The Polygraph (Lie Detector) is a scientific instrument capable of simultaneously

recording changes in several physiological variables while the subject is asked a

series of questions pertaining to a specific issue under investigation. The charts
generated during the polygraph examination are interpreted by a polygraph
examiner.

The polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson (1892-1965) of the United States of America
in 1921, is considered officially one of the greatest inventions of all time. The literal meaning of
the word "polygraph" is "many writings" (Polys (Gr.) – many and Grapho (Gr.) – write).

The problem of detecting lies has always concerned humans; therefore, the history of
the polygraph, also know as the lie detector, has very deep roots. In ancient China dry rice
was commonly utilized as a lie detector. The Chinese believed that salivation ceased at times of
emotional anxiety such as a strong fear. An "examiner" had a suspect hold a handful of dry rice
in his mouth while he was asked a series of relevant questions. After questioning, the rice was
examined. If it was dry, the suspect was declared to be a liar. This means of deception
detection was more advanced than a subjective evaluation of a suspect by a tribe chief. As was
assumed then – and is currently supported by more recent evidence – the nervous tension
created by lying slowed or blocked the flow of saliva.

Another, more informative method of detecting deception with some psychological validity,
involved a donkey. Around 1500 BC Indian priests saturated a donkey's tail with carbon residue
from an oil lamp and placed the animal in a dark tent. The suspects were sent into the tent and
told that pulling the "magic" donkey's tail would reveal the liar (if a guilty man pulls his tail, the
donkey will bray). When the suspects came out, the priests examined their hands. Those with
clean hands had not touched the donkey's tail. It was assumed that this was due to many
suspects’ fear of their guilt being discovered, proving they were liars. Variations of this test
were also used by Chinese and Arabs.

A more rigid approach of detecting the truth was used in ancient Sparta. Before being admitted
to certain schools Spartan young men were required to pass the selection criteria. The young
men were ordered to stand on the edge of a cliff, and were asked if they were afraid. The
answer was always negative; however its integrity was determined by the men’s complexion. It
was concluded that the pale young men lied and they were pushed from the cliff.

In Ancient Rome bodyguard screening was conducted using a similar method. Bodyguard
candidates were asked provocative questions. Those who blushed were selected for the job. It
was believed that if a person blushed in response to provocative questions, he would not
participate in plots.

African tribes have utilized their own method of detecting a guilty person. While performing a
special dance around a suspected individual, a sorcerer intensely sniffed him. The "investigator"
made a conclusion whether the suspect committed the crime based upon the intensity of his
body odor (smell).

During the Middle Ages a suspect's pulse rate readings were collected for determining his or her
guilt. This method was employed for exposing unfaithful wives and their lovers. The testing
technique was very simple. A trained individual placed a finger on a wrist of a woman suspected
of infidelity, while mentioning names of the men, who could have had an intimate relationship
with her. The examinee's pulse accelerated when she heard and, consequently, reacted to the
name of her lover.

In West Africa persons suspected of a crime were made to hold and pass a bird's egg to one
another. The person breaking the egg was considered guilty, based on the notion that his or
her tremor-eliciting nervousness was to blame.

Only at the end of the 18th century were conditions conducive to developing technical means of
detecting deception, subsequently named: lie detector, variograph, polygraph, emotional stress
monitor, deceptograph, to name a few. Currently, polygraph and lie detector are the most
widely used names in the world.

The earliest attempt at a scientific approach to the development of diagnostic instrumentation

for lie detection dates circa 1875, when the Italian physiologist, Angelo Mosso (1846-1910),
began studies of fear and its influence on the heart and respiration. The fear of being detected
was considered an essential element of deception. Through his research Mosso demonstrated
that blood pressure, blood volume, and pulse frequency changed depending on changes in
emotions of a tested subject. From records of pulsation, Mosso was able to distinguish persons
who were afraid from those who were tranquil. Mosso devised several types
of Plethysmographs (Plethysmos (Gr.) – enlargement, increase and Grapho (Gr.) – write,
record) – instruments for measuring changes in volume within an organ or whole body (usually
resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood or air it contains).

In 1879, the French electrotherapy specialist, Dr. Marie Gabriel Romain Vigouroux (1831-
1911) was first to discover the phenomenon we now know as Electrodermal Response -
human body phenomenon in which the body, mainly the skin, involuntarily changes resistance
electrically upon the application of certain external stimuli. Dr. Vigouroux described his empirical
study of electrical changes in human skin in his 1879 article "Sur le Role de la Resistance
Electrique des Tissues dans l'Electrodiagnostic".

Among other distinguished scientists contributing to the electrodermal response research are:
the Georgian – Ivan R. Tarchanoff (1846-1908), the French – Charles Samson Fere (1852-
1907), the German – Georg Sticker (1860-1960), and the Swiss – Otto Veraguth (1870-1944).

An American psychopathologist, psychologist and psychiatrist influential in the early 20th

century, Boris Sidis (1867-1923), also played an important role in the electrodermal response
investigation. Dr. Sidis was born in Berdychiv, Ukraine on October 12, 1867, in a family of
Ukrainian Jews and immigrated to the USA in 1887. He taught psychology at Harvard
University.

In 1908 Dr. Boris Sidis conducted "A Study of Galvanic Deflections Due to Psycho-Physiological
Phenomena" published in the Psychological Review for September 1908 and January 1909. The
purpose of the study was to investigate the relation of emotions and physiological activities to
galvanometric deflections. They concluded that the observed galvanometric changes were
caused by physiological processes concomitant with the mental states aroused by the stimuli.
On December 28, 1909 Dr. Sidis read his speech, "The Nature and Cause of the Galvanic
Phenomenon", before the American Psychological Association, Harvard University.

In 1895 an Italian physician, psychiatrist and pioneer criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1835-
1909) was the first to experiment with a device, measuring blood pressure and pulse, to detect
deception in criminal suspects and noted increased blood pressure following relevant questions
when put to some subjects. He called it a Hydrosphygmograph. In 1895 Dr. Lombroso
published the second edition of "L'Homme Criminel" ("The Criminal Man"). It documents his use
of a plethysmograph and sphygmomanometer during the interrogation of criminal suspects.
Seven years later, in 1902, for the first time in court history, a mechanical device helped to
prove the innocence of the person accused of committing a crime.

An Italian psychologist, Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927), at the University of Graz, announced

that liars are betrayed by their breathing. The work of Benussi, reported in 1914, reflects
another step toward the current technique utilizing respiration changes as a criterion of
deception. His work concerned the so-called I/E ratio (inspiration-expiration ratio). Benussi
measured and recorded breathing by means of an instrument known as
the Pneumograph (Pneuma (Gr) – air, breath and Grapho (Gr.) – write, record). Benussi
found that the length of inspiration (I) divided by the length of expiration (E) was greater
before telling the truth than afterward, but the I/E ratio was greater after lying than before
telling the lie.

The first polygraph (lie detector), suitable for use in criminal investigations, was invented
in 1921 by John Augustus Larson (1892-1965) a medical student at the University of
California and a police officer of the Berkeley Police Department (Berkeley, California, USA). Dr.
Larson, born in Shelbourne, Nova Scotia, Canada, was the first to simultaneously record more
than one physiological parameter with the purpose of detecting deception. Dr. Larson
developed and utilized the continuous method of concurrently registering changes in pulse rate,
blood pressure, and respiration.

In conjunction with his polygraph, Dr. Larson used a test/a scientific procedure originated by
Dr. William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) in the Harvard Psychological Laboratory in 1915
and applied by him to various fields of investigation during World War I. Dr. Larson modified Dr.
Marston's procedure and applied it to the police procedure at the Berkeley Police Department
beginning in 1921. Larson developed an interviewing technique, called the R/I
(relevant/irrelevant) procedure. Throughout questioning, he would sprinkle questions relevant
to the crime and questions that had nothing to do with it.

The polygraph, invented by Dr. Larson in 1921, is considered officially one of the greatest
inventions of all time, and is included in the Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2003’s list of 325
greatest inventions.

Leonarde Keeler (1903-1949), born in North Berkeley, California, USA, is the most prominent
polygraph examiner of all times. Having conducted over 30,000 polygraph examinations,
Leonarde Keeler was one of the world's foremost scientific criminologists, whose contribution to
the stature of the field of lie detection is merely immeasurable and invaluable.

In 1925, Leonarde Keeler (a Stanford University psychology major working at the Berkeley
Police Department), developed two significant improvements to Larson's polygraph: a
metal bellows (tambour) to better record changes in blood pressure, pulse and respiration
patterns, and a kymograph, which allowed chart paper to be pulled under the recording pens
at a constant speed.

In 1936, Keeler added a third physiological component to his polygraph –

the Psychogalvanometer – a device for measuring changes in a person’s skin resistance. This
version of Keeler's polygraph was the prototype of the modern polygraph, and Keeler himself
is therefore considered the "father of modern polygraph". In addition to improving the
polygraph, Keeler is also credited with numerous contributions to polygraph examination
technique.

Leonarde Keeler invented the famous Keeler Polygraph, for which he received a patent in 1931.
It became the most widely used polygraph in the world for the next three decades. The Keeler
Polygraph was actively utilized at the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory at Northwestern
University (Chicago), which was headed by Keeler between 1936 and 1938. By 1935 Keeler had
conducted polygraph examinations on approximately 2000 criminal suspects.

In 1948 Leonarde Keeler founded the Keeler Polygraph Institute, located on Ohio Street in
Chicago – the first polygraph school in the world. The institute trained many prominent people
in the field of polygraphy.

The first reference to polygraph application for protecting commercial interests dates back
to 1923. American polygraph examiner, Dr. John Larson, proved the polygraph worked when a
student was suspected of shoplifting at a local store. The store owner knew that the shoplifter
lived in the dormitory but he didn't know who. Dr. Larson offered to give polygraph tests to all
of the people who lived in the dormitory; 37 out of 38 tested individuals passed the polygraph
examination. The one who didn't pass the test later confessed.

In 1938 the polygraph was used for the first time with the purpose of endorsing a product –
in a magazine advertisement endorsing Gillette razor blades. Above mentioned Dr. William
Marston accepted a 1938 offer from a Detroit ad agency. In the ad "New Facts about Shaving
Revealed by Lie Detector!" Dr. Marston conducted lie detector tests on a select group of people
who had tried Gillette and several other razor blade brands. Dr. Marston claimed in the ad that
the vast majority preferred Gillette.

In 1944, at the Papago Park, Arizona prisoner of war camp, a captured German submarine
crewman was found strangled to death. Investigators could not solve the crime so Leonarde
Keeler was called in by Colonel Ralph W. Pierce, who had heard of his work. Keeler was able to
pick out seven prisoners, all of whom were said to have then confessed to the murder and were
soon executed. Impressed by the outcome, Pierce bought the first Army polygraph for the
Chicago Counter-Intelligence Corps School. This marked the first important use of the polygraph
by a division of the federal government.

Pierce, Keeler, and other polygraphists made the first use of the polygraph for government
security screening purposes in August, 1945, at Fort Getty, Rhode Island where several
hundred German prisoners had volunteered for police work with occupation forces in Germany.
Several weeks of polygraph examinations screened out a third of the group as pro-Nazi or
unsuitable for other reasons.

The success of the polygraph during and after WWII served as a spur to the formation of the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Polygraph Division in 1948. The US government made a
decision to test all CIA employees on the polygraph at least once every five years. The
polygraph became an integral part of the CIA's clearance process by mid 1950s. By 1952, the
CIA's polygraph program was operating on a worldwide basis.

In 1954, officially, the polygraph was used for general security screening in only three federal
government agencies. All three were hush-hush defense agencies: the Operations Research
Office (ORO), the CIA, and the National Security Agency (polygraph division founded in 1951).
At ORO, all the new employees were tested and all existing workers were polygraphed twice a
year.

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1963, the federal government carried out 23,122
polygraph tests and the government owned 525 polygraphs. Leading the way in ownership was
the Army (261 polygraphs), the Navy (86), the Air Force (72) and the FBI (48). There were 656
authorized polygraph operators in the employ of the government. At that time 24 agencies
permitted the use of the polygraph. The figures did not include the use and ownership of the
instruments by the CIA (who declined to reveal the numbers), which may have been the most
prolific user.

The number of polygraph examiners practicing in the United States has steadily increased over
the years: 3000 (1966), 4000 (1979), 6000 (1982), 10000 (1985). Approximately one million
Americans were given polygraph tests in 1982. According to the Council of Polygraph Examiners
30 percent of all applicants were rejected by polygraph testing during pre-employment
screening in 1967.

American John E. Reid (1910-1982), educated as an attorney, is one of the world's most
renowned polygraph examiners and interrogators, and the author of several world-renown
books on these subjects. In 1945, Reid developed the Reid Polygraph. Besides recording
blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and GSR, this new polygraph recorded muscular activity in
the forearms, thighs, and feet thanks to metal bellows placed under the arms and seat of the
polygraph chair. The Reid Polygraph was the first instrument to use a movement sensor to
detect subject movement during the examination. In 1947, Reid developed a major
breakthrough in polygraph technique, the Reid Control Question Technique. He inserted a
surprise control question in the relevant/irrelevant technique. Reid is therefore considered the
"father of controls".

The President, Director and Chief Instructor of the Backster School of Lie Detection (San Diego,
USA), Cleve Backster, has made an enormous contribution to the development of the
psychophysiological detection of deception. In 1960, Backster developed the Backster Zone
Comparison Technique. He also introduced a qualification system of chart analysis,
which standardized chart analysis making it more objective and scientific than before. Backster's
concepts have been widely adopted into practice in psychophysiological detection of deception
throughout the world.

Polygraph examinations are conducted by polygraph examiners in the private, law enforcement
and government sectors in approximately 90 countries. The polygraph is most actively used in
the United States of America, Mexico, Israel, Ukraine, Russia, South Africa, Colombia, Japan,
South Korea, Singapore, Canada, India, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia,
Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Lithuania, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
Australia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, El Salvador, Panama, and Guatemala, to name a
few.

The polygraph is most actively used in the United States of America, where millions of
polygraph examinations are administered on an annual basis. The list of well known polygraph
users in the USA includes: Department of Defense and its many investigative agencies of the
Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force, National Security Agency (NSA), Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), United States Secret Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Internal Revenue
Service (IRS), Department of Energy, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and numerous
other intelligence and federal law enforcement agencies. The polygraph is also used by state
and local law enforcement agencies, U.S. and district attorney offices, public defenders,
lawyers, parole and probation departments, public and private companies.

Lafayette Instrument Company, located in Lafayette, Indiana, USA, dominates the international
polygraph market. Lafayette Instrument Company, founded in 1947 by Max Wastl (1915-
1990), has been manufacturing polygraphs since the 1950’s, and is the unconditional
global leader in the manufacture and sale of lie detectors. Lafayette Instrument Company
polygraph instrumentation is accredited by the leading international polygraph associations and
is preferred by polygraph examiners from the 90 countries using polygraphs. Under the
stewardship of the company's current owners Christopher L. Fausett, Jennifer D. Rider, and
Terrance G. Echard, and past-president Roger B. McClellan, Lafayette Instrument Company has
achieved a global polygraph market share of approximately 90 percent. In addition to
polygraphs, Lafayette Instrument Company is also a world-renowned manufacturer of
laboratory instrumentation.

In 1973 Lafayette Instrument Company revolutionized the lie detection market by creating the
first polygraph (PGS) in the world that embodied the wishes of all polygraph examiners.
In 2007 Lafayette Instrument Company invented the first wireless computerized polygraph in
the world (LX5000-SW) and in 2008 developed the ultramodern portable lie detector (PCASS)
for the Pentagon. Their currently manufactured computerized polygraph LX4000-SW is the
most reliable and popular lie detector on the planet. Moreover, under the stewardship of its
experienced scientist-polygraph examiner, dubbed by the experts "the future of lie detection",
Lafayette Instrument Company heads the creation of progressive and valid scoring algorithms.

In the USSR the research on the psycho-physiological diagnostic instrumentation methods in

criminal investigations began in the 1920s. The initiator of this research was a Soviet
neuropsychologist, Alexander R. Luria (1902-1977). He used reaction time measures to study
thought processes and developed a psychodiagnostic procedure he referred to as the
"combined motor method" for diagnosing individual subject's thought processes.

In the USSR the first positive results of the motor method application in practice were published
in 1927-28. However, the possibility of using this and other methods in criminal investigations
was criticized and disapproved of by Soviet authorities. As a result, the development of
polygraph methods was suspended for several decades.
The research in this field was resumed in 1960s, particularly, in two institutes of the USSR
Academy of Science. Among researchers who deserve recognition is a famous scientist-
neurophysiologist, P.V. Simonov, known for developing a theory of emotions.

Around the same time several lawyers expressed in favor of polygraph application in criminal
investigations. On the pages of the press in the second half of the 1970s appeared discussions
on this subject, but again their results were not in favor of the polygraph. Subsequently, all
research conducted in the Ministry of the Internal Affairs and Public Prosecution Office was
suspended.

In the early 1970s, the experience of polygraph application in the West was analyzed by the
KGB. The impetus for this analysis was a substantial number of failures of one of the most
powerful intelligence services of the Eastern Block – the Eastern German STASI. Even well
trained agents were exposed with the help of lie detectors. This immediately became known to
the KGB. Consequently, a group for researching the psycho-physiological processes was created
in one of the research institutes.

In 1975, upon order from the head of the KGB, Yuriy Andropov, the KGB created a specialized
polygraph division headed for approximately fifteen years by Colonel Yuri Azarov and lieutenant
colonel Vladimir Noskov. During this period the group proved the effectiveness of the
polygraph, trained a group of professional examiners and developed various types of
polygraphs. In the mid 1980s the group created several prototypes of a computerized
polygraph.

In spite of research in the field of lie detection with use of a polygraph in the capital of the
former USSR, it did not impact in any way the development of psychophysiological detection of
deception in Ukraine. This fact is confirmed by former KGB agents. Based upon the analysis of
Internet materials, and the information obtained from private sources, the year 1997 could be
considered the year of birth of lie detection in Ukraine.

According to the newspaper "Segodnya", dated October 17, 1998 (#203), on October 15, 1998,
General of the Ministry of Interior of Ukraine, Viktor A. Zubchuk, officially announced before
the national media representatives that the Ukrainian police had the lie detector. The
newspaper stated that the Ministry acquired the polygraph in 1997 however, but preferred not
to publicize that information immediately. The newspaper also confirmed that the polygraph
was already utilized by the Security Service of Ukraine, and by several commercial firms.

In May of 1997 Oleksandr M. Volyk was the first Ukrainian citizen to visit Lafayette Instrument
Company. This initial visit led to the creation of the Ukrainian lie detection firm, ARGO-A, and
has served as the impetus for the development of Ukraine’s polygraph market. ARGO-A,
founded by Dr. Andriy M. Volyk, is the authorized representative of Lafayette Instrument
Company polygraphs in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. ARGO-A
is Lafayette Instrument Company's No. 1 polygraph dealer in Europe and No. 3 polygraph
dealer internationally.

Currently, Dr. Andriy Volyk (PhD) – is one of the most experienced and well-
known polygraph examiners in Europe, and is the most frequently mentioned and quoted
polygraph examiner by the media worldwide. Dr. Volyk has administered thousands of
polygraph examinations for law enforcement agencies, private companies, and private
citizens from more than 30 countries. Dr. Andriy Volyk, in collaboration with the Indiana
Polygraph Institute (USA) and the Chicago Polygraph Institute (Chicago, USA) has trained
hundreds of professional polygraph examiners from Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Dr. Andriy Volyk is an author and the main character of numerous articles and publications
on the subject of polygraphy, lie detection, and security as a whole. Millions of radio listeners
have frequently heard Dr. Volyk’s voice on well-known international radio stations, and his
sagacious comments on the subject of the polygraph (lie detection) have been read by tens of
millions of readers on the pages of numerous magazines, newspapers, and internet
publications. Moreover, Ukraine’s “Lie Detector Man”, Dr. Andriy Volyk, has conducted
polygraph exams for TV shows and films on numerous politicians, stars, and celebrities.

Dr. Andriy Volyk is methodically fulfilling his ambitious dream of converting Ukraine
into Europe’s center of the psychophysiological deception detection. Thanks to the efforts of
Dr. Volyk, Ukraine boasts the world’s largest collection of polygraphs and lie detectors,
polygraph photo gallery, and the most extensive polygraph library in Europe.

Polygraph examiners Dr. Andriy Volyk and Oleksandr Volyk are the first Ukrainian graduates of
the Arizona School of Polygraph Science (Phoenix, USA) and the Maryland Institute of
Criminal Justice (near Washington DC, USA) respectively. These polygraph schools are
accredited by the prestigious American Polygraph Association (APA) founded in 1966, and
counting over 2600 members in 32 countries. Both polygraph examiners are members of the
International League of Polygraph Examiners and are Associate Members of the APA. In
addition, Dr. Andriy Volyk is Ukraine's first graduate of the Indiana Polygraph Institute and
the Chicago Polygraph Institute.

The provision of private lie detection service in Ukraine began in 1997. In 2002 three private
companies actively provided services both in the criminological and business environments. All
together in 2002 there were only 16 polygraph examiners in Ukraine, and remained practically
the same during the next two years.

In 1999 five English-speaking officers from the Kyiv and L'viv Academies of Ukraine's Ministry
of Internal Affairs underwent a two-month polygraph examiner training course at the Academy
of Forensic Psychophysiology in Largo, Florida, USA. This modernizing effort for Ukrainian law
enforcement was initiated by the Ukrainian American Police Association (Chicago, USA).

An American computerized polygraph has been used successfully for several years by the L'viv
Law Institute of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of Ukraine (the first in the Western region of
Ukraine). Using a polygraph has helped numerously to quickly obtain reliable information in
cases, when obtaining information any other way was extremely difficult or virtually impossible.
The polygraph examiners of the institute have helped law enforcement agencies in L'viv and
neighboring regions on numerous occasions by testing individuals under criminal investigation.
Polygraph tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of polygraph application in solving
complex crimes.
On February 13, 2002 political party Nova Heneratsiya (New Generation) announced its
intention to propose to all leaders of political parties, participating in the upcoming
parliamentary election, to undergo a polygraph examination. On March 7, 2002 during a press
conference, the leader of New Generation, Mr. Myroshnychenko, took a polygraph test. He
answered truthfully 14 out of 15 questions. Mr. Myroshnychenko sent invitations to undergo a
polygraph test to 22 political parties and 6 politicians individually. Leader of New Generation
called on TV channels to utilize polygraphs during political debates and speeches.

On May 23, 2002, in an interview with the Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (UNIAN)
the Head of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs (MIA)
of Ukraine, Mr. Volodymyr Yevdokymov, stated that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies utilized
15 lie detectors, which were actively used in the Dnipropetrovsk and Lugansk regions, Kyiv,
Donetsk, Cherkasy and the Crimea. Mr. Yevdokymov also confirmed that during the time of the
experiment concerning the use of polygraph, which lasted from 2000 until the spring of 2002,
law enforcement solved 119 difficult crimes, including kidnapping of a child, 40 murders, 15
armed assaults, found six criminals and four missing citizens.

At the end of 2004, at the pinnacle of the Orange revolution, the interest of Ukrainians in the
lie detector had become more intense. The media and politicians would not stop informing or
discussing topics regarding the polygraph. Thanks to them, to a large degree, words and word
combinations such as lie detector, polygraph, lie detection, and polygraph examiner have
become a permanent part of the Ukrainian vocabulary.

During the period between 2004 and 2007 the number of polygraph examiners in Ukraine
has increased from almost 20 up to nearly 200. Currently, the Ukrainian polygraph market is
one of the largest in the world. Since 2005 Ukraine has led European nations in the purchase
of the best polygraphs in the world manufactured by Lafayette Instrument Company.

Among individuals greatly contributing to the development of lie detection in Ukraine is a

prominent politician and businessman, Leonid Chernovetskiy. Mr. Chernovetskiy is one of the
first Ukrainians to realize the virtues of the lie detector. He has demonstrated his
progressiveness by becoming the first major Ukrainian entrepreneur integrating
psychophysiological methods of deception detection (using the latest polygraph) in business
operations of a large enterprise – his bank (Pravex-Bank).

Mr. Chernovetskiy is an unwavering advocate of using the polygraph in a battle against

corruption. In April of 2005 during a press conference Mr. Chernovetskiy offered to finance the
purchase of lie detectors for every district government administration in the capital city of Kyiv
in order "to make a major contribution to fighting corruption in Kyiv". In March of 2006 Mr.
Chernovetskiy, personally, underwent a polygraph examination in front of journalists. He
answered honestly several questions regarding bribes. He passed the test, demonstrating his
integrity, and stated afterward that he would demand from all Ukrainian politicians to undergo
such tests. That same year Mr. Chernovetskiy initiated (the passing of) a legislative norm for
the annual testing of all government servants on the polygraph.
The ARGO-A library contains a number of rare collectible books, among
which are: "Lying and Its Detection" (1932) by Dr. John A. Larson –
the polygraph (lie detector) inventor; "Lie Detection and Criminal
Interrogation" (1953) by Fred E. Inbau and John E. Reid –
prominent American, world-class, polygraph examiners and
interrogators. Several books contain authors' autographs, among which
the most valuable are: "The Lie Detector Test" (1938) by Dr. William
Moulton Marston – a key figure in polygraph development; "The Lie
Detector Man" (1984) by Eloise Keeler – sister of Leonarde Keeler –
the father of the modern polygraph.