13 - Chapter 4 PDF

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF A SMALL TOWN‐ BARKUR IN COASTAL KARNATAKA, INDIA
4 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
4.1 History of South Canara / Tulunadu in brief:
4.1.1 Prehistory of the region:
Historians discovered some Microlithic (small tools) and Neolithic (Later part of
the Stone Age), during which man developed polished stone tools and weapons
and raised domesticated cattle, etc and some evidences of Megalithic (consisting
of huge stones applied to ancient structures and monuments remains in Tulunadu
of South Kanara.
• 600-300BC The Sangam age-Poet Maamulanaar describes the extent of the
region with dense bamboo forests and peacocks.
• 300BC King Asoka's Pillar edicts-has written records of Tulunadu (during his
rule in Satiyapura Nadu or Tulunadu).
• 1st-2ndC AD trade links with Egypt, Arabia and Greece.
• 5th C AD Kadamba's of Banavasi -came to power in the year 350 AD and
consolidates their authority over Tulunadu in the 5th Century. The region was very
thinly populated at that time and most of the places unexplored, except some
habitation on river banks.
Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

• 8th C AD Alupa Dynasty starts its rule of Tulu Nadu-Jainism was at its peak
at Barkur probably with royal patronage in 8th Century AD.
• 9C AD Rashtrakoota of Malekheda dynasty was in power-in Karnataka, they
were just overlords and local Alupas were the rulers.
37
MORPPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF A SMALL TOWN
N‐ BARKUR IN
N COASTAL KA
ARNATAKA, IN
NDIA
Barkur w
was already a trade cen
nter
for Rom me, Greek, Arabs a and
nd rd
Persianss by 2 -3 ccent AD
th
Figure 4-1 H
Historic influencces in Barkur between
b mega
alithic times to
o 10 cent AD
(Figure is cre
edited to Navda
a Smitha)(Navvda, 2009)
4.1.2 Tulunadu 0th cent. A

u from 10 AD-13th ce
ent. AD:
• AD-Pandya Rule begins in Tulun

10C A nadu-Unde
er his patro
onage legal system
'Ha ablished. City plan
aleyavaru' was esta nning began and 'Keri'(colon
' ny) was
dem
marcated.
• 11th C AD-Hoyssala Kings were
w ruling a Samudra their Capital since
g as Dwara
Ho
oysala's we
ere Jains, itt is said, an
nd Alupa's too might have emb
braced Jain
nism and
buiilt Basadis at Barkur.
• Once Hoysala K u Vardhana embrace
King Vishnu ed Vaishna
ava religion
n, Hindu
tem
mples also built at Barkur, by the
e local Alupa rulers.
38
N‐ BARKUR IN
N COASTAL KA
ARNATAKA, IN
NDIA
• 11th C AD Alupa Kings m

make Barku
ur their political capita
al and com
mmercial
hub
b, earlier itt was at Ma
angalore th
hen Udyava
ara, followe
ed by Barkkur over a p
period of
som
me 400 odd years an
nd again ba
ack to Mangalore.
Alupaa’s had sponsored lot

of Ja ain Basadi’s due to
influe
ence of Jain rulers and
also promoted V Vaishnava
culturre when Hoyssala’s had
becom me their overrlords. At
this time
t they shifted their
capitaal town from Udyavara
to B Barkur which h would
remain so for n next 400
yearss

th th
Figure 4-2: H
Historic influe
ences in Bark
kur between 10
1 cent AD to 13 cent AD
D
Figure is cre
edited to Navdda Smitha (Naavda, 2009)
4.2
2 Historry of Bark
kur:
The west coast thro

ough legen
nd was po
opularly kno
own as ‘Parasurama
a-Ksetra’
exttending fro
om Gokarna to Cape Comerin rreclaimed ffrom the sea some millennia
m
ago e. Howeverr there is historic evid
o which ass no historicc evidence dence of megalithic
thro
ough arche
eological excavations
e s to confirm
m the existe
ence of Iro
on Age cultture. It is
bellieved thatt from 3rd century
c BC
C this land
d witnessed the rise of its own
n culture
con
ntributed by
b its socio
o-political and
a religiou
us streamss. This gaiins greaterr ground
39
when the identification of ‘Olokhoira’ (meaning the land of the Alupas) in Greek
literature of 2nd cent AD is mentioned, which means that this culture was
established before the acquisition of this nomenclature, maybe somewhere in the
beginning of Christian era. The main centers of South Canara then were Barakuru,
Basrur, Haduvalli, and Gerusoppe north of river Kalyani. In 7th and 8th century in
Sanskrit work Prapan Chahridaya seven territories of the west coast are mentioned
Kupaka, Kerela, Mushaka, Aluva, Pasu, Konkana and Parakonkana. In history with
regards to boundaries of Tulunadu there is no positive statement. In 4th cent A.D. -
In Sangam literature there is reference of Tulunadu. In 8th cent. A.D. -
Pattattalmangalam Pallava epigraphic document Mentions land of Tulunadu. And
in 1011A.D. - Kongalva King’s Balmuri Stone epigraph mentions Tuluva. Similarly,
epigraphic proof of the region as a settlement is there, which is dated A.D. 1115
and of 11th cent A.D, belonging to Chola dynasty.(Bhat, 1969) The district of South
Canara was known in beginning of Christian era as ‘Alvakheda’, the land of the
Alupas. That means there was a sound political organization in this region by 2nd
cent. A.D. from 1st cent to middle of 15th century, the Alupas ruled over Alvakheda,
which is a unique record of unbroken political supremacy of 1500 hundred.
However the details of the family and its records are in obscurity till date. The
regular history of this dynasty is revealed by records available from 7th century
A.D., where the Alupas seem to have had their capital at Patti Pombulchapura
(modern Humcha in Shimoga District). At the same time they also used Mangalore

as their capital also, so their political center shifted as per the need of the
governance activities. Then in 8th cent., they fixed Udyapura, present Udyavara, as
the center of their political activity, then during 11th to 12th century Barkur became
their capital.
Later the Alupa’s were feudatories of various Karnataka czarinas like the
Kadambas of Banavasi [4th-7th cent. A.D.], the western Chalukyas of Badami [6th -
8th c. A.D.], the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta [8th -10th c. A.D], the Hoysalas of
Dwara samudra [11th -14th c. A.D.] the Vijaynagara [14th-16th c. A.D.] and the
Nayaka of Keladi [16th- 17th c. A.D.]. This political phenomenon reveals clearly the
fact that from early centuries to British rule the Alupa’s had strong influence on this
40
region of Tulunadu in various spheres of political, social and cultural activities. The
beginning of the old towns of this region would hence have a common platform of
political, social and cultural atmosphere which guided the development of the
settlement. Although the Alupa’s were subordinate to the over lordship of the
Karnataka suzerains, for all practical purposes and intents, they were independent
until the advent of Vijaynagara rule where Tulunadu was divided into two or three
provinces ruled by Governors appointed by Emperors. (Ramesh, 1970)
4.2.1 The demarcation of boundary of settlement:
In 1156 inscription during the reign of Kavi Alupendra it refers to

Barahkanyapura as the Alupa capital (Shetty, 1984). At the same time
Mangalapura also was an important center of governance. A ‘pura’ refers to a
settlement with extensions of sectors, fortification and governing bodies and
structures for the same. Even as far back as the 11th century A.D., Barakuru had
developed into a city and there seemed to have been 10 Keris (can be compared
to wards). The earliest dated epigraph of the place is 1139-1140 A.D. belonging to
the Kavi Alupendra. In the region there are historic remains of pre Hoysala,
Hoysala and Vijaynagara style of sculpture and architecture. The
Panchalingeshwara temple (circa 8th cent. A.D.) with its sculptures and the various

icons like two handed Ganesa figures, Sarasvati, Janardhana, Venugopal Krishna,
Skanda, Narayani and three stucco images of Brahmi, Maheshvari and Vaisnavi
are representation of various influences in this region. Barkur with its branch at
Hangarkatta was a very important port during medieval times and it seemed to
have had close contact with up-ghat countries and overseas countries. This city
was the heart of Tulunadu for centuries.(Bhat, 1969)
During Vijaynagara rule from 1336 to 1600 AD it was the period of economic
prosperity, social harmony and political consolidation. It had also seen a
tremendous religious development based on tradition and convention. The main
two provinces in this era were Barakuru and Mangaluru. It is during this time that
41
the physical manifestation of these towns can be dated; however the footprint
could have been from the Alupa times. (Shetty, 1984)
4.2.2 The nomenclature of the town in records
The earliest records call the town as Barakanuru- 11th century inscription of
Durga temple of Hosala, foreign travelers Ibn Battuta (1335A.D, Barbosa
(1516AD), De Baros Pacs, Nuniz Bacanor, and others till 1780AD continue to use
the name Barakanur. Neelavar Epigraph of 1387 and Alupas use the term
Barakanyapura. In 1257AD it was named Barakuru by Virapadya Devalupendra
Deva and Hoysalas also use this term in their records. Alupas continue to use
Barakanyapura as found in inscriptions as late as 1345AD. In Vijaynagara and
Keladi Nayak’s reign Barakuru name was used. From British times till date the
town is referred as Barkur.(Shetty, 1984)
4.2.3 Evolution Maps of Town in History:
The town in 10th century had the marking of the 10 Keris which was as per
profession or orientation or community. Each Keri is marked with a man-made
tank-kere and a temple of that community. Panchalingeshwara and BhattVinayaka

temples belong to the town and region. The temples of the community also
became the main temples for the region for that community. The roads are
predominantly running E-W as the port was at the west end and the palace area
also was situated in the S-W sector. It is in 14th century that the governor’s
bungalow shifted to N-E sector. The N-S road from the palace area in the S-W
sector was also important for the local trade and water link to rest of the towns on
the landward side.
42
Legend
- Temple
- Manmade Lake
th
Figure 4-3: Conjectural map of Barkur town plan of 16 century
Sketch redrawn from Dr. Vasanth Shetty (Shetty, 1984)
The roads were also the routes for the ratha (chariot of god)) to move from
these temples to Kalchapra the main cross road of the town in center. Thus all
roads have the width of the ratha. This system has survived to date. There are
subsidiary temples along the main roads of the town which do not dominate the
town structure. The town was believed to have 365 temples as per folklore- town of

nitya-utsava (everyday-festival) where one day was dedicated for each temple
hence each day of the year was a festival. However traces of 30-40 survive today
and only 12 survive as living temples where there have been major renovation
works and 3-4 have been reconstructed with new temples.
43
Figure 4-4: Map of Barkur in 1906 as in Panchayat records
The 1906 town in British era does not see any changes in physical structure
except for port not being active and hence the economic downfall of the town. It is
no more the capital of the area and hence the economic and political center has Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
shifted to Udupi. The trade was dominant from Kundapur town few km north of
Barkur near the mouth of the river established in 17th century by the Portuguese.
Both the palace area of Alupa times and Kote (fort) of Vijaynagara times were
razed to the ground by Tipu in 17th century. The footprint of the town continues to
remain as it is.
The town at present, (2008) changes from the previous times with the addition
of road connection through bridge in the southern end to the highway at
Brahmavara. The N-S connection in the center of the town is dominant road for
44
connectivity for rest of towns in the region. The water way is no more used for
transportation and the port is defunct. The emphasis from E-W is changed to N-S
and hence all four directions are adopted for movement and built form. However
the temple and ratha continue to remain as dominant feature of the town and the
Keri system of settlement survives with the housing density increasing in the same
structure of the town.
Figure 4-5: Map of Barkur as documented in 2008 by author
45
4.3 Background of four towns:
4.3.1 Udupi district profile:

At present since the formation of Udupi district in 1996 there are six main
urban centers and the overall demography of the district in comparison to rest of
Karnataka and neighboring district is as follows
Table 4-1: Comparison of demographic aspects of Udupi district with surrounding

districts.
(Source: from census data 2001)
STATUS OF DISTRICT WITH OTHERS
Udupi
Karnataka Dakshina Uttar
Parameters State nos Ranking Kannada Kannada Shimoga Chikmangalur
Population 52733958 1112243 24 1897730 1353644 1642545 1140905

Area (in sq.
km) 191791 3575 ─ 10291 8465 7201
Density (pp
sq. km) 275 311 11 131.5 194 141
Sex ratio 964 1130% 1 1022 971 960 960
Literacy rate 67% 73% 3 73.34% 66% 56% 56.04%

Urbanization 18.60
Rate 34% % 21 38.40% 28.70% 34.70% 19.50%
43.90
WFPR 44.60% % ─ 49.80% 42.90% 49.82% 45.28%

Though Udupi district is one of the smallest districts of the state it ranks one in
sex ratio and 3rd in literacy. The growth rate of population is as follows
Figure 4-6: Graph showing Taluk wise growth of population in the district (1981-2001)
(Source: from census data 2001)
GROWTH TRENDS OF DISTRICT

1112243
1200000 1038099
950324
1000000
POPULATION
800000 905890
794003 808947
600000
400000 229152 206353
156321
200000
0
1981 1991 2001
YEAR
Total Population Rural Urban
46
The rural population is bigger and growing at a faster rate than urban as the
scattered urban knots are present at regular intervals and the smaller towns have
not been included in the urban definition. This shows the gaining importance of
the urban /centers knots in the rural areas. Brahmavara and Barkur are such town
centers serving large rural population which include 25-30 villages of the
surrounding areas.
Town- population approx.

Basrur As per 2011 census
Barkur Udupi- 1.13 lakh

Brahmavar- 5000
Brahmavara Barkur-7000
Basrur-3000
Udupi

Figure 4-7: Map of Udupi district showing population in various towns and villages (census 2000).
The four cases at Udupi, Brahmavara, Basrur and Barkur have the origin of a
Shiva temple (belonging to 9th cent AD) of the same hierarchy (of regional
importance), the car street defined with the small residential development around
belonging to the ancient times (of 12-14th Cent. AD) The four differ as one at
Udupi has become a part of district headquarters and a very popular pilgrim
destination, the other at Brahmavara has become a regional town center with the
national highway close to it and still growing to be a municipality soon, Basrur is
an old port town which was flourishing during Vijaynagara times for trade in the
47
common people and gained further importance during Tipu’s times as a strategic
point of defense. It was static during British times and continues to be a small
town at present. The new town Kundapur 5 km away from Basrur established
after independence is the taluk headquarters. And finally the fourth one ‘Barkur’
which was an ancient capital port town but today is a very small town serving the
agricultural settlement scattered in the surrounding area. The cores of these
towns have been the car street which is locally termed as ‘ratha-beedi’.
Figure 4-8: Location of the four towns which are studied linked with a path which is almost in a
line.
th
(Source is Google image as on 13 June 2011). The location of Barkur is approximately in the center and
Basrur and Udupi are the extremes. The total distance between the towns is 32km approximately.
Locals believe that five such temples were built by the same person in this
region and each one dedicated to Shiva. However this has not been proved as yet.
48
4.4 Ratha-beedi
The meaning of the term ‘ratha-beedi’ is the street where the ‘ratha’ of the
main deity is taken around as a procession during the yearly festival or any other
important occasion. Such a temple would be dedicated to a region for a group of
villages and the main town serving the villages grew around these temples. The
street leading to the temple would be predominantly commercial in use as it was
convenient for the use of the people. The weekly market, specialized market,
open ground for community congregation and all such requirements of the people
kept augmenting this street. Hence it took the flavor of the region and the people
who come there. The ‘ratha-beedi’ (car-street) is characterized by the width
required to pull the ratha (chariot) by the people which gives the common
characteristics of the street sections in all these towns. The tiled sloping roofs are
dominant; these however are slowly being replaced by concrete roofs. This space
is in constant flux in terms of people and activities, shops types and the building
type. What is incessant here is that it is people’s place and a reference and
identity for the town which makes it the heart of the town.
The four examples taken here incidentally lie in line. The three temples other
than one in Basrur belong to the Shaivite philosophy dedicated to Shiva, are
similar in plan type with the anne- prasthara garbha griha which means elephant
back shape as in Durga temple at Aihole. This form was popular in 8th -9th century

approx. and is not seen in the temples of later period. All these temples existed
before the town developed as per the epigraphic studies and historic evidence.
The temple in Barkur is called Panchalingeshwara, one in Brahmavara is called
Mahalingeshwara, one in Basrur is called Shree Mahatobar Mahalingeshwara and
the one in Udupi is called Anantheshwara temple.
49
0
Figure 4-9: This figure shows the location of Barkur Panchalingeshwara temple as 13 27’N and
0
74 44’E
(Source Google Earth as on 13 June 2011)
4.5 Barkur
As per history the Barkur was established as a town center, much before 8-9th
century and it was the administrative center in 12th century, it reached its zenith as
an important trade center of the Vijaynagara dynasty between 14th to around 16th
century however after Tipu’s invasion in 17th century and during the British empire

from 18th to 19th century the status of Barkur went downhill and today since none
of the new developments took place near it, be it in terms of economic, political, or
transport network, it exists as a small town belonging to three different panchayat
namely, Kacchur, Hanehalli, Hosala, parts of Heradi and Bennekudra are also
linked to Barkur. The city had ten extensions called Keris - some being named
after its professional residents. Each Keri had a tank and number of temples. As
per tradition, the city contained 365 temples, the remains of some can be seen
today, of which 12 are living and a few of them are now in renovated condition.
The dates of the temples vary from 9th to 14th century. Most of these have private
trust except Chowlikeri, which is under state- endowment. (Shetty, 1984)
50
Today Barkur is a small town center, with a population of around 7,000, with
1236 females per 1000 males. The literacy level is up to 99% and the total
numbers of houses are 1200 of which 4% are Muslims, 22% are Christians and
78% are Hindus. Till today all the communities of the district have their main
temple located in this town. Barkur is providing services with respect to education
and commercial activities to surrounding 20-30 villages around. The town is about
3 miles (5 kms.) east of the Arabian Sea coast and about 16 kms to the north of
Udupi. (District headquarters)

Figure 4-10: The map of ‘ratha-beedi’ in Barkur
It is in ‘L’ shaped form as seen in the map documented in 2006.
51
Figure 4-11: The aerial image of ratha-beedi in Barkur

The Ganapati temple and the Kotakeri tank is to the left of the road and the temple to the right, (Source
Google Earth as on 13 June 2011)
The zone of influence of town structure

The public institute and main streets of the town
The main water tanks of the town
Figure 4-12: The extent of town of Barkur
52
Panchalingeshwara is the main temple and there are subsidiary temples which have a Ratha-beedi and
act as subsidiary centers of the town. The town today extends around 2km radius all around however the
areas to the north are developing more up to 4km from the temple. Map is as seen in 2006.
Figure 4-13: The figure shows the location of Brahmavara Mahalingeshwara temple
0 0
With coordinates 13 26’N and 74 44’E. (Source is Google Earth image as on 13 June 2011)
4.6 Brahmavara
The town of Brahmavara came into existence in late 14th century as a small
village with temple and a node for travelers and today it is a growing urban knot Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
for the past 10-20 years due to development of NH-17 in 1965. It has expanded
since as an education center, commercial center and soon it is to be declared as
a municipality.
53
Figure 4-14: The ‘Ratha-beedi’ in Brahmavara

It is a linear form beginning from the temple and marked by a plinth or flag at the other end. (Map as
documented in 2006)
Figure 4-15: Map of Brahmavara town

It has ribbon development along the NH-66 of around 2km to the north and 2km to the south and the
secondary roads from the highway the old car-street (marked in red) and the NH is forming a triangular node
(which is around 800m west of the temple and 800m to the south of the temple) for the sprawl. (Map as
documented in 2006)
54
Figure 4-16: Aerial view of Udupi town

0 0
This figure shows Udupi Anantheshwara temple with its location as 13 20’N and 74 45’E
th
(Source from Google Earth image as on 13 June 2011)
4.7 Udupi
Udupi as a town was established around 12-13th century and was the taluk
headquarters in 1896 and Udupi municipality was formed in 1936 and today it is
the district headquarters since 1996. It has seen lot of development around it
along with sub centers like Manipal and Malpe within 5-7km from it.
55
Figure 4-17: The ‘Ratha-beedi’ in Udupi

It is square-form of road which circumbulates the two temples.
The biggest and the first in the development of Udupi temple square is the
Anantheshwara temple in the center, next came the Chandramuleshwara temple
to the west in the center. Udupi derived its name from this temple which means
‘the moon’. The most popular temple today for pilgrims is the Krishna temple to
the north west of Anantheshwara where you see the temple tank,
‘Madhvasarovara’ in front of it. The astha mattas (eight residential learning
centers of Dwaitya philosophy) are around the temple square. Map as in 2006
Figure 4-18: The spread of urban development in Udupi

The Temple square is marked in red. (Source from Google Earth image as on 2006)

There are multiple nodes and centers developed around the area like Manipal
(5km from Udupi), Malpe (6km from Udupi), Ambagilu (4.5km from Udupi) and
Udyavara at 4.5km from Udupi. The network of roads linking these is growing as
commercial centers and rest of the areas are being filled with residential
developments and allied facilities. Manipal town in the east is growing as an
educational center at international level; Malpe at the west is a port of importance
for trade at national level with fishing industries and Udyavara in the south and
Ambagilu in the north are growing in importance as secondary urban knots with
commercial and some institutional facilities. The roads linking these are also
56
growing in importance. Though the town may be dense at 2km radius the multiple
nodes and the network is growing at a radius of around 5km.
Figure 4-19: Aerial view of temple square in Basrur

0 0
The figure shows the location of Basrur Mahalingeshwara temple as 13 37’N and 74 44’E. (Source
Google Earth Image as on 13 June 2011)
4.8 Basrur
Basrur, once called, Vasupura, is a historic port town on the banks of the Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
Varahi River on the coast in Karnataka, India. For much of the sixteenth century
and the first half of the seventeenth century, it was a popular rice port and mainly
catered the needs of Keladi Samsthana, which was near Shimoga. The town had
several streets, each specifically housing communities like traders, artisans,
dancers, weavers etc. with Keri system like Barkur around 7 and having similar
temple and tank (kere) in each sector. The town is a spiritual center for Goud
Saraswat Brahmin community with 'Sri Mahalasa Narayani temple' at the center.
The legend is that the spirit for the Mahalasa temple was derived from its
Moolasthana, i.e. Sri Mahalasa at Mardoli in Goa. Out of 24 Temples of Basrur,
57
The Nakhareshwara Temple is of historical importance. A 12th Century Inscription

is the earliest inscription which mentions this temple. The Temple which is today
called as Mahalingeshwara Temple was built by the mediaeval South Indian
Merchant guild Nakhara. The deity of this temple was called Mahadeva in the
mediaeval inscriptions of Basrur. The river port at Basrur used to attract the
Dutch, Portuguese and British initially for promoting their business, but later they
continued their stay for political occupation. In the 16th century AD, Basrur was
within the sovereignty of Vijayanagara Kingdom and after its fall under Keladi
(Nagar) Nayaks. Even at the beginning of Christian era, it had business and
Commercial transactions with Arabia, Egypt etc. Basrur River port was on land
connected with up-country area, which was producing pepper, cinnamon and
other condiments. Arabia, Egypt and other countries were interested in
purchasing these commodities including “maskathi‟ superior boiled Rice. During
18th century the Dutch also established a factory at Basrur and trading used to
take place from that place to Muscat by exporting Rice and importing Horses,
dates and pearls. At present it is governed under the panchayat of Kundapur taluk
which has its headquarters in Kundapur town 2km away from Basrur. It has an
area of around 1425 acres and 6532 population.
Figure 4-20: View of ratha-beedi in Basrur

The ratha-beedi circulates around the temple and there is a large congregation area in front of the temple
which becomes the main town square for various religious and social functions.
58
N‐ BARKUR IN
N COASTAL KA
ARNATAKA, IN
NDIA
Figure 4-21: View of Bas

srur town
hows the car street
The map sh s in red a
and the extentt of town in yyellow circle.(S
Source: Google image in
2011)
The town
n extends around
a 330
0m to westt and 330 m to north 360m to th
he south
an
nd 600m to
o the east of
o the main
n temple.
59
Figure 4-22: Map of Basrur town

The map shows the location of the tank system and built forms as documented in 2009.
The evolution of the four towns can be summarized in the following maps
60
th
Figure 4-23: Conjectural map of town plan in 14-16 century of Udupi, Barkur, Brahmavara, and
Basrur
Barkur map was done by Dr. Vasanth Shetty (Source: Shetty, B. Vasanth, ‘Barakuru (a metropolitan city
of antiquity) Its political and cultural history’, 1984, unpublished doctorate thesis under Mysore University)
Brahmavara, Basrur and Udupi are derived by author referring to Gazetteer text and Books on History
61
Figure 4-24: Map in 1900’s of Udupi, Barkur, Brahmavara and Basrur

Derived by author as in Panchayat records
Figure 4-25: Map as documented in 2008 of Udupi, Barkur, Brahmavara and Basrur
62

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MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF A SMALL TOWN‐ BARKUR IN COASTAL KARNATAKA, INDIA

4 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

4.1 History of South Canara / Tulunadu in brief:

4.1.1 Prehistory of the region:

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

4.1.2 Tulunadu 0th cent. A

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

• AD-Pandya Rule begins in Tulun

• 11th C AD Alupa Kings m

Alupaa’s had sponsored lot

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

The west coast thro

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

4.2.1 The demarcation of boundary of settlement:

In 1156 inscription during the reign of Kavi Alupendra it refers to

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

4.2.2 The nomenclature of the town in records

4.2.3 Evolution Maps of Town in History:

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Sketch redrawn from Dr. Vasanth Shetty (Shetty, 1984)

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-4: Map of Barkur in 1906 as in Panchayat records

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-5: Map of Barkur as documented in 2008 by author

4.3 Background of four towns:

4.3.1 Udupi district profile:

Table 4-1: Comparison of demographic aspects of Udupi district with surrounding

Population 52733958 1112243 24 1897730 1353644 1642545 1140905

Sex ratio 964 1130% 1 1022 971 960 960

Literacy rate 67% 73% 3 73.34% 66% 56% 56.04%

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

GROWTH TRENDS OF DISTRICT

Total Population Rural Urban

Town- population approx.

Barkur Udupi- 1.13 lakh

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-11: The aerial image of ratha-beedi in Barkur

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

The zone of influence of town structure

Figure 4-12: The extent of town of Barkur

Figure 4-14: The ‘Ratha-beedi’ in Brahmavara

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-15: Map of Brahmavara town

Figure 4-16: Aerial view of Udupi town

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-17: The ‘Ratha-beedi’ in Udupi

Figure 4-18: The spread of urban development in Udupi

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-19: Aerial view of temple square in Basrur

The Nakhareshwara Temple is of historical importance. A 12th Century Inscription

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-20: View of ratha-beedi in Basrur

Figure 4-21: View of Bas

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-22: Map of Basrur town

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Figure 4-24: Map in 1900’s of Udupi, Barkur, Brahmavara and Basrur

Chapter: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND