosene, etc., Case I If we put sphere P in L 2, where, Q
1
flow easily. | vP| ∝ , when ρ1 < σ 2.
η2
G
Internal resistive (tangential) force which opposes the
So, Fviscous decreases and terminal velocity, vP increases.
relative motion between the layers is formed as viscous
1
force. Case II If we put sphere Q in L 1, where| vQ| ∝
η1
G
Viscosity comes into play when there is a relative motion
When ρ1 > σ 1, then Fviscous increases and terminal velocity P
between the layers of the same material. That’s why it does
decreases,
not act in a soild.
vP η
G
Both liquids and gases possess viscosity, although liquids i.e. = 1
vQ η2
are much more viscous than gases.
G
Newton provided a measure of viscosity of liquids by and vP ⋅ vQ < 0.
defining coefficient of viscosity through a series of
experimental observations on the nature of viscous forces.
Surface Tension and Surface Energy
G
The property of a liquid due to which its free surface tries
to have minimum surface area and behaves as if it were
TYPE 4 Problem Based on Spheres having
under tension somewhat like a stretched elastic
Certain Density and Viscosity in
membrane is called surface tension.
Liquids
G
It depends only on the nature of liquid and is independent
4 on the area of surface or length of line considered.
Example
G
The free surface of a liquid always has a tendency to
ρ ρ
contract and possess minimum surface area. If it is
P
required to increase the surface area of the liquid work has
to be done. This work done is stored in the surface film of
σ σ Q
the liquid as its potential energy. This potential energy per
η η unit area of the surface film is called surface energy.

10
Now, here we are providing some experimental facts and TYPE 5 Problem Based on Surface Tension
observations which confirms the existence of a properly
5
like surface tension and liquid surface try to acquire Example
minimum area.
G
When two soap bubbles of same material having different
radii r and R(> r) are combined to form a double bubble, then
p0
p0
R (a) 0.004 m (b) 0.002 m (c) 0.008 m (d) 0.10 m
r
pr
pr pR Sol. (a) Key Concept Due to the property of surface tension a
pR drop or bubble tries to contract and so compresses the
matter enclosed. This in turn increases the internal
4S 4S pressure which prevents further contradiction and
pr − p0 = and PR − p0 = equilibrium is achieved, so, in equilibrium the pressure
r R inside a bubble or drop is greater than outside and
⎛1 1⎞ difference of pressure between two sides of the liquid
⇒ pr − pR = 4S ⎜ − ⎟ surface is called excess pressure.
⎝ r R⎠
4S Step I If r1 and r2 are the radii of smaller and larger bubbles and p 0 is
G
Radius of the common surface is given by pr − pR = the atmospheric pressure, the pressure inside them will be
R0
4T 4T
p1 = p 0 + and p 2 = p 0 + …(i)
G
If two plates are placed in contact with a thin film of liquid r1 r2
in between them, then to pull them apart a large force is
Step II Now, as the pressure inside the smaller bubble will be more
needed.
than inside the larger bubble, so for interface,
d
p = p1 − p 2 …(ii)
2S Step III Now, as excess pressure acts from concave to convex side.
Excess pressure in this case is . The interface will be concave towards smaller bubble and
d
convex towards large bubble (as shown in figure) and R is the
where, d is the separation between the plates.
radius of interface,
G
Force required to separate two plates of area Ais given by
⎛ 4T ⎞
2A × S p=⎜ ⎟ …(iii)
F= ⎝R⎠
d
Step IV So, substituting Eqs. (i) and Eqs (iii) in Eq.(ii), we get
Due to charging of a bubble, outward electromagnetic
4T ⎡1 1⎤
force acts on the bubble due to which surface area of the = 4T⎢ − ⎥,
R ⎣ r1 r2 ⎦
bubble increases.
r1r2
i.e. R=
Applications of Surface Tension (r2 − r1 )
G
A drop of liquid when falls (neglect the gravity effect) So, radius of interface of a bubble,
acquires a spherical shape, this fact confirms the existence 0.002 × 0.004
R= = 0.004 m
of surface tension and also we know for a given volume, 0.004 − 0.002
where surface area of the sphere is minimum.
Fact File of Surface Tension
G
The antiseptics have very low value of surface tension. The
low value of surface tension prevents the formation of
■
Those factors which increase cohesive force between liquid
drops that may otherwise block the entrance to skin or a molecules increase surface tension and those decrease
cohesive force, decrease surface tension.
wound. Due to low surface tension, the antiseptic speeds ■
If the impurity is completely soluble, then on mixing it in the
properly over wound.
liquid, its surface tension increases.
G
If a loop thread is placed on a Soap ■
On mixing partial soluble impurities in a liquid, its surface
soap film as shown in figure film tension decreases, e.g. mixing of detergents in water decreases
when we prick the film inside surface tension of water.
the hole, the thread acquires ■
On increasing temperature the surface tension decreases.
circular shape, this is due to ■
Surface tension depends on the medium present on other side
the fact that soap film outside the thread is pulling it of the liquid surface.
radially which shows that surface tension is existing. For a ■
The dust particles or any other contamination on liquid surface
given perimeter, surface area of the circle is maximum and decreases the surface tension.
hence the surface area of soap film becomes minimum.
■
The surface tension decreases due to electrification.

11
Angle of Contact and Shapes of G
If liquid-solid pair for which angle of contact is less than 90°.
Liquid Surface Then, liquid will rise in capillary tube and if θ > 90 °, then
G
The molecules in a liquid surface near the walls of the liquid falls in capillary tube and for θ = 90 °, then no capillary
containing vessel or near some body immersed in the action is observed
liquid. These molecules are acted on both by forces of G
If the weight of the liquid contained in the meniscus is taken
adhesion exerted on them by the molecules of the wall into consideration, then more accurate ascent formula is
and by force of cohesion exerted on them by other 2 Scosθ r
given by h = −
molecules of the liquid. rρg 3
G
The figures below represent the liquid in contact with a where, S is surface tension, θ is angle of contact, r is radius of
wall. The dot represents a molecule in the surface layer capillary tube, ρ is density of liquid and g is acceleration due
of liquid under the action of adhesive (fa ) and cohesive to gravity and h is measured from the bottom of meniscus.
(fc) forces. The resultant of these forces can be found by
TYPE 6 Problem Based on Vertical Capillary
usual method of combining vectors.
to find out the Radius of Curvature
θ of Meniscus
θ
6
fa
fc
fa
fc Example
f f

(a) (b)
−
×
θ (a) 0.7 mm (b) 0.6 mm (c) 0.4 mm (d) 0.2 mm
fa
fc Sol. (b) Key Concept As we know the expression of capillary rise is
f 2T cosθ r
given as h = but = R (radius of curvature of the
(c) ρgr cosθ
2T
liquid meniscus, we have hR = = constant, where T is
As we know that a liquid can be in equilibrium only ρg
when the resultant force on its surface is at right angle surface tension of liquid, ρis density of liquid and r is radius of
to the surface at any point. capillary tube.
The three diagrams (a, b and c) show the cases when Step I In the capillary tube, the water should rise to a height,
the liquid surface is plane, concave up and convex 2T
h=
down respectively, depending on the relative rρ g
magnitudes of fa and fc. Here, surface tension,
The angle θ shown in the diagram represents the angle T = 73 × 10 −3 N/m
of contact. Radius of capillary,
G
If θ < 90 °, then liquid surface near the solid is concave as r=
0 .50 mm
= 0 .25 × 10−3 m
seen from above and in this case liquid wets the solid 2
surface. Density of water, ρ = 10 3 kg/m 3
G
If θ > 90 °, then liquid surface near the solid is convex as Then height of a capillary tube,
seen from above and in this case liquid does not wet the 2 × 73 × 10 −3
h=
solid surface. . × 10 −3 × 10 3 × 9.8
025
G
If θ = 90 °, then liquid surface near the solid also is = 59 × 10 −3 m = 59 mm
plane. Now, h > h′ i.e. length is outside the water surface (h′ )
Step II As, radius of meniscus > radius of capillary r. If R is the radius of
Capillary Tube and Capillary Action meniscus, then we have
2T
= h′ρg ⇒ R =
2T
R h ′ ρg
G
A very narrow glass tube with fine bore and open at both
ends is called as capillary tube. When a capillary tube is Here, h′ = 25 mm = 25 × 10 −3 m
dipped in a liquid, then liquid will rise or fall in the ∴ Radius of curvature of the meniscus,
tube, this action is termed as capillarity. 2 × 73 × 10 −3
R=
G
The root cause of capillarity is the difference in 25 × 10 −3 × 10 3 × 9.8
pressures on two sides of (concave and convex) curved = 0.6 × 10 −3 m = 0.6 mm
surface of liquid.

12
 Smart Practice
1. Two vessels A and B of different shapes have the 7. A vertical U-tube contains mercury in both its arms.
same base area and are filled with water upto the A glycerine column of length 10 cm is introduced
same height as shown in figure. The force exerted into one of the arms. Oil of density 0.8 g cm −3 is
by water on the base is FA for vessel A and FB for poured into the other arm until the upper surfaces of
vessel B. The respective weights of the vessel are w A oil and glycerine are at the same level. The length of
and w B . Then, the oil column is
A B (a) 8.5 cm (b) 9.6 cm (c) 10.7 cm (d) 11.8 cm
8. A boat loaded with rocks floats in a swimming pool
h and a man in the boat throws over board in water.
The water level of the pool will
(a) rise
(a) FA > FB : w A > w B (b) FA = FB : w A > w B (b) fall
(c) FA = FB : w A < w B (d) FA > FB : w A = w B (c) not change
(d) rise or fall depending on the volume of rocks
2. A block of wood floats in a liquid with four-fifths of
its volume submerged. If the relative density of 9. A cylinder of height 20 m is completely filled with
wood is 0.8, what is the density of the liquid in unit water. The velocity of efflux of water (in ms −1 )
of kgm–3 ? through a small hole on the side wall of the cylinder
(a) 750 (b) 1000 (c) 1250 (d) 1500 near its bottom is
(a) 10 ms −1 (b) 20 ms −1 (c) 25.5 ms −1 (d) 5 ms −1
3. Water flows steadily through a horizontal pipe of a
variable cross-section. If the pressure of water is p at 10. There is a circular tube in a vertical plane. Two
a point where the velocity of flow is v, what is the liquids which do not mix and of densities d1 and d2
pressure at another point where the velocity of flow are filled in the tube. Each liquid substends 90°
is 2v? ρ being the density of water. angle at centre. Radius joining their interface
3 2 3 2 makes an angle α with vertical.
(a) p − ρv (b) p + ρv (c) p − 2ρv 2 (d) p + 2ρv 2
2 2 d
The ratio 1 is
4. Two identical cylindrical vessels, each of base area d2
A, have their base at the same horizontal level. They
contain a liquid of density ρ. In one vessel, the
height of the liquid is h1 and in the other h2 > h1 .
α
When the two vessels are connected, the work done
by gravity in equalising the levels is
d1 d2
(a) 2ρAg(h2 − h1 )2 (b) ρAg(h2 − h1 )2
1 1 1 + sinα 1 + cos α
(c) ρAg(h2 − h1 )2 (d) Aρg(h2 − h1 )2 (a) (b)
2 4 1 − sinα 1 − cos α
5. A capillary tube of radius r is immersed in water and (c)
1 + tanα
(d)
1 + sinα
water rises in to a height h. The mass of water in the 1 − tanα 1 − cos α
capillary tube is 5 g. Another capillary tube of radius
2r is immersed in water. The mass of water that will
11. A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M having
cross-sectional area A is suspended with its length
rise in this tube is
(a) 2.5 g (b) 5.0 g (c) 10 g (d) 20 g vertical from a fixed point by a massless spring such
that it is half submerged in a liquid of density σ at
6. A small drop of water of surface tension σ is equilibrium position. The extension x0 of the spring
squeezed between two clean glass plates so that a when it is in equilibrium is
thin layer of thickness d and area A is formed
Mg Mg ⎛ LAσ ⎞
between them. If the angle of contact is zero, the (a) (b) ⎜1 − ⎟
k k ⎝ M ⎠
force required to pull the plates apart is
σA 2 σA 4σA 8σA Mg ⎛ LAσ ⎞ Mg ⎛ LAσ ⎞
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) ⎜1 − ⎟ (d) ⎜1 + ⎟
d d d d k ⎝ 2M ⎠ k ⎝ M ⎠

13
12. Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease 17. A glass capillary tube is of the shape
in its surface energy, so that its temperature of truncated core with an apex angle h
remains unchanged. What should be the minimum α so that its two ends have
radius of the drop for this to be possible? cross-sections of different radii.
The surface tension is T , density of liquid is ρ and When dipped in water vertically
the latent heat of vaporisation is L. water rises in to a height h, where the radius of its
ρL T 2T cross-section is b. If the surface tension of water is S,
(a) (b) T/ρL (c) (d)
T ρL ρL its density is ρ and its contact angle with glass is θ,
then the value of h will be (g = acceleration due to
13. Water is flowing continuously from a tap having an
gravity).
internal diameter 8 × 10−3 m . The water velocity as it
leaves the tap is 0.4 ms −1 . The diameter of the water 2S 2S ⎛ α⎞
(a) ⋅ cos(θ − α ) (b) ⋅ cos ⎜θ − ⎟
bρg bρg ⎝ 2⎠
stream at a distance 2 × 10−3 m below the tap is close
2S 2S ⎛ α⎞
to (c) ⋅ cos(θ + α ) (d) ⋅ cos ⎜θ + ⎟
bρg bρg ⎝ 2⎠
(a) 7.5 × 10 −3 m (b) 9.6 × 10 −3 m
(c) 3.6 × 10 −3 m (d) 5.0 × 10 −3 m 18. A thin uniform cylindrical shell closed at both ends
14. On heating water, bubbles being is partially filled with water. It is floating vertically
formed at the bottom of the in water in half-submerged state. If ρ C is the relative
R
vessel detach and rise. Take the density of the material of the shell with respect to
bubbles to be spheres of radius R water, then the correct statement is that the shell is
and making a circular contact of (a) more than half - filled if ρC is less than 0.5
radius r with the bottom of the
2x (b) more than half - filled if ρC is more than 1.0
(c) half - filled if ρC is more than 0.5
vessel. If r < < R and the surface tension of water is
(d) less than half - filled if ρC is less than 0.5
T, the value of r just before bubbles detach is
(density of water is ρ ) 19. A spherical ball of volume V is made of a material of
density ρ1 . It is falling through a liquid of density ρ2
2ρw .g ρw .g
(a) R 2 (b) R 2 (ρ2 < ρ1 ), [Assume that the liquid applies a viscous
3T 6T
force on the ball that is proportional to the square of
ρw .g 3ρw .g
(c) R 2 (d) R 2 its speed v2 i.e. [ Fviscous = − kV 2 (k > 0)].
T T
The terminal speed of ball will be
15. A jar is filled with two non-mixing
Vρ2 g
liquids 1 and 2 having the densities
Liquid 1 ρ1
ρ1 and ρ2 , respectively. A solid ball
ρ3
made of a material of density ρ3 , is ρ2
dropped in the jar. It comes to Liquid 2
equilibrium in the position shown KVT2 Vρ1 g

in the figure. Vg(ρ1 − ρ2 )g Vg(ρ1 − ρ2 )

Vgρ1 Vgρ1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Which of the following is true for ρ1 , ρ2 and ρ3 ? k k k k
(a) ρ3 < ρ1 < ρ2 (b) ρ1 > ρ3 > ρ2
(c) ρ1 > ρ2 > ρ3 (d) ρ1 < ρ3 < ρ2 20. Water is filled upto a height h in a beaker of radius R
as shown in the figure. The density of water is ρ , the
16. Water is filled in a cylindrical container to a height surface tension of water is T and the
of 3 m. The ratio of the cross - sectional area of the atmospheric pressure is p0 . 2R

orifice and the beaker is 0.1. The square of the speed Consider a vertical section ABCD of B
of the liquid coming out from the orifice is the water column through a
(g = 10 m/s2 ) . diameter of the beaker. The force A
h
on one side of this section by water C
on the other side of this section has
1 D
3m magnitude.
52.5 cm (a) [2p 0Rh + πR 2ρgh − 2RT]
(b) [2p 0Rh + Rρgh2 − 2RT]
(c) [p 0 πR 2 + Rρgh2 − 2RT]
(a) 50 m2s –2 (b) 50.5 m2s –2 (c) 51 m2s –2 (d) 52 m2s –2 (d) [p 0 πR 2 + Rρgh2 + 2RT]

14
1. (a) Since, h is same for both vessels, pressure = hρg is the W=
1 1
ρ(h2 − h1 ) × A × g × (h2 − h1 )
same. Now, force = pressure × base area 2 2
Because, the base area is the same, the force exerted by 1
= ρAg(h2 − h1 )2
water on the base is the same for both vessels. 4
Thus, FA = FB 1
W = ρAg(h2 − h1 )2
The liquid exerts pressure and hence force, not only on the 4
base but also on the sides of the vessel. This force is normal 5. (c) Mass of water in the first tube is
to the sides of the vessel. For vessel B, this force has no m = πr 2hρ
components in the downward direction. But, for vessel B, this Surface tension
force (which is normal to the sides) has a non-zero hρgr h′ ρgr ′
component vertically downwards. σ= = .
2 2
Hence, vessel A given a higher reading than vessel B. where, h′ = height to which water rises.
Therefore, w A > w B . h
r′ = radius, r ′ = 2r, h′ = .
2. (b) Let, volume of block is Vm3 2
4V 3 Therefore mass of water that will rise in this tube,
Volume of block under liquid = m
5 m′ = πr ′ 2 h′
4V 3 h
Volume of liquid displaced = m m′ = π(2r )2 ⋅ ⋅ ρ = 2 πr 2ρ h
5 2
Now, let density of liquid be ρ kgm–3 m′ = 2m = 2 × 5 = 10 g
4V σ
Mass of liquid displaced = ρ kg 6. (b) Excess pressure across this layer of a liquid is instead
5 r
Weight of liquid displaced =
4V
× ρ × g newton 2σ d
of as in the case of a spherical drop when r =
5 r 2
Relative density of wood = 0.8 ⎛ σ ⎞ ⎡ σ ⎤ ⎛ 2σ ⎞
∴ Excess pressure ρ = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ =⎜ ⎟
Density of wood = 0.8 × 1000 = 8000 kgm −3 ⎝ r ⎠ ⎣ (d/2 )⎦⎥ ⎝ d ⎠
Mass of block = 800 × V kg
Therefore, F = ( Excess pressure) × (Area of layer).
Weight of block = 800 × V × g newton 2 σA
According to the law of floatation =
d
∴ Weight of block = Weight of liquid displaced
4V
7. (b) Pressure at B = Pressure at A
⇒ 800 × V × g = ×ρ×g
5
D C
5
⇒ ρ = 800 × = 1000 kgm −3
4 Oil (ρ1=0.8 g/cm3)
Glycerine h
⇒ Density of the liquid ρ = 1000 kgm −3 1.3 10 cm

3. (a) According to Bernoulli’s theorem for a horizontal flow at a

height (h) A B
1 1
⇒ p1 + ρv12 + ρgh = p 2 + ρv 22 + ρgh Mercury(ρ2=13.6 g/cm3)
2 2
1
⇒ p 2 = p1 + ρ( v12 − v 22 ) ⇒ 0.8 hg = 13.6 (10 − h) g = 13
. (10)g
2
1 ⇒ h = 9.6 cm
⇒ p 2 = p + ρ [v 2 − (2 v )2 ]
2 8. (b) Let M be the mass of a boat including man andm of rocks.
3 (M + m)
⇒ p 2 = p − ρv 2 Vi =
2 ρwater
1
4. (d) Increase in height of liquid in one vessel is (h2 − h1 ) with When man throws stone in water, water displaced by boat
2 M
same decrease in height other. Thus, the effectively a slab of Vi =
ρwater
1
liquid (h2 − h1 ).
2 Further , volume of water displaced by rocks which sunk to
Therefore, work done by gravity is the bottom of pool is
m
1
W = mg × (h2 − h1 ) V2 =
2 ρstone
where mass of slab (m) is given by M m
Therefore, total volume Vf = +
1 ρwater ρstone
m = ρ × V = ρ × (h2 − h1 ) × A
2 ⇒ Vf < Vi

15
 9. (b) Applying Bernoulli’s theorem just inside and outside the 12. (d) If a layer of thickness dr is evaporated, then
hole. Take reference line for gravitational potential energy at change in surface energy
the bottom of the vessel. = [change in surface area × T ]
= [4 π(r + dr )2 − 4 πr 2 ] T
= [4 πr 2 + 4 πdr 2 + 8 πrdr − 4 πr 2 ] T
As dr is very small , so dr 2 is neglected.
20 m So, change in surface energy = 8 πrdrT
Energy required to evaporate layer of thickness dr is
( 4 πr 2dr ) ρL
Let, p 0 be the atmospheric pressure, ρ be the density of liquid The process of evaporation just starts, its change in surface
and v be the velocity at which water is coming out. energy is just sufficient to evaporate the water layer.
ρv 2 ∴ ( 4 πr 2dr ) ρL = ( 8 πrdr )T
pinside + ρgh + 0 = poutside +
2 ⇒ Minimum radius of a drop,
2T
ρv 2 r=
⇒ p 0 + ρgh = p 0 + ρL
2
v = 2gh = 2 × 10 × 20 = 20 ms −1 13. (c) According to Bernoulli’s theorem,
⇒ v = 20 ms −1 1 2
ρgh = ρ( v 2 − v12 )
10. (c) Equating pressure at A 1 we get 2
1 ⎡⎛ v ⎞ 2 ⎤
R sinα d 2 + R cos α d 2 + R (1 − cos α ) d1 = R (1 − sinα ) d 1 ⇒ gh = v12 ⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟ − 1⎥
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ v1 ⎠ ⎦⎥
R sin α 1 2 ⎡⎛ A ⎞ 2 ⎤
⇒ gh = v1 ⎢ ⎜ 1 ⎟ − 1⎥ [Q A 2v 2 = A 1v1 ]
⎝ ⎠
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦
2 A
R cos α – R sin α
R 2
α d2 ⎛ A1 ⎞ 2hg
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = 1+ 2
A ⎝ A2⎠ v1
d1 4
R cos α ⎛ D1 ⎞ 2hg
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = 1+
⎝ D2 ⎠ v12
Hence, (sinα + cos α ) d 2 = d 1 (cos α − sinα )
d1 ⎡ 1 + tanα ⎤ D1 8 × 10 −3
⇒ = D2 = =
d 2 ⎢⎣ 1 − tanα ⎦⎥
1/ 4 1/ 4
⎛ 2g.h ⎞ ⎡ 2 × 10 × 0.2 ⎤
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎢1 + ⎥
11. (c) The various forces acting on the cylinder are shown in the ⎝ v12 ⎠ ⎣ ( 0.4)2 ⎦
figure. ⇒ D 2 = 3.6 × 10 −3 m
14. (a) The bubbles will detach if
buoyant force ≥ surface tension force
kx0 4
i.e. πR 3ρwg ≥ ∫ T × dlsinθ
FB 3
M

L/2

Mg
R θ
Let, x 0 be the extension in the spring.
At equilibrium r
Upward forces = Downward forces θ

kx 0 + FB = Mg
where, k is spring constant and FB is force due to buoyancy From the figure,
which is equal to weight of liquid displaced. T × dl = T(2 πr )sinθ
L 4
FB = σ Ag ⇒ (ρw ) ( πR 3 ) g ≥ ( T) (2 πr )sinθ
2 3
LσAg ⇒ sinθ =
r
L R
Therefore, kx 0 + σ Ag = Mg ⇒ x 0 = Mg − 2
2 k 2ρwR 4g 2ρwg
Mg ⎡ σLA ⎤ On solving, we get r = = R2
= 1− 3T 3T
k ⎢⎣ 2M ⎥⎦

16
15. (d) ρ1 < ρ2, as denser liquid acquires the lowest position of Using pressure equation, we get
2S
vessel. p0 − + hρg = p 0
ρ3 > ρ1 as ball sinks in liquid 1 and ρ3 < ρ2 as ball does not R
sink in liquid 2, so ρ1 < ρ3 < ρ2. Substituting the value of R, we get
2S 2S ⎛ α⎞
16. (a) Applying continuity equation, we have i.e. h= = ⋅ cos ⎜ θ + ⎟
Rρg bρg ⎝ 2⎠
A 1 v1 = A 2 v 2 …(i)
18. (a) Let V1 = total material volume of shell.
V2 = total inside volume of shell and
h
1 x = fraction of V2 volume filled with water.
2 In floating condition
Total weight = Upthrust
⎛ V + V2 ⎞
∴ V1 ρC .g + ( xV2 )(1)g = ⎜ 1 ⎟ (1).g
Further applying Bernoulli’s equation at these two points, ⎝ 2 ⎠
we have V
1 1 or x = 0.5 + ( 0.5 − ρC ). 1
p 0 + ρgh + ρv12 = p 0 + 0 + ρv12 …(ii) V2
2 2
From here, we can see that x > 0.5 if ρC < 0.5 .
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
2gh 19. (a) The forces acting on the ball are gravity force, buoyancy
v 22 = force and viscous force. When ball acquires terminal speed, it
A2
1 − 22 is in dynamic equilibrium. Let terminal speed of ball is v T .
A1
So, Vρ2g + kv 2T = Vρ1g
On substituting the values, we have V (ρ1 − ρ2 ) g
2 × 10 × 2.475 ⇒ vT =
v 22 = k
. )2
1 − ( 01
20. (b) Force from right hand side liquid on left hand side liquid.
i.e. v 22 = 50 m2s –2 (i) Due to surface tension force = 2RT (towards right)
17. (d) Using geometry, (ii) Due to liquid pressure
b ⎛ α⎞ x =h
= cos ⎜ θ + ⎟
R ⎝ 2⎠ force = ∫ (p 0 + ρgh)] (2Rx ) dx
x=0
b
⇒ R= = (2p 0 Rh + Rρgh2 ) (towards left)
⎛ α⎞
cos ⎜ θ + ⎟ ∴ Net force is 2p 0Rh + Rρgh2 − 2RT
⎝ 2 ⎠

17
Er. VPS Tyagi
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The relaxation time t is nearly independent of
applied electric field E whereas it changes
significantly with temperature T. First fact is
(in part) responsible for Ohm’s law whereas, the
second fact leads to variation of r with temperature.
Elaborate why?
2. For wiring in the home, one uses Cu wires or Al
wires. What considerations are involved in this?
3. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected
across an external resistance R. Plot a graph
showing the variation of potential difference (V)
across R, versus R.
4. Is the motion of a charge across junction momentum
conserving? Why or why not?
5. Why are alloys used for making standing resistance
coils?
Short Answer Type Questions
6. First a set of n equal resistors of R each are
connected in series to a battery of emf (E) and
internal resistance (R¢), a current (I) is observed to
flow. Then, the n resistors are connected in parallel
to the same battery. It is observed that the current is
increased 10 times. What is n?
7. The circuit in the figure shows two cells connected
in opposition to each other. Cell E1 is of emf 6 V and
internal resistance 2 W. The cell E2 is of emf 4 V and
internal resistance 8 W. Find the potential difference
between the points A and B.
A B
E1 E2
8. Two conductors are made of the same material and
have the same length. Conductor A is a solid wire of
diameter 1 mm. Conductor B is a hollow tube of
outer diameter 2 mm and the inner diameter 1mm.
18
9. Suppose there is a circuit consisting of only
resistances and batteries. Suppose one is to double
(or increase it to n times) all voltages and all
resistances. Show that currents are unaltered.
10. Two cells of same emf E but A B
internal resistances r1 and r2 E E
are connected in series to an
external resistor R (figure). R
What should be the value of
R, so that the potential difference across the
terminals of the first cell becomes zero?
11. What is the advantage of using thick metallic strips
to join wires in a potentiometer?
12. While doing an experiment
with potentiometer E
(figure), it was found that
the deflection is one-sided A
B
and (i) the deflection E1
G
decreased while moving X Y
from one end A of the wire
to the end B (ii) the deflection increased while the
jockey was moved towards the end D.
(i) Which terminal, positive or negative of the cell
E1 is connected at X in case (i) and how is E1
related to E?
(ii) Which terminal of the cell E1 is connected at X
in case (1 in 1)?
 ε1
13. Power (P) is to be delivered to a device via r1

transmission cables having a resistance (Rc). If V is the

A B
voltage across R and I the current through it, then find
the power wasted and how can it be reduced? ε2
r2
R
14. AB is a potentiometer wire (a) Two equivalent emf eeq of the two cells is between e1 and
E
(figure). If the value of R is e2, i.e. e1 < eeq < e2
increased, in which direction J
(b) The equivalent emf eeq is smaller than e1
will the balance point of J A B (c) The eeq is given by eeq = e1 + e2 always
shift? G (d) eeq is independent of internal resistances r1 and r2
E1
18. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular
1
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) cross-section of 1 cm ´ cm is connected to a
2
Single Option Correct battery across opposite faces. The resistance will
15. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge, be
student chooses the standard resistance S to be 100 W. (a) maximum when the battery is connected across
He finds the null point at l1 = 2.9 cm. He is told to 1
1 cm ´ cm faces
attempt to improve the accuracy. Which of the 2
(b) maximum when the battery is connected across
following is a useful way?
10 cm ´ 1 cm faces
(a) He should measure l1 more accurately
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across
(b) He should change S to 1000 W and repeat the experiment 1
(c) He should change S to 3 W and repeat the experiment 10 cm ´ cm faces
2
(d) He should given up hope of a more accurate experiment with (d) same irrespective of the three faces
a meter bridge
16. Two cells of emf’s approximately 5 V and 10 V are to 19. Consider a current carrying wire (current I) in the
be accurately compared using a potentiometer of shape of a circle
(a) source of emf
length 400 cm.
(b) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the
(a) The battery that runs the potentiometer should have voltage of
surface of wire
8V
(c) the charges just behind a given segment of wire which
(b) The battery of potentiometer can have a voltage of 15 V and R
push them just the right way by repulsion
adjusted so that potential drop across the wire slightly
exceeds 10 V (d) the charges ahead
(c) The first portion of 50 cm of wire itself should have a potential 20. Which of the following characteristics of electrons
drop of 10 V determines the current in a conductor?
(d) Potentiometer is usually used for comparing resistances and (a) Drift velocity alone
not voltages (b) Thermal velocity alone
17. Two batteries of emf e1 and e2 (e2 > e1) and the internal (c) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity
(d) Neither drift velocity nor thermal velocity
resistances r1 and r2 respectively are connected in
parallel as shown in figure.

1. Thinking Process The higher drift velocities of electrons make
collisions more frequent which in turn, decrease the time
interval between two successive collisions.
Relaxation time is inversely proportional to the velocities of
electrons and ions. The applied electric field produces the
insignificant change in velocities of electrons at the order of
1 mm/s, whereas the change in temperature (T), affects the
velocities at the order of 10 2 m/s.
This decreases the relaxation time considerably in metals and
consequently resistivity of metal or conductor increases as
æ 1ö æ m ö
r=ç ÷=ç 2 ÷
è s ø è ne t ø
2. Thinking Process The availability, conductivity and the
cost of the metal are main criteria for the selection of
metal for wiring in home.
The Cu wires or Al wires are used for wiring in the home. The
main considerations are involved in this process are cost of
metal and good conductivity of metal.
3. Thinking Process When the cell of emf E and internal
resistance r is connected across an external resistance R,
the relationship between the voltage across R is given by
é ù
ê E ú
V =ê
r ú
ê1 + ú
ë Rû

19
 With the increase of R, V approaches closer to E and when E Effective resistance = (2 W + 8 W) = 10 W and effective emf of two
is infinite, V reduces to zero. cells = ( 6V - 4V ) = 2 V. So, the electric current is given by
The graphical relationship between voltages across R and é6V - 4Vù
I=ê ú..
the resistance R is given as below:
ë 2 + 8 û
V
= 0.2 A
E
Along anti-clockwise direction, since E1 > E 2.
The direction of flow of current is always from high potential to
low potential. Therefore, VB > VA .
R Þ [VB - 4V - ( 02
. ) ´ 8] = VA .
4. When an electron approaches a junction, in addition to the Therefore, VB - VA = 3.6 V.
uniform electric field E facing it normally. It keeps the drift 8. Thinking Process The resistance of wire is given by
velocity fixed as drift velocity depend on E by the relation drift l
velocity R = r.
A
e Et
vd = where, A is cross-sectional area of conductor.
m
The resistance of first conductor
This results into accumulation of charges on the surface of rl
wires at the junction. These produce additional electric field. RA =
These fields change the direction of momentum. Thus, the p.(10 -3 ´ 0.5)2
motion of a charge across junction is not momentum The resistance of second conductor
conserving. rl
RB =
5. Alloys have small value of temperature coefficient of p.[(10 -3 )2 - ( 0.5 ´ 10 -3 )2 ]
resistance with less temperature sensitivity.
This keeps the resistance of wire almost constant even in Now, the ratio of two resistors is given by
small temperature change. The alloy also has high resistivity R A (10 -3 )2 - ( 0.5 ´ 10 -3 )2
=
and hence, high resistance, because for given length and RB ( 0.5 ´ 10 -3 )2
area of cross-section of conduct. (L and A are constant).
= 3:1
Hence, R µ r.
6. Thinking Process Here in series combination of resistors, 9. Thinking Process The electric current in two cases is obtained
the equivalent resistance of series combination is in and then shown equal to each other.
series with the internal resistance (R¢) of battery, whereas Let the effective internal resistance of the battery is Reff . The
in parallel combination of resistors, the equivalent effective external resistance R and the effective voltage of the
resistance of parallel combination is in series with the battery is Veff .
internal resistance of battery. Applying Ohm’s Law
In series combination of resistors, current I is given by The current through R is given by
é E ù é Veff ù
I=ê ú, whereas in parallel combination, current 10 I I=ê ú
ë R + nR ¢ û ë Reff + R û
é ù
ê E ú R
is given by ê = 10 I.
R¢ ú
êR + ú
ë nû
Veff
Now, according to problem, we have
1+ n
Reff
1
1+
n If all the resistances and the effective voltage are increased
é1 + n ù n times, then we have
Þ 10 = ê ú n Þ n = 10
ë n + 1û
new
Veff = n Veff
new
Reff = nReff and R new = n. Reff .
7. Thinking Process Here, after finding the electric current
flow in the circuit by using ‘Kirchhoff's law’ or ‘Ohm’s law’ Then, the new current is given by
the potential difference across AB can be obtained. é n. Veff ù n( Veff ) ( Veff )
I¢ = ê ú= = =I
Applying Ohm’s Law ë nReff + nR û n( Reff + R ) ( Reff + R )
A B
Thus, current remains the same.
E1 E2 10. Thinking Process Here, after finding the electric current flow in
the circuit by using ‘Kirchhoff's law’ or ‘Ohm’s law,’ the
potential difference across first cell can be obtained.

20
 Applying Ohm’s Law
Effective resistance = [R + r1 + r2 ] and the effective emf of two
cells = ( E + E ) = 2 E, so the electric current is given by
(E + E )
I= .
( R + r1 + r2 )
The potential difference across the terminals of the first cell
and putting it equal to zero.
V1 = ( E - Ir1 )
é 2E ù l1
= êE - . r1 ú = 0
ë r
1 + r2 + R û 100 - l1
æ 2 Er1 ö æ 2 r1 ö
or E=ç ÷ Þ1 = ç ÷.
è r1 + r2 + R ø è r1 + r2 + R ø
r1 + r2 + R = 2 r1
Þ R = ( r1 - r2 ).
This is the required relation.
11. In potentiometer, the thick metallic strips are used as they have
negligible resistance and need not to be counted in the length
l1 of the null point of potentiometer. It is for the convenience of
experimenter as he measures only their lengths along the
straight wires each of lengths 1m. This measurement is done
with the help of centimetre scale or metre scale with accuracy.
12. (i) The deflection in galvanometer is one-sided and the
deflection decreased, while moving from one end A of the
wire to the end B, thus, imply that current in auxiliary
circuit (lower circuit containing primary cell) decreases,
while potential difference across A and jockey increases.
This is possible only when positive terminal of the cell E1,
is connected at X and E1 > E.
(ii) The deflection in galvanometer is one-sided and the
deflection increased, while moving from one end A of the
wire to the end B, so that the current in auxiliary circuit
(lower circuit containing primary cell) increases, while
potential difference across A and jockey increases.
This is possible only when negative terminal of the cell E1 is
connected at X.
13. The power consumption in transmission lines is given by
P = I 2. Rc , where Rc is the resistance of transmission lines. The
power is given by P = VI
The given power can be transmitted in two ways namely:
(i) at low voltage and high current or
(ii) high voltage and low current. In power transmission, at
low voltage and high current more power is wasted as
P µ I 2, whereas power transmission at high voltage and
low current facilitates the power transmission with
minimum power wastage.
The power wastage can be reduced by transmitting power at
high voltage.
14. With the increase of R, the current in the main circuit decreases,
which in turn, decreases the potential difference across AB and
hence, the potential gradient (K) across AB decreases.
Since, at neutral point, for given emf of cell, I increases as
potential gradient (K) across AB has decreased because,
E = KI
Thus, with the increase of I, the balance point neutral will shift
towards B.
15. (c) Thinking Process Here, the concept of accurate balanced
Wheatstone bridge is to be used.
The percentage error in R can be minimised by adjusting the
balance point near the middle of the bridge, i.e. when l1 is
close to 50 cm. This requires a suitable choice of S.
R Rl1
Since, =
S R(100 - l1 )
=
Since, here R : S :: 2.9 : 97.1 imply that the S is nearly 33 times
to that of R. In order to make this ratio 1 : 1, it is necessary to
1
reduce the value of S nearly times, i.e. nearly 3 W.
33
16. (b) Thinking Process The potential drop across the wires of
potentiometer should be greater than emf's of primary cells.
In a potentiometer experiment, the emf of a cell can be
measured, if the potential drop along the potentiometer wire is
more than the emf of the cell to be determined. Here, the value
of emf’s of two cells are given as 5 V and 10 V, therefore the
potential drop along the potentiometer wire must be more
than 10 V.
17. (a) The equivalent emf of this combination is given by
é e r + e1r2 ù
eeq = ê 2 1 ú
ë r1 + r2 û
This suggests that the equivalent eeq of the two cells is given
by e1 < eeq < e2.
18. (a) Thinking Process The resistance of wire depends on its
geometry l (length of the rod). Here, the metallic rod behaves
as a wire.
The resistance of wire is given by
l
R = r.
A
For greater value of R, l must be higher and A should be lower
and it is possible only when the battery is connected across
æ 1ö
1 cm ´ ç ÷ cm (area of cross -section A).
è2 ø
19. (b) Thinking Process The current progresses along the wire,
the direction of J (current density) changes in an exact
manner, while the current I remains unaffected. The agent
that is essentially responsible for this.
Current per unit area (taken normal to the current) I / A is called
current density and is denoted by J.
The SI unit of the current density is A /m2. The current density
is also directed along E and is also a vector and the
relationship is given by J = SE.
The J changes due to electric field produced by changes
accumulated on the surfaces of wire.
20. (a) The relationship between current and drift speed is given by
I = neAvd
Here, I is the current and vd is the drift velocity. So, I µ vd
Thus, only drift velocity determines the current in a conductor.
21
EXAM CRUX
• In physics paper, 31 questions were asked from class XI and 19 questions from class XII. Most of the questions were asked from all chapters
but more weightage given to optics, electrostatics and thermodynamics.
• According to topicwise distribution, the number of questions were asked from class XI-Unit, Dimensions and Vectors (2), Kinematics (2),
Laws of motion (4), Work, Power and Energy (2), Momentum (1), Rotation (1), Gravitation (4), SHM (3), Solids and Fluids (3), Waves (4),
Heat and Thermodynamics (5).
• As per topicwise distribution in class XII-Optics (6), Current Electricity (2), Electrostatics (6), Magnetism (2) and Modern Physics (3).
• As per difficulty level, around 44% of questions can be considered to be easy overall, 36% are relatively moderate and 20% questions are
to be tough by Arihant Team.
1. A lightmeter measures the intensity I of the light 2. A gas is enclosed in a metal container with a movable
falling on it. Theory suggests that this varies as piston on top. Heat is added to the gas by placing a
the inverse square of the distance d. candle flame in contact with the container's bottom.
Which of the following is true about the temperature
of the gas?
Lightmeter
(a) The temperature must go up if the piston remains stationary
(b) The temperature must go up if the piston is pulled out
d dramatically
(c) The temperature must go up no matter what happens to the
Which graph of the results supports this theory? piston
l l (d) The temperature must go down no matter what happens to the
piston
3. A candle C sits between two parallel mirrors at a
(a) (b) distance 0.2d from mirror 1. Here, d 1 2
denotes the distance between the 0.2d
mirrors. Multiple images of the candle C
0 d 0 d appear in both mirrors. How far behind
mirror 1 are the nearest three images of d
l l the candle in that mirror?
(a) 0.2d , 1.8 d , 2.2d (b) 0.2d , 2.2d , 4.2d
(c) 0.2d, 1.8d, 3.8d (d) 0.2d, 0.8d, 1.4d
(c) (d)
4. In a cinema, a picture 2.5 cm wide on the film is
projected to an image 3.0 m wide on a screen that is
0 0
18 m away. The focal length of the lens is about
d 1/d
(a) 7.5 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 12.5 cm (d) 15 cm

22
5. The diagrams show three circuits with identical 10. The Reynolds number for fluid flow in a pipe is
batteries, identical inductors, and identical independent of
resistors. (a) the viscosity of the fluid (b) the velocity of the fluid
(c) the length of the pipe (d) the diameter of the pipe
11. Two litres of water kept in a container at 27° C is
heated with a coil of l kW. The lid of the container is
open and energy dissipates at the rate of 160 J/s. If
1 the specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg, then time
taken by coil to raise the temperature of water from
27°C to 77°C is
(a) 840 s (b) 500 s (c) 420 s (d) 372 s
12. Velocity of sound in an open organ pipe is 330 m/s.
2 3 The frequency of the wave is 1.1 kHz and the length
Rank them according to the current through the of the tube is 30 cm. To which harmonic does this
battery just after the switch is closed from least to frequency correspond?
(a) 5th (b) 4th (c) 3rd (d) 2nd
greatest.
(a) 3, 2, 1 (b) 1, 3, 2 (c) 1, 2, 3 (d) 3, 1, 2 13. A ring of radius R is first rotated with an angular
6. A parallel plate capacitor C has a charge Q. The velocity ω0 and then carefully placed on a rough
actual charges on its plates are horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction
(a) Q, Q (b) Q/2, Q/2 (c) Q, − Q (d) Q/2, − Q/2 between the surface and the ring is μ. Time after
which its angular speed is reduces to half is
2ω 0 R ω0 R ω 0 μR ω0 g
Directions (Q. Nos. 7-9) Use the diagram below to (a) (b) (c) (d)
μg 2μ g 2g 2μ R
answer the following questions.
40 spheres of equal mass make two rings of 20 14. A cyclotron is operating at a frequency of 12 MHz.
Mass and charge of deuteron are 3.3 × 10− 27 kg and
spheres each. The ring on the right has a radius
1.9 × 10− 19 C respectively. To accelerate deuteron,
twice as large as the ring on the left.
the necessary magnetic field is
(a) 0.16 T (b) 1.6 T (c) 0.016 T (d) 16 T
D
A B C 15. The power of the combination of two lenses made by
keeping the convex lens of focal length 40 cm in
contact with the concave lens of focal length 25 cm
r 2r is
(a) − 1.5 D (b) − 6.5 D (c) + 6.5 D (d) + 6.67 D
0 1 2 3 4
16. Wave represented by the equation
7. At what position could a mass be placed so that the y1 = A cos (kx − ωt) is superimposed on another wave
gravitational force that it would experience would
to form a stationary wave such that the point x = 0 is
be the same from both rings?
a node. The equation representing the wave is given
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
by
8. At what position could a mass be placed so that the (a) A cos ( kx + ωt ) (b) − A cos ( kx + ωt )
net gravitational force that it would experience (c) A sin ( kx + ωt ) (d) − A sin ( kx − ωt )
would be zero?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D 17. A ball rolls up a slope. At the end of three seconds its
velocity is 20 cm/s, at the end of eight seconds its
9. If the position of the spheres approximate two
velocity is 0. What is the average acceleration from
uniformly dense rings, which of the following is the
the third to the eighth second?
concerning a mass placed at position D?
(a) 2.5 cm/s 2 (b) 4.0 cm/s 2 (c) 5.0 cm/s 2 (d) 6.0 cm/s 2
(a) The net gravitational force due to the spheres of the larger
ring would be zero 18. Five organ pipes are described below. Which one
(b) The net gravitational force due to the spheres of the smaller has the highest fundamental frequency?
ring would be zero (a) A 2.3 m pipe with one end open and the other closed
(c) The net gravitational force due to the spheres of both rings (b) A 3.3 m pipe with one end open and the other closed
would be zero (c) A 1.6 m pipe with both ends open
(d) If the smaller ring were removed, the mass would move
(d) A 3.0 m pipe with both ends open
towards the centre of the larger ring

23
19. A man holds a rectangular card in front of and 28. A force is applied to an object that is free to be move.
parallel to a plane mirror. In order to see the entire Which of the following statements is correct?
image of the card, the least mirror area needed is (a) The frictional force is larger than ihe applied force
(a) that of the whole mirror, regardless of its size (b) The frictional force is smaller than the applied force
(b) that of the pupil of his eye (c) The weight of the object is larger than the applied force
(c) one-half that of the card (d) All of these statements could be correct
(d) one-fourth that of the card 29. Two charged spheres are separated by 2 mm. Which
20. The engineer of a train blows the train whistle as he of the following would yield the greatest attractive
approaches a crossing. A few moments later he force?
hears an echo from the whistle. The engineer hears (a) + 2q and − 2q (b) + 2q and + 2q
the echo of the whistle because of (c) − 2q and − 2q (d) − 1q and − 4q
(a) reflection (b) refraction
30. An astronaut is standing on an asteroid when he
(c) constructive interference (d) destructive interference accidentally drops a wrench. He observes that the
21. The density of ice is 9.2 × 102 kg /m3 . If a chunk gravitational acceleration on the asteroid is
displaces 10− 2 m3 , the buoyant force on the ice is 2.4 m/s2 . If he had thrown the wrench at an upward
most nearly angle instead, he would have the gravitational
(a) 0.1 N (b) 10 N (c) 100 N (d) 1000 N acceleration on the asteroid to be
22. Photoelectron emission rate is a direct function of (a) less than 2.4 m/s 2 (b) toward him at 2.4 m/s 2
2
radiation (c) downward at 2.4 m/s (d) greater than 2.4 m/s 2
(a) frequency (b) speed (c) intensity (d) energy
31. The two-dimensional cube in the diagram given
23. Two identical non-conducting spheres having below has charged objects placed at the corners. An
charges of − 12 nC and + 8 nC are touched together electron that is free to move is placed at the exact
and then separated. The final charge on each is centre of the cube. In which direction will the
(b) − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ nC
2
(a) − 2 nC (c) + 2 nC (d) + 4 nC electron move?
⎝ 3⎠ α β
A B
24. Resistors R1 and R2 are placed in
e−
parallel as shown. If they have values
of 5 Ω and 10 Ω, respectively, their R1 R2
D C
combined equivalent resistance is p+ α

(a) 0.03 Ω (b) 0.3 Ω (a) It will move towards A (b) It will move towards B
(c) 3.0 Ω (d) 3.3 Ω (c) It will move towards C (d) It will move towards D
25. A positive charge enters a magnetic field and travels 32. A block of mass m slides down with a uniform speed
parallel to but opposite the field. The charge feels or on an inclined plane having inclination θ. If the
experiences coefficient of friction between the inclined plane
(a) an upward force (b) a downward force and the block is μ, then the contact force between
(c) an accelerative force (d) no force them is
26. A pendulum with a period of 2 seconds at sea level (a) mg sinθ
(b) mg
has its length doubled. Its new period is now most
nearly (c) ( mg sinθ)2 + (μmg cos θ)2
(a) 1 s (b) 2 s (d) mg cosθ 1 + μ 2
(c) 4 s (d) 3 s
33. A TV tower has a height of 100 m. How much
27. The diagrammatic representation of a heat engine population is covered by TV broadcast, if the
above shows
average population density around the tower is
Work
output
1000 km− 2 (radius of Earth = 6.4 × 106 m)?
(a) 10 3 (b) 10 6 (c) 4 × 10 6 (d) 4 × 10 9

Hot Heat Cold 34. The number of neutrons released during the fission
reservoir engine reservoir reaction
1 235 133 99 1
(a) positive work (b) an adiabatic process n+ U ⎯→ Sb + Nb n is
0 92 51 41 0
(c) an isobaric process (d) an isochoric process
(a) 1 (b) 92 (c) 4 (d) 3

24
35. For a monoatomic gas, work done at constant 43. What are the units of the constant c1 in the above
pressure is W. The heat supplied at constant volume equation?
for the same rise in temperature of the gas is
W 3W 5W (a) Length / time (b) Length / time 3
(a) (b) (c) W (d) (c) Length (d) Length / time 2
2 2 2
36. A body of density D1 and mass m is moving 44. A positive point charge + q is placed at the origin.
downward in glycerine of density D2 . What is the ⎛ x x2 ⎞
viscous force acting on it? There is an electric field E(x) = E0 ⎜2 + 3 2 ⎟ that
⎝ d d ⎠
(a) mgD1 (b) mgD2
⎛
accelerates the point charge along the x-axis.
D ⎞ ⎛ D ⎞
(c) mg ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ (d) mg ⎜ 1 − 1 ⎟ Determine the energy of the charge when it reaches
⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎝ D12 ⎠
the position x = 2d.
37. If the work done in stretching a wire by 1 mm is 2 J, (a) 6 qdE 0 (b) 12q (c) 12 qdE 0 (d) 24 qdE 0
the work done necessary for stretching another wire 45. Four forces, 5 N North, 6 N 20° S of E, 9 N 20° N of W
of same material but with double radius of and 10 N South act on an object. The equilibrium
cross-section and half the length by 1 mm is force equals
1 1
(a) 16 J (b) 8 J (c) J (d) J (a) 4.9 N 35° W of S (b) 4.9 N 35° E of N
16 8
(c) 2.8 N W (d) 2.8 N SW
38. A particle of mass m executes SHM with amplitude
a and frequency ν. The average kinetic energy
46. A substance’s specific heat is a function of its
(a) mass (b) weight
during its motion from the position of equilibrium to
(c) volume (d) molecular structure
the end is
(a) 2 π 2ma 2ν 2 (b) 4 π 2ma 2ν 2 47. There is a plane of uniform positive charge density σ
1
(c) π 2ma 2ν 2 2
(d) π ma ν 2 2 parallel to the yz-plane and located at x = 2d. A point
2 charge + q is placed at the origin. Solve for the
39. The maximum and minimum distances of a comet position x along the x-axis, where a positive test
from the Sun are 8 × 1012 m and 16 . × 1012 m charge will have a net force of zero.
respectively. If its velocity when nearest to the Sun y
is 60 ms − 1, what will be its velocity in ms − 1 when it is
farthest?
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 112 (d) 60 +q D
x
40. A force F = (2 + x) N acts on a particle in the O

x-direction. The work done by this force during a

displacement from x = 10
. m to x = 2.0 m is
(a) 2.1 J (b) 2.5 J (c) 3.5 J (d) 4.5 J
2 πσ
(a) x = (b) No solution
41. Each of the above three springs are identical ( they d
have the same equilibrium length and spring 2 πσ
(c) x = (d) x = − 2d
constant k). They are fixed together as shown in d
figure. What is the effective spring constant of the
assembly?
48. A displacement vector is a
(a) change in position (b) velocity
k k (c) scalar (d) distance without direction
49. The difference between two audible frequencies is
k about 4 Hz. If one frequency is 380 Hz and the
speed of sound is 340 m/s, the other frequency
2 might be about
(a) k (b) k
3 (a) 300 Hz (b) 325 Hz (c) 350 Hz (d) 375 Hz
1
(c) k
1
(d) k 50. Given
2 3
I. Plane mirrors II. Concave mirrors
42. A particle moves in one dimension. Its velocity is III. Convex mirrors
given by v(t) = c2t 2 + c1t + c0 , where c1 and c2 are Given the preceding choices, virtual images can be
constants. What is the acceleration of the particle at formed by
time t = 1? (a) I, II and III (b) I and II
(a) c1 + 2c 2 (b) zero (c) c1 + c 2 (c) c1 (c) I and III (d) Only II

25
 1 7. (b) If we consider two circularly arranged mass as the point
1. (a) As, intensity of light I ∝
d2 masses, then net intensity (or force) at B is zero.
k 8. (b) At position B, mass to be placed so that net gravitational
I=
d2 force that it would experience would be zero.
where, k is a constant, d is distance of separation between 9. (a) As point D is inside the larger sphere. So, the net
source and object. gravitational force (and hence twice) at this point due to larger
When d → ∞ then, I → 0 mg itself is zero.
2. (b) When a gas is enclosed in a metal container with a 10. (c) The Reynolds number is given by
movable piston on top. ρvD
N=
On supplying the heat, the temperature of the gas increases η
and then internal energy of the gas will also increase. where, ρ = density of a fluid
Then, amount of work is done by the system which can be v = velocity of a fluid
realised by the upward movement of piston.
η = coefficient of viscosity
3. (a) Consider a candle C sits between two parallel mirrors at a and D = diameter of a pipe
distance 0.2d from mirror 1 as shown in figure.
Clearly, N does not depend upon the length of pipe.
Mirror 1 Mirror 2
11. (b) As, amount of heat required to raise temperature of water
0.2d 0.8d
from 27°C to 77°C is
Q = msΔθ kJ
C = m × 4.2 × 10 3 × 50
d
= 2 × 4.2 × 10 3 × 50 = 4.2 × 10 4 J
The position nearest three images will be 0.2d.
[Q mass of 2 L water = 2 × 10 − 3 × 1000 kg/m3 = 2 kg]
d + 0.8 d = 1.8d
Net amount of heat gained by water to increase its
and d + 0.2d + d = 2.2d
temperature is 1000 − 160 = 840 J/s.
where, d denotes the distance between the mirrors. 420000
Thus, the water will get 420 J in = 500 s
4. (d) As, given v = 300 cm, u = 2.5 cm, m = ? 840
Magnification produced by screen, 12. (d) Given, v = 330 m/s
3 × 10 2cm v
m = = f = 1.1 kHz = 1.1 × 10 3 Hz
2 .5 cm u
25 and l = 30 cm
⇒ 300 u = v As we know that for open organ pipe
10
nv
300 × u =
25
× 18 × 10 2 νn = = nν 0
10 2l
The overtone frequencies are
= 25 × 18 × 10
2 ν 3ν 4ν 5ν
Distance of an object, , , , ,…
2l 2 l 2 l 2 l
25 × 18 × 10
u = = 15 cm 2ν 2 × 330
300 Now, =
2 l 2 × 30 × 10 − 2
1 1 1
Now, according to lens formula, − = 11
v u f =2 × × 10 2
1 1 1 2
⇒ − = = 1.1 × 10 3 Hz
18 × 100 15 f
1 1 1 = 2nd harmonics
⇒ − =
1800 15 f 13. (b) As, the force is F = μN = μmg
This gives f = − 1515
. cm Therefore, the acceleration
Then, focal length of the lens ≈ 15 cm F μ mg
a= = = μg
5. (b) The current through the battery from least to greatest is m m
ranked as per the circuit are 1, 3, 2 because in series Now, angular acceleration
equivalent resistance is more than parallel equivalent a μg
α = =
resistance in a circuit. R R
6. (c) If a parallel capacitor has an amount of charge Q, it means Now, equation for angular motion
that the charges produced on the plates of capacitor are + Q ω = ω0 − α t
and − Q.

26
 ω0 μg 19. (d) The least mirror area is one-fourth that of the card.
⇒ = ω0 − t
2 R (Q area = l × b)
ω0 μg
⇒ = t 20. (a) An echo is caused by the reflection of sound waves at
2 R
some moderately even surface such as the wall of a building.
Time after which its angular speed is reduced to half, The waves of sound on meeting the surface are turned back in
ω R their course according to the same laws that hold for
t = 0
2μ g reflection of light.
14. (b) Key concept The cyclotron frequency or gyro- 21. (c) Given, chunk displaces water, V = 10− 2 m3
frequency is the frequency of a charged particle moving Density of ice, ρ = 9.2 × 10 2 kg /m3
perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field B.
The buoyant force acting on the ice,
The cyclotron frequency is given by
Fb = ρVg
qB
νe = = 9.2 × 10 2 × 10 − 2 × 10 = 92 N
2 πm
which is most nearest to 100 N.
. × 10 − 19 × B
19
12 × 10 6 = 22. (c) Photoelectron emission rate is direct function of radiation
. × 3.3 × 10− 27
2 × 314
intensity. Energy contained within the incident light is
. × 3.3 × 10 − 27
12 × 10 6 × 2 × 314 absorbed by electrons within the metal giving the electrons
⇒ B=
. × 10 − 19
19 sufficient energy to be knocked out of, i.e. emitted from the
surface of the metal.
= 130.9 × 10− 2 = 1.309 T ≈ 1.6 T
23. (a) As, final charge on each sphere,
So, option (b) is close to the answer. − 12nC + 8 nC
Q= = − 2 nC
15. (a) As, combination of two lenses, 2
1 1 1
As, = + 24. (d) The equivalent resistance is
f f1 f2
1 1 1 1
= + = −
40 ( −25) 40 25
R1= 5 Ω R2= 10 Ω
5−8 −3
= =
200 200
200
Net focal length, f = − cm
3 R1R 2 5 × 10 50
Req = = = = 3.3 Ω
− 200 −2 R1 + R 2 5 + 10 15
= = m
3 × 100 3
25. (d) Consider a positive charge enters a magnetic field and
∴ Net power of combination of two lenses, travels parallel but opposite to the field.
1 1 −3 Force on the charge
P= = = = − 15
. D
f ⎛
−⎜ ⎟
2⎞ 2 F = qvBsinθ = qvBsin180° = 0
⎝ 3⎠ Thus, charge experiences no force.
16. (b) The correct option should be 26. (d) As time period of a pendulum, T ∝ l
y2 = − A cos( kx + ωt ) T1 l1
because we should have to be found the node at x = 0 =
T2 l2
17. (b) Given, v1 = 20 cm/s
2 l
⇒ =
v 2 = 0 cm/s T2 2l
and change in time taken, 4 1
Δt = 8 − 3 = 5 s ∴ 2
=
T2 2
∴ Average acceleration
v − v1 0 − 20 ⇒ T2 = 8
= 2 = = − 4 cm/s 2 ∴ Time period of new pendulum, T2 = 2.82 ~
Δt 5 −− 3 s

⇒ |a| = 4 cm/s 2 27. (a) It is a case of heat engine where work is done by the
system, so work is positive.
⎛ v⎞
18. (c) For open organ pipe, fundamental frequency, f = ⎜ ⎟ 28. (d) The friction can be greater than or lesser than the applied
⎝ 2 l⎠
force. Also, the weight of body does not depend on applied
and for closed organ pipe, fundamental frequency, f = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
v force, so it may be greater than or lesser than the applied
⎝ 4l ⎠ force.

As
v
is maximum for closed organ pipe having length 1.6 m.
29. (a) For attractive, there should be dissimilar charges only pair
2l of charges + 2q and − 2q are dissimilar.
So, its fundamental frequency is highest one.

27
30. (c) The acceleration will found to be downward at 2.4 m/s 2. where, ΔU = change in internal energy and W ′ = nC V ΔT
W
31. (d) The net force on electron along AC (diagonal) is zero, so ⇒ 1 = 14
. +
W′
electron will neither moves towards A nor towards C.
W
α β ⇒ . − 1= −
14
A B W′
Net work done by a gas,
e− −W
W′ =
0.4
D C 10 W 5
p+ α = = W
4 2
There is a force of attraction on the electron by the charge at
36. (c) Given, density of body = D1
point D, so the electron will move towards D.
Mass = m and density of glycerine = D2
32. (d) A block of mass m slides down with uniform speed on an
inclined plane having inclination θ as shown in figure. Now, consider the diagram
N θ
If we consider the equilibrium (for an instant), then motion
os
fc

c with zero acceleration

μ mg fbuoyant (fb)
f= fviscous (fv)
θ θ
sin mg cos θ
mg θ mg

The contact force between block and inclined plane,

Volume (V)
fc = f 2 + N2 mg (weight)
2 2
= (μmg cosθ) + ( mg cos θ) i.e. fb + fv = mg
33. (c) Given, average population density = 1000 km− 2 VD2g + fv = mg
= 1000 × (10 3m)− 2 = 10 − 3 m− 2 ⇒ fv = mg − VD2 g
m ⎡ m⎤
As, height of TV tower = 100 m = mg − D2 g ⎢Q V = D ⎥
D1 ⎣ 1⎦
and Earth’s radius = 6.4 × 10 6 m
⎛ D ⎞
TV transmission range = mg ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟
⎝ D1 ⎠
d = 2 hRe
and area of TV transmission range 37. (b) Given, work is done in stretching a wire by 1 mm is 2 J.
A = πd 2 = π 2 hRe Then, double the radius of cross-section of a wire, then work
6 done by another wire,
= 2 × 314
. × 100 × 6.4 × 10
1 Δl2 A
= 4.0 × 10 9 m2 W = Y
2 l
Now, population is covered by TV broadcast where, Y is a constant of Young’s modulus of elasticity
= 4.0 × 10 9 m2 × 10− 3 m− 2 = 4.0 × 10 6 W ∝ ( Δl)2 A
34. (c) As, change in atomic weights of reactant and product W1 ( Δl1 )2 A12
=
= [(235 + 1) − (133 + 99)] = 4 W 2 ( Δl2 )( A 2 )2
Thus, number of neutrons = 4 2
2 (1)2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(Q Each neutron is responsible for massive change in unity) = ⎜ ⎟
W2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
35. (d) For a monoatomic gas, ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
As, ΔQ = nC p ΔT + pΔV 2
= ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ×
2 1 1
= nC p ΔT + W [ pΔV = W ] =
⎝ 1⎠ 16 4
Also,
ΔQ = nC V ΔT + 0 ∴ W2 = 8 J
Dividing whole equation by ΔQ, we get 38. (d) As, kinetic energy of an oscillating particle,
ΔQ nC p ΔT + W 1
⇒ = mω 2( a 2 − x 2 )
=
ΔQ nC V ΔT 2
nC p ΔT W where, a = amplitude, m = mass
⇒ 1= + and ω = angular frequency
nC V ΔT nC V ΔT
At mean position (x = 0)
C W
⇒ 1= p + 1
CV nC V ΔT KEmean = mω 2a 2
2

28
 At extreme position ( x = a) Net force acting between two strings where k1 and k 2 are in
1 parallel such that
KEextreme = mω 2( A 2 − A 2 ) = 0
2 Fnet = F1 + F2
Average kinetic energy keq x = k1 x + k 2 x
1
mω 2a 2 + 0 ⇒ keq = k1 + k 2
KEav = 2 Now, k 3 is in series with keq = k1 + k 2
2 1 1 1
1 Then, = +
= mω 2a 2 ′
keq k1 + k 2 k3
4
1 1 1
= m(2 πν)2 a 2 = mπ 2ν 2a 2 = + [Q k1 = k 2 = k 3]
4 2k k
39. (a) Key concept It is based on the conservation of angular 1+ 2 3
= =
momentum. As, without any external torque, angular 2k 2k
momentum of a system of particles remains constant. 2k
∴ ′ =
keq
Consider a comet having maximum and minimum distance 3
from the sun as shown in figure. 2k
Thus, equivalent or effect value of spring constant is .
v1 3
r1 42. (a) Given velocity of a particle, v(t ) = c 2 t 2 + c1t + c 0
m r2 Comet
Sun m where, c1 , c 2 and c 0 are constant.
v2 As, acceleration of the particle at t = 1 s, we get
dv
a= = 2c 2 × 1 + c1 = c1 + 2c 2
r2 = maximum distance dt
r1 = minimum distance 43. (d) Key concept This problem deals with principle of
According to conservation of angular momentum, we have homogeneity of dimensions. It states that a physical
mv1r1 = mv 2 r2 quantity equation will be dimensionally correct, if the
⇒ 8 × 1012 × v1 = 60 × 16 . × 1012 dimensions of all the terms occuring on both sides of the
equations are same.
. × 1012
60 × 16
⇒ v1 = As c1 t has the unit of velocity
8 × 1012
So, [c1 t ] = [LT −1 ]
Thus, velocity of a comet when it is farthest from the sun,
we have ⇒ [c1 ][T ] = [LT −1 ]
= 12 m/s ⎡ LT −1 ⎤ −2
⇒ [c1 ] = ⎢ ⎥ = [LT ]
40. (c) Given, force applied, F = (2 + x) N ⎣ T ⎦
Let small displacement is dx, then small work done length
So, unit of c1 = m/s 2 =
dW = F dx time 2
W
⇒ Total work done = ∫ dW = ∫ (2 + x ) dx
44. (c) Given, electric field of a positive point charge,
⎛ x x2 ⎞
0 E( x ) = E 0 ⎜ 2 + 3 2 ⎟
Now, work done for displacement from x = 1 m to x = 2 m ⎝ d d ⎠
2
As, potential at x = 2d , we have
W = ∫ (2 + x ) dx
⎡ 2d 2 x 2d
3 x2 ⎤
V = E0 ⎢ ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx ⎥
1
2
⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 ⎢⎣ 0 d 0 d ⎥⎦
= 2[ x ]12 + ⎢ ⎥ = 2[2 − 1] + [2 2 − 12 ]
⎣ 2 ⎦1 2 ⎡ 2 ⎧ x2 ⎫ 2 d
3 ⎧ x3 ⎫ ⎤
2d

= E0 ⎢ ⎨ ⎬ + 2 ⎨ ⎬ ⎥
1 ⎢d ⎩ 2 ⎭0 d ⎩ 3 ⎭0 ⎥
= 2 + × 3 = 3.5 J ⎣ ⎦
2
⎡2 4d 2
3 8d 3 ⎤
41. (b) Consider the diagram = E0 ⎢ × + 2 ×
⎣d 2 d 3 ⎥⎦

k1 F1 F2 k2 = 4 dE 0 + 8dE 0 = 12dE 0
∴ Energy of charge particle at x = 2d , we have
U = qV = q × 12dE 0 = 12qdE 0
45. (c) Key concept It is based on resolution of a vector
k3
components in a plane. Resolution of a vector into two
component vectors along the direction of two given
vectors is unique.

29
 Consider the figure below 2 ε0 q 2 ε0q
N
⇒ = x 2, x=
4 πε0σ 4 πε0σ
10 N 5N
⇒ Position of a positive test charge having net force is zero,
20º q
W
20º
E x=
2 πεσ
No option is matching.
6N
48. (a) The displacement vector is changed in position vector as
S
shown in figure.
The component along x-axis is
y
10 cos 20° − 6 cos 20° = 4cos 20°
Δr = r2 – r1 Displacement
The component along y-axis is r2 vector
5 − 6 cos 70° + 10 cos 70° = 5 + 4cos 70°
r1
Thus, net force in between NW
O x
In options, only one is giving force in NW
So, option (c) should be correct. 49. (d) As difference between two frequencies is
46. (d) The specific heat of a substance is a function of its | ν 2 − ν1| = 4
molecular structure. According to question one of the frequencies is 380 Hz.
47. (*) The two forces on the charge at balance condition, |380 − ν1| = 4 ⇒ ν1 = 380 ± 4 = 384 Hz or 376 Hz
1 q σ Answer is 375 Hz, which is more closer to the option 375 Hz
=
4 πε0 x 2 2 ε0 y as compared to the other options.
50. (c) The virtual image can be formed in all the three types of
mirror.
+q D Plane mirror ⎯→ Virtual (always)
x
Convex ⎯→ Virtual image
Concave ⎯→ Sometimes real and sometimes virtual.
So, correct option should be (c).

30
 Amazing facts with proper explanation.
• Is Saturn the only planet that has rings?
Saturn is not the only planet that has a ring system, but it is by far
the most prominent. Uranus has a system of five rings and Jupiter
also has two rings. However, while Saturn’s rings are composed of
dust particles, the rings around Uranus and Jupiter are primarily
composed of an electromagnetic plasma. There are several
competing theories for the formation of Saturn’s rings. The first is
that Saturn’s rings are a remnant left over from when the planet was
formed. As gas and dust collapse to form a planet it forms a disk
that orbits the young planet. Second possibility is that dust in the
rings is composed of small bits of material that are knocked off
during collisions with comets or asteroids. So, the dust continues
to orbit the central planet in an orbit similar to its parent body. Thus,
this collection of dust appears as rings.
• Do you know, what role does electrostatic play in the
reproduction of flowers?
As, we know two important parts of a flower which are flower’s
anther and flower’s stigma. The former is electrically insulated and
the later is electrically connected to ground through flower’s
interior. The bees are usually positive charged and pollen grains
are moderately conducting.
When a bee hovers near a flower’s anther, pollen grains being so
light jumps to the bee on account of electrostatic force of
attraction. The grains cling to the bee during its flight to the next
flower. As the bee comes closer to that flower’s stigma, the pollen
grains jump from the bee to the stigma resulting in fertilisation of
the flower.
• Do you know, hot water freezes faster than cold water, why ?
Hot water seems to freeze faster than cold water, known as the
Mpemba effect. It has included faster evaporation of hot water,
therefore reducing the volume left to freeze, formation of a frost
layer on cold water, insulating it and different concentrations of
solutes such as carbon dioxide, which is driven off when the water
is heated. Unfortunately, the effect doesn’t appear cold water often
does actually freeze faster than hot water, as we would expect.
• Do you know, what role does magnetism play in ground control of
artifical satellites?
Artificial satellites are often provided with loop of wire, called torque
coils. These coils can be activated by a computer or a satellite
operator on earth. On activation, a suitable current is made to flow
through a particular torque coil.
This current carrying coil behaves like a magnet. As earth is
behaving like a huge magnet by itself, a magnetic force is
execuated by the earth on the satellite. As a result, the satellite can
be oriented so that its instruments point in the desired direction.
A magnetometer on the artificial satellite senses the direction of
earth’s magnetic field. The satellite ground controls the use of the
feedback from this device to decide which torque coil to activate.
• Do you know, we cannot move even a finger without disturbing all
the stars? Explain.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, every body in this universe
attracts every other body with a force which is inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them, when we move our
finger the distance of the objects with respect to finger changes,
hence the force of attraction changes, disturbing the entire universe,
including stars.
• Do you know, what is the biological connection of capillarity
action?
In biological studies, capillarity action is utilised in paper
chromatography. Botanists use paper chromatography to identify
the chemical make up of plants. In this study, leaves from a plant are
ground up and mixed with a solvent to make a mobile phase. Due to
capillarity action, the liquid moves through the piece of paper. The
different chemical substances move at different speeds through the
piece of paper and hence can be separated.
• Why does duracell company sell batteries in a package that
includes a tester?
A tester in a duracell batteries package is a liquid crystal display, the
colour of which changes with temperature. It is used to test the
strength of the battery. If the battery is fresh, the current supplied by
it is strong, which will produce a large heating effect on the liquid
crystal, resulting in a large change in colour of the crystal. If the
battery is weak, then the change in colour of crystal in the tester is
small.
• What basic principle is involved in the up and down motion of a fish
in water?
An object can sink or float on water if its density is more or less than
that of water. Therefore, principle of adjustment of density is
involved in the up and down motion of a fish in water. A fish can
regulate its density by expanding or contracting an air sac that
changes its volume. The fish can move upward by increasing its
volume (which decreases its density) and downwards by
contracting its volume (which increases its density).
37
 Best Resource to
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NCERT Books
RIGID BODY CENTRE OF MASS OF SOME RIGID BODIES
A body is defined as a system of particles in which • Centre of mass of a uniform rectangular, square or
distance between each pair of particles remains circular plate lies at its centre.
constant (with respect to time), which means that the
cm
shape and size do not change during the motion. cm
cm
PURE TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
A motion in which every particle of the body moves • Centre of mass of a uniform semicircular ring lies at a
through the same linear distance in a straight line in a 2R
given time interval. distance of h = from its centre on the axis of
π
ROTATIONAL MOTION OF A RIGID BODY symmetry, where, R is the radius of the ring.
A body is said to possess rotational motion, if all its
particles move along circles in parallel planes. The R cm
2R
centres of these circles lie on a fixed line perpendicular π
to the parallel planes and is called the axis of rotation. O
• Centre of mass of a hemispherical shell of radius R lies
EQUATIONS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION at a distance of h = R / 2 from its centre on the axis of
For a body moving in circle, let ω 0 be the initial symmetry, as shown in figure below.
angular velocity, ω the final angular velocity, α is the MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
angular acceleration and θ be the angular R cm FOLLOWS FROM NEWTON’S LAWS.
displacement after the time t. Then, equations of R/2 General form of Newton's second law
rotational motion can be written as O relates force to momentum.
• ω = ω 0 + αt • When the centre of mass of the body lies at the origin. ΣF=Δp/Δt or Δp=(ΣF)Δt
1 2 As position vector r1 are taken w.r.t the centre of Δp= change in momentum
• θ = ω 0t + αt
2 gravity. Therefore, the centre of gravity (CG) coincides ΣF=net force acting on the object
2
• ω − ω 0 = 2 αθ with centre of mass (CM). But it is not true for very Δt =time over which the force acts.
2

large object as g will vary and CG does not coincide For an individual object momentum is
In precession, one end of axis of rotation is fixed and with CM of the body. conserved (does not change) when the net
other end rotates about a circular path. force acting on the object is zero (i.e.
• The point of contact of the top with the ground is ANGULAR VELOCITY
Δp when ΣF = 0)
fixed. The axis of rotation of the top at any instant It defines as the time rate of change of its angular
passes through the point of contact. displacement, i.e ω = dθ / dt For a system of objects momentum
• We mostly deal with the case of fixed axis, so if not • Angular velocity is a vector quantity whose direction is
conservation follows Newton's third law.
stated rotation will be about the fixed axis. given by right handed screw rule. The momentum of a system of objects is
• Oscillating table fan is an example of precession. • For rotation about a fixed axis, the angular velocity lies the vector sum of the momenta of the
along the axis of rotation and points out in the direction individual objects. The forces between
CENTRE OF MASS objects in the system (internal forces)
in which the tip of right handed screw would advance, if
It is the point at which entire mass of a system may be cannot change the system’s momentum
the head of the screw is rotated with the body. because, by Newton’s third law, the objects
supposed to be concentrated. The nature of motion of
the system remains unaffected when all the forces RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR VELOCITY (ω) exert equal but opposite forces on each other,
AND LINEAR VELOCITYv which cause equal and opposite momentum
acting on the system are applied directly on the centre
• In vector rotation v = ω × r . changes. So, only external forces can change
of mass of the system. the momentum of a system.
• For particles on the axis, r = 0 and hence, v = ωr = 0.
• For a system consisting of two particles, the centre
m r + m 2 r2 Thus, particles on the axis are stationary. This verifies
of mass of rcm = 1 1 Translatory motion Rotatory motion
that the axis is fixed.
m1 + m2 Position, x Angular position, θ
• For a continuous mass distribution, the centre of
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
Velocity, v = dx / dt Angular velocity, ω = dθ / dt
mass is given by An object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of
Acceleration, a = dv / dt Angular acceleration,
change of its angular velocity i.e. α = dω / dt
1 α = dω / dt
rcm = ∫ r dm • In terms of vectors, a = α × r , where a is the linear
M acceleration and α is the angular acceleration. Mass, m Moment of inertia, I
where, dm is the mass of small element located at TORQUE τ
Newton’s second law, Newton’s second law,
position r. F = ma τ = Iα
The turning effect of a force about the axis of rotation is Work done, W = ∫ F dx Work done, W = ∫ τ dθ
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF CENTRE called the moment of the force or torque due to the force.
OF MASS OF A SYSTEM • Mathematically, if a force F acts at a point C whose
Kinetic energy, Kinetic energy,
• For a system of N- particles, the centre of mass is
1 1 2
position vector is r, then torque due to the force is given K = mv 2 K= Iω
given by 2 2
by τ = r × F.
N
• In cartesian coordinates, τ z = x. F − y. Fx , where x and WORK DONE BY A TORQUE AND POWER OF A
∑m r
m 1 r1 + m 2 r2 + .... + m N rN i = 1
i i y are the displacements of a particle and F y , Fx are the TORQUE
rcm = = forces exerted along y and x-axes. • If a torque τ applied on a body rotates it through an
m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + ..... + m N M • In polar coordinates, τ = rF sin θ where, θ is the angle
angle Δθ, the work done by the torque is ΔW = τΔθ
• The velocity of the centre of mass is given by between force vector F and position vector r. SI unit of or Work done = Torque × Angular displacement
m 1 dr1 dr dr torque is Nm and its dimensional formula is • Power of a torque = Torque produced × Angular
+ m 2 2 + .... + m n n −2
[M 1 L2 T ].
drcm dt dt dt velocity
vcm = =
dt m 1 + m 2 + ..... + m n COUPLE Relation between Torque and Angular Momentum
• The acceleration of the centre of mass is given by A pair of equal and opposite forces acting on a body along • Angular momentum (L) It is the moment of linear

m 1 dv 1 dv dv two different lines of action constitute a couple. In a momentum of a particle about the axis of rotation.
+ m 2 2 + .... + m n n couple, total external force is zero but torque is non-zero. • If p is linear momentum of the particle and r its
dv cm dt dt dt
a cm = = So, a couple has a turning effect but cannot produce position vector, then angular momentum of the
dt m 1 + m 2 + ..... + m n translational motion. particle, L = r × p.
 • Second law The rate of change of angular momentum point of the body (it may even lies outside the
of a body about a given axis is directly proportional to body). This point may or may not be the centre of
the external torque applied on the body. the mass of the body.
• Third law When a rigid body A exerts a torque on THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXES
another rigid body B in contact with it, then the body B • It states that the moment IG
would exert an equal and opposite torque on the body A. of inertia of a rigid body
• The rate of change of angular momentum of a system of about any axis is equal to
particles about a fixed point is equal to the total external its moment of inertia h
G
dL about a parallel axis
torque acting on the system about that point, τ = .
dt through the centre of
• If no net external torque acts on a system, then the total mass plus the product of
angular momentum of the system remains conserved. the mass of the body and square of the
Mathematically, if τ ext = 0, then perpendicular distance between the axes i.e.
L = L 1 + L 2 + ..... + L n = a constant vector. I = I G + Mh 2 .
This law is known as the conservation law of angular
where, I G is moment of inertia of the body about an
momentum’.
axis through its centre of mass and h is the distance
MOMENT OF INERTIA between the two axes.
The moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of • Theorem of parallel axes is applicable for any type
rotation is the sum of the product of masses of the various of rigid body whether it is two-dimensional or
particles and squares of their perpendicular distances three-dimensional, while the theorem of
from the axis of rotation. perpendicular axes is applicable for laminar type
n or two - dimensional body only.
I = m 1 r12 + m 2 r22 + .... + m n rn2 = ∑ m i ri
2
EQUILIBRIUM
i=1
When a particle is said to be in equilibrium, it means
• SI unit of moment of inertia = kgm 2 .
net acceleration of a body is zero. But when a rigid
• It depends on the mass, distribution of mass and on the body is in equilibrium, its acceleration for both kinds
position of axis of rotation, while it does not depend on of motion i.e. translatory as well as rotatory must be
angular velocity, angular acceleration, torque, angular zero.
momentum and rotational kinetic energy.
Translatory equilibrium When acceleration of the
RADIUS OF GYRATION centre of mass is zero, then a body is said to be in
• It may be defined as the distance from the axis of translatory equilibrium
rotation at which, if whole mass of the body were i.e. Σ Fi = 0, where Fi is the external force on the ith
supposed to be concentrated, the moment of inertia, particle of the rigid body.
would be same as with the actual distribution of mass.
• The relation between moment of inertia I and radius of Rotational equilibrium When the angular
acceleration of a rigid body rotating about a given
I
gyration K is I = MK 2 or K = axis is zero, then the body is said to be in rotational
M equilibrium
• For a body composed of particles of equal masses,
i.e. Σ τ = 0 about its axis
r12 + r22 + ..... + rn2 Complete equilibrium When a body is in rotational
K=
n as well as translational equilibrium
Translatory motion Rotatory motion
where, radius of gyration is equal to the root mean For translatory equilibrium, Σ F = 0 and rotational
Power, P = Fv Power, P = τω square distance of the particles from the axis of equilibrium, Σ τ = 0. So, complete equilibrium
Linear momentum, Angular momentum L = Iω rotation. having both the conditions must be simultaneously
Time period of compound pendulum is given by true.
p = mv
Equations of Equations of rotational L I2 + K 2 Relation between moment of inertia (I) and
T = 2π , where L = angular momentum (L) Angular momentum
translatory motion motion g l = moment of inertia × angular velocity
(i) v = u + at ω 2 = ω1 + αt Here, l = distance of centre of mass from point of i.e. L = Iω
1 1 2 suspension, K = radius of gyration about the parallel axis Relation between Moment of Inertia
(ii) s = ut + at 2 θ = ω1t + αt
2 2 passing through centre of mass. Torque = moment of inertia × angular acceleration
(iii) v 2 − u 2 = 2 as ω 22 − ω12 = 2 αθ THEOREM OF PERPENDICULAR AXES i.e. τ = Iα
• It states that the moment of z
inertia of a plane lamina Total KE of a rolling body The centre of mass of a
about a perpendicular axes rolling body moves along a straight line, so it
• In cartesian coordinates Lz = xp x − yp y , where y and
to its plane equal to the sum O x possesses translational KE in addition to rotational
x are displacements of a particle and p x and p y are of the moment of inertia of KE. Total KE of a rolling body = Translational KE +
linear momentum along x and y-axes. the lamina about any two rotation
mutual perpendicular axes y
1 1
LAWS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION in its plane and intersecting each other at the point, KE = Mv 2 + Iω 2
2 2
According to Newton’s three laws of translational where. The perpendicular axes pass through it i.e.
motion, it can state three laws of rotational motion as Iz = Ix + I y Law of conservation of angular momentum If no
follows. external torque acts on a system, total angular
where, x and y-axes lies in the plane of lamina and momentum of the system remains unchanged. In the
• First law A body continues to be in a state of rest or in
z-axis is perpendicular to its plane and passes through absence of any external torque, L = Iω = constant
a state of uniform rotation about a given axis unless an the point of intersection of x and y-axes.
external torque is applied on the body. From the given table, we compare the following
• In theorem of perpendicular axes the point of correspondencies between translatory and rotatory
intersection of the three axes (x, y and z) may be any motions.
 JEE Advanced Practice

Electromagnetic induction is the most important topic according to JEE Advanced

OVERVIEW paper. Every year two or three questions are asked from this topic. Faraday’s
law, Lenz’s law and its applications, self and mutual induction are generally asked in exam.

1. A conducting rod of length l is moved at constant (c) the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the plane of the
coil) component whose magnitude is decreasing suitably
velocity v0 on two parallel, conducting, smooth,
(d) there is a constant magnetic field in the perpendicular (to the
fixed, rails which are placed in a plane of the coil) direction
uniform constant magnetic field
B perpendicular to the plane of B 4. A wire of mass m and length l which can slide on a
l v0
the rail as shown in figure. A pair of parallel, smooth, horizontal rails placed in a
resistance R is connected vertical magnetic field B. The rails are connected by
between the two ends of the rail. a capacitor of capacitance C. The electric resistance
Then, which of the following is/are correct? of the rails and the wire is zero. If a constant force F
(a) The thermal power dissipated in the resistor is equal to the acts on the wire as shown in the figure, then
rate of work done by an external person pulling the rod
(b) If applied external force is doubled, then a part of the
external power increases the velocity of the rod C F
(c) If resistance R is doubled, then power required to maintain
the constant velocity v 0 becomes half
(d) Lenz’s law is not satisfied if the rod is accelerated by an F
(a) acceleration of the wire is
external force m + CB2l2
2. A bar magnet moves towards two identical parallel (b) magnetic force exerted on a wire is CB2l2a 2 acting towards
left
circular loops with a constant velocity v as shown in (c) net force acting on a wire is zero
the figure. (d) net charge on a capacitor is zero
A B
v
5. A rectangular loop with a sliding connector of
length l =10
. m is situated in a uniform magnetic field
S N B = 2 T which is perpendicular B
(a) Both the loops will attract each other to the plane of loop, resistance
6Ω v 3 Ω
(b) Both the loops will repel each other of connector is r = 2 Ω. Two
(c) The induced current in A is more than that in B resistances of 6 Ω and 3 Ω are
(d) The induced current is same in both the loops connected as shown in figure.
(a) The external force required to keep the connector moving
3. A circular coil expands radially in a region of with a constant velocity v = 2 m/s is 2 N
magnetic field and no electromotive force is (b) Current through a rectangular loop with a sliding connector
produced in the coil. This can be because is 1 A-
(a) the magnetic field is constant (c) Current across rectangular loop is 4 A
(b) the magnetic field is in the same plane as the circular coil (d) Magnetic force across a connector moving with a constant
and it may or may not vary velocity v = 2 m/s is 4 N

42
6. In the circuit shown in figure, a 11. A line charge λ per unit length is
A H K
lodged uniformly onto the wheel of
conducting wire HE is moved mass M and radius R. The wheel has
R v C O
with a constant speed v towards light non-conducting spokes and is R
left. The complete circuit is B E D free to rotate without friction about
placed in a uniform magnetic its axis figure. A uniform magnetic
a
field B perpendicular to the plane of circuit inwards. field extends over a circular region R
(a) The current in HKDE is 4 A within the rim. It is given by
(b) The current in HKDE is zero B = − B0 k$ [r ≤ a, a < R] = 0 (otherwise)
(c) Charge stored in the capacitor is constant − λπa 2B
(d) Charge stored inside a capacitor is non-zero (a) Angular velocity of the wheel is
mR
7. A (current versus time) graph of the current passing (b) direction of wheel is along negative z-direction
through a solenoid is shown in figure. For which time (c) direction of wheel is along positive x-direction
is the back electromotive force (u) a maximum? If the (d) wheel moves along y-direction
back emf at t = 3 s is e, find the back emf at t = 7 s, 15 s 12. A uniform magnetic field B = 10 T is acting in a
and 40 s. OA, AB and BC are straight line segments.
region of length l = 2 m which is shown in figure. A
Current (A)

2A square of side l / 2 enters into it with constant

A acceleration a = 1 m/s2 . The resistance per unit
1A
C length of the square frame is 1 Ω/m. At time t = 1 s,
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(a) induced current in the square frame is clockwise
1A
Time (s) (b) induced current in the frame is 2.5 A
2A (c) magnetic force on the frame is 25 N
B
L L (d) magnetic torque on the frame is zero
(a) emf induced at t = 7s is (b) back emf at t = 3 s is
5 5 13. A long solenoid S has n turns per metre with
L
(c) At t = 15 s, emf induced e = diameter a. At the centre of this coil, we place a
10
(d) At t = 15 s, e = L / 15
smaller coil of N turns and diameter b (where, b < a).
If the current in the solenoid increases linearly with
8. Two different coils have self-inductance L1 = 8 mH, time, what is the induced emf appearing in the
L2 = 2 mH. The current in one coil is increased at a smaller coil of variation in emf, if current varies as a
constant rate. The current in the second coil is also function of mt 2 + c ?
increased at the same rate. At a certain instant of (a) Emf induced in a coil is − μ 0Nnπb 2(2 mt )
time, the power given to the two coils is the same. At (b) As, induced emf, e ∝ t which represents a straight line graph
that time the current, the induced voltage and the (c) Emf induced in a coil is μ 0Nπb 2(2 mt )
energy stored in the first coil are i1 , V1 and W1 , (d) Induced emf, e ∝ t 2 which represents a parabolic graph
respectively. Corresponding values for the second
coil at the same instant are i2 , V2 and W2 ,
14. A circular loop of radius 0.3 cm lies parallel to a
much bigger circular loop of radius 20 cm. The
respectively. Then,
i1 1 i1 1 W2 V2 1 centre of the small loop is on the axis of the bigger
(a) = (b) = (c) =4 (d) =
i2 4 i2 8 W1 V1 4 loop. The distance between their centre is 15 cm.
(a) Flux linking the bigger loop, if a current 2.0 A flows through
9. An emf produced in a coil which is not connected to . × 10 − 11 Wb
the smaller loop is 91
an external voltage source. This can be due to (b) Mutual inductance of the two loops is 4.55 × 10 − 11 H
(a) the coil being in a time varying magnetic field (c) Mutual inductance of loops is 5 × 10 − 6 H
(b) the coil moving in a time varying magnetic field (d) Flux linking with bigger loop is same as smaller loop
(c) the coil moving in a constant magnetic field
(d) the coil is stationary in external spatially varying magnetic 15. If a circular coil expands radially in a region of
field, which does not change with time magnetic field and no emf is produced in the coil.
This is because
10. A metal plate is getting heated. It can be because (a) the magnetic field is constant
(a) a direct current is passing through the plate (b) The magnetic field is in the same plane as the circular coil
(b) it is placed in a time varying magnetic field and it may or may not vary
(c) it is placed in a space varying magnetic field but does not (c) the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the plane of the
vary with time coil) component whose magnitude is decreasing suitably
(d) a current (either direct or alternating) is passing through the (d) there is a constant magnetic field in the perpendicular (to the
plate plane of the coil) direction

43
16. A square coil AECD of side 0.1 m is A E 20. Two parallel wires A1L and A1 C L
2
placed in a magnetic field, B = 2t . B1 M placed at a distance w
Here, t is in second and B is in are connected by a resistor
Tesla. The magnetic field is into the R and placed in a magnetic R B v
D C w
paper. At time t = 2 s, induced field B which is
electric field in DC is perpendicular to the plane B1 D M
(a) 0.05 V/m (b) along DC (c) along CD (d) 0.2 V/m containing the wires
17. A magnetic field B is confined to a region r ≤ a (figure). Another wire CD now connects the two
wires perpendicularly and made to slide with
and point out of the paper (the z-axis), r = 0 being
velocity v. Neglect the resistance of all the wires.
the centre of the circular region. A charged ring
B v2
(charge = Q) of radius b, b > a and mass m lies in the (a) The magnitude of induced emf is
R
xy-plane with its centre at the origin. The ring is free Bwv
(b) The induced current is
to rotate and is at rest. The magnetic field is brought R
to zero in time Δt. (c) The magnetic force on wire CD tends to move it away from
QBa 2 resistor R
(a) Angular velocityω of the ring after the field vanishes is
2 mb 2 (d) The work done per second needed to slide the wire CD is
QBa 2 ( Bwv )2 / R
(b) Torque acting on the ring is
2( Δt ) 21. Two solenoids A and B spaced close to each other
(c) Final angular momentum of a ring,
and sharing the same cylinderical axis have 400 and
QBa 2
L2 = 700 turns, respectively. A current of 3.5 A in coil A
2 Δt
(d) Torque acting on the ring is zero produced an average flux of 300 μT-m2 through
each turn of A and flux of 90 μT-m2 through each
18. Two circuits A and B are connected to identical DC
sources each of emf 12 V. Circuit A has turn of B. Then,
(a) mutual inductance of two solenoids is 18. × 10 − 2 H
self-inductance L1 = 10 H and circuit B has a self-
(b) self-inductance of A is 4.5 × 10 − 6 H
inductance L2 = 10 mH. Total resistance of each (c) emf induced in B when the current in A increases at the rate
circuit is 48 Ω. The ratio of of 0.5 A/s is 9 × 10 − 3 V
(a) power dissipation by circuit A and B is 3.0 W (d) self-inductance of A is 3.43 × 10 − 2 H
(b) energy consumed in circuits A and B to build up the current
to the steady value is 1 22. A uniform circular loop of radius a and resistance R
(c) energy consumed in circuits A and B to build up the current is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
to the steady value is 1000 B. One half of the loop is rotated about the diameter
(d) power dissipated by circuit A and B after the steady state is
with the angular velocity ω as shown in figure. Then,
reached to 2
the current in the loop is
19. A wire shaped as a semicircle of radius a rotates (a) zero, when θ is zero (b)
π a 2 Bω
, when θ is zero
about an axis OO′ with an angular velocity ω in a 2R
2
uniform magnetic field ω π π a Bω π
(c) zero, when θ = (d) , when θ =
+
+

a
of induction B as shown O 2 2R 2
+
+
+

+
+

O′
+
+
+
+
+
+

23. A magnetic field B = ⎜⎛ B0 ⎞⎟ k$ is

in figure. The rotation B y
+
+
+

+
+
+

O
x
axis is perpendicular to ⎝
a⎠
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

R g
the field direction. The acting into the paper in the E F
+
+
+

+
+
+

total resistance of the circuit is equal to R. Neglect + z-direction. B0 and a are

the magnetic field of induced current. positive constants. A square loop H G
(a) The mean amount of thermal power being generated into EFGH of side a, mass m and y
2
1 ⎡ πωa 2B ⎤ resistance R in x-y plane starts
the loop during a rotation period will be P = ⎢ ⎥
2R ⎣ 2 ⎦ falling under the influence of gravity.Note the
(b) Induced current in a wire is ω cos ωt directions of x and y in the figure.
Bπa 2 (a) Induced emf in a loop EFGH is B0va
(c) Induced current in a wire is ω sinωt B av
2R (b) Induced current in a loop, i = 0
(d) Thermal power generated in a semicircle wire is R
2 (c) Direction of induced current will be anti-clockwise
⎡ Bπa 2ω ⎤ 1 2
⎢ ⎥ sin ωt B
(d) Induced flux across a loop, φ = 0 [( y + a )2 − y 2 ]
⎣ 2 ⎦ R 2

44
1. (a,b,c) As, rate of work done by external agent is 6. (b,c) As we know the potential difference across the capacitor
de BILdx =emf induced across HE, i.e.e = Blv, which is constant. Therefore,
= = BILv and thermal power
dt dt charge stored in the capacitor is constant. Hence, current in the
Power dissipated in the resistor = eI = ( BvL )I circuit HKDE is zero.
dI dI
Clearly both are equal, hence option (a) is correct. 7. (a,c) As back emf, e = L , e will be maximum when = max.
dt dt
If applied external force is doubled, then rod will experience a net
dI
force and hence acceleration. As, a result velocity increases. The graph in figure shows that is maximum for 5 s < t < 10 s.
dt
Hence, option (b) is correct.
dI 1 dI L
e For 0 s < t < 5 s, = , ∴ At t = 3 s, e = L =
Since, electric current, I = . dt 5 dt 5
R
dI − 2 − 1 − 3
On doubling R, current and hence required power become half. For 5 s < t < 10 s, = =
dt 5 5
Since, P = BILv
dI ⎛ 3⎞
Hence, option (c) is correct. ∴ At t = 7 s, e = L = L ⎜ − ⎟ = − 3 e
dt ⎝ 5⎠
2. (a,c) According to Lenz’s law, as current induced in both A and B
dI 2 1
will be in same direction. So, they will attract each other. For 10 s < t < 30 s, = =
dt 20 10
As, A is closer to magnet, so rate of change of magnetic flux in A
will be more. So, more current is induced in A. dI L e
∴ At t = 15 s, e = L = =
dt 10 2
3. (b,c) When circular coil expands radially in a region of magnetic
dI
field such that the magnetic field is in the same plane as the For t > 30 s, = 0,
circular coil or the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the dt
plane of the coil) component whose magnitude is decreasing ∴ At t = 40 s, e = 0
suitable in such a way that the cross product of magnetic field
and surface area of plane of coil remains constant at every 8. (a,c,d) According to Faraday's law, the induced voltage i.e. V ∝ L,
instant. ⎛ Ldi ⎞
and rate of change of current is constant ⎜ V = − ⎟
4. (a,b) Let v be the velocity of the wire at any instant t. Then, the ⎝ dt ⎠
induced emf will be ε = Blv V2 L 2 2 1 V1
∴ = = = ⇒ =4
As the electric resistance of the rails and the wire is zero, so V1 L1 8 4 V2
charge on the capacitor is q = C ε = CBlv
Power given to the two coils is same, i.e.
dq dv
Current, I= = CBl. = CBla i1 V2 1
dt dt V1 i1 = V2 i 2 ⇒ = =
i 2 V1 4
This current exerts a magnetic force on the wire given by
1 2
F ′ = IlB = CB 2 l2 a acting towards left Energy stored, W = Li
2
Net force on the wire = F − F ′. 2
W2 ⎛ L 2 ⎞ ⎛ i 2 ⎞ 1 W 1
From Newton’s second law, we set = ⎜ ⎟ . ⎜ ⎟ = × ( 4 )2 ⇒ 1 =
F W1 ⎝ L1 ⎠ ⎝ i1 ⎠ 4 W2 4
F − F ′ = ma or F − CB 2 l2 a = ma or a =
m + CB 2 l2 9. (a,b,c) An emf is produced in a coil without connecting it to an
5. (a,b) As, motional emf induced in the connector, i.e. external voltage source only when amount of magnetic flux linked
e = Blv = 2 × 1 × 2 = 4 V with the coil is changing with time. Choices (a) and (b) are correct.
Choice (c) will be correct when the coil is entering or leaving the
This acts as a cell of emf 4 V and internal resistance 2 Ω ,6 Ω and
3 Ω resistors are in parallel. constant magnetic field partially.
1 1 1 1+2 3 1 10. (a,b,d) A metal plate is getting heated when a DC or AC current is
= + = = = , RP = 2 Ω
RP 6 3 6 6 2 passed through the plate, known as heating effect of current.
Also, when metal plate is subjected to time varying magnetic field,
4V 4V the magnetic flux linked with the plate changes and eddy current
comes into existence which make the plate hot.
6Ω 3Ω 2Ω
11. (a,b) According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
2Ω 2Ω dφ
the induced emf is ε = −
dt
∴ Current through the connector This implies the presence of an electric field E tangent to all points
E 4 of the boundary of the circular region of radius a. If we move a test
i= = =1 A
RP + r 2 + 2 charge q once round this boundary, a work qE will be done. The
Magnetic force on the connector = Bil = 2 (1)(1) = 2 N electric force on the charge is qE and work done by this force round
this boundary is qE × 2 πa. Equating the two works done, we get
Therefore, to keep the connector moving with a constant velocity,
ε
a force of 2 N has to be applied to the right side. qε = qE × 2 πa or E =
2 πa

45
 dφ we can use formula for field B at any point on the axis of the
As induced emf, ε=− ,
dt bigger loop.
1 dφ 1 d a dB Loop 1
So, E =− . =− . ( πa 2 B ) = −
2 πa dt 2 πa dt 2 dt Loop 2
In the given problem, total charge on the rim = λ × 2 πa. 15 cm
Therefore, the force on this charge is
a dB r1
F = λ . 2 πa . E = − λ . 2 πa . . r2=0.3 cm
2 dt r1=2.0 cm
dv a dB ⎡ dv ⎤ μ 0 I1 r1
2
or m. = − λ.2 πa. . Q F = ma = m ∴ Field B2 at 2 due to current I1 in 1 is B2 =
dt 2 dt ⎢⎣ dt ⎥⎦ 3
2
d dB 2 ( x 2 + r1 ) 2
or m. ( Rω ) = − λπa 2
dt dt where, x = the distance between the centres of the two loops.
dω dB λπa 2 Flux linked with loop 2,
or mR = − λπa 2 or dω = − dB 2 2
dt dt mR 2 πμ 0 r1 r2
φ 2 = B2 × area = B2 πr2 = . I1
λπa 2 B 2
2 ( x 2 + r1 )3 / 2
Integrating both sides, ω = −
mR φ2 πμ 0 r1 r2
2 2

Bπa 2 λ $ ∴ M 21 = = = M12
3
In vector notation, ω = − k I1 2
mR 2 ( x 2 + r1 ) 2
The negative sign indicates that the vector ω is in the negative πμ 0 r1 r2
2 2

z-direction. Thus, flux linked with loop 1, φ1 = M12 I2 = . I2

3
2
12. 1
(b, c) The distance moved by the wire is s = at 2 = 0.5 m 2 ( x 2 + r1 ) 2
2
Given, r1 = 20 cm = 0 . 20 m, r2 = 0.3 cm = 3 × 10 −3 m
Speed, v = at = 1 m/s,
x = 15 cm = 0.15 m, μ 0 = 4 π × 10 −7 TmA −1
Total resistance = 4 Ω
⎛ l⎞ π × 4 π × 10 −7 × ( 0 . 2 )2 × ( 3 × 10 −3 )2
Induced emf is given by e = Bv ⎜ ⎟ = 10 × 1 × 1 = 10 V ∴ M 21 =
⎝2 ⎠ 2 [( 0.15)2 + ( 0 . 2 )]3 / 2
10 144 π × 10 −9
2
Current across a wire, I = = 2 .5 A = = 4.55 × 10 −11 H
4 2 × ( 625)3 / 2
⎛ l⎞ Flux linking the bigger loop is
Magnetic force on the frame, Fm = IB ⎜ ⎟ = 2 .5 × 10 × 1 = 25 N
⎝2 ⎠ φ 1 = M12 I2 = M 21 l1 = 4.55 × 10 −11 × 2 Wb = 9.1 × 10 −11 Wb
13. (a, b) As per the data given in the question, magnetic field due to 15. (b, c) When circular coil expands radially in a region of magnetic
current in solenoid S, B = μ 0 nI field induced emf is developed. Here, magnetic field B is in a
Magnetic flux linked with the smaller coil due to this field is plane perpendicular to the plane of circular coil. As, e = 0,
φ = NBA, where A = area of smaller coil = πb2 magnetic field must be in the plane of circular coil.
∴ emf induced in the smaller coil, So its component perpendicular to the plane of coil is zero.
dφ d d Further, if the magnetic field has a component perpendicular to
e =− = − ( NBπb2 ) = − Nπb2 (μ 0 nI )
dt dt dt the plane of the coil, whose magnitude is decreasing suitably, so
dφ
e = − Nπb2μ 0 r.
dI that magnetic flux linked with coil is constant, i.e. e = = 0.
dt dt
As current I varies as a function of ( mt 2 + c ), therefore 16. (b,d) The magnetic field in perpendicular direction passing
d through the coil is increasing and hence according to Lenz's law,
e = − Nnπμ 0 b2 ( mt 2 + c ) = − Nnπμ 0 b2(2 mt ) induced current is produced in the direction parallel to magnetic
dt
field. So, the induced current will be anti-clockwise or induced
e = − μ 0 Nnπb2(2 mt ) ...(i) electric field is along DC.
y
Negative sign indicates that emf dφ
induced opposes the main current in
Now, ∫s E ⋅ d l = dt
the long solenoid. |e| l2 dB l
From Eq. (i). we find that|e| ∝ t . ⇒ E ( 4 l) = × ⇒ E = ( 4 t ) = lt
1 dt 4
Hence, the variation of induced emf |e|
E = ( 0.1) × 2 = 0 . 2 V/m
with time t is represented by a straight x
line graph as shown in figure. O t 17. (a, b, c) If E is the electric field generated around the charged ring
dφ Bπa 2
14. (a, b) We use here the idea of symmetry of mutual inductance of radius b, then e =
dt
, ∫ Edl = Δt
between two coils, i.e. M12 = M 21
Here, 1 refers to the bigger loop and 2 the smaller loop. Bπ a 2 B a2
E 2 πb = or Eb = ...(i)
We use here the idea of symmetry of mutual inductance between Δt 2 Δt
two coils, i.e. M12 = M 21 Torque acting on the ring τ = b × force = b × Q × E
Let us calculate the flux through the smaller loop due to a current QBa 2
Using Eq.(i), τ =
I1 in the bigger loop. The area of the smaller loop is so small that 2( Δt )

46
 If ΔL is a change in angular momentum of the charged ring, then The work done in sliding the wire through a distance dx in time t is
ΔL L 2 − L1 dW = F dx
τ= =
Δt Δt dW dx
∴ P= =F =Fv ...(ii)
QBa 2( Δt ) QBa 2 dt dt
∴ L 2 − L1 = τ( Δt ) = =
2 ( Δt ) 2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
As initial angular momentum, L1 = 0 B2 w 2 v2
Power dissipated across a magnetic field, P =
QBa 2 QBa 2 R
∴ L2 = = Iω = ( mb2 )ω, ω =
2 2 mb2 21. (a,c,d) Here N1 = 400, N 2 = 700, I1 = 3.5 A, φ1 = 300 × 10 − 6 Tm 2,
This is the angular velocity of the ring after the field vanishes. φ 2 = 90 × 10 − 6
Tm 2
18. (a,c) The steady state current in both the circuits is given by So, mutual inductance of two solenoids,
i0 = =
E 12
= 0.25 A N φ 700 × 90 × 10 − 6
M= 2 2= = 1.8 × 10 − 2 H
R 48 I1 3.5
(current is independent of inductance) Self-inductance of A,
1 1
For circuit A, E1 = L1 i 0 = × 10 × ( 0 . 25)2 = 3.125 × 10 − 1 J
2
Nφ 400 × 300 × 10 − 6
2 2 L1 = 1 1 = = 3.43 × 10 − 2 H
I1 3.5
1 2
For circuit B, E 2 = L 2 i 0 Emf induced in coil B when current in A increases at the rate of
2
1 0.5 A/s
= × (10 × 10 − 3 ) × ( 0 . 25)2 = 3.125 × 10 − 4 J ⎛ dI ⎞
2 e 2 = M ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 1.8 × 10 − 2 × 0.5 = 9 × 10 − 3 V
E ⎝ dt ⎠
∴ Ratio of energy dissipation = 1 = 1000
E2 22. (a, d) As, angular displacement θ = ωt only half circular part will
As, power dissipated in both the circuits is same πa 2
2
be involved in inducing emf, so effective area, A =
2 2
i.e. P = i 0 R = ( 0 . 25) × 48 = 3.0 W
⎛ 2⎞ Magnetic flux, φ = B A cos θ
19. (a, c, d) Magnetic flux in a wire, φ = BA = B ⎜ πa ⎟ cos ωt dφ dθ Bπ a 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ Induced emf, e = − = BA sin θ ⇒ e= ω sin θ
dt dt 2R
dφ ⎛ πa 2 ⎞ e B πa 2 ω
emf induced in a semicircle wire, e = − = B⎜ ⎟ ω sin ωt Induced current, I = = sin θ
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ R 2R
e Bπa 2 π B πa 2 ω
Induced current, i = = ω sin ωt Clearly, I = 0 when θ = 0 ° and when θ = , I = .
R 2R 2 2R
At any moment t, the thermal power generated in the circuit 23. (a,b,c,d) When the side EF is at a distance y from the x-axis, then
2
⎛ Bπa 2 ω ⎞ 1 magnetic flux passing through the loop is
Pt = e × i = ⎜ ⎟ sin 2 ωt x
⎝ 2 ⎠ R
Y=y z-direction
Mean power, E F
2 B0 y
⎛ Bπa 2 ω ⎞ 1 t B= a ^ k
∫ sin ωt
2
⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ R 0 1 ⎛ πω a 2 B⎞ dy
P= t
= ⎜ ⎟ sin 2 ωt
2R ⎝ 2 ⎠
∫0 dt
H G
Y=y+a
20. (b, d) When the wire CD is made to slide on the wires, the flux y
linked with the circuit changes with time. As a result, an emf is
dφ d dA Y =y +a
B0 Y B
induced in the circuit. This is given by|e| = = ( BA) = B φ = ∫d φ =
dt dt dt ∫ 2
adY, φ = 0 [( y + a )2 − y 2 ]
2
Y =y
Let the wire CD moves through a distance dx in time dt, then
(a) Induced emf is
A = w dx (where, CD = w)
−d φ B dy
d ( w dx ) dx e= = − 0 [2 ( y + a ) − 2 y ]
∴ |e| = B =Bw A1 dt 2 dt
dt dt C L
dy
or |e| = B w v e = B0 a
e Bwv dt
Now, i= = R B v dy
R R w e = B0 va where, v = = speed of loop
dt
According to Lenz's law, this
e B0 av
current opposes the motion of ∴ Induced current, i = =
B1 D M R R
wire CD. So, work has to be done
to slide the wire CD. Direction |B| ∝ y, i.e. as the loop comes down ⊗ magnetic field
The magnetic force on the wire is given by passing through the loop increases, therefore the induced current
will produce u, magnetic field or the induced current in the loop
⎛ B w v⎞ B 2 w 2v
F = Bi w = B ⎜ ⎟ w or F= ...(i) will be counter-clockwise.
⎝ R ⎠ R

47
Kamal Upreti

The corresponding phase difference is

Problem No. 5.67 2p -2 pd
f2 = ( - d cos q) = cos q
Worked Out Problem : An Oscillating Source l l
S 2P - S1P = S 2D + DP - S1P
A system illustrated in the figure consists of two = S 2D + S 1P - S 1P [QDP = S1P]
θ
coherent point sources 1 and 2 located in a 1 S 2P - S1P = S 2D = Dx = d cos q
certain plane so that dipole moments are The corresponding phase difference is
oriented at right angles to that plane. The 2 2p 2p
f2 = Dx = (d cos f)
sources are separated by a distance d, the l l
wavelength of radiation is equal to the l. Taking into 2p
\ Net phase difference is fnet = f1 + f 2 = f + (d cos q)
account that the oscillations of source 2 lag in phase l
behind the oscillations of source 1 by f (f < p ). Find Step II Apply the condition of maxima, we have
(a) the angle q at which the radiation intensity is fnet = 2 kp for maxima, f +
2p
(d cos q) = 2 kp
maximum. l
(b) the condition under which the radiation intensity in Here, k = 0, 1, 2, 3...
the direction q = p is maximum and in the opposite l é f ù l
cos q = (2 kp - f) = k- …(i)
direction is minimum. 2 pd êë 2 p úû d

Sol. CONCEPT BEYOND THE QUESTION Step III Put q = p in Eq. (i), we get
é f ù l
Firstly, determine net phase difference, we know that cos q = ê k - or
oscillation of source 2 lags in phase behind the oscillation ë 2 p úû d
of source 1 by f. Then, apply the condition of maxima or é f ù l é f ù
cos p = ê k - Þ - d = êk - l ...(ii)
minima in order to find out the radiation intensity in the ë 2 p úû d ë 2 p úû
direction q = p.
Step IV Apply the condition of minima, we have
Step I Determine net phase difference, since S1 P
For minima fnet = (2 k + 1) p
oscillation of source 2 lags in phase
2p
behind the oscillation of source 1 by f. f+ (d cos q) = (2 k + 1) p
θ φ1 l
Initial phase difference is f1 - f. The d D
geometrical path difference at point
O According to problem, q = 0°.
P (at large distance) is é f 1ù
φ2 Then, d = êk - + l … (iii)
S 2 P - S 1 P = Dx ë 2 p 2 úû
S2 After solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
S 2D S 2D
In DS1 S 2 D, cos q = = p d é 1ù
S1S 2 d f = and = ê k + ú
2 l ë 4û
Þ S 2D = d cos q

48
 Problem No . 5.74 Sol. CONCEPT BEYOND THE QUESTION
For reflection through thin film,
Fresnel Biprism 2 nd . cos r = kl for minima and
l
The distances from a Fresnel biprism to a narrow slit and a 2 nd . cos r = (2 k + 1) for strongly reflected light or for
2
screen are equal to a = 25 cm and b = 100 cm, respectively. maxima, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3………
The refracting angle of the glass biprism is equal to Step I Applying Snell’s law at point A, we have
q = 20°. Find the wavelength of light, if the width of the 1 ´ sin i = n sin r
fringe on the screen is Dx = 0 . 55 mm.
i = q1 = 52°
Sol. CONCEPT BEYOND THE QUESTION sin q1 = n sin r
Fresnel biprism is a similar arrangement to Young's double
slit experiment, we have
D i i
Path difference, Dx = l.
d
where, D is distance between source and screen, d is width
d r r
of a slit and l is wavelength of a monochromatic source
of light.
B
d
Step I Here, y = ( n - 1) q for thin prism, tan y » y =
2a sin q1
Þ sin r =
n
S2 Þ cos r = 1 - sin2 r
S
ψ
C sin2 q1
φ R = 1-
d S φ ψ E n2
E
n2 - sin2 q1
S1
N =
n2
a b Step II For most intensively reflected light (strongly reflected light),
D=a+b we get
Step II Distance between S1 and S 2, d = 2 a y l
2 nd cos r = (2 k + 1)
d = 2 a ( n - 1) q 2
So, path difference, (2 k + 1) l
Þ d =
D ( a + b )l 4n cos r
Dx = l=
d 2 a ( n - 1) q (2 k + 1)
or d =
2 a ( n - 1) q Dx n2 - sin2 q1
l= …(i) 4n
(a + b ) n
Step III Given, refractive index for a glass, n = 1. 5, q = 20° (2 k + 1)
Þ d =
a = 25 cm 4 n2 - sin2 q1
b = 100 cm
= 014
. (2 k + 1) mm
Dx = 0.55 m
where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3……
Putting the values in Eq. (i), we get
. (2 k + 1) mm.
So, thickness of coloured film is 014
l = 0.64 ´ 10 -6 m
Thus, wavelength of light if the width of the fringe of the
screen is Dx = 0 . 55 m is 0.64 ´ 10 -6m. Problem No. 5.84
Worked Out Problem
Problem No. 5.79 A Monochromatic Light Wave
A Thin Film A plane monochromatic light wave with wavelength l falls
on the surface of a glass wedge whose faces form an angle
A parallel beam of white light falls on a thin film whose
a << 1. The plane of incidence is perpendicular to the
refractive index is equal to n = 1. 33. The angle of indices is
edge, the angle of incidence is q1. Find the distance
q1 = 52°. What must the film thickness be equal to for the
between the neighbouring fringe maxima on the screen
reflected light to be coloured yellow (l = 0.60 m m) most
placed at right angles to reflected light.
intensively?

49
Sol. CONCEPT BEYOND THE QUESTION Step IV But, screen is perpendicular to the reflected beam of light,
Wedge consists of two plane surfaces OA and OB inclined we have
at an angle a (shown in figure). Dx
cos q1 =
For formation of bright fringe, we know Dy
l where, Dx = distance between successive maxima.
2 nd cos r = (2 k + 1) …(i)
2 l cos q1
Dx = Dy cos q1 =
Step I Applying Snell’s law at point D, we get 2 a n2 - sin2 q1
Eye

Problem No. 5.85

B
A Glass Wedge
θ1 n Light with wavelength l = 0 . 55 mm from a distance point
θ F source falls normally on the surface of a glass wedge. A
D d fringe pattern whose neighbouring maxima on the surface
r of the wedge are separated by a distance Dx = 0 . 21 mm is
α observed in reflected light. Find the angle between the
O E A
y wedge faces and the degree of light monochromatism
(Dl / l), if the fringes disappear at a distance l @ 1. 5 cm
1 ´ sin q = n sin r
from the wedge's edge.
sin q é n2 - sin2 q ù
sin r = ê\ cos r = ú Sol. CONCEPT BEYOND THE QUESTION
n ê n ú
ë û The concept is similar to previous problem,
From Eq. (i), we get l
i.e. For maxima, 2 nd cos a = (2 k + 1)
n2 - sin2 q1 l 2
2 nd = (2 k + 1)
n 2 Step I According to solution of previous problem, we have
l l cos q1
2d n2 - sin2 q1 = (2 k + 1) …(ii) Dx = …(i)
2 2 a n2 - sin2 q1
From above figure, we have Since, rays are incident normally, q1 = 0.
d
tan a = Putting the value of q1 in Eq. (i), we get
y l cos 0°
d Dx =
But, a is very small, tan a = a = , d = ya 2 a n2 - sin2 0°
y
l l
Putting the value of d in Eq. (ii), we get Dx = Þ a=
l 2 na 2 n Dx
2 ya n2 - sin2 q1 = (2 k + 1)
2 Putting the value, we get
Here, k = 0,1, 2, 3…… 3 p
Angle of incidence, a = ´ rad = 3¢
60 180
Step II For first maxima, k = 0
l l
2 y1 a n2 - sin2 q1 = (2 k + 1) Step II Path difference, Dx =
2 2 na
l 2 nd = (2 k + 1) l
y1 = 2 nd
4a n2 - sin2 q1 = (2 k + 1)
l2
For second maxima, k = 1 -2 nd dl
3l or . =2 …(ii)
2 y2 a n2 - sin2 q1 = l2 dk
2
Negative sign indicates that when k increases, l decreases.
3l
y2 = - dl Dl
=
4a n2 - sin2 q1 dk Dk
Step III For two successive maxima, Dy = y2 - y1 But, only integer value of k is possible.
3l l i.e. Dk = 1
Þ -
2 2
4a n - sin q1 4a n - sin2 q1
2 2 nd é Dl ù
Step III According to Eq. (ii), we have =2
l l2 êë Dk úû
Dy =
2 a n2 - sin2 q1 2 l2
Change in wavelength, Dl =
2 nd

50
Step IV Degree of light monochromatism, we have Step II Effective thickness of film,
Dl l 2 na Dx r2 r2
= = t = t1 - t 2 = -
l nd nd 2 R1 2 R 2
d Dl 2 a Dx
Þ = 2l Þ = é 1 1ù
2a l d 2t = r 2 ê - ú
Dx Dx ë R1 R 2 û
= = l l
d 2l For dark fringe, 2t + = (2 k + 1)
2a 2 2
[\ Dx = 0 .21 mm, l = 1. 5 cm] 2t = kl
= 0.014 2 é 1 1ù
r ê - ú = kl
ë R1 R 2 û
where, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
Problem No. 5.91 kl 2 ( n - 1) kl
r2 = =
Two thin symmetric glass lenses, one bi-convex 1
-
1 f
and the other bi-concave, are brought into R1 R 2
contact to make a system with optical power, Given, l = 0.61 mm, f = 0.50 D, n = 1. 5
f = 0 . 50 D. Newton's rings are observed in k = 10, then effective radius of the tenth dark ring,
reflected light with wavelength l = 0 . 61 mm. 10l ( n - 1)
r= = 3 . 5 mm
Determine f
(a) the radius of the tenth dark ring. Step III When air film is replaced by water. Then, effective path difference is
(b) how the radius of that ring will change l
f = 2 n0 t +
when the space between the lenses is 2
filled up with water. For dark fringe,
l l
Sol. CONCEPT BEYOND THE QUESTION 2 n0 t + = (2 k + 1)
2 2
The formation of Newton's ring take places due
to interference between the light wave 2 n0 t = kl
2 é 1 1ù
reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of Þ r¢ ê - ú n0 = kl
the air film of varying thickness between the ë R1 R 2 û
two surface in contact as shown in figure. 2 kl
r¢ =
For normal incidence of light, effective path é 1 1ù
l ê - ú n0
difference between interfering wave is 2t + R
ë 1 R 2û
2
2 r2 r
i.e. r¢ = , r¢ = [ r = 3 . 5 mm]
r n0 n0
t1 Here, n0 = 1. 53, the radius of that ring will change when the space
t2 between the lenses is filled up with water, n0 = 1. 33 (for water)
r ¢ = 3 . 03 mm

l
where, factor is for change of phase of p on
2 Remarks
reflection at the lower surface of film and t is
thickness of air film. ■ In an interference pattern, whatever energy disappears at the minimum and
Step I For bi-convex lens, appears at the maximum.
1 é1 1ù ■ In YDSE, the nth maxima always comes before the nth minima.
f1 = = ( n - 1) ê - ú
f1 ë r1 r2 û I
■ In YDSE, the ratio max is maximum when both the sources have same intensity.
Here, r1 = R1, r2 = - R1 I min
2
Phase difference, f1 = ( n - 1) ■ For two interfering waves if initial phase difference between them is f 0 and
R1
phase difference due to path difference between them is f¢, then total phase
2
Similarly, f 2 = ( n - 1) 2p
R2 difference will be f = f 0 + f ¢= f 0 + D, where l is wavelength of coherent
l
Then, net phase difference, f = f1 + f 2 source and D is path difference between the waves at that point.
é 1 1ù
= 2 ( n - 1) ê - ú
ë R1 R 2 û

51
Master Resource
BOOKS FOR
JEE MAIN

Theory in Sync with NCERT

Coverage of NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Question
Coverage of Previous Years Questions of JEE Main
 1. (b) For elastic collision, the following two conditions must be Given, m = 0.4, g = 10 m/s 2, r = 1m
satisfied So, speed of rotation of the disc is given by
(i) Conservation of momentum, 0.4 ´ 10
w= = 4 = 2 rad/s
p initial = M1v1 + M 2v 2 1
pfinal = M1v ¢1 + M 2v ¢ 2 4. (a) Given moment of inertia, I = 5 kgm2
(ii) Conservation of kinetic energy, K final = Kinitial Work done by a wheel, W = 10 5 J
So, for maximum transfer of momentum, both masses must 1
be equal. KE of a wheel = Iw 2 = 10 5
2
2. (d) Given, v 1 = 2 $j m/s, v 2 = 2 $j m/s Iw 2 = 2 ´ 10 5
As, first particle has an acceleration a = ( 3$i + 3$j ) m/s 2, i.e.
1 2 ´ 10 5
constant acceleration. w2 =
5
So, separation of particles will be linear because v 1 increases Angular speed of a wheel, w = 200 rad/s.
linearly due to a 1 (constant).
5. (c) Given, mass of a balloon, m = 5 g
Thus, centre of mass moves linearly, i.e. straight line motion.
3. (d) Key Concept For any particle or body moving in a circular Velocity, v = 4 cm/s
track, there must be a centripetal force or certrifugal force in v 4
Acceleration, a = = . cm /s 2
= 16
accordance with inertial or non-inertial frame, respectively. t 2.5
As, we know centrifugal force = frictional force acting on a Average force acting on the balloon,
body F = ma
2
centrifugal = mv
r Þ . gcm /s 2 = 8 dyne.
F = 5 ´ 16
force friction = μmg
6. (b) Suppose mass of a planet be M p and mass of the Earth be
Me . As, we know acceleration due to gravity on Earth’s surface
is
1m GM
g = 2
ω R
gp Mp R2 Me R2
= ´ e2 = ´ e2 ´ 4
ge Me R p 7 Me Re
mv 2 gp
Þ = mmg Þ =
4
r ge 7
mr 2w 2
= mmg Þ gp =
4
ge
r 7
mg 4
Þ w= So, weight of a planet, wp = ´ 700 = 400 g.
r 7

56
 7. (d) Given, F1 = F2 = f 12. (c) Given, excess pressure inside the first soap bubble is
three times the inside the second bubble.
q = 60°
2S
Net gravitational force acting on the As, pressure inside soap bubble, p =
F2 F1 R
sphere due to other two spheres,
θ i.e. p1 = 3 p2
F = F12 + F22 + 2 F1F2 cos 60°
2S æ 2S ö
Þ =3´ç ÷
F =f 3 = 3f R1 è R2 ø
As, friction force on spheres when both R1 1
touch to each other, =
R2 3
Gm2 é Gm2 ù
f = Þ F = 3ê 2 ú R13 1
4r 2
ë 4r û =
R 23 27
8. (c) As we know when we move from equator to the poles on 4
the surface of the Earth, then there will be a increase in the p R13
3 1
value of acceleration due to gravity. Þ =
4 3 27
9. (b) Moment of inertia along AC = Moment of inertia of point D p R2
3
and B \ Ratio of the volumes of soap bubbles,
Dm Cm V1 1
=
V2 27
l/√2 l 13. (b) Given, r = 0.2 mm = 0.2 ´ 10-3 m
l/√2 S = 7 ´ 10 -2 N /m, h = 5 cm = 5 ´ 10 -2 m
Am Cm r = 10 3 kg /m3
2 2 So, angle of contact between the glass and water,
æ l ö æ l ö 2 S cos q
= mç ÷ + mç ÷ h=
è 2ø è 2ø rRg
ml2 ml2 2 ´ 7 ´ 10 -2 ´ cos q
= + = ml2 Þ
5
=
2 2 100 0.2
1000 ´ ´ 10
10. (a) As, two cylinders A and B of radii r and 2 r are soldered 1000
coaxially. At junction, angle be f and at end be q.
Þ cos q = 5 /7
So,
Þ q = cos -1 5 /7
2
f æ Combined area of a cylinder ö So, option (b) is more nearest to a solution.
=ç ÷÷
q çè Area of end face ø 14. (d) Given, area A = 500 cm2 = 500 ´ 10 -4 m2
Þ 2
A1 = pr and A 2 = 4pr 2 Thickness, l = 0.5 mm = 0.5 ´ 10-3 m
Velocity, v = 2 cm/s = 2 ´ 10 -3 m /s
A12 1 φ
= Coefficient of viscosity, h = 0.9 kg/ms
A 22 16 Fl
Coefficient of viscosity, h =
f A 2 + A 2 1 + 16 17 vA
Þ = 1 2 2 = =
q A2 16 16 hvA 0.9 ´ 2 ´ 10 -2 ´ 500 ´ 10 -4
Þ F = = = 1.8 N
17 θ l 0.5 ´ 10 -3
So, twist produced at the junction is.
16 15. (a) In motors, more viscous oil is used in summer than in
11. (c) As we know Young's modulus of a thick rope, winter due to the rise in temperature in summer, then the
F/A F ´L viscosity of oil decreases.
Y = =
DL / L A DL 16. (d) As, average kinetic energy of molecules
mg ´ L Total kinetic energy
Y = [\ F = mg ] =
A DL Number of moles

r´ V ´ g ´ L As, mass of gases are equal.

é mù
Y = êëDensity, r = V úû \ Mass of H 2, 1 mole of H 2 = 2 g
A DL
r´ A´L´g ´L Mass of O 2, 1 mole of O 2 = 32 g
Y = 1
A DL So, 1g of H 2 = mole
2
Þ Increase in length of the rope due to its own weight, 1
1g of O 2 = mole
r L2g 32
DL =
Y \ Number of H 2 molecules : Number of O 2 molecules = 16 : 1

57
 Ratio of mass of each molecule is 1 : 16. Þ C1 (16 - 12 ) = C 2 (19 - 16)
Average energy of molecules = 1 : 1. Þ 4 C1 = 3 C 2
17. (c) Work done in an isobaric process dw = Pdv = nRdT C1 3
\ = …(i)
Change in internal energy dU = nC vdT C2 4
Ratio of work done to change in internal energy is Case II When B and C are mixed ( i.e. TB < TC )
dw nRdT R R 2 2 mC 2 (T - TB ) = mC 3 (TC - T )
= = = = g - 1= 1+ - 1=
dU nC vdT C v R /g - 1 f f Þ C 2 (23 - 19) = C 3 (28 - 23)
18. (d) As we know that rms velocity of a gas, Þ 4C 2 = 5C 3
1 C2 5
vrms µ T and ( vrms )2 = ( vrms )1 = …(ii)
2 C3 4
( vrms )2 T 1 Making compound proportion, i.e. C1 : C 2 : C 3 :: 15 : 20 : 16
\ = =
( vrms )1 T0 2 C1 : C 3 :: 15 : 16
273 + t 273 + t C1 15
1 1 Þ =
Þ = Þ = C 3 16
273 + 0 2 273 4
Case III When A and C are mixed together such that
273
Þ t = - 273 = 68. 25 - 273
4 mC1 (T - TA ) = mC 3 (TC - T )
= - 20475
. °C C1 (T - 12 ) = C 3 (28 - T )
Temperature of a gas when rms velocity of a gas be half of its C1 28 - T
Þ =
value at 0° C, t = - 20475
. ° C. C 3 T - 12
19. (c) A diatomic gas, 15 28 - T
5 7 Þ =
C V = R and C p = R 16 T - 12
2 2
So, ratio of heat supplied Þ 15 (T - 12 ) = 16 (28 - T )
5
R Þ 15T - 180 = 448 - 16T
CV 5
= 2 = Þ 31T = 628°C
Cp 7 7
R T = 20.26° C
2
20. (c) As we know an ideal gas A and a real gas B have their So, the temperature when A and C are mixed is 20 .26°C.
volumes increased from V to 2 V under isothermal conditions. 24. (b) Solar constant, Stefan’s constant and Wien’s constant are
Due to increase in internal energy of B will be more than that related to radiation.
of A. 25. (b) Convection occurs when heat is transferred through a gas
21. (b) For a certain gas, g = 15
. or liquid by the hotter material moving into a colder area. Air
conditioners are good example of convection.
So degree of freedom,
2 2 2 26. (c) Key Concept The coefficient of performance (b ) of a
f = = = =4 refrigerator is defined as the ratio of quantity of heat removed per
g - 1 15
. - 1 0.5
cycle (Q ) to the work done on the working substance per cycle to
æfö æ 4ö remove this heat. As we know heat removed from a refrigerator,
So, CV = ç ÷ R = ç ÷ R = 2R
è2 ø è2 ø é T ù
Q=W ê 2 ú
Then, Mayor's relation C p = C V + R = 2 R + R = 3R ë T1 - T2 û
22. (a) Given, Wien’s constant, b = 2892 ´ 10-6 mK
Þ Heat = Q = 660 cal = 660 ´ 42
. J = 2772 J
l m = 14.46 micron = 14.46 ´ 10 -6 m T2 = 2° C = 2 + 273 = 275 K
For Wien's displacement law, we have T1 = 27° C = 27 + 273 = 300 K
i.e. lm T = b Work done by refrigerator, W = Power × Time
14.46 ´ 10 -6 ´ T = 2892 ´ 10 -6
W = P ´ 1s
2892 ´ 10 -6
T = = 200 K W =P
14.46 ´ 10 -6
As, power required by a refrigerator,
23. (c) Let the mass of liquids A, B and C be m (each) and specific é 275 ù
Q=Pê
heat capacity be C1,C 2 and C 3, respectively. ë 25 úû
According to the principle of calorimetry, we know 2772 ´ 25
Þ = Power (P)
Heat gained by colder body = Heat lost by hotter body 275
Case I When A and B are mixed together (TA < TB ) 2772
Þ P= = 252 W
mC1 (T - TA ) = mC 2 (TB - T ) 11

58
27. (a) Change in temperature of vessel S
and time taken by velocity of air = ta
A ( 327° - 27° ) C = 300°C and change in temperature va
of vessel B, (227° - 27° ) C = 200°C As, ta > tm
As, energy liberated = Heat lost µ ( DT )2 Þ ta - tm = 1
2
æ DT1 ö E 9 S S
ç ÷ = 1 = - =1
D
è 2øT E 2 4 va vm
28. (c) For any given scale X, the ice point is 40° and the steam é 1 1 ù
Þ S ê - =1
point is 120°. For another scale Y, the ice point and steam ë 330 3630 ûú
points are - 30° and 130°, respectively. Þ S [3630 - 330] = 330 ´ 3630
Q + 30
Þ Q X - 40° = Y Distance between the two boys,
2 3630 ´ 330
Þ 2( 50 - 40) = Q Y + 30° S = = 363 m
3300
Q Y = - 10°C 33. (d) Beat frequency = | n1 - n 2|
29. (d) Suppose frequency of first fork = x v
Open organ pipe , n =
Frequency of second fork = x + 4 2L
Frequency of third fork = x + 2( 4) So, n=
v
and n2 =
v
Frequency of fourth fork = x + 2( 4) 2L 2( L + d )
Frequency of fourth fork = x + 3( 4) v v vL + vd - vL
| n1 - n 2| = - =
Frequency of 56th fork = x + 55( 4) 2 L 2( L + d ) 2 L (L + d )
= x + 220 Hz vd
=
As, x + 220 = 3 x (given) 2 L (L + d )
220 = 2 x 34. (d) The maximum distance held at phase shift of 90°.
Þ x = 110 Hz 35. (a) Given, n 0 = 620 Hz, v = 330 m/s, v 0 = 20 m/s
30. (a)As, speed of sound through a medium i.e. speed of sound
So, frequency of echo of sound of horn as heard by the driver,
K
is more in solids is given by c = , where c is the velocity of é v + v0 ù
r n = n0 ê ú
sound, K is the bulk modulus of the medium and r is the ë v - v0 û
density of the medium through which the sound is being é 330 + 20 ù
propagated. = 620 ê ú
ë 330 - 20 û
31. (b) Given, equation of a wave is
é 350 ù
y = 60 cos (1800 t - 6 x ) = 620 ê
ë 310 úû
As, y = A cos ( wt - kx )
2p = 700 Hz
Þ A = 60 micron and k = =6 36. (a) In SHM motion, length of a pendulum, we have
l
2p T µ L Þ T 2 = constant × L
Þ l=
6 Now, take original length be L1 and reduced length be L2.
w T12 T 2 T12L2
As, f = and velocity of a wave, So, = Þ L1 =
2p L1 L2 T2
2p w w
v = lf = ´ = Thus, L1 = L, L2 = L - 600, T1 = T and T2 = 0.5 T
6 2p 6
1800 So, L = T 2 ( L - 600) ( 0.5T )2
Wave speed, w = = 300 m/s
6 L = 4( L - 600)
dy L = 800 mm
Particle velocity, v = = Aw [- sin ( wt - kx )]
dt So, original length of the pendulum is 800 mm.
Maximum velocity at Aw = 60 ´ 1800 micron 37. (a) Given, m = 0.2 kg, a = 2 cm = 0.02 m
= 18 ´ 6 ´ 10 3 micron/s. Total energy of a particle,
Ratio of maximum particle velocity to the wave velocity of wave 1
E = ka 2
18 ´ 6 ´ 10 3 ´ 10 -6
propagation, i.e. = 3.6 ´ 10 -6 2
300 1
Distance 4 ´ 10 -5 = ´ k ´ ( 0.02 )2
32. (b) As, speed v = 2
Time taken 1
S 4 ´ 10 -5 = ´ k ´ 2 ´ 10 -4 ´ 2
So, time taken by velocity of sound in metal, = tm 2
vm

59
 4 ´ 10 -5 Similarly, potential due to point charge D, V = 750 V/ 2
=k
2 ´ 10 -4 Potential across diagonal BD, 2 ´
750
= 1500 V/ 2
2
k = 0 .2
Time period of a motion of a particle, Similarly, along AC = 1500 V/ 2
m 0 .2 Then, potential at the intersection of diagonals,
T = 2p = 2p 1500
k 0 .2 2´ = 1500 2 V
2
= 2 p seconds
45. (c) Given, C1 = 6 mF, V = 100 V, Q1 = CV
38. (c) Equation of a travelling wave must contain a linear form
and should not be ratio of two linear functions. Þ Q1 = 600 mC
39. (d) Mosquito emits sound of high pitch because during a Then, uncharged through 14mF
flight mosquito produces wings beat approximately 600 times \ Ratio of charges after connection is 6 : 14.
per second that created a high pitch sound. C V + C 2V2 600 + 0
Common potential = 1 1 =
40. (b) It is possible to recognise a person by hearing his voice C1 + C 2 20
even if he is hidden behind a solid wall. This is due to the fact
= 30 V
that his voice has a definite quality.
46. (b) In parallel C = 2 mF + 2 mF = 4 mF
41. (a) The region surrounding a stationary electric dipole has
electric field only.
2 μF 12 μF
42. (a)

A 2 μF B
Balls
1 2 3 4 5 2 μF
Balls, 2 and 3, repulsion Þ 2 = positive and 3 = positive
2 = negative and 3 = negative 4 μF 12 μF
Balls, 4 and 5, repulsion Þ 4 = positive and 5 = positive
4 = negative and 5 negative A B
1 and 2 attract each other 1 is neutral
1 and 4 attract each other 1 is neutral 2 μF
2 and 4 attract each other 1 1 1 3+ 1
In series, = + =
If ball 2 = positive; Ball 4 = negative C 4 12 12
Ball 3 = positive; Ball 5 = negative 12
C = = 3 mF
Or if ball 2 = negative; Ball 4 = positive 14

Ball 3 = negative; Ball 5 = positive 3 μF

In above both cases ball 1 will be induced, i.e. it is neutral in

nature. A B
43. (a) Given, two spherical conductors of radii 4 m and 5 m are
charged to same potential. 2 μF
q
Then, surface charge density s = [ q is constant]
A In parallel,
s1 s 22 ( 5)2
5 25 C = 3 m F + 2 m F = 5mF
i.e. = = = =
s2 s12 ( 4)2 4 16 47. (b) Given, radius of Earth is 6400 km.
As, Earth behaves like an isolated spherical conductor, we get
44. (d) Potential due to point charge
kq C = 4p e 0 r
V =
r 6.4 ´ 106
= F
A 0.08 m B 9 ´ 10 9
= 7.1 ´ 10 -4 F
0.08 m 0.08 m 48. (c) Let r and R be the radii of smaller and bigger drop,
O
respectively.
D C
0.08 m Volume of bigger drop = 8 ´ volume of smaller drop
10 4 4
9 ´ 10 ´ 9
´ 10 -9 p R 3 = 8 ´ p r3
3 30 100 3 3
Þ VA = = ´ = 750 V
2 ´ 0.04 0.04 2 Þ R 3 = 8r 3

60
 Þ R = 2r north pole of magnetic dipole is placed towards south pole of Earth,
So, ratio of capacitances, then neutral point appears on axial line.
C1 4pe0 R R 2 r Ne
= = =
C2 4pe0 r r r
N
C1 : C 2 = 2 : 1
S
49. (a) Given, a voltmeter reads 6 V at full scale deflection and is
graded as 3000 W / V. N
So, net resistance connected in series such that it reads 12 V at
N
full scale deflection.
R = (12 - 6) ´ 3000
Se
= 6 ´ 3000 = 18 ´ 1000
Let r be the distance of neutral points from the pole of dipole
. ´ 10 4 W.
= 18 1/ 3
50. (c) Key Concept Kirchhoff’s voltage rule states that the algebraic é 2 mm 0 ù
r=ê ú
sum of change in potential around any closed loop involving ë 4p BH û
resistors and cells in the loop is zero. 1/ 2
V R
é 2 ´ 072
. ´ 4p ´ 10 -7 ù
A I B r=ê -6 ú
ë 4p ´ 18 ´ 10 û
1/ 2
E F é 8 ù
=ê = 0.2 m on axial line.
2V 2R ë 1000 úû
D C 54. (c) Given, magnetising field is 5000 A/m, magnetic flux is
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage loop rule CDABC, we have 5 ´ 10 -5 Wb and cross-sectional area of iron rod is 0.5 cm 2,
i.e. 0.5 ´ 10 -4 m 2
2 V - V - IR - 2 RI = 0
V 5 ´ 10 -5
V = 3IR Þ I = Then, permeability of the rod =
3R 5000 ´ 0.5 ´ 10 -4
Potential drop across the arm CD, we have = 2 ´ 10 -6 Wb A -1 m-1
V 55. (d) As we know that magnetic dipole moment
VCD = 2 V - I (2 R ) = 2 V - ´ 2R
3R qwR
m = IA = ´ p R 2 [ v = wR ]
2V 4V 2 pR
Þ VCD = 2 V - =
3 3 qw
Angular momentum, L = ´ MR 2 [L = MwR 2 ]
Potential across the arm EF of the circuit, we have 2M
4V So, ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to the angular
V + VC =
3 momentum,
As, arms CD and EF are connected in parallel m q
=
where, VC is voltage across capacitor. L 2M
4V V 56. (a) Given, flux in a closed circuit of resistance 10 W.
Þ VC = -V =
3 3 df
As, induced emf e =
51. (b) Eddy currents are produced in a material when it is placed dt
in a time varying magnetic field. d
= ( 6 t 2 - 5 t + 1)
52. (a) R 2 Ω, 0.1 A dt
A
IR = |12t - 5|
So, magnitude of the induced current in the circuit at t = 0.25 s
is
A |12t - 5|
12 V I= [As, t = 0.25 s]
10
Applying KVL rule, we have potential difference across parallel
12 ´ 025. - 5 2.5
is constant = = = 0.25 A
10 10
. R + 2 ´ 01
01 . = 12
57. (c) Given, efficiency of a transformer is 80%.
. R = 118
01 .
80
R = 118 W Power delivered = ´ 4 ´ 10 3 = 3200 W
100
53. (c) Key Concept Magnetic field induction at a point on the axis at
Secondary voltage, V2 = 240 V
distance x from the centre of the circular coil carrying current is
m 2 pnIa 2 So, V1I1 = V2I2
B= 0× 2 , where a is the radius of circular loop. When
4 p ( a + x 2 )3/ 2 Þ 3200 = V2 ´ I2

61
 Þ
3200
= I2 = 13.33 A 64 ´ 10 -4
I2 =
240 40 ´ 10 -3
Current in secondary coil is 13.33 A.
I = 16 ´ 10 -2 A
58. (b) Given, L = 1 H, V = 200 V, f = 50 Hz
Maximum current in the coil, I = 0.4 A
Maximum current across inductance,
V V 63. (a) Transverse wave motion is that wave motion in, which the
I= = individual particles of the medium execute simple harmonic
X L 2 pfL
motion about their mean positions in a direction
200 200 7 perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. So,
I= = =
2 p ´ 50 ´ I 2 ´ 22 ´ 50 11 all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.
7 64. (d) Radio waves, infrared radiation and X-rays are the
= 0.636 A electromagnetic waves which will cause heat effect on the
So, nearest option in a problem is option (b). environment.
59. (b) In a moving coil galvanometer. 65. (d) A linearly polarised electromagnetic wave given as
E = E 0$i cos ( kz - wt ). is incident normally at z = a. So, the
Deflection torque = Restoring torque
reflected wave will be given as
\ n BIA = kq
æ k ö E r = E 0$i cos ( kz + wt )
I=ç ÷q
è nAB ø 66. (d) Image formed by convex mirror located behind the convex
k mirror, virtual image, an upright image and reduced in size.
where, is constant
nAB 67. (c) When a concave mirror of focal length f (in air) is immersed
in water then there will be no change in focal length of a mirror.
So, current produces a deflection, I µ q
60. (c) As, power consumed by electric heater
68. (d) A diamond sparkles because of its high refractive index of
diamond, much of the light entering the crystal is totally
P = VI = 10 3 internally many times causes the diamond to sparkle.
V
Þ 10 3 = 100 ´ 69. (a)Consider the diagram shown below :
XL
V
10 = [ X L = 2 pfL ]
2 pfL Ox
Þ Inductance of an electric heater, we have Screen
20 7
L= = 75 cm
22 110
2 ´ ´ 50 Suppose object is placed at x. Then applying lens formula, we
7
have
= 0 . 063 H » 0 . 055 H 1 1 1
- =
61. (b) As we know that energy stored in capacitor, v u x
1 Q2 1 1 1
E= Þ - =
2 C 75 - x ( - x ) 15
1 1 Q2 1 q 2 1 1 1
Þ ´ = Þ + =
2 2 C 2 C 75 - x x 15
Q Þ ( x + 75 - x ) (15) = x (75 - x )
Þ q =
2 Þ 75 ´ 15 = 75 x - x 2
Q Þ x 2 - 75 x + 75 ´ 15 = 0 …(i)
So, net charge on the capacitor is .
2
Solving Eq. (i), we will get position of objects as x1 andx2
62. (d) Given, capacitance, C = 16 m F = 16 ´ 10-6 F For first position of the object, we can write
L = 40 mH = 40 ´ 10 -3 H, V = 20 V 6 75 - x1
= …(ii)
When a battery is disconnected h0 x1
Then, energy stored in a L-C oscillator. Similarly for second position of the object, we can write as
1 1
CV 2 = ´ 16 ´ 10 -6 ´ (20)2 2 75 - x2
= …(iii)
2 2 3h0 x2
1
= ´ 16 ´ 10 -6 ´ 400 Solving Eqs. (ii) and Eqs. (iii), we get
2
-4
The size of the object, h0 = 2 cm
= 32 ´ 10 J
70. (b) A glass cube is placed on a white paper having spots of
Maximum current in the coil, red, blue, yellow and green colour. Then, red is appears to be
1 2
LI = 32 ´ 10 -4 J least as it having maximum wavelength and least deviated.
2

62
 l p
71. (c) As, wavelength of light in air, l ¢ = , where h is refractive f=
h 3
index. f
Maximum intensity, I = I0 cos 2
Let thickness of air column be x, then 2
x = ml æp ö
Þ I = I0 cos 2 ç / 2 ÷
For same thickness of vacuum , x = ( m + 1)l ¢ è3 ø
ml = ( m + 1)l ¢ æpö
Þ I = I0 cos 2 ç ÷
l è 6ø
or ml = ( m + 1)
h æ 3ö
2

Þ I = I0 ´ çç ÷÷
1 è 2 ø
\ = h - 1 = 10003
. - 1 = 0.0003
m
I 3
1 10000 Þ =
m= = I0 4
0.0003 3
Using, x = ml 77. (b) Given, as a ray of light from air is incident on the surface of
glass with angle of incident equal to the angle of polarisation.
Thickness of air column, we have
As angle of deviation, qd$ = 22°
10000
Þ x= ´ 600 nm So, angle of polarisation,
3
90° + 22
= 10000 ´
600
´ 10 -9 m qp =
3 2
112
x = 2 mm. = = 56°
2
72. (a) If the separation distance is equal to the sum of the focal
i.e. (d = f1 + f2 ), the combined focal length is infinite. This 78. (d) Key concept The kinetic energy gained by an electron is equal to
corresponds to a pair of lens that transform a collimated energy difference between photon and work function for the metal,
beam into another collimated beam. also energy of photon is E = hn (in terms of frequency of light).
Given, work function of a surface, f = 2 . 2 eV
73. (d) For light generated by thermal source (incandescent
matter, gas discharge) with a high degree of Maximum kinetic energy,
monochromaticity (i.e. a narrow spectral width), the c
Kmax = E - f = hn - f = h ´ -f
bandwidth Dw is typically of the order of 10 8 s -1 or greater. The l
corresponding coherence time Dt is of the order of 10 -8s and 6.626 ´ 10 -34 ´ 3 ´ 10 8
coherence length Dl ~ 3 ´ 1010 cm /s ´ 10-8s ~ 3m. = -f
6200 ´ 10 -10
74. (c) For a single slit diffraction pattern,
1 ´ 10 -3 ´ 3 ´ 10-26
nl = a sin q Þ - 2 .2 eV
-9 10 -10
1 ´ 698 ´ 10
=a 3 ´ 10 -29 ´ 10+10
sin 2° Þ eV - 2 .2 eV
-9
. ´ 10 -19
16
698 ´ 10
Þ =a = 1875
. eV - 2.2 eV
0.034
-9 = - 0.325 eV
Þ 20000 ´ 10 m= a
So, kinetic energy is negative which is not possible.
a = 0.02 mm
Hence, photoelectrons are not emitted from the surface.
So, width of a single slit is 0.02 mm.
79. (c) According to electron microscope,
75. (a) The insertion of thin sheet of transparent material will
introduce path difference between the two interfering waves. we have,
We have , 150
l= Å
é D ù nlD V
(m - 1) t ê ú = = nb [b is fringe width]
ëd û d 150
Given, l = 1Å Þ 1 =
Þ (m - 1) ´ 4 ´ 10 -3 ´ 10 -3= 4 ´ 5893 ´ 10 -6 V
4 ´ 10 -6 m = 2.35 ´ 10 -6 + 4 ´ 10 -6 So, potential must be applied on an electron microscope,
m = 1587
. = 150 V
Thus, refractive index of transparent material is 1.587 80. (a) According to de-Broglie wavelength of thermal neutron at
2 p Dx 27°C, we have
76. (c) As we know, phase difference, f =
l 30.8 Å
l= [ T = 273 + 27 = 300 K]
where, Dx is path difference T
2p l 30.8
\ f= ´ = = 177
. Å
l 6 300

63
81. (b) If E and P are the energy and the momentum of the proton, Wavelength of a photon,
then on reducing wavelength, both P and E will increase. i.e. l = 4.86 ´ 10 -7 m
1
E µ . Where, l is wavelength of photon. Total amount of energy of the photon emitted
l
c 6 .26 ´ 10 -34 ´ 3 ´ 10 8
82. (c) If the initial activity is A 0, the activity A after n half-lives is E = hn = h ´ =
l 4.86 ´ 10-7
given by A = A 0 / 2 n.
Let us take the initial activity as 100 units. After 20% decay, the 4.09012 ´ 10 -19
= = 2.55 eV
activity becomes 80 units and after 80% decay, the activity . ´ 10 -19
16
becomes 20 units. 86. (d) The most suitable energy of neutrons that it will produce
These two cases can be stated as nuclear fission in a reactor is 0.04 eV.
100 87. (c) In p-n junction, V = 5.5 V, R = 51
. kW
80 = n
2
. ´ 10 3 W
Potential barrier in the diode, V0 = 0.4 V = 51
100
and 20 = m Current in the circuit,
2
V - V0 5.5 - 0.4
where, n and m are the number of half-lives required for 20% I= =
R . ´ 10 3
51
decay and 80% decay respectively.
51
.
80 2 m = ´ 10 -3 = 1 mA
So, = = 2 ( m - n) 51
.
20 2 n
88. (a) Generally, the base of a transistor has a thickness of the
or 2 ( m - n) = 4
( m - n) 2
order of 10 -6 m.
Þ 2 =2
89. (b) Y = A × B = A × B [Involution law X × Y = X × Y ]
Þ m - n = 2 half-lives
So, circuit diagram performs AND gate.
= 2 ´ 20 = 40 minutes.
83. (b) If the aluminium nucleus is Al 27 has nuclear radius of 90. (d) Given, equation of an FM signal is
about 3.6 fermi, then the tellurium nucleus 125
will have e = 6 sin (10 6t + 4 sin 10 3t )
52 Te
nuclear radius nearly as 6.0 fermi. So, modulating frequency,
84. (b) 1H 2 + 1H 2 + 1H 2 ® 2H 4 + 0n1 + 1H1 10 3 10 3
fm = = = 159 Hz
Mass defect ( Dm) = 3 [mass of 1H 2] - [Atomic mass of 2p 2 ´ 314
.
1 1
0 n + atomic mass of 1H ] 91. (c) The dimensions of solar constant are [ML0 T-3 ]
Dm = ( 3 ´ 2.0141) - [4.0026 + 1008665
. + 100783
. ] 92. (b) Given, x = (a - b )
= 6.0423 - 6.019095 So,maximum percentage error in the measurement of x will be
= 0.023205 amu
Dx é Da Db ù
Energy released = D mc 2 =ê + ú ´ 100
x ë a - b a - bû
= Dm ´ 9315
. MeV
93. (c) As, a body of mass m kg is rotating in a vertical circle at the
= 0.023205 ´ 9315
. = 21615
. MeV
end of a string of length r metre.
= 34.58 ´ 10-13 J
Thus, difference in kinetic energy = difference in potential
3 atoms of 1H 2 = 34.58 ´ 10 -13 J energy = 2 mgr.
. ´ 10 -13 J
1 atoms of 1H 2 = 115 94. (d) As, a long spring is stretched by 2 cm, its potential energy
As total energy to produce = 8 .2 ´ 1013 J is U.
8 .2 ´ 1013 1 1
Number of atoms = = 0711
. ´ 1026 atoms So, U = kx 2 = ´ k ´ 4 = 2 k
. ´ 10 -13
115 2 2
U
As we know, 1 mole = 6.022 ´ 1023 atoms Þ k=
2
0711
. ´ 1026 atom = 0118
. ´ 10 3 = 118 mole.
So, potential energy stored by stretched 10 cm,
\ 118 mol, 1H 2 is required, 1 mole = 2 g 1 1 U
U = kx 2 = ´ ´ 10 ´ 10 = 25 U
2 ´ 118 = 236 g = 0.236 kg 2 2 2
85. (b) For a hydrogen atom, 95. (c) Given, two balls of different masses ma and mb are
1 é1 1ù é1 1ù dropped from two different heights be a and b. Such that,
= R ê 2 - 2 ú = 1097
. ´ 107 ê 2 - 2 ú
l ë n1 n2 û ë2 4 û h1 µ t 12 and h2 µ t 22
é3ù a t 12
= 1097
. ´ 10 7 ê ú \ =
ë 16 û b t 22
1 t1 a
= 0 .2056 ´ 107 Þ =
l t2 b

64
 Thus, ratio of time taken by two balls, For vertical motion of For horizontal motion of
t1 : t 2 = a : b projectile projectile, we have
96. (a) Given, a particle moves along x-axis obeying the equal 1 2 x = u xt
s y = u y t + ay t
x = t (t - 1) (t - 2 ) 2 x
1 t =
x = (t 3 - 3 t 2 + 2t ) y = u y t - gt 2 ux
dx 2
= 3 t 2 - 6 t + 2t = 0 1 2
x
t = = x …(ii)
dt = 2t - gt 1
2
6± 36 - 4 ´ 6
t = = 2t - 5 t 2 [g = 10 m/s 2]…(i)
6
6± 12 6±2 3 Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
t = Þ
6 6 y = 2 x - 5 x2
3± 3 3 98. (a) Given, coefficient of friction between the chair and the
t = = 1±
3 3 table is 0.25.
As, displacement of a particle, we have So, maximum fraction of the length of the chair that can hung
over edge of the table is
x = t (t - 1) (t - 2 )
é m ù é 0 .25 ù l
é 3ù é 3ù é 3ù l¢ = ê ú´ l= ê ú ´ l = = 20% of l.
x = ê1 ± ú ê± ú ê -1 ± ú ë m + 1û ë 0 .25 + 1û 5
ë 3 ûë 3 ûë 3 û
99. (a) Given, a body of mass M is resting on a rough horizontal
3
Let ± =P plane surface, the coefficient of friction being equal to m.
3
So, friction acting on a horizontal plane surface, F = mMg
x = ( P 2 - 1)P
F0 t = mMg
é3 ùé 3ù
Þ êë 9 - 1úû ê ± 3 ú Time taken to start motion of a body
ë û mMg
Þ t =
-6 é 3ù F0
x= ´ ê± ú
9 ë 3 û 100. (c) Given, force acting on a particle,
2 3 k
x=± F = , where k is constant
9 v
+2 m -2 Thus, work done by this force in time t , we get
or x= , m
3 3 3 3 W =F ´s
97. (a) Given, u = $i + 2 $j , u = m x $i + m y $j k
W = ´v ´t [Q Displaced by a particle, s = v ´ t ]
v
u x = 1 and u y = 2
Þ W = kt

PHYSICS
Pulsar Proves Gravitational Constant is 'Rock-Solid'
Through extremely high precision measurements of a pulsar orbiting a white dwarf star, astronomers have found that
the gravitational constant, which dictates the force of gravity, is “reassuringly constant” throughout the universe. Just
as the speed of light in a vacuum (c) and Planck's constant (h) well-known universal constants, the gravitational
constant (or simply “G”) has been long assumed to be constant everywhere throughout the cosmos Pulsars are the
rapidly spinning, super dense remains of massive stars that detonated as supernovas. They are detected from Earth by
the beams of radio waves that emanate from their magnetic poles and sweep across space as the pulsar rotates. Since
they are phenomenally dense and massive, yet comparatively small - a mere 20-25 kilometers across-some pulsars
are able to maintain their rate of spin with a consistency that rivals the best atomic clocks on Earth. This makes pulsars
exceptional cosmic laboratories to study the fundamental nature of space, time, and gravity. Astronomers using the
National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Green Bank Telescope (GBT) conducted a 21-year study to precisely measure the
steady “tick-tick-tick” of a pulsar known as PSR J1713+0747. This particular pulsar is approximately 3,750
light-years from Earth. The data taken throughout this experiment are consistent with an unchanging gravitational
constant in a distant star system even the earlier related research in our own Solar System, which was based on precise
laser ranging studies of the Earth-Moon distance, found the same consistency over time.

65
New Pattern Books
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Problems for PRACTICE of almost
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TYPES OF QUESTIONS
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 Arjun Sharma

Assertion-Reason
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Collection of Best Assertion-Reason Problems for AIIMS, MGIMS
and other Medical Entrances

Directions for Questions (1-30) Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the
options given below:
(a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) If both the assertion and reason are false.
(e) If the assertion is false but reason is true.

1. Assertion The stretching of a coil is determined by its shear modulus.

Reason Shear modulus changes only shape of a body keeping its dimensions unchanged.
2. Assertion Glassy solids have sharp melting points.
Reason The bonds between the atoms of glassy solids get broken at the same temperature.
3. Assertion Bulk modulus of elasticity (K) represents incompressibility of the material.
Reason Bulk modulus of elasticity is proportional to the change in pressure.
4. Assertion Two identical solid balls, one of ivory and the other of wet-clay are dropped from the same height on
the floor. Both the balls will rise to same height after bouncing.
Reason Ivory and wet-clay have same elasticity.
5. Assertion Identical springs of steel and copper are equally stretched. More work will be done on the steel spring.
Reason Steel is more elastic than copper.
6. Assertion Young’s modulus for a perfectly plastic body is zero.
Reason For a perfectly plastic body, restoring force is zero.
7. Assertion When a solid is deformed, the atoms or molecules are displaced from their equilibrium position.
Reason Due to the change in the interatomic (or intermolecular) distance.
8. Assertion The bridges are declared unsafe after a long use.
Reason Elastic strength of bridges decreases with time.
9. Assertion Spring balances show correct readings even after they had been used for a long time interval.
Reason On using for long time, spring balances loss its elastic strength.

69
10. Assertion Steel is more elastic than rubber.
Reason Under given deforming force, steel is
deformed less than rubber.
11. Assertion Stress is the internal force per unit area of
a body.
Reason Rubber is less elastic than steel.
12. Assertion The length of an elastic string of initial
length (L) is a metre when the tension is 4 N and b
metre when the tension is 5 N. The length of the
string (in metre) when the tension is 9 N is
(a + b − L).
Reason The extension of an elastic string is
proportional to the initial length of the string.
13. Assertion When a material is subjected to a tensile
(stretching) stress, the restoring forces are caused
by interatomic attraction.
Reason Restoring force is called into play in an
elastic material by an inherent property of the
material and not due to interatomic attraction.
14. Assertion When a material is subjected to a
compressional stress, the restoring forces are
caused by interatomic repulsion.
Reason The atoms of a material never repel.
15. Assertion Two wires A and B have the same
cross-sectional area and are made of the same
material but the length of wire A is the twice that of
B. For a given load, the strain in wire A is twice that
in B.
Reason For a given load, the extension in a wire is
proportional to its length.
16. Assertion Ropes are always made of a number of
wires braided together.
Reason It helps to ease in manufacture, flexibility
and strength.
17. Assertion Elongation produced in a body is directly
proportional to the applied force.
Reason This law of elasticity, now, called as Hooke's
law.
18. Assertion The restoring force (F), on a stretched
string for extension x is related to potential energy
− dU
(U) as F = . producing a strain called volumetric strain.
dx
1 2
Reason F = − kx and U = kx , where k is a spring
2
constant for the given stretched spring.
70
19. Assertion Figure shows that stress-strain curves for
two different types of rubber. Rubber A rather than
rubber B should be used as a car tyre.
Stress
Stress
Rubber A Rubber B
Strain Strain
Reason Rubber A dissipates larger amount of heat
energy than rubber B.
20. Assertion The stretching of an elastic spring is
determined by the shear modulus of the material of
the spring.
Reason For a given stretching force, the amount of
stretching depends on the force constant of the
spring.
21. Assertion Two wires A and B have equal lengths
and are made of the same material but the diameter
of wire A is twice that of B. For a given load, the
extension of B will be four times that of B.
Reason For a given load, the extension of a wire is
inversely proportional to its area of cross-section.
22. Assertion Crystalline solids are called true solids.
Reason Crystalline solids are well arranged in
two-dimensional arrangement of atoms or
molecules.
23. Assertion A rigid body can be stretched,
compressed and bent.
Reason Solid bodies are not perfectly rigid.
24. Assertion The strain produced by a hydraulic
pressure is called volumetric strain.
Reason It is a ratio of change in volume (ΔV ) to the
original volume (V ).
25. Assertion At some point C between B and D, the
body does not regain its original dimension. Here,
even when the stress is zero, the strain is not zero.
This material is said to be permanent set.
Reason This deformation is said to be plastic
deformation.
26. Assertion When a body is submerged in a fluid, it
undergoes a hydraulic stress.
Reason To increase in the volume of the body, thus
27. Assertion When a solid sphere is placed in the fluid
under high pressure, it is compressed uniformly on
all sides.
 Reason The force applied by fluids act in
perpendicular direction at each point of surface.
28. Assertion The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is
called compressibility.
Reason Compressibility is defined as the
fractional change in volume per unit decrease in
pressure.
29. Assertion A mountain base is not under uniform
compression and provides some shearing stress to
rock under it can flow.
Answer with Explanations
1. (a) While stretching of a coil is determined by its shear
modulus because, the stretching of coil simply changes its
shape without any change in the length of the wire used in
coil. Due to which shear modulus of elasticity is involved.
2. (d) In a glassy solid (i.e. amorphous solid), the various bonds
between the atoms or ions or molecules of a solid are not
equally strong. Different bonds are broken at different
temperatures. Hence, there is no sharp melting point for a
glassy solid.
3. (a) Bulk modulus of elasticity measures how good the body is
to regain its original volume on being compressed. Therefore,
it represents incompressibility of the material.
− pV
K = , tension F is given by l =
ΔV
where, p is increase in pressure, ΔV is the change in volume.
4. (d) Ivory is more elastic than wet-clay. Hence, the ball of ivory
will rise to a greater height. In fact, the ball of wet-clay will not
rise at all, it will be some what flattened permanently.
1 1
5. (a) Work done = × Stress × Strain = × Y × (Strain)2.
2 2
Since, elasticity of steel is more than copper, hence more
work has to be done in order to stretch the steel.
6. (a) Young's modulus of a material,
stress
Y =
strain
restoring force
Here, stress =
area
As, restoring force is zero. Therefore, Y = 0.
7. (a) When a solid is deformed, the atoms or molecules are
displaced from their equilibrium positions causing a change
in the interatomic (or intermolecular distances).
8. (a) A bridge during its use undergoes alternating strains for a
large number of times each day. Depending upon the
movement of vehicles on it when a bridge is used for long
time, it losses its elastic strength.
Due to which the amount of strain in the bridge for a given
stress will become large and ultimately the bridge may
collapse. This may not happen if the bridges are declared
after long use.
Reason Stress due to all the materials on the top
should be less than the critical shearing at which
the rock flow.
30. Assertion Two wires A and B are made of the same
material. The length of wire A is twice that of B but
the diameter of A is half that of B. For a given load,
the strain produced in B will be twice that in A.
Reason For a given load, the extension produced in
a wire is directly proportional to its length and is
inversely proportional to the area of cross- section.
9. (e) When a spring balance has been used for a long time, the
spring in the balance gets fatigued and there is a loss of
strength of the spring. In such a case, the extension in the
spring is more for a given load and hence the balance gives
wrong readings.
10. (a) Elasticity is a measure of tendency of the body to regain its
original configuration. As steel is deformed less than rubber,
therefore steel is more elastic than rubber.
11. (b) Stress is defined as internal force (restoring force) per unit
area of a body. Also, rubber is less elastic than steel because
restoring force is less for rubber than steel.
12. (d) If L is the initial length, then the increase in length by a
FL
πr 2Y
4L
Hence, a = L + l = L + = ( L + 4c ) …(i)
πr 2Y
5L
and b=L+ = ( L + 5c ) …(ii)
πr 2Y
L
where, c = 2 .
πr Y
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get for L and c, L = ( 5a − 4b ) and
c = ( b − a ).
For F = 9 N, we have
9L ⎤
x = ⎡L +
⎢⎣ πr 2Y ⎥⎦
= L + 9c
= ( 5a − 4b ) + 9( b − a )
= ( 5b − 4a )
13. (c) When the material is not subjected to any stress, its atoms
are in their normal (equilibrium) positions.
When a tensile stress is applied, the distance R between
atoms becomes greater than their equilibrium separation R 0.
For R > R 0, the interatomic force is attractive and this force
provides the restoring force under which the material regains
its original shape and size when the stress is removed.
14. (c) When the material is subjected to a compressional stress,
R becomes less than R 0 and in this case the interatomic force
is repulsive which causes the restoring force.
71
 ΔL
15. (d) Strain = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ × ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
F for a small change in the stress. The portion of the curve
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ AY ⎠ between B and D shows this. When the load is removed, say at
Since, F, A and Y are the same for the two wires, the strains in some point C between B and D, the body does not regain its
them are equal. original dimension.
In this case, even when the stress is zero, the strain is not zero.
16. (a) A single wire of this radius would practically be a rigid
The material is said to have permanent set. The deformation is
rod. So, the ropes are always made of a number of thin wires
said to have plastic deformation.
braided together, like in pigtails for ease in manufacture,
flexibility and strength. 26. (c) When a body is submerged in a fluid, it undergoes a
hydraulic stress (equal in magnitude to the hydraulic pressure).
17. (a) Robert Hooke, an English Physicist (1635-1703 AD)
This leads to the decrease in the volume of the body, thus
performed experiments on springs and found that the
producing a strain called volumetric strain.
elongation (change in the length produced in a body is
proportional to the applied force or load. In 1676, he 27. (b) In the figure given below, a solid sphere placed in the fluid
presented his law of elasticity, now called as Hooke’s law. under high pressure is compressed uniformly on all sides.
18. (a) When a string is stretched for an extension x, then stored
potential energy U is given by
− dU
F =
dx
1 2
and U = kx
2
where, k is spring constant.
19. (c) The area of the hysteresis loop for rubber A much smaller
than that for rubber B. This implies that rubber A dissipates a
smaller amount of heat energy than rubber B. Consequently, The force applied by the fluid acts in the perpendicular
tyres made of rubber A will not get heated to a high direction at each point of the surface and the body is said to be
temperature. This prevents wear and tear of tyres. under hydraulic compression. This leads to decrease in its
volume without any change of its geometrical shape.
20. (b) If a spring is stretched, the total length of the wire of the
coil and the volume of the wire, both do not change. Only the 28. (c) The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility
shape (or configuration) of the coils of the wire undergoes a and is denoted by K . It is defined as the fractional change in
change. Hence, the stretching of a spring is not determined volume per unit increase in pressure.
⎛ 1 ⎞ ΔV ⎞
K = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟ × ⎛⎜
by Young’s modulus or bulk modulus. It is determined by the 1
⎟
shear modulus. ⎝ B⎠ ⎝ Δp ⎠ ⎝ V ⎠
πd 2 29. (c) The maximum height of mountain on Earth is ~10 km can
21. (a) Area of cross-section A = , where d is the diameter
4 also be provided by considering the elastic properties of rocks.
of the wire. Thus, Change in length,
4F L 1
ΔL = ⋅ or ΔL ∝ 2 A mountain base is not under uniform compression and this
πd 2 Y d provides some shearing stress to the rocks under which they
22. (c) Crystalline solids are called true solids because it has can flow. The stress due to all the materials on the top should
well defined, regularly repeated three - dimensional be less than the critical shearing stress at which the rocks flow.
arrangement of atoms or molecules. 30. (d) As load applied across wire such as
23. (a) In reality, rigid bodies can also be stretched, compressed ΔL 4F
Strain, = .
and bent. Even the appreciable rigid steel bar can be L π d 2Y
deformed when a sufficiently large external force is applied
1
on it. This means that solid bodies are not perfectly rigid. Thus, strain ∝ .
d2
24. (a) The strain produced by a hydraulic pressure is called So, if diameter of a wire increases, then strain decreases and
volumetric strain and is defined as the ratio of change in
vice-versa.
volume ( ΔV ) to the original volume ( V ), i.e. volumetric strain
⎛ ΔV ⎞ . Hence, strain in B will be four times that in A.
⎜ ⎟
⎝ V ⎠
25. (a) If the load is increased further, the stress developed
exceeds the yield strength and strain increases rapidly even

72
FRICTION IN DAILY LIFE

1. (i) (a) In case of walking or running, the static friction between v 2 v 02 x2

or - = m0 g or v 2 = v 02 + m 0 gx2
the foot and ground prevents the slipping of foot in 2 2 2
backward direction and as a result we are able to walk. \ v = v 02 + m 0 gx 2
(ii) (b) As, acceleration due to gravity, a = 0 Þ f = ma = 0 f
(iii) (a) In case of walking or running, the static friction acts in 4. (a) Retardation due to friction, a =
m
the direction of motion [as the static friction avoids the
m mg
slipping of foot in backward direction while walking]. or a= Þ a = mg
m
(iv) (a) In this case, the frictional force will provide the required
acceleration Now, using v 2 = u 2 - 2 as Þ 0 = 10 2 - 2 m gs
Þ f = ma0 \ Stopping distance covered by a car,
(v) (a) Maximum value of frictional force, f max = m s mg 100
s= = 10 m
(vi) (b) f max = ma0 max (a0 = a max ) 2 ´ 0.5 ´ 10
Þ m s mg = ma0 max Þ a0 max = m s g 5. (d) Consider free body diagram of insect,
(vii) (b) a max = m s g f N
Using v = u + at
v = 0 + a max t min Þ v 0 = (m s g )t min θ θ
v0 mg
Minimum time taken, t min = sin
θ
m sg
(viii) (b) a max = m s g = 0.8 ´ 10 = 8 m/s 2 mg
mg cos θ
u = 0, s = 100 m
Here, mg sin q = f £ m s N
1 2 1 2
Using s = ut + at = a max t min or mg sin q £ m s mg cos q or tan q £ m s
2 2
p æ 1 ö
1
100 = ´ 8 ´ t min2 2
Þ 100 = 1 ´ 4 ´ t min \ qmax = çQm s = ÷
2 6 è 3ø
t min = 5 s Distance travelled by the insect before slipping,
(ix) (a) In this case, initial velocity v 0 = u + a max t min p 30
s = rq= ´ = 5 cm
v 0 = 8 ´ 5 = 40 m/s 6 p
and final velocity, v = 0 6. (a) For the proper crawling of the insect up on a hemispherical
surface,
Retardation in this case is provided by static friction acting
in opposite direction of motion.
α
Maximum retardation, we have f N
amax = -m s g = -0.8 ´ 10 = -8 m/s 2
α mg sin α
v = v 0 + a max t min mg
0 = 40 - 8 ´ t min mg cos α

Þ t min = 5 s We can write,

(x) (c) In this case, the static friction will act in the opposite mg sin q £ f Þ mg sin a = f max
direction of her velocity. Þ mg sin a max = mmg cos a max
mg sin q - m s mg cos q sin a max
2. (c) Acceleration of the car, a = or = m or tan a max =
1
m cos a max 3
\ a = g sin q - m s g cos q N
f Þ cot a max = 3
Using equation of motion, we have
2
v = v 02 + 2 as 7. (d) For bug, f = ma f bug
θ f
sin For plank, f = FA and for sugar cube, B
= v 02 + 2 gl (sin q - m s cos q) mg FA
θ FA = fA £ mmA g or
\ v = v 02 + 2 gl (sin q - m s cos q) FA £ mmA g
3. (a) As, maximum acceleration of a car, mmA g B
or ma £ mmA g or a £ FA
f max m mg m
a max = = 0.001 ´ 4 ´ 10 fA ≤ μ m A g
m m \ a max =
1
f v x æ dv dx ö
and a=
m
Þ òv 0
vdv = m 0 g ò0 x dx ças, a = × ÷
è dx dt ø = 0.04 m /s 2 = 4 cm/s 2

THE MOST SUCCESSFUL WAY OF

76 JEE PREPARATION
NOW ON YOUR TABLE
 FRICTION IN DAILY LIFE

8. (c) For bug A, f 1 = ( 3 ´ 1) $i = ( 3 dyne) $i 12. (a,b,c) (a) When a = 0 N

f
N y vC \ f = mg sin 37°
3
f = 20 ´ 10 ´ = 120 N
W E 5 °
vB
x 37 37° mg cos 37°
vA (b) f - mg sin 37° = ma sin
g
S \ f = 120 + 20 ´ 1 = 140 N m
S
(c) f - mg sin 37° = ma
For bug C, f3 = (2 ´ 2 ) $j = ( 4 dyne) $j or f max - mg sin 37° = ma max
For cardboard to be stationary, f3 or m s mg cos 37° - mg sin 37° = ma max
- f1 - f2 - f3 = 0 or
4 3
0.9 ´ 10 ´ - 10 ´ = a max
A f1 C 5 5
(Q cardboard is stationary)
\ f2 = - ( f1 + f3 ) \ a max = 1.2 m/s 2
or 5 a 2 = - ( 3$i + 4$j ) 13. (a) For cat A,
a 2 = - $i - $j For the block to be stationary ® f1 cos 60° + N2 cos 30°
3 4
\ West
5 5 B = f2 cos 60° + N1 cos 30°
3 θ
2 2
æ 3ö æ 4ö 5

0°
2
\ a2 = ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ = 1 cm/s

s6
è 5ø è 5ø 4 f1
N1 f2

co
5 N2
44 South

1g
and tan q = = Þ q = 53°

m
3 3
5´
5

m
g
9. (a) According to free body diagram of monkey m1g sin 60° 60° m2 g sin 60°

co
fk 60°

s
60
mg = f (Q a = 0)

°
f1 f
\ f = 10 ´ 10 or + m2 g cos 60° cos 30° = 2 + m1g cos 60° cos 30°
2 2
= 100 N mg
10. (a) For winning of team A over team B, the frictional force
between team A and ground should be greater than the N2
N1
frictional force between team B and the ground.
Þ m1NA > m 2 NB Þ m1m1g > m 2 m2g
Þ m1m1 > m 2 m2
11. (a,d) (a) The friction between the legs of horse and horizontal 60° 60°
ground is static in nature. 60° 60° N1
Q v = u + at (Q u = 0)
N2 f1 N2 N1 f2
f
or v = at = t
m f1 f
or + 100 3 = 2 + 50 3 …(i)
mv 2 2
\ t =
f But f1 max = m m1g cos 60°
mv mv v 16 1
or t min = = = = = 2s = 2 ´ 20 ´ 10 ´ = 200 N ...(ii)
f max m s mg m s g 8 2
1
(d) The distance travelled to achieve maximum speed in 2 s is and f2 max = 2 ´ 40 ´ 10 ´ = 400 N …(iii)
2
1 æ m s mg ö
s1 = ´ m s gt 2 çQ a = ÷ From analysis of Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
2 è m ø
f1 max f
1 + 100 3 = 2 + 50 3
´ 8 ´ 2 2 = 16 m
= 2 2
2
f
The remaining distance (112 - 16) m is travelled by the or 100 + 100 3 - 50 3 = 2
2
horse with maximum speed of 16 m/s.
or f2 = 200 + 100 3
\ 112 - 16 = 16 t 2
For A, f1max - m1g sin q = m1a1
96
\ t2 = = 6s or 200 - 100 3 = 20a1
16
Thus, total time taken by a horse, t = t 1 + t 2 = 2 + 6 = 8 s \ a1 = 10 - 5 3
For B,
f2 max - m2 g sin q = m2 a2

THE MOST SUCCESSFUL WAY OF

JEE PREPARATION 77
NOW ON YOUR TABLE
 or 200 + 100 3 - 200 3 = 40 a2 17. (3) Let static fractional forces make a common angle q with the
or 200 - 100 3 = 40a2 vertical wall. For static equilibrium,
\ a2 = 5 - 2.5 3
f sin θ f sin θ
\ a1 > a2
(top view)
Thus, cat A will catch rat first.
a1 10 - 5 3 N N
14. (d) Ratio of acceleration of cat A and cat B, = =2
a2 5 - 2.5 3 mg = 2 f cos q
15. (d) At the top of the triangular block, both cats (A and B) are at and N = f sin q
rest. This means the component of weight of each cat along 1
\ N = mg tan q
the inclined plane is balanced by static friction. 2
Þ f1 = mA g sin 60° and f2 = mB g sin 60° \ Total force required is

or f1 = 20 ´ 10 ´
3
= 100 3 N F = N2 + f 2
2
æ mg ö
2
æ 1 + sin2 q ö
3 or F2 = ç ÷ ç ÷
and f2 = 40 ´ 10 ´ = 200 3 N è 2 ø ç cos 2 q ÷
è ø
2
1
Horizontal component of f2 is But f £ mN Þ sin q ³
1 m0
f2¢ = 200 3 ´ cos 60° = ´ 200 3 = 100 3 N
2 1
\ (sin q) min =
Y-axis 2
Þ qmin = 45°
f2 30° f1
100 3 æ 1 + sin2 45° ö
\ F2 = ç ÷
ç cos 2 45° ÷
60° 60°
X-axis
2 è ø
60° B
A Þ F = 15 N
But F = 3 x Þ 3 x = 15
\ x=3
18. (i) Since, horse rider is moving with the acceleration of the
60° 60°
horse.
and horizontal component of f1 is Pseudo force on horse rider is balanced by frictional force
1 between the horse and horse rider.
f1¢ = 100 3 ´ cos 60° = ´ 100 3 = 50 3 N
2 \ f = m1a0 or fmax = m1a0 max
f2¢ - f1¢ = (100 3 - 50 3 ) = 50 3 N or m s m1g = m1a0 max
16. (6) The acceleration of the bug is Q a0 max = m s g = 0.5 ´ 10 =5 m/s 2
f f f (ii) The friction exerted by the horizontal surface on horse,
a1 = = =
m m 3 f ¢ = ( m1 + m2 ) a0 max
f
and the acceleration of the straw is a2 = = 300 ´ 5 = 1500 N
1
19. Here, acceleration of bicycle is
Since, bug and straw are moving in the opposite direction.
mg mg
\ The relative acceleration of bug with respect to straw is -
a= 5 20
f 4f
a rel = a1 + a2 = + f = m
3 3 g g
= -
1 2 5 20
Q srel = a rel t
2 1
= 2 - = 1.5 m/s 2
2 s rel 8 2
\ t = =
a rel 4f (i) Final speed after 10 second,
3 v = at = 1.5 ´ 10 = 15 m/s (Qu = 0)
24 24 (ii) Distance covered in 2 minute,
\ t min = =
4f max 4 ´ m s mg 1
s = at 2
24 2
= 1
4 ´ 0.05 ´ 3 ´ 1000 = ´ 1.5 ´ 4 ´ 3600
2
Þ t min = 600 = 100n
= 10800 m = 10.8 km
Þ n=6

78
1. A uniform rod of length l and mass 2m rests on a 5. Consider the elastic scattering of a photon of
smooth horizontal table. A point of mass m moving frequency n by a stationary electron (the Compton
horizontally at right angles to the rod with an initial effect). Find the energy of a photon of initial energy
velocity v, collides with one end of the rod and sticks 1 MeV after a single 180° scattering?
to it. Determine the angular velocity of the system (a) 0.50 MeV (b) 0.20 MeV
after the collision and the change in kinetic energy (c) 0.75 MeV (d) 1.25 MeV
of the system as a whole as a result of the collision. 6. Estimate the minimum frequency of a g-ray that
2 v mv 2 v m 2v 2 causes a deuteron to disintegrate into a proton and a
(a) , (b) ,
l 9 l 6 neutron, commenting on any assumptions we make.
2 v m 2v 2 v mv 2
(c) , (d) , The masses of the particles are
l 9 l 6
md = 2.0141 mu ,
2. Estimate the pressure at the bottom of the Arctic
ocean (11 km below sea level). How large an error mp = 1.0078 mu ,
would be caused by neglecting the compressibility mn = 1.0087 mu
of sea water ? Assume that the density of sea water is (a) 5.4 ´ 1020 Hz
1025 kgm-3 at sea level and that its bulk modulus is (b) 6.9 ´ 1011 Hz
2.1 GPa. (c) 6.2 ´ 10 6 Hz
(a) 9% (b) 3% (d) 7.3 ´ 1014 Hz
(c) 12% (d) 6% 7. A particle of mass m situated inside a deep
3. In Arthur C. Clarke’s novel 2005, an object in free one-dimensional potential well of width a described
space has in the form of a very large plane slab by V = 0 for 0 £ x £ a and V = ¥ elsewhere. An
222 m thick. A test body released 100 m away from electron is confined within a thin layer of a
the surface of the slab, initially at rest relative to it, semiconductor. If the layer can be treated as a deep
takes 20 min to fall to its surface. What is the density one-dimensional well, calculate its thickness, if the
of the slab assumed to be homogeneous? difference in energy between the first and second
(a) 2 ´ 10 2 kg /m3 levels is 0.05 eV.
(b) 1.49 ´ 10 3 kg /m3 (a) 4.8 nm (b) 9.2 nm
(c) 3 ´ 10 8 kg /m3 (c) 10.1 nm (d) 15.3 nm
(d) 8 ´ 10 6 kg /m3 8. An atom has energy level En = - A / n2 , where n is an
4. In its rest frame, a source emits light in a conical integer and A is a constant. Among the spectral
beam of width ± 45°. In a frame moving towards the lines that the atom can absorb at room temperature,
source at speed v, the beam width is ± 30°. What is v? are two adjacent lines with wavelengths 97.5 nm
(a) 0.25 c and 102.8 nm. Find the value of the constant A in
(b) 0.41 c electron volt.
(c) 0.75 c (a) 12.6 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(d) 1.2 c (c) 16.2 eV (d) 17.4 eV

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9. A certain uranium ore contains both 235 238
92 U and 92 U. where, Imax and Imin are the intensities at the
Analysis shows that it contains 0.80 g of 206
82 Pb for maxima and minima of the fringe pattern. In
each gram of the relevant uranium isotope. observations of the sodium D-lines, v varies from a
Determine the age of the ore in years. maximum of 1.00 to a minimum of 0.33 over a range
(a) 4.3 ´ 108 yr of approximately 500 fringes. Find the values for the
(b) 4.3 ´ 10 9 yr fractional wavelength difference between the
(c) 4.98 ´ 10 6 yr sodium D-lines and for their relative intensities.
(d) 5.2 ´ 10 6 yr (a)
1
(b)
25
10. The visibility V of the fringes observed in a 1000 1000
36 9
Michelson interferometer is defined as (c) (d)
1000 50
I - Imin
V = max
Imax + Imin

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