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 BRITISH STANDARD BS 8010-2.1:
1987
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Code of practice for

Pipelines —
Part 2: Pipelines on land: design,
construction and installation —

Section 2.1 Ductile iron

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UDC 621.644
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

This publication of this British Standard was entrusted by the Civil

Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee (CSB/-) to
Technical Committee CSB/10, upon which the following bodies were
represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers
British Compressed Gases Association
British Gas Corporation
British Plastics Federation
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
British Railways Board
Chemical Industries Association
Concrete Pipe Association
Country Landowners’ Association
County Surveyor’s Society
Department of Energy (Petroleum Engineering Division)
Ductile Iron Producers Association
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
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Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association

Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Health and Safety Executive
Home Office
Institute of Petroleum
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Gas Engineers
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Institution of Public Health Engineers
Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
National Farmers’ Union
Pipeline Industries Guild
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Society of British Gas Industries
UK Offshore Operators Association Ltd.
Water Authorities Association
Water Companies Association
Water Research Centre

The following body was also represented in the drafting of the standard,
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the through subcommittees and panels:
direction of the Civil
Engineering and Building Association of Municipal Engineers
Structures Standards
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes
into effect on
27 February 1987 Amendments issued since publication

© BSI 12-1998 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

The following BSI references 6820 November 1991 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CSB/10
Draft for comment 85/12791 DC

ISBN 0 580 15570 6

 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Subsection 1. General
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Applications 1
4 Safety 1
5 Inspection 2
Subsection 2. Materials and availability
6 General 3
7 Pipes 3
8 Valves 3
9 Flanges 3
10 Bolts, nuts and washers 4
11 Gaskets 4
Subsection 3. Design considerations
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12 Pipeline design 5
13 Pipe design 5
14 Service and environmental considerations 5
15 Pipelines on supports 8
16 Access to the pipeline 8
17 Protective devices and under pressure connections 8
18 Joints 9
Subsection 4. Protection against corrosion
19 Pipes and fittings 11
20 Joints containing steel components 11
Subsection 5. Transport, handling and storage
21 General 12
22 Transport 12
23 Handling and storage 12
Subsection 6. Construction
24 Trenching 14
25 Pipe inspection, repairs and cutting 14
26 Laying, jointing and anchoring 15
27 Backfilling 15
Subsection 7. Cleaning, testing and commissioning
28 Cleaning 17
29 Testing 17
30 Commissioning 18
Appendix A Types of joint for ductile iron pipelines 20
Appendix B Effect of non-metallic materials on water quality 24
Appendix C References 25
Appendix D Further reading 25

© BSI 12-1998 i
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Page
Figure 1 — Push-in joint (type 1) 20
Figure 2 — Bolted mechanical joint (type 2) 20
Figure 3 — Slip-on coupling (type 3) 21
Figure 4 — Flange adapter (type 4) 21
Figure 5 — Self-anchoring flange adapter (type 5) 22
Figure 6 — Self-anchoring push-in joint (type 6) 22
Figure 7 — Self-anchoring tie-bar joint (type 7) 23
Figure 8 — Self-anchoring bolted mechanical joint (type 8) 23
Figure 9 — Lead-caulked joint (type 9) 24
Figure 10 — Flanged joint (type 10) 24
Table 1 — Maximum hydraulic working pressures, exclusive of surge,
for ductile iron pipes and fittings and flanged joints 6
Table 2 — Maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for
ductile iron pipes and fittings and flanged joints 7
Table 3 — Stacking heights 13
List of references Inside back cover
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ii © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Foreword

This Section of BS 8010 has been prepared under the direction of the Civil
Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee. The standard is
being published in four Parts to form a complete revision of all Parts of CP 2010
as follows.
— Part 1: Pipelines on land: general;
— Part 2: Pipelines on land: design, construction and installation;
— Part 3: Pipelines subsea: design, construction and installation;
— Part 4: Pipelines on land and subsea: operation and maintenance.
The new Part 1 (which will supersede CP 2010-1:1966) is intended to contain
general information which is relevant to a variety of pipeline construction
materials and a variety of transported materials. It deals with those aspects of
pipeline development which affect the owner and occupier of land through which
the pipeline passes.
Part 2 is divided into several Sections which will be published as separate
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documents as follows.
— Section 2.1: Ductile iron;
— Section 2.2: Steel;
— Section 2.3: Asbestos cement;
— Section 2.4: Prestressed concrete;
— Section 2.5: Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics;
— Section 2.6: Thermoplastics;
— Section 2.7: Precast concrete.
Each Section will contain information on the design, construction and installation
of a pipeline in the particular material. These Sections will supersede the existing
Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5 of CP 2010.
This Section supersedes CP 2010-3:1972. The content and the title of the 1972
edition have been changed to refer to ductile iron only, as grey iron is no longer
used as a material for pipelines. By the exclusive use of ductile iron it has been
possible to raise the pressure ratings and introduce self-anchoring joints.
Part 3 will include information relevant to the design, installation and
commissioning of subsea pipelines in steel and other materials.
Part 4 will contain advice on the operation and maintenance of pipelines and will
probably be in Sections related to the conveyed material.
Appendix A describes and illustrates some typical types of joint used with ductile
iron pipe.
Appendix B gives requirements for non-metallic materials for use with potable
water.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
Attention is drawn to the following principal statutory legislation in the UK. This
list is not intended to be complete and the relevant authorities should be
consulted and reference made to Part 1. These Acts are supplemented by
Statutory Instruments.
Acquisition of Land Act 1981;
Control of Pollution Act 1974;
Countryside Act 1968;

© BSI 12-1998 iii

 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Countryside (Scotland) Acts 1967 and 1981;

Gas Acts 1965 and 1972;
Land Powers (Defence) Act 1958;
Pipelines Act 1962;
Public Health Acts 1936 and 1961;
Requisitioned Land and War Works Act 1948;
Water Acts 1945, 1948, 1973, 1975, 1981 and 1983;
Water (Scotland) Acts 1946, 1949, 1967 and 1980.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 26, an inside back cover, and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

iv © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Subsection 1. General

1 Scope
This Section of BS 8010 gives design considerations
and construction and installation recommendations
for ductile iron pipelines and should be read in
conjunction with Part 11).
This British Standard code of practice is not
intended to replace or duplicate hydraulic,
mechanical or structural design manuals.
NOTE 1 The numbers in square brackets in the text of this
Section refer to the numbered references in Appendix C.
NOTE 2 The titles of the publications referred to in this
standard are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Section of BS 8010, the
following definitions apply.
2.1
ductile iron2)
iron in which graphite is present substantially in
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2.6
stringing
the placing of pipes in line on the ground ready for
laying
2.7
surge pressure
pressure that is produced by a change in velocity of
the moving fluid. Surge pressure may be positive or
negative
3 Applications
The pipelines covered by this Section of BS 8010 are
generally suitable for conveying water, sewage,
trade waste, slurries, sludges, non-corrosive gases,
brine and certain chemicals. Ductile iron pipes are
used in distribution systems for natural and town
gases and they may also be used in pipelines for the
conveyance of these fuel gases under similar service
conditions. For limits of pressure adopted by the

spheroidal form, instead of in flakes such as occur in British Gas Corporation in the United Kingdom and
grey iron guidance in connection with the installation of
2.2 ductile iron pipelines for gas, reference may be made
pipeline to IGE/TD/3 [1]. When used for the conveyance of
sewage, reference should be made to BS 8301 and
a line of pipes, of any length, without frequent CP 2005. Ductile iron is suitable for pipelines in
branches. It does not include piping systems such as locations where ground instability, traffic loading
process plant piping within refineries, factories or and frost effects present potential hazards and in
treatment plant areas where damage risks are high.
2.3
flexible joint2) 4 Safety
a connection between individual pipes and/or 4.1 General
fittings that provides angular deflection or axial
The recommendations of this Section of BS 8010 are
movement, or a combination of both, in service,
considered to be adequate for public safety under
without impairing the efficiency of the connection
conditions usually encountered in ductile iron
NOTE See Appendix A. pipelines, including pipelines within towns, cities,
2.4 water catchments and industrial areas. Attention is
rigid joint called to the need to consider measures to prevent
a connection that is designed not to permit angular damage or leakage arising from:
deflection or axial movement in service a) corrosive soil conditions;
NOTE See Appendix A. b) internal corrosion/erosion;
2.5 c) external damage by mechanical equipment
self-anchoring joint used on other works;
a connection that is designed to prevent separation d) erosion or ground subsidence;
under the axial thrust induced by internal pressure, e) any abnormal circumstances.
temperature fluctuations or ground movement
whilst still permitting angular deflection and/or 4.2 Preventative measures
axial movement without impairing the efficiency of Consideration should be given to the use of
the joint preventative measures such as the following:
NOTE See Appendix A. a) additional external protection (see 19.2);

1)
In preparation.
2)
Definition repeated from BS 4772 which is currently under revision.

© BSI 12-1998 1
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

b) additional internal linings (see 19.3) and/or

limitation of flow velocities;
c) provision of increased cover or a concrete cover
as a protection against external mechanical
damage, or erosion;
d) for serious subsidence, additional flexible
joints, anchored joints, rafts or piling;
e) indication of the presence of the pipeline with
additional markers particularly in congested
areas or areas where future development is
known to be planned, and adequate marking at
river and water course crossings;
f) provision of protection from frost for pipelines
above ground or in ducts.

5 Inspection
The integrity of a properly designed pipeline
depends more on the standards and quality of
inspection applied at all stages than on any other
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single feature.
Particular attention should be given to inspection of
the pipe and coating before installation for possible
damage, of the bedding of the pipeline, jointing and
anchoring and to testing. Any sub-standard
materials or workmanship detected should be
rectified or, where necessary, rejected, before any
further work is done.

2 © BSI 12-1998

Subsection 2. Materials and availability
6 General
Ductile iron pipes and fittings should comply
with BS 4772. Ductile iron possesses high tensile
strength, ductility and resistance to impact
fracture, which makes it suitable for the
applications referred to in clause 3. It is capable of
deforming to a significant extent before fracture.
All materials should be compatible with the
products that are to be conveyed in the pipeline.
All materials, including repair materials, likely to
come in contact with potable water should be
incapable of permitting bacterial growth.
Non-metallic materials should comply with the
requirements for the effect of non-metallic materials
on water quality (see Appendix B).
7 Pipes
7.1 Spigot and socket pipes
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Ductile iron pipes are manufactured in accordance
with BS 4772 in lengths of 5.5 m for DN 80 to
DN 800 inclusive and lengths of 8 m for DN 900 to
DN 1600 inclusive.
A percentage of the pipes supplied may be of shorter
length, in accordance with BS 4772. Special
arrangements should be made for procuring shorter
lengths, where these are considered necessary.
External diameters for metric size ductile iron pipes
complying with BS 4772 and metric size grey iron
pipes complying with BS 4622 are such that the
pipes are directly interchangeable. Metric size
ductile iron pipes are not directly interchangeable
with ductile or grey iron pipes in imperial sizes and
appropriate change fittings should be used in
accordance with BS 4772.
7.2 Flanged pipes
Flanged ductile iron spun pipes are manufactured
by casting the pipe barrel centrifugally and then
welding or screwing loose ductile iron flanges on to
specially prepared ends. Short lengths are often
supplied with integrally cast flanges. The lengths
available will vary according to the source of supply.
Flanged pipework is available in sizes DN 80 to
DN 1600 inclusive.
7.3 Fittings
Fittings are generally of the all socket or flanged
type. BS 4772 permits the supply of fittings beyond
the specified range in certain aspects, such as:
a) laying dimensions;
b) pressure rating;
c) permutations of branch/main diameters;
d) configurations such as angle branches,
crosses, etc;
© BSI 12-1998
BS 8010-2.1:1987
e) joint ends, e.g. socket and spigot bends.
Such fittings are deemed to comply with BS 4772
and are required to be marked as specified in
BS 4772.
8 Valves
8.1 Control valves
Control valves should comply with one of the British
Standard specifications listed below.
BS 5150 Cast iron wedge and double disk
gate valves for general purposes.
BS 5152 Cast iron globe and globe stop
and check valves for general
purposes.
BS 5153 Cast iron check valves for
general purposes.
BS 5155 Specification for butterfly valves.
BS 5163 Double flanged cast iron wedge
gate valves for waterworks
purposes.
Valves outside the range of sizes, or differing in type
or otherwise not complying with the specifications
listed may be used, provided that they have at least
equal strength and tightness and are capable of
withstanding the test requirements of the
appropriate specifications and the tests
recommended in this Section of BS 8010.
A clear indication should be given on all valves of
the direction of rotation needed to close the valve
(see clause 12).
8.2 Air valves
Automatic air valves are available in a number of
forms. The most common are single orifice, double
orifice and kinetic. Reference should be made to the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
9 Flanges
Dimensional details of flanges designated PN 10,
PN 16, PN 25 and PN 40 should comply with
BS 4772. These are dimensionally compatible with
the corresponding flanges in accordance with
BS 4504. Unless otherwise specified by purchaser,
PN 16 flanges are supplied for working pressures up
to and including 16 bar.
BS 4772 permits the use of high tensile steel bolts of
smaller diameter than the corresponding low carbon
steel bolts, to facilitate manufacture and
installation of larger diameter flanges. Such flanges
are marked accordingly. Where high tensile bolts
are used with flanges holed for low carbon steel
bolts, special washers should be used in accordance
with the pipe manufacturer’s recommendations.
3
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

NOTE Flanges complying with other standards may be

supplied against special orders.

10 Bolts, nuts and washers

Low carbon steel bolts and nuts should comply with
BS 4190 and high tensile steel bolts and nuts should
comply with BS 3692, minimum grade 8.8. Washers
should comply with BS 4320.

11 Gaskets
11.1 General
Elastomeric components of gaskets should comply
with the requirements of BS 2494 but other
materials may be used if they have been proven to
be more suitable.
The section of gaskets which is likely to come in
contact with potable water, and gasket lubricants,
should be incapable of permitting bacterial growth
and should comply with the requirements for the
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effect of materials on water quality

(see Appendix B). Where the product conveyed
might have a deleterious effect on the gasket, the
gasket should be provided with a protective tip of
suitable material to isolate it from the contents of
the pipeline.
Maximum temperature limitations apply to the use
of both natural and synthetic rubbers. These
limitations vary with the type of material used and
the design of joints. The manufacturer’s advice
should be sought if the likely temperature is
below 0 °C or above 50 °C for mechanical joints or
above 60 °C for push-in joints (see Appendix A).
Gaskets should be protected from unnecessary
exposure to the effects of ultra-violet light and
ozone.
NOTE Gaskets for flexible joints are frequently referred to as
joint rings.
11.2 Flange gaskets
The dimensions of gaskets for flanges designated
PN 10, PN 16, PN 25 and PN 40 should comply with
BS 4865. The use of moulded gaskets designed to
suit a range of nominal pressure ratings is
permitted.

4 © BSI 12-1998

Subsection 3. Design considerations
12 Pipeline design
The necessary hydraulic, structural and economic
assessments should be made in accordance with
recognized practice [2] and [3].
On new installations, consideration should be given
to standardizing the direction of rotation needed to
close valves as clockwise.
A clear indication should be given on all valves of
the direction of rotation needed to close the valve.
The direction of rotation for closure should be the
same for any one pipeline installation.
13 Pipe design
13.1 Works hydrostatic test pressure
Each pipe and fitting should be subjected to a
hydrostatic test at the manufacturer’s works. The
pressure is required to be applied steadily and
maintained for a period sufficient to facilitate
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adequate inspection and not less than 15 s.
NOTE Practical considerations limit the works hydrostatic test
pressure to values which may be lower than the site test
pressure.
13.2 Working pressure
Maximum working pressures for classes of pipes
and fittings in accordance with BS 4772 are given in
Table 1.
13.3 Surge pressures
The maximum surge pressure should be calculated.
It is essential that the total pressure of the pipeline,
including surge, does not exceed the pressure given
in Table 2. Should it be found that this pressure is
likely to be exceeded then protective devices, such as
those described in clause 17, should be installed to
reduce the actual surge pressure so that the above
criterion can be met.
13.4 Site hydrostatic test pressure
The site hydrostatic test pressures for ductile iron
pipes and fittings and flanged joints in accordance
with BS 4772 should be not less than:
a) the working pressure + 5 bar;
b) the maximum pressure under surge conditions;
but should not exceed the pressures given in
Table 2.
14 Service and environmental
considerations
14.1 General
The pipeline internal pressure may be subject to
limitations according to the service and
environmental conditions in which the pipeline
operates.
© BSI 12-1998
BS 8010-2.1:1987
14.2 Pipelines for liquids
The internal design pressures for the conveyance of
liquids should not exceed the pressures given in
Table 1.
14.3 Pipelines for gases
Where the pipeline conveys a gas and there is,
therefore, a considerable amount of energy stored in
the compressed gas in the pipeline, operating
pressures are restricted, see IGE/TD/3 [1]. Gas
operating pressures of the order of 8 bar may be
permitted in ductile iron pipelines depending on the
type of joint used and the environmental conditions.
At these pressures, consideration should be given to
the use of self-anchored mechanical joints.
NOTE Such joints provide restraint within the joint and thus
dispense with the need for the traditional form of concrete thrust
or anchor block (see Appendix A).
14.4 Pipelines for liquids and gases
14.4.1 Vacuum and external fluid pressure. The
pipeline should be capable of withstanding a
differential pressure brought about by internal
vacuum or external fluid pressure
(e.g. ground water). Where external pressure
exceeds internal pressure by more than 1 bar, the
manufacturer’s advice should be sought on the
choice of joint.
14.4.2 External loading. Ductile iron pipes have
adequate strength for all normal installations when
operating up to the maximum recommended
internal pressures for each type of pipe.
Where it is necessary to consider the effects of
external loads, calculations should be made in
accordance with one of several recognized
approaches for computing trench loads, pipe
deflection and pipe stress, some of which are listed
in Appendix D. Consultation with manufacturers
should be made where abnormal laying conditions
are encountered, e.g. very deep or very shallow with
vehicular loading.
14.4.3 Thermal insulation. Pipelines carrying water
that have a depth of cover of at least 0.9 m are not
normally subject to freezing in the UK. Where this
depth of cover cannot be achieved, adequate thermal
insulation should be provided and maintained
(see CP 3009) or the system should be designed so
that there is always a flow through the pipeline.
5
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Table 1 — Maximum hydraulic working pressures, exclusive of surge, for ductile iron pipes and
fittings and flanged jointsb
Nominal Maximum hydraulic working pressures
size DN
Class K9 centrifugally cast pipes. Class K14 fittings Flanged joints
Class K12 fittings (including flange (i.e. tees) and thicker
pipes with integrally cast flanges) PN 10 PN 16 PN 25 PN 40

bar c bar bar bar bar bar

80 60 60 10 16 25 40
100 60 60 10 16 25 40
150 60 60 10 16 25 40
200 60 50 10 16 25 40
250 53 40 10 16 25 40
300 47 40 10 16 25 40
350 43 25 10 16 25 40
400 40 25 10 16 25 40
450 38 25 10 16 25 40
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500 36 25 10 16 25 40
600 33 25 10 16 25 40
700 31 25 10 16 25
800 29 25 10 16 25
900 28 25 10 16 25
1 000 27 25 10 16 25
1 100 26 25 10 16 25
1 200 25 25 10 16 25
1 400 25 25 10 16 25
1 600 25 25 10 16 25
NOTE 1 The maximum hydraulic working pressures of pipes and fittings in other classes will vary from those given in Table 1.
The manufacturer should be consulted by the purchaser with regard to the production of such pipes and fittings.
NOTE 2 Not all flexible joints are suitable for the pressures given in Table 1 and manufacturers should be consulted for the
maximum hydraulic working pressures for particular joint designs.
NOTE 3 The maximum hydraulic working pressures given for flanged joints apply to joints in which axial thrusts
generated by internal pressure impose tensile stresses to the bolting. Where the bolting of flanged joints is not subjected
to tensile stresses created by axial thrusts from internal pressure (e.g. flanged valves connected by flanged sockets and flanged
spigots in a spigot and socket non-anchored pipeline) the preferred PN 16 flange is capable of operating at the pressures
given for class K9 centrifugally cast pipe.
NOTE 4 The maximum hydraulic working pressure ratings of flanged pipes and fittings is the rating of the flange or the rating of
the pipe or fitting body, whichever is the lower.
NOTE 5 The maximum hydraulic working pressures for pipes and fittings with flanges are applicable in the temperature
range – 10 °C to 120 °C. The manufacturer should be consulted in connection with maximum hydraulic working pressures for
temperatures outside this range and for information in respect of the suitability of specific gasket materials for operating at
particular temperatures.
NOTE 6 Internal pressure induces higher stresses in fittings with branches, i.e. tees, than in fittings without branches,
consequently the maximum hydraulic working pressures for tees in classes K14 and thicker are often lower than for class K12
fittings without branches.
b
This table extracted from BS 4772.
c1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 100 kPa.

6 © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Table 2 — Maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for ductile iron pipes and fittings and
flanged joints
Nominal Maximum site hydrostatic test pressures
size DN
Class K9 centrifugally cast pipes. Class K14 fittings Flanged joints
Class K12 fittings (including flange (i.e. tees) and thicker
PN 10 PN 16 PN 25 PN 40
pipes with integrally cast flanges)

bar bar bar bar bar bar

80 65 65 16 25 40 45
100 65 65 16 25 40 45
150 65 65 16 25 40 45
200 65 55 16 25 40 45
250 58 45 16 25 40 45
300 52 45 16 25 40 45
350 48 30 16 25 40 45
400 45 30 16 25 40 45
450 43 30 16 25 40 45
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

500 41 30 16 25 40 45
600 38 30 16 25 40 45
700 36 30 16 25 30
800 34 30 16 25 30
900 33 30 16 25 30
1 000 32 30 16 25 30
1 100 31 30 16 25 30
1 200 30 30 16 25 30
1 400 30 30 16 25 30
1 600 30 30 16 25 30
NOTE 1 The maximum site hydrostatic test pressures of pipes and fittings in other classes will vary from those given
in Table 2. The manufacturer should be consulted by the purchaser with regard to the testing of such pipes and fittings.
NOTE 2 Not all flexible joints are suitable for the pressures given in Table 2 and manufacturers should be consulted for the
maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for particular joint designs.
NOTE 3 The maximum site hydrostatic test pressures given for flanged joints apply to joints in which axial thrusts
generated by internal pressure impose tensile stresses to the bolting. Where the bolting of flanged joints is not subjected
to tensile stresses created by axial thrusts from internal pressure (e.g. flanged valves connected by flanged sockets and flanged
spigots in a spigot and socket non-anchored pipeline) the preferred PN 16 flange is suitable for the test pressures given for
class K9 centrifugally cast pipe.
NOTE 4 The maximum site hydrostatic test pressure of flanged pipes and fittings is the lower of that applicable to the flange or
the pipe or fitting body.
NOTE 5 The maximum site hydrostatic test pressure for pipes and fittings with flanges are applicable in the temperature
range –10 °C to 120 °C. The manufacturer should be consulted in connection with maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for
temperatures outside this range and for information in respect of the suitability of specific gasket materials for operating at
particular temperatures.
NOTE 6 Internal pressure induces higher stresses in fittings with branches, i.e. tees, than in fittings without branches,
consequently the test pressures for tees in classes K14 and thicker are often lower than for class K12 fittings without branches.
NOTE 7 When operating temperatures in excess of 60 °C are expected consideration should be given to carrying out the test at
the operating temperature.
NOTE 8 Special conditions for gas pipelines are given in 14.3.

© BSI 12-1998 7
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
14.4.4 Temperature range. The temperature range
for ductile iron pipelines is limited to that of the
gasket and is normally 0 °C to 50 °C or 60 °C as
appropriate (see clause 11). Special elastomeric
gaskets are available for the temperature
range – 10 °C to 120 °C with peaks of up to 130 °C.
Gaskets of other materials should be used for
temperatures beyond this extended range. Where
substantial variations in pipeline temperature may
occur, provision should be made for thermal
movement. Flexible joints can accommodate normal
thermal movement but special installations, such as
bridge crossings where the movement may be
localized, may require the inclusion of a special
expansion joint. Where pipelines are subjected to
substantial temperature variations, the effects of
fluid expansion of the internal pressure during
shut-down should be taken into account and
pressure-relieving devices should be installed, if
required.
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15 Pipelines on supports
15.1 General
For pipelines or sections thereof carried on
supports, whether above ground, or buried in
ground having an inadequate load bearing capacity,
the spacing of the supports depends upon the type of
joint and the load imposed on the pipeline. Account
should be taken of the variation in length of pipes
permitted in BS 4772. In all cases the beam
strength and the effect of load concentration at
supports should be checked. Adequate anchorage of
the pipe to the support should be provided.
15.2 Pipelines on piers above ground
15.2.1 Flexibly jointed pipes. In normal installations
where the pipe is required to carry only its own mass
and contents, one support per pipe, cradling the pipe
over at least 90° and positioned immediately behind
the socket, is recommended.
NOTE This arrangement allows free articulation of the joint to
accommodate temperature movement or settling of the support
and ensures that each support carries an equal share of the load.
Where double spigot pipes and coupling are used,
twin supports should be provided adjacent to and on
each side of the coupling.
Where a pipeline is required to span more than one
pipe length, e.g. at stream crossings, special
supporting arrangements should be provided to
allow a single span of two pipe lengths for socket
and spigot pipes. The manufacturer’s advice should
be sought.
8 © BSI 12-1998
15.2.2 Flanged pipes. In installations where the
pipe is required to carry only its own mass and
contents, the maximum span should be 8 m for sizes
up to and including DN 250 and 12 m for sizes
DN 300 and above. These spans may be increased in
some circumstances, e.g. where the pipeline is
working at less than the rated pressure of the flange
or where the pipeline can be designed as a
continuous beam. The manufacturer’s advice should
be sought if increased spans are required.
In all cases, the supports should be accurately
aligned to ensure that each carries the designed
load and cradles the pipe over at least 90°.
15.2.3 Pipes carrying superload. The
manufacturer’s advice should be sought where the
pipes are required to carry loads greater than their
own mass and contents.
15.3 Pipelines on piers below ground
Pipelines laid on piers below ground may be subject
to extremely high loads and the manufacturer’s
advice should be sought. Where buried pipelines are
supported on wooden piers, a layer of isolating
material, e.g. polyethylene sheet., should be
inserted to prevent contact between the pier and the
pipeline.
16 Access to the pipeline
The design should take full account of the pipeline
route and layout and ensure that adequate access is
available to all parts of the pipeline. In large
diameter pipes, internal access should be provided
at suitable intervals for inspection, maintenance
and removal of obstructions and consideration
should be given to the need to provide a safe working
environment at all times. Where the use of scraping
or swabbing equipment is contemplated, provision
for insertion and extraction and the removal of
debris should be made at suitable locations.
17 Protective devices and under
pressure connections
Protective devices such as relief valves, surge
chambers, pressure limiting stations, and automatic
shutdown equipment should be provided where
necessary, to ensure that the internal pressure at
any point in the pipeline system does not exceed the
site hydrostatic test pressure of the pipes used. This
is particularly important where any pipeline is
connected to another pipeline that is designed for a
higher operating pressure.

17.1 In-line valves
Valves should be placed in the pipeline at intervals
so that sections of the pipeline can be isolated and
emptied, if necessary, within a reasonable time and
without too great a loss of material. At special
crossings of major roads, water courses, and
railways or other such major points, or in extremely
hazardous locations, consideration should be given
to the fitting of valves to isolate the section
concerned, having due regard to the material being
conveyed. Consideration should be given to
providing locking arrangements for valves,
particularly if butterfly valves are used. Valves
should be placed in positions which allow easy
access and minimize interference with the use of the
land. On larger pipelines in-line valves should be
fitted with devices to indicate the degree of opening.
Bypass and hydrant arrangements are also
recommended for ease of operating and
recommissioning sections.
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
17.2 Air valves
Air release valves should be provided between
isolating valves on pipelines transporting liquid, for
the release and admission of air during filling and
emptying of sections of the pipeline and for bleeding
off air released by solution during operation of the
pipeline.
The type of air valve (small single orifice, large
single orifice, double orifice or kinetic) should be
selected after consideration of the duty and location
of the valve and the nature of liquid or gas to be
conveyed. Air valves should be located at all
topographic high points and at high points on the
pipeline with respect to the hydraulic gradient, and
should also be located at intervals along any
sections where the gradient of the pipeline is
parallel to or less than the hydraulic gradient. On
long sections of pipeline of even gradient, air valves
should be positioned at intervals of
approximately 0.5 km, depending on the diameter of
pipeline and the air valve chosen. Air valves may
also be required where the gradient of the pipeline
changes.
The chamber housing an air valve should be
designed to be free draining and free from risk of
flooding or possible back siphonage. It is essential
that the chamber housing an air valve is properly
ventilated or provided with an adequate discharge
into the atmosphere.
© BSI 12-1998
BS 8010-2.1:1987
17.3 Drainage valves and washouts
Drainage valves should be provided between
isolating valves for emptying sections of pipelines
transporting liquids and for flushing out the
pipeline while in service. Drainage valves on water
pipelines should discharge to a watercourse or ditch
through a washout pipe, although in urban areas it
may be necessary to construct a discharge chamber
from which water is pumped to the surface water
drainage system. On sewage pipelines, discharge
should be made to a watertight chamber, controlled
by a valve at the end of the washout pipe or be
returned to a convenient gravity foul sewer. The
relevant water or drainage authority should be
consulted with respect to the allowable size and
location of washout discharge.
NOTE The gradient between air release valves and between
drainage valves should not normally be less than 1:250 although
in special cases a minimum gradient of 1:400 may be used.
17.4 Under pressure connections
These specialized fittings are used to take branches
from existing live pipelines. Several designs are
available and the particular manufacturer’s
recommendations should be followed.
18 Joints
18.1 General
Flexible joints are of proprietary design and the
manufacturer’s guidance should be sought
regarding interchangeability. The gasket and pipe
joint should be in accordance with the
manufacturer’s dimensions and tolerances. The
gasket should be of such size and shape that, when
jointed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions, it provides a positive seal within the
manufacturer’s range of maximum joint deflection
and spigot withdrawal, under all combinations of
joint and gasket dimensional tolerances and in the
range of pressures likely to occur along the pipeline
including, where applicable, pressures below
atmospheric.
18.2 Types of joint
18.2.1 Joint selection.The pipeline should either be
designed with sufficient flexibility or be provided
with sufficient restraint to prevent thermal
movement from causing excessive stresses in the
pipes, excessive bending or unusual loads at joints,
and to prevent undesirable forces at or adjacent to
points of connection to equipment or supporting
structures, or at anchors, valves and branches.
Account should also be taken of the effects of ground
movement. The type of joint to be used should be
selected from those described below and illustrated
in Appendix A.
9
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

18.2.2 Flexible non-anchored joints.Flexible

non-anchored joints are either of a push-in form
(type 1, see Appendix A) or a mechanical form
(types 2, 3 and 4, see Appendix A).
Such joints offer little or no resistance against spigot
withdrawal due to internal pressure and dynamic
loading and should usually be anchored at changes
of direction and at blank ends (see 26.3).
NOTE For low pressure gas installations, underground
anchorage may not be required.
18.2.3 Flexible self-anchored joints.Flexible
self-anchored joints are either of the push-in form
(types 6 and 7, see Appendix A) or mechanical form
(type 8, see Appendix A). At changes in direction,
blank ends, etc. these joints are an ideal alternative
to the traditional concrete anchor block especially in
areas where the latter is undesirable on technical
grounds, e.g. very soft ground conditions, remote
areas, in busy streets, etc. Careful consideration
should be given to the number of anchorage points
in order to achieve satisfactory anchorage using
self-anchoring joints. It is rarely satisfactory to
anchor the fitting alone since this will only move the
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

point of possible separation further along the

pipeline. However, it is not normally necessary to
anchor the entire pipeline and the manufacturer or
other expert authority should be consulted to give
guidance on the number of joints which need to be
anchored.
NOTE Specific recommendations for gas pipelines are given in
IGE/TD/3 [1].
18.2.4 Rigid non-anchored joints.Where connections
are to be made to existing pipelines, which may be
in imperial sizes, it may be necessary to use the
traditional lead-caulked joint
(type 9, see Appendix A). This joint allows no
deflection or spigot withdrawal and it is essential
that it be anchored if there is any possibility of joint
separation.
18.2.5 Rigid anchored joints.Rigid anchored joints
are of the flanged design (type 10, see Appendix A).
They give no provision for deflection but are
self-anchored and, therefore, no external anchorage
is required at changes in direction or at blank ends.
Self-anchoring flange adapters
(type 5, see Appendix A) obviate the need for
external anchorage but offer limited resistance to
deflection and should be supported to prevent sag
under the mass of the pipe and its contents. It is
essential that flanged joints are tightened to a
predetermined torque using clean bolts, lubricated
on all mating surfaces, to ensure that the design
load is obtained. Advice on recommended torques
should be obtained from the manufacturer.

10 © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Subsection 4. Protection against corrosion

19 Pipes and fittings 19.3 Additional internal linings

19.1 General
Pipes should comply with the requirements for
corrosion protection specified in BS 4772. In sizes
DN 80 to DN 800 the pipes are required to be zinc
coated externally prior to bitumen coating
internally and externally. For sizes DN 900 to
DN 1600 pipes are required to be cement mortar
lined and coated externally with bitumen. All
fittings are required to be coated internally and
externally with a bitumen material. The bitumen to
be used should comply with BS 3416 type II or
BS 4147 type 1.
19.2 Additional external protection
In naturally corrosive soils (usually water-logged
heavy clays and saline and peat marshes
characterized by an electrical resistivity
below 40 Ω⋅m) additional external protection should
be provided, e.g. by the correct application of loose
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Where the contents of the pipeline are conducive to
tuberculation, the pipes should be cement mortar
lined or protected by other suitable linings.
20 Joints containing steel components
Where steel is used for bolts, nuts and washers,
slip-on couplings, or anchorage devices, protection
from corrosion should be provided.
Protection can be afforded by packing a suitable
mastic material over the components and the
adjacent external surface of the pipe so as to form a
continuous layer with a smooth profile which can
subsequently be wrapped with a compatible
cold-applied tape (e.g. petrolatum-based or
plastic-backed types, depending on the mastic
used). Care should be taken to ensure there are no
voids between the mastic and the pipe component
substrate, nor between the tape and the mastic.

polyethylene sleeving as specified in BS 6076. Alternatively, heat-shrinkable sleeves can be

obtained for the protection of certain profiles,
NOTE Guidance on the correct application of polyethylene
sleeving is available from pipe manufacturers and Water e.g. flanged joints, bolted flange couplings.
Research Centre Information and Guidance Note No. 4-50-01 [4].
In made-up ground containing industrial debris, or
in natural soils containing large, sharp-edged
stones, shale or flints, the polyethylene sleeving
may be liable to mechanical damage during
backfilling. Selected backfill should be used to
prevent damage to polyethylene sleeving.
Where there is a risk of electrical interference
currents, or in abnormally corrosive ground,
consideration should be given to the use of a more
robust protective coating, such as bitumen
sheathing or protective tape, alone or with cathodic
protection, and advice should be sought from
manufacturers or other expert advisory body.

© BSI 12-1998 11
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
Subsection 5. Transport, handling and storage
NOTE See BS 8010-1 for procedures to be followed before any
work is commenced. Part 1 details procedures and
recommendations for work on land which are common to all types
of pipelines.
21 General
Pipes should be loaded and handled with reasonable
care in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations and should not be dropped.
Although ductile iron pipes are not susceptible to
breakage by impact loading, bad handling can result
in damaged coatings or linings and, in severe cases,
deformation of the spigot, which could affect the
sealing of the joint.
Particular attention should be paid to the following
to prevent damage to pipes or joint components:
a) securing of loads on lorry or wagon;
b) correct use of suitable handling equipment;
c) correct stacking methods;
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
d) proper storage of joint components.
22 Transport
All pipes should be secured to the lorry or railway
wagon during transit to prevent movement. The
means of securing should be designed to minimize
damage to the coating. The pipes may be loaded on
to the vehicle in pyramid or straight-sided
formation.
When pyramid loaded, the pipes in the bottom layer
should be restrained by the use of profiled cradles or
broad wooden wedges secured to the vehicle
platform. The pyramid should be built by resting the
pipes between pairs of pipes in the preceding layer
with the sockets in successive layers reversed.
Straight-sided loading should only be used where
vehicles have purpose designed supports along the
sides of the vehicle platform or where special cradles
separating the layers are used, or where pipes are
bundled.
23 Handling and storage
23.1 Off-loading by crane
It is essential that pipe masses, type of stacking,
outreach required and site conditions be taken into
account when determining the suitability of lifting
equipment. The lifting machine should be of the
type which retains the load safely in the event of a
power failure. Off-loading should be carried out
smoothly and without snatch.
Where pipes up to and including DN 400 have been
bundled, it is essential that the bundles be
off-loaded using fork-lifts or cranes with slings
around the complete bundle. It is essential that
bundles are NOT lifted by means of their retaining
straps.
12
When cranes are used for off-loading individual
pipes, slings or lifting beams with purpose designed
padded hooks should always be used.
23.2 Off-loading without crane
Where lifting gear is not available and the mass of
the pipe permits (normally DN 250 max.),
individual pipes should be off-loaded by rolling them
down a ramp formed of timber skids extending from
the vehicle side to the ground. During this
operation, suitable steadying ropes should be used
to prevent the pipes from rolling down at excessive
speeds and striking other pipes or objects on the
ground.
23.3 Stacking non-bundled pipes
23.3.1 General. Pipes being taken to a central
stockground for storage and held pending further
distribution should be arranged in stacks. The
stacking area should provide a firm foundation with
a suitable approach road for vehicles. Stacks should
be arranged so as to provide safe vehicular and
pedestrian access. During stacking and removal
operations, safe access to the top of the stack is
essential. In bad weather conditions, when pipe
surfaces may become slippery, consideration should
be given to the use of lightweight stagings placed on
top of the stacks. Pipes should be stacked on a base
of raised wooden battens at
least 100 mm thick × 225 mm wide. The battens
should be positioned approximately 600 mm from
each end of the pipe. The bottom layer of pipes
should be securely anchored. Three types of
stacking are recommended:
a) square stacking: suitable for pipes up to and
including DN 400
b) parallel stacking using timber: suitable for
pipes of all sizes;
c) pyramid stacking: suitable for pipes of all sizes.
23.3.2 Square stacking. Each tier of pipes should be
positioned with their axes at right angles to those of
the preceding tier to form a stable and compact
stack. The sockets of the pipes in each tier should be
at the same end, except for the two end pipes which
should be reversed to lock the tiers in position.
Alternatively, the sockets of alternate pipes in each
tier may be reversed. The pipes rest directly upon
those beneath and extra care should be exercised
when lowering the pipes into position to prevent
damage to the protective coating.
© BSI 12-1998

23.3.3 Parallel stacking using timbers. For this
method of stacking, two timber battens of sufficient
strength should be placed across the pipes between
each tier, approximately 600 mm from the pipe
ends. The sockets of pipes in each successive tier
should be reversed and the battens should be of
sufficient thickness to avoid metal to metal contact.
An adequate number of chocks should be wedged
under the outer pipes of each tier and nailed to the
timber bearers to ensure stability.
NOTE Pipes may be rolled into position along the battens, thus
facilitating stacking or removal from the end of the stack.
23.3.4 Pyramid stacking. In pyramid stacks, each
pipe nestles between the two pipes immediately
beneath it and care should be exercised when
lowering pipes into position. It is essential that the
end pipes of the bottom tier be securely anchored
along their length with chocks preferably fixed to
timbers running the width of the stack. The axes of
all pipes should be in the same direction, and the
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
sockets should be reversed in successive tiers.
23.3.5 Stacking heights. The heights of stacks
should be determined by consideration of:
a) the stresses on the lowest layer of pipes in the
stack;
b) the total lift given by the available crane; and
c) the facilites available to ensure stable stacking.
All these factors should be taken into consideration
and the stacking heights should not exceed those in
Table 3.
Table 3 — Stacking heights
Nominal size DN Maximum number of layers in
stack
80 18
100 16
150 14
200 12
250 10
300 8 accidental movement.
350 and 400 7 NOTE
450 and 500 6
600 4
700 3
800 and above 2
© BSI 12-1998
BS 8010-2.1:1987
23.3.6 Pipes having special external protection.
Wherever possible, pipes with special external
protections should not be stacked but should be laid
out in a single layer and supported on the shoulder
of the socket and the unprotected spigot end, so that
the whole barrel is clear of the ground. If the space
available is limited, then reduced stacking may be
permissible, in such circumstances the
manufacturer should be consulted. Care should be
exercised when handling such pipes to avoid
damaging the protection. They should be lifted by
hooks engaging in the socket and spigot ends. The
hooks should be as wide as possible and padded with
rubber to minimize damage to cement linings.
Smaller sizes, up to DN 400, may be lifted with wide
fabric slings. Wire ropes or chain slings should not
be used.
23.4 Stacking bundled pipes
23.4.1 General. The stacking area should provide a
firm foundation with a suitable approach road for
vehicles. Stacks should be arranged to provide safe
vehicular and pedestrian access. Bundles are
provided with base timbers and these can be laid
directly onto a good, level, hard-standing surface.
The bundles should be stacked one on top of the
other with the axes of pipes parallel.
The maximum recommended stacking height on a
good, level, hard-standing surface is five bundles.
However the maximum stacking height for any
particular location should be determined by a
competent supervisor.
23.4.2 Breaking down of pipe bundles. It is essential
that bundles which have been stacked be lowered to
ground level before the straps are cut. Special
precautions should be taken when cutting the
straps of the bundles and when removing pipes from
individual tiers. The manufacturer’s
recommendations should be followed.
23.5 Stringing
Pipes should be wedged or pinned to prevent
See also BS 8010-1.
13
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
Subsection 6. Construction
24 Trenching
NOTE See BS 8010-1 for general considerations regarding
trenching.
The width of trench should be as narrow as
practicable, taking into consideration the type of
native soil and backfill and the compaction
equipment required. Where mechanical compaction
is required, the width of the trench should be
typically pipe o.d. + 600 mm but may be increased
for heavier equipment.
Where mechanical compaction is not required, the
width of trench should be typically pipe
o.d. + 300 mm but may be reduced where narrow
trenching techniques are employed.
The trench bottom should be prepared to give an
even bed for the barrel of the pipe and to ensure
proper alignment. The bed should be provided with
joint holes to ensure that the pipe rests on the barrel
and not on the socket.
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
In rocky ground, the trench should be excavated at
least 100 mm deeper than normally required and
then made up to the required level by the addition of
well compacted, selected bedding material or
imported granular bedding.
Where a change in direction is being made by
utilizing the lateral deflection available from
flexible joints, the trench should be cut to give
sufficient room for the joint to be made with the
pipes in line, the pipe being deflected after the joint
has been made. Deflection of any as-laid joint should
not exceed 75 % of the maximum deflection
recommended by the manufacturer
(see Appendix A) to allow for subsequent movement.
25 Pipe inspection, repairs and cutting
25.1 Inspection
Ductile iron pipes are not normally susceptible to
handling and transport damage but mishandling
can damage protective coatings and linings or
bruise and deform jointing surfaces and may create
ovality. In the case of pipes to be used with a
self-anchoring type 8 joint (see Appendix A), the
presence, at the spigot end, of the groove for
retaining the circlip should be checked.
25.2 Repairs of damaged external coatings and
linings
25.2.1 Damage to concrete lining or zinc coating
should be repaired in accordance with BS 4772.
25.2.2 Coatings and linings. Damage should be
made good with a material which is compatible with
the original material and offers equivalent
protection.
14
25.2.3 Special external coatings and linings.
Damaged coatings and linings should be made good.
The materials and method to be employed will
depend upon the material originally used and the
protection required and should comply with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
25.3 Cutting
25.3.1 General. Methods of cutting ductile iron pipes
should be selected from the following.
a) By hand or power operated hacksaw, using
blades having teeth at a pitch of 1 mm (24 teeth
per inch).
NOTE This method is suitable for pipes up to DN 200.
b) By manually operated wheel cutter, with
wheels specifically designed for use with ductile
iron.
NOTE This type of cutter is suitable for pipes up to DN 300.
c) By pipe cutting machine, using cutting tools of
the simple lathe or milling saw type. A 7° front
rake is recommended for cutter heads in
machines using lathe type cutting tools.
NOTE Pipe cutting machines are available throughout the
diameter range and are usually driven mechanically, e.g. by
compressed air motor, although for pipes smaller than
DN 300 a hand operated windlass may be used.
d) By power driven abrasive wheel cutting
machine, with abrasive discs fitted to suitable
hand tools, usually driven by compressed air or
small internal combustion engines. It is
important that abrasive disc cutting equipment is
specifically designed for use with ductile iron
pipe, that it is used by a competent operator and
that the disc type, size and spindle speed of the
equipment are compatible.
NOTE This is the most widely used method for cutting
ductile iron pipes. It has the advantage of being suitable for all
sizes, with no need for adjustment to suit pipe size or to attach
machinery to the pipe.
25.3.2 End preparation of cut pipes for jointing. Any
burrs or sharp edges left after cutting should be
trimmed off by filing or grinding.
Where self-anchored joints of type 8
(see Appendix A) are to be used, the cut end of the
pipe may be grooved and chamfered on site by
means of one of a number of proprietary lightweight
cutting machines specially adapted for the purpose.
Where joints of type 1 or 6 (see Appendix A) are to
be used, the cut ends should be chamfered by filing
or grinding similar to the original spigot ends.
© BSI 12-1998

For sizes up to and including DN 300 and for larger
sizes where the pipes are marked as being suitable
for cutting, the diameter will be within the tape
tolerances given in BS 4772, but may be outside the
ovality tolerances given in BS 4772. Manufacturer’s
guidance should be sought as to re-rounding. Other
pipes, when cut, may have tape diameters outside
the tolerance and these should be ground or
machined to the tolerances given in BS 4772. The
ground or machined area of spigot projecting out of
the socket-face should be coated to give a similar
degree of protection as the rest of the pipe, see 25.2.
26 Laying, jointing and anchoring
26.1 Laying
Pipes should at all times be handled with care in
accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Pipes should be lowered into the
trench with tackle suitable for the mass of the pipes.
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
A mobile crane or a well designed set of shear legs
should be used and the positioning of the sling
checked, when the pipe is just clear of the ground, to
ensure a proper balance. Where lifting equipment is
not available, small diameter pipes (normally
DN 250 max.) should be lowered by hand using
suitable ropes.
All persons should vacate the section of the trench
into which the pipe is being lowered.
All construction debris should be cleared from the
inside of the pipe either before or just after a joint is
made. This can be done by passing a pull-through
along the pipe, or by hand, depending on the
diameter of the pipe. When laying is not in progress,
a temporary end-closure should be fitted securely to
the open end of the pipeline. This may make the
pipes buoyant in the event of the trench becoming
flooded, in which case the pipes should be held down
either by partial re-filling of the trench or by
temporary strutting.
26.2 Jointing
26.2.1 General. Jointing procedures will vary
according to the type of joint being used.
Basic conditions which should be ensured for all
types of joint are:
a) cleanliness of all parts;
b) correct location of components;
c) centralization of spigot within socket; and
d) strict compliance with the manufacturer’s
jointing instructions.
© BSI 12-1998
BS 8010-2.1:1987
The inside of sockets and the outside of spigots
should be cleaned for at least the insertion depth for
each joint. Glands and gaskets should be wiped
clean and inspected for damage. Where lifting gear
has been used to place the pipe in the trench it
should be used to support the pipe and assist in
centralizing the spigot in the socket. Where the
pipeline is suspected to be subject to movement due
to ground settlement or temperature variation, a
suitable gap should be left between the end of the
spigot and the bottom of the socket.
26.2.2 Jointing pipes laid on gradients. If pipes are
laid on steep gradients where the soil/pipe friction is
low, care should be taken to ensure that no excessive
spigot entry or withdrawal occurs. As soon as the
joint assembly has been made, the pipe should be
held in place and the trench backfilled over the
barrel of the pipe.
Unless the gradient is 1:2 or steeper, anchorages are
not normally necessary. However, for these very
steep gradients, self-anchoring joints or anchor
blocks at each socket are recommended.
For pipelines laid above ground on steep gradients,
self-anchoring joints should be used.
26.3 Anchoring
Unless an adequate length of the line is fitted with
self-anchoring joints, external anchorage should be
provided at blank ends, bends, tees, tapers and
valves to resist the thrust arising from internal
pressure and dynamic loading. Anchors and thrust
blocks should be designed to withstand the forces
resulting from the internal pressure when the
pipeline is under test, taking into account the safe
bearing pressure of the surrounding soil.
Consideration should also be given to forces on the
pipeline, when empty, and precautions taken
against possible flotation. Where possible, concrete
anchor blocks should be of such a shape as to leave
the joint area clear.
27 Backfilling
NOTE See BS 8010-1 for general considerations regarding
backfilling, clearing-up and reinstatement.
Wherever possible, in order to minimize
misalignment of the bed with resulting shear across
the joint, backfill material should not be placed on a
pipe until the succeeding pipe is laid and jointed. If
joints are to be individually inspected during
hydrostatic testing, it is not practicable to backfill
the trench completely. It is important, however, to
backfill over the barrel of each pipe and to compact
the backfill or take other such measures to prevent
movement of pipes during the testing processes.
15
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

On pipes greater than DN 600 special attention

should be given to the compaction of the backfill
material under the haunch of the pipe.
In most cases tamped, selected excavated material,
from the trench will be suitable for the backfill. The
material selected for backfill should exclude debris,
organic material, frozen soil, large stones, rocks,
tree roots or similar large objects. In instances of
excessive depths, high vehicular loading or
super-loading from buildings, etc. or of very poor soil
properties it may be necessary to import backfill
(see also 19.2). The manufacturer or other advisory
body should be consulted where any doubt exists.
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

16 © BSI 12-1998

Subsection 7. Cleaning, testing and commissioning
28 Cleaning
Before a pipeline can be considered ready for service
it should be cleaned internally as thoroughly as
possible to ensure that no foreign matter remains
inside the pipe. The first stage of the cleaning
operation, i.e. cleaning individual pipes during
jointing, should be performed in accordance with
26.1. Pigs of suitable design, e.g. polyurethane
swabs, may be used provided that the pipeline has
been constructed to allow the passage of such pigs.
Where the pipeline is to be tested with water, the
filling and emptying of the pipeline may to some
extent cleanse the line.
29 Testing
29.1 General
All pipelines should be tested before being brought
into service. The type of test will depend upon the
fluid which the pipeline will eventually convey and
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
may be a hydrostatic test or a pneumatic test, or
both. The hydrostatic test is safer to carry out and
can be made more stringent as regards the strength
of a completed pipeline. It should be used wherever
practicable, but it has certain disadvantages when
applied to pipelines designed to carry gases. With
the exception of testing non-pressure pipelines at
very low pressures (100 mm water gauge),
pneumatic testing is to be avoided, if possible,
because of the hazards inherent in containing large
volumes of compressed air. However, there may be
occasions when hydrostatic testing is not possible
and air is the only medium available for applying a
test pressure. For pneumatic testing of gas pipelines
see 29.3.
29.2 Hydrostatic testing
29.2.1 General. The completed pipeline may be
tested either in one length or in sections; the length
of section should be decided by considering:
a) the availability of suitable water;
b) the number of joints to be inspected; and
c) the difference in elevation between one part of
the pipeline and another.
Where joints are left uncovered until after testing,
sufficient material should be backfilled over the
centre of each pipe to prevent movement under the
test pressure (see clause 27).
29.2.2 Initial procedure. It is prudent to begin
testing any particular pipeline in comparatively
short lengths and to increase the length of test
section progressively as experience is gained, until
lengths of about 1.5 km or more are tested in one
section, subject to consideration of the length of
trench which it is permissible to leave open in
particular circumstances.
© BSI 12-1998
BS 8010-2.1:1987
Each test section should be properly sealed off,
preferably with special stop ends, designed for the
safe introduction and disposal of the test water and
release of air, which should be secured by adequate
temporary anchors.
The thrust on the stop ends should be calculated on
the full spigot external diameter and on the anchors
designed to resist it.
NOTE It may often be economical to provide a concrete anchor
block which has subsequently to be demolished, rather than risk
movement of the stop ends during testing. Hydraulic jacks may
be inserted between temporary anchors and stop ends to take up
any horizontal movement of the temporary anchors.
All permanent anchors (see 26.3) should be in
position and, if of concrete, should have developed
adequate strength before testing begins. The section
under test should be filled with clean, disinfected
water, taking care that all air is displaced through
vents at high points or by using a pig or a sphere.
After filling, the pipeline should be left at working
pressure for a period in order to achieve conditions
as stable as possible for testing. The length of this
period will depend upon many factors, such as
movement of the pipeline under pressure, the
quantity of air trapped and whether the pipeline has
a cement mortar lining which absorbs water. If
pressure measurements are not made at the lowest
point of the section, an allowance should be made for
the static head between the lowest point and the
point at measurement to ensure that the maximum
pressure is not exceeded at the lowest point.
29.2.3 Test procedure. Site hydrostatic test
pressures should be in accordance with 13.4.
The pressure in the pipeline should be raised
steadily until the site test pressure is reached in the
lowest part of the section. This pressure should be
maintained, by pumping if necessary, for a period
of 1 h. The pump should then be disconnected and
no further water permitted to enter the pipeline for
a period of 1 h. At the end of this period, the original
pressure should be restored by pumping and the loss
measured by drawing off water from the pipeline
until the pressure reached at the end of the test is
reached again.
The acceptable loss should be clearly specified and
the test should be repeated until this is achieved.
The generally accepted loss for non-absorbent
pipelines such as steel and iron is 0.02 L/mm of
nominal bore per kilometre of pipeline per 24 h per
bar of pressure applied head (calculated as the
average head applied to the section under test). The
rate of loss should be plotted graphically to show
when absorption is substantially complete.
A more stringent requirement may be necessary for
pipelines carrying fluids other than water.
29.2.4 Detection of leaks. If the test is not
satisfactory, the fault should be found and rectified.
17
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
Consideration should be given to leak detection
methods such as:
a) visual inspection of pipeline, especially each
joint, if not covered by the backfill;
b) aural inspection, using a stethoscope or
listening stick in contact with the pipeline;
c) use of electronic listening devices including
leak noise correlators which detect and amplify
the sound of any escaping fluid; actual contact
between the probe and the pipe may or may not
be essential;
d) use of a bar probe to detect signs of water in the
vicinity of joints, if backfilled;
e) introduction of a gas compound into the test
water, using a gas detection device to detect the
presence of any gas that has escaped through the
leak.
Where there is difficulty in locating a fault, the
section under test should be subdivided and each
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
part tested separately.
NOTE A pneumatic test with an air pressure not
exceeding 2 bar may be used to detect leaks in pipelines laid in
water-logged ground.
29.2.5 Final procedure. After all sections have been
jointed together on completion of section testing, a
test should be carried out on the complete pipeline
in accordance with 29.2.3. During the test, all work
which has not been subject to sectional tests should
be inspected.
29.2.6 Disposal of water. It is important to ensure
that proper arrangements are made for the disposal
of water from the pipeline after completion of
hydrostatic testing and that all consents which may
be required from land owners and occupiers, and
from river drainage and water authorities have
been obtained.
NOTE With some liquids, notably oil and oil products, it may be
necessary to provide temporary interceptors to prevent any oil
being discharged with the water. In some cases, e.g. heavily
chlorinated water, some treatment may be necessary before final
disposal.
29.3 Pneumatic testing of gas pipelines
29.3.1 General. A pneumatic test should be carried
out to prove the tightness of joints rather than the
strength of the pipeline.
NOTE. The air pressure to be applied will vary according to
circumstances.
29.3.2 Safety precautions during pneumatic testing.
Pneumatic testing could in the event of failure, give
rise to a serious explosion. During each test, it is
important that all persons not engaged in the test
operations be kept away from the section of the
pipeline under test.
18
Section 7
Persons engaged on pneumatic testing operations
should remain in a safe place whilst pressure is
being raised and during the whole of the time the
pressure is maintained. No approach should be
made for inspection or any other purpose until the
pressure has been reduced to the maximum working
pressure.
If these precautions are not possible or if hazards to
persons and property are likely to arise during
pneumatic testing, then a hydrostatic test should be
applied first, in accordance with 29.2.
29.3.3 Test procedure. Reference should be made to
IGE/TD/3 [1]. Ductile iron pipelines for conveying
gas should be pneumatically tested at not less than
the maximum gas working pressure. The maximum
pneumatic pressure applied should not exceed that
specified for any particular joint or any other
pressure restriction that may be imposed as a result
of local conditions or regulations (see 14.3).
29.3.4 Detection of leaks. If the pneumatic test is not
satisfactory the fault should be found and rectified.
Consideration should be given to leak detection
methods such as:
a) application of soapy water or similar solution
around the joints;
b) aural inspection using a stethoscope or
listening stick;
c) use of electronic listening device;
d) introduction of halogen gas into the pipeline
and use of a suitable detector to indicate the
presence of gas outside the pipeline; and
e) introduction of a distinctive odorant into the
pipeline.
30 Commissioning
30.1 General
The procedure for commissioning a completed
pipeline will vary according to whether it has been
hydrostatically or pneumatically tested and
whether it is to convey a liquid or a gas.
30.2 Liquid pipelines
Pipelines intended to convey liquids are usually
tested hydrostatically and, therefore,
commissioning consists of displacing the test water
from the line by the liquid to be conveyed. Visible
dirt and debris should have been removed either
manually or by the use of cleaning pigs before
testing (see 26.1 and clause 28). Filling and
emptying the pipeline with test water may also help
cleanse the line. Where air release and drainage
valves have been installed, the test water may be
drained and the pipeline refilled with the liquid to
be conveyed.
© BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

If the pipeline is intended to carry potable water, it
should be thoroughly flushed with clean water,
where feasible. It should then be disinfected by
contact for 24 h with water containing at
least 20 mg/L of free chlorine, then emptied and
filled with potable water. The chlorinated water
should receive treatment to dilute the chlorine to an
acceptable level before discharge to sewer or
watercourse. After a further 24 h, samples should be
taken for bacteriological examination at a number of
points along the pipeline and at all extremities.
The pipeline should not be brought into service until
the water at each sampling point, having stood in
the pipeline for 24 h, has maintained a satisfactory
potable standard as described in DHSS
Report 71 [5].
30.3 Gas pipelines
Reference should be made to IGE/TD/3 [1]. When
the pipeline has been subjected to hydrostatic test,
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
For gases that are lighter than air, the vent pipe
(see item a) should be vertical and should terminate
not less than 2 m above ground level. For gases that
are heavier than air, the vent pipe should lead to
temporary storage where any gas/nitrogen mixture
can be retained and disposed of later. For flammable
gases, an efficient flame arresting terminal should
be fitted at the end of the vent pipe.
When 100 % gas is being received either the
regulated flow should be closed down and switched
to the normal operating route or the pipeline should
be closed down ready for use when required. In the
latter case, the pipeline should be closed down
under a positive pressure which should be
monitored regularly until the pipeline is brought
into normal operating service.
All temporary connections used during the testing,
purging and commissioning procedure should be
closed off and securely blanked before the pipeline is
brought up to full operating pressure.

the water should be drained from the pipeline. In

some cases it may be found convenient to
incorporate air release and drainage valves in the
construction of the pipeline and to blank off these
fittings after the line has been emptied.
Air-propelled swabs may subsequently be used to
assist in removing any remaining water.
If the pipeline is intended to convey a flammable gas
then, when it is considered to be sufficiently dry, the
pipeline should be purged by introducing a slug of
inert gas, such as nitrogen. The slug should be of
sufficient length to preclude the possibility of the
gas to be conveyed coming into contact with the air
in the pipeline.
The gas to be conveyed should be admitted
immediately after the nitrogen slug at a carefully
maintained rate to ensure turbulent flow conditions
along the pipeline. The gas should be turned on as
the nitrogen is turned off.
Proper venting arrangements should be provided at
the end of the pipeline and should consist of:
a) a vent pipe connected to the pipeline through a
valved connection;
b) a small, valved sampling connection;
c) a pressure gauge connected to the pipeline; and
d) a suitable detection apparatus to check the
change from air to nitrogen and from nitrogen to
gas or the change from air to gas where purging
is not required.

© BSI 12-1998 19
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
Appendix A Types of joint for ductile
iron pipelines
A.0 Introduction
Joints are generally of a type using elastomeric
gaskets as a sealing medium. The most commonly
used types of joint are described in A.1 to A.10. The
actual details may differ from one manufacturer to
another.
The joint deflections stated are the maximum
recommended by the manufacturers and are
intended to provide for changes in gradient and
level, slow curves, the adjustment of angle at bends
and any subsequent movement. Deflection at
installation should not exceed 75 % of the maximum
recommended and, where subsequent movement is
anticipated, consideration should be given to
further limitation of the installed deflection.
A.1 Push-in joints (type 1)
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
NOTE See Figure 1.
Push-in joints are made on pipes having a
chamfered plain spigot at one end and a specially
formed socket at the other. The seal is effected by
means of a gasket placed within the socket before
jointing. Entry of the spigot into the socket through
this gasket completes the joint. Little effort is
required to complete assembly in the case of smaller
pipes; tackle to joint larger pipes is supplied by the
manufacturer.
Push-in joints are available throughout the pipe
diameter range, DN 80 to DN 1600. They can be
deflected 5° in any direction for pipes of diameter up
to and including DN 300 and 4° for pipes of diameter
DN 350 and above, and can accommodate
considerable axial movement.
Figure 1 — Push-in-joint (type 1)
20
A.2 Bolted mechanical joints (type 2)
NOTE See Figure 2.
Bolted mechanical joints are made on pipes having
a plain spigot at one end and a specially formed
socket at the other. The spigot is entered centrally
into the socket and the seal is effected by the
compression of a wedge-shaped gasket between a
seating on the inside of the socket and the external
surface of the spigot. Compression is achieved by
means of a pressure gland and bolts passing
through a circumferential flange cast integrally on
the face of the socket.
Bolted mechanical joints are currently available for
pipes in the range DN 80 to DN 600 and all
diameters of fittings DN 80 to DN 1600. The joint
may be deflected up to 4° in any direction and is
capable of considerable axial movement.
Figure 2 — Bolted mechanical joint (type 2)
A.3 Slip-on couplings (type 3)
NOTE See Figure 3.
Slip-on couplings are designed for use with plain
end pipes. The coupling consists of a sleeve, at the
ends of which are wedge-shaped rubber gaskets and
flanges held together by bolts. Tightening of the
bolts compresses the gaskets between the sleeve and
pipe to seal the joint.
The coupling sleeve may have an internal rib
(central register) which acts as a locating stop, but
sleeves without this rib are supplied to facilitate the
insertion of closing lengths in a pipeline. The
coupling includes steel components which should be
suitably protected.
© BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Slip-on couplings are currently available in the pipe

diameter range DN 80 to DN 1600 and special
couplings to connect pipes of different diameters
and/or materials are available. Several designs are
available and the manufacturer’s advice regarding
deflection and withdrawal should be sought.
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Figure 4 — Flange adapter (type 4)

A.5 Self-anchoring flange adapters (type 5)

Figure 3 — Slip-on coupling (type 3)
A.4 Flange adapters (type 4)
NOTE See Figure 4.
Flange adapters are designed to connect flanged
pipe or any flanged fitting to plain-ended pipe. They
consist of a flange and sleeve piece, a wedge-shaped
rubber gasket and a loose gland fastened to the
main body by bolts. Tightening of the bolts
compresses the gasket between the sleeve and pipe
to seal the joint. The flange joint is made using
standard jointing procedures for flanged pipework.
The adapter includes steel components which
should be suitably protected.
Several designs are available and manufacturers’
advice regarding deflection and withdrawal should
be sought. Flange adapters do not provide the
anchorage and rigidity of a flanged joint and should
be supported or anchored accordingly.
NOTE See Figure 5.
Self-anchoring flange adapters are used to connect
pipes in the same way as type 10 flanged joints but
incorporate special anchor segments. They consist of
a loose flange, bolts and one or more rubber seals,
which carry anchoring segments. Tightening of the
bolts seals both the flanges and between the pipe
and adapter, and also forces the anchor segments
into contact with the pipe. The adapter is made of
ductile iron.
Self-anchoring flange adapters are available in the
range DN 80 to DN 300. Being self-anchoring they
obviate the need for external anchorage but offer
limited resistance to deflection and require support
to prevent sag under self-weight, the mass of the
pipe and its contents.

© BSI 12-1998 21
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Figure 6 — Self-anchoring push-in joint

Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(type 6)

A.7 Self-anchoring tie-bar joints (type 7)

NOTE See Figure 7.
Self-anchoring tie-bar joints are used to connect
pipes in the same way as type 1 push-in joints but
Figure 5 — Self-anchoring flange adapter have a special loose anchor ring placed behind the
(type 5) socket and a special anchor ring welded onto the
outer surface of the spigot. The joint offers the same
A.6 Self-anchoring push-in joints (type 6) sealing performance as a type 1 joint. The two
NOTE See Figure 6. anchor rings are then locked together using
Self-anchoring push-in joints are used to connect tie-bolts. The joint is available throughout the
pipes in the same way as type 1 push-in joints but diameter range up to and including DN 1600. The
have a special gasket. The gasket is of a push-in joint can be deflected 5° in any direction for pipes of
design in respect of dimensions and shape but diameter up to and including DN 300 and 4° for
stainless steel toothed inserts are moulded into the pipes of diameter DN 350 and above, and can be
gaskets. The angle of the teeth is such that during assembled to permit a controlled amount of axial
jointing, the spigot is able to enter through the withdrawal before self-anchoring takes effect. Being
gasket unimpeded. When the pipeline is self-anchored tie-bar joints obviate the need for
subsequently pressurized, the teeth are firmly anchor blocks at changes in direction, etc.
presented to the spigot surface and, as the joint
tends to separate under the axial thrust induced by
the internal pressure, the inserts rotate around the
gasket retaining bead in the socket. This causes the
teeth to grip onto the spigot surface and prevent
joint separation. The sealing properties are exactly
as type 1. The joint is available in sizes DN 80 to
DN 400 inclusive with certain pressure limitations
throughout the range. They are capable of being
deflected 3° in any direction and being self
anchoring obviate the necessity for anchor blocks at
changes in direction etc.

22 © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Figure 7 — Self-anchoring tie-bar joint

(type 7)
A.8 Self-anchoring bolted mechanical joints
(type 8)
NOTE See Figure 8.
This is a modified form of the type 2 bolted
Figure 8 — Self-anchoring bolted mechanical
mechanical joint incorporating a ductile iron circlip
joint (type 8)
which is located in a chamber or groove cast in the
socket and which registers with a groove specially A.9 Lead-caulked joints (type 9)
machined in the spigot. This joint is used primarily NOTE See Figure 9.
for gas pipelines at pressures of up to 8 bar working.
Lead-caulked joints are not recommended for use in
IGE/TD/3 [1] lays down working pressures and
new installations. Their use should be restricted to
trench conditions where this type of joint should be
connections and repairs to existing pipelines where
used in gas pipelines. When the circlip is fitted, the
no suitable alternatives are available.
joint becomes self-anchoring and obviates the use of
The lead-caulked joints are made on pipes having an
anchor blocks.
enlarged socket at one end and a plain or beaded
This joint is available in the range of sizes DN 100
spigot at the other. The spigot is entered centrally
to DN 450 excluding DN 350.
into the socket of the adjacent pipe and a quantity of
A special tool is required to dismantle the joint. spun yarn compressed into the annulus until this is
The joint is capable of 2° angular deflection in any filled to approximately half the socket depth. Molten
direction. lead is poured into the remaining annulus and, after
cooling, is caulked using a suitable tool. Fibrous lead
may be substituted for molten lead.
This joint allows no deflection or spigot withdrawal
and it is essential that it be anchored if there is any
possibility of joint separation.

© BSI 12-1998 23
 BS 8010-2.1:1987
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Figure 9 — Lead-caulked joint (type 9)
A.10 Flanged joints (type 10)
NOTE See Figure 10.
Flanged joints are made on pipes by welding,
screwing or integrally casting flanges onto the end
of the standard pipe. The seal is usually effected by
means of a flat rubber gasket compressed between
the flanges by means of bolts which also serve to
connect the pipes rigidly. Gaskets of other
materials, both metallic and non-metallic, are
available for special applications.
24
Figure 10 — Flanged joint (type 10)
Appendix B Effect of non-metallic
materials on water quality
When used under the conditions for which they are
designed, non-metallic materials in contact with or
likely to come into contact with potable water shall
not constitute a toxic hazard, shall not support
microbial growth and shall not give rise to
unpleasant taste or odour, cloudiness or
discoloration of the water.
Concentrations of substances, chemicals and
biological agents leached from materials in contact
with water, and measurements of
organoleptic/physical parameters shall not exceed
the maximum values recommended by the World
Health Organization in its publication “Guidelines
for drinking water quality” Vol 1
“Recommendations” (WHO, Geneva 1984) or as
required by the EEC Council Directive of 15 July
1980 relating to the quality of water intended for
human consumption (Official Journal of the
European Communities L229 pp 11-29), whichever
in each case is the more stringent.
© BSI 12-1998
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

NOTE 1 Requirements for the testing of non-metallic materials
in these respects are set out in the UK Water Fittings Byelaws
Scheme Information and Guidance Note No. 5-01-02,
ISSN 0267-0313 obtainable from the Water Research Centre,
Water Byelaws Advisory Service, 660 Ajax Avenue, Slough,
Berkshire SL1 4BG.
NOTE 2 Pending the determination of suitable means of
characterizing the toxicity of leachates from materials in contact
with potable water, materials approved by the Department of the
Environment Committee on Chemicals and Materials of
Construction for use in Public Water Supply and Swimming
Pools are considered free from toxic hazard for the purposes of
compliance with this appendix. A list of approved chemicals and
materials is available from the Technical Secretary of that
Committee at the Department of the Environment, Water
Division, Romney House, 43 Marsham Street, London
SW1P 3PY.
NOTE 3 Products manufactured for installation and use in the
United Kingdom which are verified and listed under the UK
Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme administered by the Water
Research Centre (address as in note 1) are deemed to satisfy the
requirements detailed in this appendix.
Appendix C References
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Appendix D Further reading
These documents are listed for information and
guidance. The list should not be assumed to be
complete or exclusive. Where there are differences
the advice of this standard should be followed or an
engineer’s decision taken.
TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH
LABORATORY. A guide to design loadings for rigid
pipes3). TRRL, 1983.
WATER RESEARCH CENTRE AND WATER
AUTHORITIES ASSOCIATION. Civil engineering
specification for the water industry. 1984.
WATER RESEARCH CENTRE. Information and
Guidance Notes Nos. 4-21-01 and 4-51-01.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND
INFORMATION ASSOCIATION. Trenching
Practice. CIRIA Report 97.
NATIONAL WATER COUNCIL. Water supply

1. INSTITUTION OF GAS ENGINEERS. hygiene. Occasional Technical Paper No. 2.

Recommendations on transmission and distribution
Manufacturer’s literature.
practice. Technical Document IGE/TD/3. Second
edition, 1983.
2. HYDRAULICS RESEARCH LTD. Charts for the
hydraulic design of channels and pipes. Fifth
edition, 1983.
3. HYDRAULICS RESEARCH LTD. Tables for the
hydraulic design of pipes and sewers. Fourth
edition, 1983.
4. WATER RESEARCH CENTRE. Information and
Guidance Note No. 4-50-01.
5. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL
SERVICES. The bacteriological examination of
water supplies. DHSS Report 71, 1982.

3)
This document is for guidance on vehicular loading only.

© BSI 12-1998 25
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

26
blank
 BS 8010-2.1:1987

Publications referred to

BS 2494, Specification for elastomeric joint rings for pipework and pipelines.
BS 3416, Black bitumen coating solutions for cold application.
BS 3692, ISO metric precision hexagon bolts, screws and nuts.
BS 4147, Specification for bitumen based hot applied coating material for protecting iron and steel
including suitable primers where required.
BS 4190, ISO metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts.
BS 432O, Metal washers for general engineering purposes.
BS 4504, Flanges and bolting for pipes, valves and fittings. Metric series.
BS 4622, Grey iron pipes and fittings.
BS 4772, Specification for ductile iron pipes and fittings.
BS 4865, Dimensions of gaskets for pipe flanges to BS 4504.
BS 5150, Cast iron wedge and double disk gate valves for general purposes.
BS 5152, Cast iron globe and globe stop and check valves for general purposes.
BS 5153, Cast iron check valves for general purposes.
BS 5155, Specification for butterfly valves.
BS 5163, Double flanged cast iron wedge gate valves for waterworks purposes.
BS 6076, Specification for tubular polyethylene film for use as protective sleeving for buried iron pipes and
Licensed Copy: Untung Priyatno, BP Amoco, 17 October 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

fittings.
BS 8010, Code of practice for pipelines .
BS 8010-1, Pipelines on land: general4).
BS 8301, Code of practice on building drainage.
CP 2005, Sewerage.
CP 3009, Thermally insulated underground piping systems.

4) In preparation

© BSI 12-1998
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