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FjZah fjZ hd^Zci aZh igdjWaZh YZ hVci‚ ‚kdfj‚h YVch XZiiZ WgdX]jgZ! aZjg YZhXg^ei^[ hZ Yj hdbbZ^a AÉ^chiVaaVi^dc egd\gZhh^kZ YZ eaZjgh eajh [g‚"
edhZ idj_djgh hVj[ edjg aZh idji"eZi^ih ZcigZ jc VkVci d‘ aZh igdjWaZh cÉZm^hiV^Zci eVh :cYdgb^hhZbZci Y^[ÒX^aZ! V\^i‚ dj fj^ igVˆcZ# fjZcih! eajh YjgVWaZh! eajh Y^[ÒX^aZh | XdciZ"
Zi jc Vegƒh d‘ aZh eVgZcih XdbbZcXZci | hZ edhZg aV fjZhi^dc YÉjc egdWaƒbZ ‚bZg\ZVci G‚kZ^ah cdXijgcZh g‚\ja^Zgh fj^ hÉ^chiVaaZci c^g! aÉ^gg^iVW^a^i‚! Yd^kZci [V^gZ gZX]ZgX]Zg jcZ
fj^ hÉ^chiVaaZ# Zi hÉV\\gVkZci# hdjgXZ YZ higZhh hjeea‚bZciV^gZ#
>a Zhi YZ aV gZhedchVW^a^i‚ YZh eVgZcih YZ gZXdccVˆigZ XZh igdjWaZh Zi YÉVXXZeiZg aÉ^Y‚Z fjZ!
IgdjWaZh YjgVWaZh 9‚egZhh^dc
YVch XZ XdciZmiZ Zc eVgi^Xja^Zg! ^a Zhi aZ eajh hdjkZci c‚XZhhV^gZ YZ hÉVeejnZg hjg jcZ
YZ aÉVa^bZciVi^dc :c[Vci ig^hiZ! eZj hdjg^Vci! eajii e}aZ! VeV"
egd[Zhh^dccZaaZ edjg n igdjkZg jcZ g‚edchZ Z[ÒXVXZ#
GZeVh hdjkZci XdcÓ^XijZah! iZcYjh! Vj Xdjgh i]^fjZ! eZj ZmegZhh^[# GZ\VgY eajii [jnVci!
Hƒkii_h } [d fWhb[h YÊ[ij Zƒ`} W]_h$ YZhfjZah aɂfj^a^WgZ Va^bZciV^gZ Zhi Y^[ÒX^aZ XdbbZciV^gZh kdXVjm eVjkgZh#
| gZheZXiZg#

=neZgk^\^aVcXZ
:c[Vci XdchiVbbZci Vjm V\jZih#

¿ FJ> :C E6GA:G 4
" Vj b‚YZX^c igV^iVci!
" | aV EB> " &* -) *( (' )&!
" | jc e‚YdehnX]^VigZ!
" | jc ehnX]dad\jZ!
" | jcZ Vhh^hiVciZ hdX^VaZ!
" | idjh aZh egd[Zhh^dccZah YZ aÉVXXjZ^a! YZh hd^ch Zc XdciVXi VkZX
kdigZ Zc[Vci#

.
 A6 H6CIw 9:H :C;6CIH
:MEDHwH 6JM K>DA:C8:H 8DC?J<6A:H

Entre 2 et 4 ans

F7HEB;I :Ê;D<7DJI 6j c^kZVj ehnX]d"‚bdi^dccZa 6j c^kZVj YZh VeegZci^hhV\Zh

J^ecWi ( Wdi } bW Yh„Y^[ hƒf„j[ ¼ FWfW Xekc cWcWd ½$ B[i Wkn_b_W_h[i edj h[cWhgkƒ
gk[ bW CWcWd Z[ J^ecWi Whh_l[ iekl[dj Wl[Y Z[i ^ƒcWjec[i ikh b[ l_iW][$
CWdk[b * Wdi [ij Wii_i ikh iW c„h[" ied X[Wk#f„h[ YWii[ jeki b[i eX`[ji" bW c[dWY["
bÊ_dikbj[" ¼ CWcWd" `ÊW_ f[kh" ed lW cekh_h ½$
:meadh^dc YZ XdaƒgZ! ^gg^iVW^a^i‚! ^chiVW^a^i‚>a V Yj bVa | hj^kgZ jcZ Xdch^\cZ h^beaZ
Yj XVgVXiƒgZ hVch gV^hdc eVgi^Xja^ƒgZ# dj | hÉ^ci‚gZhhZg | jcZ eZi^iZ ]^hid^gZ#
AÉZc[Vci eZji „igZ XgV^ci^[# >a eZji eg‚hZciZgAZ aVc\V\Z eZji „igZ eZj Xdbeg‚]Zch^WaZ!
jcZ ]neZgk^\^aVcXZ! jcZ V\^iVi^dc XdchiVciZ! bdcdXdgYZ# >a eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh Y^[ÒXjai‚h
YZ aÉVcm^‚i‚# | hZ XdcXZcigZg! | g‚jhh^g YZh \ZhiZh h^beaZh
eg‚X‚YZbbZci VXfj^h# AÉZc[Vci ZmeadgZ
6j c^kZVj gZaVi^dccZa bd^ch fjÉVkVci# >a eZji gZ[jhZg YZ fj^iiZg
IgdjWaZh YZ aÉViiVX]ZbZci eg‚XdXZ / aZ gZ\VgY hV bƒgZ! YÉVaaZg | aɂXdaZ#
eZji YZkZc^g [jnVci! ^a ‚k^iZ aV gZaVi^dc! cZ
edgiZ eVh ^ci‚g„i Vjm VYjaiZh! Vjm VjigZh 6j c^kZVj e]nh^fjZ
Zc[Vcih# >a eZji hZ bdcigZg gZ_ZiVci! eZj IgdjWaZh Yj hdbbZ^a! Yj XdbedgiZbZci
^ci‚gZhh‚ eVg aZ bdcYZ fj^ aÉZcidjgZ / Va^bZciV^gZ# AÉZc[Vci eZji hZ eaV^cYgZ
aZh Vc^bVjm! Vjidh! Vk^dch! [aZjgh# >a hZ YZ YdjaZjgh Y^kZghZh bVjm YZ kZcigZ!
gZea^Z aÉZc[Vci hZ g‚ig‚X^i XdbbZ eZVj YZ YZ i„iZ½! eg‚hZciZg YZh hnbeibZh
X]V\g^c# ehnX]dhdbVi^fjZh#

¿ FJ> :C E6GA:G 4
" Vj b‚YZX^c igV^iVci!
" | aV EB> " &* -) *( (' )&!
" | jc e‚YdehnX]^VigZ!
"|jce‚YdehnX]^VigZ!
""|jcehnX]dad\jZ!
| jc ehnX]dad\jZ!
""|jcZVhh^hiVciZhdX^VaZ!
| jcZ Vhh^hiVciZ hdX^VaZ!
""|idjhaZhegd[Zhh^dccZahYZaÉVXXjZ^a!YZaɂXdaZ!YZhad^h^gh!YZhhd^ch
idjh aZh egd[Zhh^dccZah YZ aÉVXXjZ^a! YZ aɂXdaZ! YZh ad^h^gh! YZh hd^ch
Zc XdciVXi VkZX kdigZ Zc[Vci#
ZcXdciVXiVkZXkdigZZc[Vci#

&&
 A6 H6CIw 9:H :C;6CIH
:MEDHwH 6JM K>DA:C8:H 8DC?J<6A:H

Entre 5 et 11 ans

F7HEB;I :Ê;D<7DJI
IWdZh_d[ - Wdi 0 ¼ 9^[p deki" ‚W lW Z[ fbki [d fbki ce_di X_[d ½$ 6j c^kZVj ehnX]d"‚bdi^dccZa 6j c^kZVj YZh VeegZci^hhV\Zh
AÉZc[Vci eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh XdaƒgZh >a eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh Y^[[^Xjai‚h YZ
Bo„i . Wdi 0 ¼ @ÊWlW_i f[kh gk[ fWfW jk[ cWcWd Wl[Y b[ Yekj[Wk$ B[ fbki e’ `ÊW_ [k f[kh
WgjiVaZh! [g‚fjZciZh Zi ^beg‚k^h^WaZh! jcZ XdcXZcigVi^dc! YÉViiZci^dc Zc XaVhhZ! YZh
YÊ[ij gkWdZ CWcWd ƒjW_j fWh j[hh[" `ÊW_ Yhk gkÊ[bb[ ƒjW_j cehj[ ½$
^gg^iVW^a^i‚ ZmXZhh^kZ! V^ch^ fjÉjcZ ^chiVW^a^i‚igdjWaZh YZ aV b‚bd^gZ! jcZ Xdc[jh^dc
DWZ_h . Wdi 0 ¼ FWfW" `[ bk_ fWhb[ fWi" _b [ij cƒY^Wdj Wl[Y CWcWd" _b bW \hWff[" ce_ `ÊW_c[ Yj XVgVXiƒgZ! YZ aÉ^bejah^k^i‚! dj ZcXdgZ YVch aV eZch‚Z Zi aZ gV^hdccZbZci# >a eZji
CWcWd jh„i \ehj" `[ l[kn bW Zƒ\[dZh[" `[ ik_i [d Yeb„h[ ½$ jcZ \gVcYZ eVhh^k^i‚# >a eZji eg‚hZciZg jcZ bdcigZg jc ^ci‚g„i dj jcZ eVgi^X^eVi^dc
>eY_d[ '& Wdi 0 ¼ @[ h[le_[ jekj b[ j[cfi bW XW]Whh[" b[ ie_h WlWdj Z[ Zehc_h ek behigk[ ]neZgk^\^aVcXZ Vjm V\jZih! jcZ V\^iVi^dc g‚Yj^ih Vjm VXi^k^i‚h hXdaV^gZh# >a ZmeadgZ
`[ \W_i c[i Z[le_hi" `Êo f[di[ jekj b[ j[cfi ½$ XdchiVciZ! YZ aÉVcm^‚i‚! jcZ ig^hiZhhZ bd^ch! hZ bdcigZ bd^ch Xjg^Zjm# >a eZji
^bedgiVciZ# Vkd^g jcZ WV^hhZ dj YZ bVjkV^h g‚hjaiVih
9ƒZh_Y '& Wdi" iW c„h[ W gk_jjƒ b[ Zec_Y_b[" [bb[ [ij ^ƒX[h]ƒ[ ZWdi kd Y[djh[
hXdaV^gZh! dj Vj XdcigV^gZ hZ hjg^ckZhi^g YVch
ZÊ^ƒX[h][c[dj [j Z[ hƒ_di[hj_ed ieY_Wb[ 0 ¼ @[ bk_ fWhbW_i fWi" `[ bÊWff[bW_i fWi" `[ c[ \W_i 6j c^kZVj gZaVi^dccZa hdc igVkV^a edjg ZhhVnZg YÉdjWa^Zg XZ fjÉ^a hZ
Zk iekY_ fWhY[ gkÊ_b f[kj h[l[d_h [j [dYeh[ bW \hWff[h ½$ AÉZc[Vci eZji bdcigZg YZ aÉV\gZhh^k^i‚ ^a hZ eVhhZ | aV bV^hdc# >a eZji gZ[jhZg YZ fj^iiZg
<hƒZƒh_Y '' Wdi 0 ¼ 9[ dÊ[ij fWi } YWki[ Z[ deki Wkjh[i" b[i [d\Wdji" bW l_eb[dY[ hZci idj_djgh ViiVfj‚! jcZ XZgiV^cZ WgjiVa^i‚! hV bƒgZ! YÉVaaZg | aɂXdaZ# BVcfjZ YZ egd_Zih
Yed`k]Wb[$ 9W \W_j jhef cWb gkWdZ ed f[di[ gk[ YÊ[ij Z[ dejh[ \Wkj[ ½$ YZh Y^[ÒXjai‚h gZaVi^dccZaaZh VkZX aZh VjigZh kVXVcXZh! hedgi! XjaijgZ½#
Zc[Vcih# >a eZji Vkd^g YZh VXiZh YZ k^daZcXZ
| aɂ\VgY YZh VYjaiZh dj YÉVjigZh Zc[Vcih! 6j c^kZVj e]nh^fjZ
YZh VXiZh YZ YZhigjXi^dc YÉdW_Zih! YZ W^Zch! >a eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh igdjWaZh Yj hdbbZ^a
YZh XdbedgiZbZcih deedh^i^dccZah# >a eZji dj YZh XdcYj^iZh Va^bZciV^gZh# JcZ [Vi^\jZ
eg‚hZciZg jc bVcfjZ YZ gZheZXi | aɂ\VgY ZmXZhh^kZ! jc ‚iVi Y‚egZhh^[! YZh YdjaZjgh
YZh [ZbbZh ZchZ^\cVciZh! XVbVgVYZh e]nh^fjZh eZjkZci „igZ gZhhZci^h! YZh
ÒaaZh#### >a eZji Vjhh^ hÉ^hdaZg! hÉ^ci‚gZhhZg eaV^ciZh g‚XjggZciZh ‚b^hZh# >a eZji Vkd^g
eZj Vjm VjigZh! _djZg bd^ch! hZ gZea^Zg YZh XdbedgiZbZcih g‚\gZhh^[h ^a hZ bZi |
hjg aj^"b„bZ! Vkd^g Yj bVa | ‚iVWa^g YZh cdjkZVj | [V^gZ e^e^ Vj a^i! >a eZji „igZ ZckV]^
gZaVi^dch# eVg YZh ^bV\Zh YZh hXƒcZh YZ k^daZcXZh
[aVh] WVX` 0 XZh ^bV\Zh gZk^ZccZci |
cÉ^bedgiZ fjZa bdbZci#

¿ FJ> :C E6GA:G 4
" Vj b‚YZX^c igV^iVci!
" | aV EB> " &* -) *( (' )&!
" | jc e‚YdehnX]^VigZ!
" | jc ehnX]dad\jZ!
" | jcZ Vhh^hiVciZ hdX^VaZ!
" | idjh aZh egd[Zhh^dccZah YZ aÉVXXjZ^a! YZ aɂXdaZ! YZh ad^h^gh! YZh hd^ch
Zc XdciVXi VkZX kdigZ Zc[Vci#

&' &(
 FJ:AH HDCI A:H IGDJ7A:H 9: H6CIw 9: AÉ:C;6CI
FJ> 9D>K:CI 6A:GI:G 4

Entre 12 et 14 ans
F7HEB;I :Ê7:EB;I9;DJI
F^_b_ff[ '( Wdi 0 ¼ :[i \e_i" gkWdZ _bi iÊ[d]k[kb[dj" `ÊW_ f[kh gkÊ_b jk[ cW c„h[$ BÊWkjh[
\e_i" [bb[ WlW_j Zk cWb } cWhY^[h ½$ 6j c^kZVj ehnX]d"‚bdi^dccZa 6j c^kZVj YZh VeegZci^hhV\Zh
AÉVYdaZhXZci ÒaaZ dj \Vgdc eZji eg‚hZciZg >a eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh Y^[[^Xjai‚h YZ
7b[nWdZh[ '( Wdi 0 ¼ GkWdZ fWfW [j cWcWd i[ Z_ifkjW_[dj jh„i jh„i \ehj" `ʃjek\\W_i" `[ YZh Zmeadh^dch YZ XdaƒgZ ^beg‚k^h^WaZh! jcZ XdcXZcigVi^dc! YÉViiZci^dc Zc XaVhhZ! YZh
cWdgkW_i ZÊW_h$ @[ lekbW_i cekh_h fk_i [d c…c[ j[cfi `[ d[ lekbW_i fWi$$$ @[ c[ i[djW_i ^gg^iVW^a^i‚ ZmXZhh^kZ# >a eZji V[ÒX]Zg jcZ igdjWaZh YZ aV b‚bd^gZ# >a eZji bVc^[ZhiZg
ZWdi kd[ ]k[hh[ ½$ ]neZgk^\^aVcXZ! jcZ ]neZghZch^W^a^i‚ eaZjgh jcZ Xdc[jh^dc YVch aV eZch‚Z Zi aZ
[g‚fjZcih! jc bVcfjZ YÉZhi^bZ YZ hd^! gV^hdccZbZci! jcZ Y‚hdg\Vc^hVi^dc YZ aV
jcZ [V^WaZ XdcÒVcXZ Zc aj^! ^a hZ Y‚kVadg^hZ# eZch‚Z# >a eZji bdcigZg jc ^ci‚g„i dj jcZ
AÉVYdaZhXZci eZji k^kgZ YZh hZci^bZcih YZ eVgi^X^eVi^dc g‚Yj^iZ Vjm VXi^k^i‚h hXdaV^gZh!
]dciZ! YZ XjaeVW^a^i‚! YÉ^bej^hhVcXZ# jcZ eZgiZ YÉ^ci‚g„i edjg aZh VeegZci^hhV\Zh
Zi YZ bVjkV^h g‚hjaiVih hXdaV^gZh#
6j c^kZVj gZaVi^dccZa BVcfjZ YZ egd_Zih kVXVcXZh! ad^h^gh! hedgi!
AÉVYdaZhXZci eZji eg‚hZciZg YZ aÉV\gZhh^k^i‚! XjaijgZ½# AÉVYdaZhXZci eZji XdbbZcXZg |
jcZ XZgiV^cZ WgjiVa^i‚! YZh Y^[[^Xjai‚h [V^gZ aɂXdaZ Wj^hhdcc^ƒgZ#
gZaVi^dccZaaZh VkZX aZh VjigZh VYdaZhXZcih
dj aZh VYjaiZh fj^ aÉZcidjgZci# >a eZji b„bZ 6j c^kZVj e]nh^fjZ
Vkd^g YZh VXiZh YZ k^daZcXZ | aɂ\VgY YZh AÉVYdaZhXZci eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh igdjWaZh
VYjaiZh dj YÉVjigZh VYdaZhXZcih! YZh VXiZh Yj hdbbZ^a ^chdbc^Z dj ]neZghdbc^Z!
YZ YZhigjXi^dc YÉdW_Zih! YZ W^Zch# >a eZji dj YZh XdcYj^iZh Va^bZciV^gZh# JcZ
bdcigZg YZh XdbedgiZbZcih deedh^i^dccZah! [Vi^\jZ ZmXZhh^kZ! jc ‚iVi Y‚egZhh^[! YZh
jc bVcfjZ YZ gZheZXi | aɂ\VgY YZh [ZbbZh! YdjaZjgh e]nh^fjZh eZjkZci „igZ gZhhZci^h!
YZh egdedh hZm^hiZh# >a eZji Vjhh^ hÉ^hdaZg! YZh eaV^ciZh g‚XjggZciZh ‚b^hZh# >a eZji
hÉ^ci‚gZhhZg eZj Vjm VjigZh! hZ gZea^Zg „igZ ZckV]^ eVg YZh ^bV\Zh YZh hXƒcZh
hjg aj^"b„bZ! Vkd^g Yj bVa | ‚iVWa^g YZh YZ k^daZcXZh [aVh] WVX` 0 XZh ^bV\Zh
gZaVi^dch Vb^XVaZh# gZk^ZccZci | cÉ^bedgiZ fjZa bdbZci# >a
eZji Y‚_| XdbbZcXZg | egZcYgZ YZ aÉVaXdda#
Jc ‚iVi Y‚egZhh^[ VkZX YZh ^Y‚Zh hj^X^YV^gZh
eZji „igZ XdchiVi‚#

¿ FJ> :C E6GA:G 4
" Vj b‚YZX^c igV^iVci!
" | jc e‚YdehnX]^VigZ!
" | jc ehnX]dad\jZ!
" | jcZ Vhh^hiVciZ hdX^VaZ Yj hZXiZjg dj Yj Xdaaƒ\Z!
" | idjh aZh egd[Zhh^dccZah YZ aÉVXXjZ^a! YZ aɂXdaZ! YZh ad^h^gh! YZh hd^ch Zc
XdciVXi VkZX kdigZ VYdaZhXZci#

&) &*
 A6 H6CIw 9:H :C;6CIH
:MEDHwH 6JM K>DA:C8:H 8DC?J<6A:H

Entre 15 et 18 ans
F7HEB;I :Ê7:EB;I9;DJI
:obWd '- Wdi 0 ¼ 9[ gk_ Ze_j Y^Wd][h" ied YWhWYj„h[" _b [ij W]h[ii_\ ZWdi ied bWd]W][ 6j c^kZVj gZaVi^dccZa Vci^Y‚egZhhZjgh# 9Zh VXiZh YZ Y‚a^cfjVcXZ!
AÉVYdaZhXZci ÒaaZ dj \Vgdc eZji ji^a^hZg YZh jc cdc gZheZXi YZh gƒ\aZh! YZh VXiZh YZ
[j ZWdi i[i cWd_„h[i ZÊ[nfb_gk[h$ ?b [ij d[hl[kn" `WcW_i Yedj[dj$ ?b i[ Yhe_j jek`ekhi
higVi‚\^Zh YZ XdcigaZ dj YZh XdbedgiZbZcih YZhigjXi^dc YÉdW_Zih! YZ W^Zch eZjkZci „igZ
ikfƒh_[kh } deki" gkÊ_b iW_j jekj$ ?b W `WcW_i YedÓWdY[ } cW c„h[$ 9Ê[ij jek`ekhi bk_ gk_
YZ k^daZcXZ edjg g‚hdjYgZ aZh egdWaƒbZh dWhZgk‚h# AÉVYdaZhXZci hɂad^\cZ YZ hV
Ze_j Wle_h hW_ied$ ;d \W_j YÊ[ij jek`ekhi bk_ gk_ Ze_j fh[dZh[ b[ Z[iiki" ZWdi iW j…j[" _b Ze_j
^ciZgeZghdccZah! YZh VXiZh YZ k^daZcXZ | [Vb^aaZ! ^a X]ZgX]Z | aV [j^g! ^a V[[^X]Z YZh
i[ Z_h[ gk[ YÊ[ij bk_ b[ fbki \ehj ½$
aɂ\VgY YZh eZghdccZh fjÉ^a [g‚fjZciZ dj ‚X]ZXh hjXXZhh^[h hXdaV^gZh! egd[Zhh^dccZah!
BWkhW '. Wdi 0 ¼ 9Ê[ij ce_ gk_ bk_ W_ \W_j gk_jj[h bW cW_ied" `[ bk_ hƒfƒjW_i iWdi Y[ii[ Z[ fj^ aÉZcidjgZci eVgZcih! eZi^iZ Vb^Z½# >a V[[ZXi^[h½# >a XdbbZi YZh VXiZh YZ k^daZcXZ
fWhj_h ½$ BWkhW Z_j gkÊ[bb[ fekhhW_j b[i jk[h jeki b[i Z[kn i_ `WcW_i _bi h[l_lW_[dj [di[cXb[$ eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh Y^[ÒXjai‚h gZaVi^dccZaaZh gZidjgc‚h XdcigZ aj^"b„bZ dj XdcigZ YZh
;bb[ fWhb[ Wbehi ZÊkd[ Whc[ gkÊ[bb[ feii„Z[" [j _b o WkhW kd[ XWbb[ fekh ied f„h[" kd[ fekh VkZX YÉVjigZh VYdaZhXZcih! jc bVcfjZ YZ dW_Zih! ^a V YZh ^Y‚Zh hj^X^YV^gZh#
iW c„h[ [j kd[ fekh b[ j^ƒhWf[kj[$ gZheZXi | aɂ\VgY YZh [ZbbZh Zc \‚c‚gVa!
YZh Xdck^Xi^dch hi‚g‚dine‚Zh | aɂ\VgY Yj gaZ 6j c^kZVj hXdaV^gZ
YZh ]dbbZh Zi YZh [ZbbZh » aZh [ZbbZh HZh g‚hjaiVih hXdaV^gZh eZjkZci „igZ bVjkV^h!
Yd^kZci [V^gZ aV kV^hhZaaZ! hÉdXXjeZg YZh hdc VWhZci‚^hbZ ^bedgiVci# JcZ VWhZcXZ
Zc[Vcih½! aZh ]dbbZh Yd^kZci hdgi^g! kd^g aZh YZ egd_Zih! YZh Y^[ÒXjai‚h | [V^gZ YZh X]d^m!
XdeV^ch! Wd^gZ½¼# 9Zh Y^[ÒXjai‚h | ‚iVWa^g | egZcYgZ YZh Y‚X^h^dch dg^ZciVi^dc½
YZh gZaVi^dch VbdjgZjhZh dj V[[ZXi^kZh dj eZjkZci hZ [V^gZ hZci^g#
YZh ‚iVih YZ Y‚eZcYVcXZ V[[ZXi^kZ ZmXZhh^kZ
eZjkZci „igZ gZhhZci^h# >a eZji ‚\VaZbZci hZ 6j c^kZVj e]nh^fjZ
bdcigZg igƒh hdjX^Zjm! eg‚dXXje‚ edjg aZ AÉVYdaZhXZci eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh igdjWaZh
YZkZc^g YZ hV bƒgZ# >a eZji Vadgh eg‚hZciZg Yj hdbbZ^a ^chdbc^Z dj ]neZghdbc^Z!
jcZ Y^b^cji^dc YZ hZh gZaVi^dch Vb^XVaZh dj YZh XdcYj^iZh Va^bZciV^gZh# JcZ [Vi^\jZ
Zi YZh VXi^k^i‚h Zc YZ]dgh YZ aV bV^hdc! hZ ZmXZhh^kZ! YZh YdjaZjgh e]nh^fjZh eZjkZci
gZea^Zg hjg aj^"b„bZ! hÉ^hdaZg# „igZ gZhhZci^h# >a eZji „igZ ZckV]^ eVg YZh
^bV\Zh YZh hXƒcZh YZ k^daZcXZh [aVh]
6j c^kZVj XdbedgiZbZciVa WVX` 0 XZh ^bV\Zh gZk^ZccZci | cÉ^bedgiZ
>a eZji eg‚hZciZg YZh XdbedgiZbZcih | g^hfjZ fjZa bdbZci# Jc ‚iVi Y‚egZhh^[ dj YZh
Zc ' gdjZh eVg ZmZbeaZ! YZh VWjh YÉVaXdda! e]dW^Zh eZjkZci „igZ XdchiVi‚h#
YZ Ygd\jZ! YZh eg^hZh YZ b‚Y^XVbZcih

¿ FJ> :C E6GA:G 4
" Vj b‚YZX^c igV^iVci!
" | jc e‚YdehnX]^VigZ!
" | jc ehnX]dad\jZ!
" | jcZ Vhh^hiVciZ hdX^VaZ Yj hZXiZjg! Yj Xdaaƒ\Z dj Yj anX‚Z!
" | idjh aZh egd[Zhh^dccZah YZ aÉVXXjZ^a! YZ aɂXdaZ! YZh ad^h^gh! YZh hd^ch
Zc XdciVXi VkZX kdigZ VYdaZhXZci#

&+ &,

+ # FWh[dji" leki iek^W_j[p gk[ bW iWdjƒ
Z[ lei [d\Wdji iÊWcƒb_eh[$ Gk[ \W_h[ 5
6XXZeiZg aÉ^Y‚Z fjZ XZiiZ h^ijVi^dc YZ
k^daZcXZ V idj_djgh YZh Xdch‚fjZcXZh hjg aV
hVci‚ Zi aÉVkZc^g YZ aÉZc[Vci fjZah fjZ hd^ZciYj hZch Zhi ZhhZci^Za | aZjg eg^hZ Zc X]Vg\Z
aZh Z[[dgih [V^ih edjg aZ egdi‚\Zg#
G‚jhh^g | kdjh eZghjVYZg fjZ kdjh edjkZo egd\gƒh fj^ hZgdci YZh djkZgijgZh edjg
[V^gZ WZVjXdje#
Hdgi^g Yj h^aZcXZ Zhi ^cXdcidjgcVWaZ# 8ZaV
eZji hZ [V^gZ eVg ‚iVeZ! | kdigZ gni]bZ! VkZX
i‚cVX^i‚#
9Z cdbWgZjm egd[Zhh^dccZah eVgi^X^eZci | XZ
ineZ YɂXdjiZ Zi eZjkZci kdjh VXXdbeV\cZg#
:c eVgaZg XÉZhi Y‚_| V\^g# AZ eajh hdjkZci jcZ
eg^hZ Zc X]Vg\Z Zhi c‚XZhhV^gZ edjg X]VXjc
YZh VYjaiZh Zi YZh Zc[Vcih XdcXZgc‚h#
&-
A6 H6CIw 9:H :C;6CIH
:MEDHwH 6JM K>DA:C8:H 8DC?J<6A:H
Conclusion
EgZcYgZ Y‚a^W‚g‚bZci Zc XdbeiZ aZh
EVgZcih! Zc a^hVci XZiiZ WgdX]jgZ kdjh VkZo Y‚_| [gVcX]^ jcZ ‚iVeZ eVg Vbdjg edjg kdh Zc[Vcih# 8ZiiZ
igdjWaZh YZ hVci‚ YZ aÉZc[Vci Zi aZjg YdccZg
WgdX]jgZ Zhi Vjhh^ [V^iZ edjg kdjh ZcXdjgV\Zg Zi edjg fjZ kdjh g‚jhh^hh^Zo | igdjkZg jc Veej^ Vjegƒh
YÉjcZ egd[Zhh^dccZaaZ edjg kdjh V^YZg# EVgaZg YZh k^daZcXZh Xdc_j\VaZh XÉZhi Vjhh^ egZcYgZ Zc XdbeiZ
Zi | aÉVkZc^g YZ aÉZc[Vci# 8Z fjZ [dci Vadgh
aÉ^ci‚g„i YZ aÉZc[Vci Zi hdc VkZc^g# 8ZiiZ Y‚bVgX]Z cZ kdjh Zc\V\Z | g^Zc edjg XZ fj^ XdcXZgcZ kdigZ
aZh eVgZcih Zhi k^iVa edjg YZ idjh eZi^ih
XdjeaZ Zi cZ kdjh Y‚edhh‚YZgV eVh YZ kdigZ ]^hid^gZ Zi YZh hj^iZh fjZ kdjh hdj]V^iZgZo aj^ YdccZg#
fjZ aZjg Zc[Vci hZ Xdchigj^hZ VjigZbZci#
;d ZƒY_ZWdj ZÊW]_h" b[i fWh[dji fekhhedj
Y^Wd][h bW jhW`[Yje_h[ Z[ b[kh [d\Wdj$ 8Z ¿ FJ> :C E6GA:G 4
Idjh aZh egd[Zhh^dccZah YZ aV hVci‚ Zi YZh hZgk^XZh hdX^Vjm dci jcZ b^hh^dc YɂXdjiZ!
igVkV^a YZ eVgZcih Zhi adc\ Zi [Vhi^Y^Zjm#
YZ XdchZ^a Zi YZ egdiZXi^dc YZ aÉZc[Vci Zi YZ aV [Vb^aaZ#
Kdjh VkZo aZ X]d^m edjg igdjkZg aÉ^ciZgadXjiZjg fj^ kdjh Xdck^Zci /
" aZ b‚YZX^c igV^iVci
" aV EB> " &* -) *( (' )&
" aZ hZgk^XZ YZ e‚YdehnX]^Vig^Z! =e^iVa HV^ciZ"BVg^Z " &* -) *) ++ '&" 8=J # &* -) -+( '*&
" aZ EaZ g‚\^dcVa YZ G‚[‚gZcXZ edjg aÉVXXjZ^a YZh k^Xi^bZh YZ k^daZcXZh hZmjZaaZh Zi bVaigV^iVcXZh
| Zc[Vcih! 8=J 8aZgbdci";ZggVcY " cjb‚gd kZgi & .&& ,(( ,*.
" aZh hZgk^XZh hdX^Vjm Yj 8dchZ^a \‚c‚gVa
™ 6B7:GI " &* -) .( ++ (& ™ 8A:GBDCI K>AA: " &* -) ** '/ '+
™ 8A:GBDCI 6<<AD " &* -) ,/ /( ,/ ™ 8DB7G6>AA:H " &* -) .+ )' (&
™ CDG9 6<<ADBwG6I>DC " &* -) ,* +) -& ™ H6C8N K6A 9É6AA>:G " &* -) ./ *. ++
™ HJ9 6<<ADBwG6I>DC " &* -) )/ ,+ ,& ™ I=>:GH " &* -) .& ., *&
" aV XZaajaZ Y‚eVgiZbZciVaZ YZ gZXjZ^a YZh ^c[dgbVi^dch eg‚dXXjeVciZh 8\+( " &* -) *( (& +&
" aZ hZgk^XZ hdX^Va hXdaV^gZ " &* -) ,& /. /+
" aZ b‚YZX^c hXdaV^gZ " &* -) ,& /. /-
" aÉ^cÒgb^ƒgZ hXdaV^gZ YZ aɂiVWa^hhZbZci fj^ igVkV^aaZ Zc a^Zc VkZX aÉVhh^hiVciZ hdX^VaZ hXdaV^gZ
Zi aZ b‚YZX^c hXdaV^gZ
" aÉVhhdX^Vi^dc :c[VcXZ BV_jhXjaZ " &* -) (/ (/ (/
" aÉVhhdX^Vi^dc :c[VcXZ Zi EVgiV\Z " &* -) /& ** '-
" aÉ:hXVaZ ^c[dh eVgZcih " &* -) (, *- /+
" aÉVhhdX^Vi^dc 6#K#:#8# 6hhdX^Vi^dc K^Xi^bZh :XdjiZ 8dchZ^a " &* -) /& '( (*
" aZ 8ZcigZ YÉ>c[dgbVi^dc YZh 9gd^ih YZh ;ZbbZh Zi YZh ;Vb^aaZh Yj Ejn"YZ"9bZ " &* -) (+ ,) /+
" aÉZheVXZ [Vb^aaZ " & .(& (+ ,) '&
&.
 A6 H6CIw 9:H :C;6CIH
:MEDHwH 6JM K>DA:C8:H 8DC?J<6A:H

Annexe
Bibliographie
B[i Z_\\ƒh[dj[i \ehc[i Z[ l_eb[dY[i
gk_ f[kl[dj iÊ[n[hY[h Wl[Y hƒ]kbWh_jƒ Wk i[_d Zk Yekfb[
Cdjh Vkdch gZ\gdje‚ ^X^ YZh g‚[‚gZcXZh idjX]Vci YZ egƒh dj YZ ad^c cdigZ hj_Zi# 8Zh a^kgZh hÉVYgZhhZci |
BW l_eb[dY[ l[hXWb[ eZji hÉZciZcYgZ# H^ BW l_eb[dY[ ƒYedec_gk[ V edjg dW_Zi YZ idjh aZh Zc[Vcih Zi VYjaiZh hjhXZei^WaZh YZ hZ edhZg aV fjZhi^dc XdciZcjZ YVch aZ i^igZ! fjZah fjZ hd^Zci
XZgiV^ch kdci ‚aZkZg aZ idc! edjg ^ci^b^YZg Y‚edhh‚YZg aV k^Xi^bZ YZ idjiZ edhh^W^a^i‚ aZ XdciZmiZ Zi aV gV^hdc YZ [dcY edjg aVfjZaaZ aV fjZhi^dc hZ edhZ#
aZjgh XdbeV\cZh! YÉVjigZh! Vj XdcigV^gZ! YÉVjidcdb^Z ÒcVcX^ƒgZ XdcigaZ! eg^kVi^dc
kdci egZcYgZ jcZ kd^m eajh hjVkZ! aV k^Xi^bZ YZh gZhhdjgXZh ÒcVcX^ƒgZh# ¿ YZhi^cVi^dc YZh Zc[Vcih
gZXdccVˆi XZiiZ idcVa^i‚ YVc\ZgZjhZ# Jc BW l_eb[dY[ i[nk[bb[ Zhi aV eajh XVX]‚Z A^kgZh \‚c‚gVaZbZci ZcigZ )!*% Zi + Zjgdh
VjigZ \VgYZgV hdc i^bWgZ ]VW^ijZa! bV^h gVeedgih hZmjZah hdjh XdcigV^ciZ### AZh
VWgZjkZgV aÉVjigZ YÉ^c_jgZh! YZ bZcVXZh! YZ k^Xi^bZh dci WZVjXdje YZ bVa | Zc eVgaZg 9[ gk_ \W_j cWb 0
hVgXVhbZh# eVgXZ fjÉZaaZh gZhiZci VhhdX^‚Zh Vjm dWa^\V" " » 8V [V^i bVa aV k^daZcXZ ¼
BW l_eb[dY[ fioY^ebe]_gk[ hÉZmeg^bZ eVg i^dch Yj bVg^V\Z Zi Vj YZkd^g Xdc_j\Va# 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]! 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z " :Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ#
YZh Vii^ijYZh Y^kZghZh! YZh ]jb^a^Vi^dch! BW l_eb[dY[ if_h_jk[bb[ Xdch^hiZ | Y‚c^\gZg
YZh dgYgZh XdcigVY^Xid^gZh½ AZ eVgiZcV^gZ aZh XgdnVcXZh Yj eVgiZcV^gZ Zi$d‘ | aj^ ^b" " » AZh eVgZcih YZ BVm Zi A^a^ hZ Y^hejiZci ¼
k^daZci gZckd^Z | aV k^Xi^bZ jcZ ^bV\Z YÉ^c" edhZg jcZ egVi^fjZ gZa^\^ZjhZ# 9db^c^fjZ YZ HV^ci BVgh! HZg\Z 7adX] " 8daaZXi^dc » 6^ch^ kV aV k^Z ¼ " :Y# 8Vaa^\gVb#
Xdbe‚iZcXZ! YZ cjaa^i‚# >a aÉViiZ^ci YVch
hdc ^bV\Z | igVkZgh aZ gZ\VgY YZh VjigZh# " » K^daZcXZ! cdc  ¼
Egd\gZhh^kZbZci! aV k^Xi^bZ eZgY XdcÒVcXZ Ed f[di[ gk[ bW l_eb[dY[ [ij ifedjWdƒ[ 9# HV^ci BVgh " AZh eZi^ih \j^YZh edjg XdbegZcYgZ aV k^Z " :Y# 7VnVgY ?ZjcZhhZ#
Zc ZaaZ"b„bZ! Zc hZh edhh^W^a^i‚h# EZj | Wbehi gk[ ZWdi Y[ Yedj[nj[ [bb[ [ij eh#
" » AV ]dciZ ¼
eZj hÉ^chiVaaZ aZ Y‚hZhed^g! jcZ VXXZeiVi^dc ]Wd_iƒ[$ 9[jj[ l_eb[dY[ dÊ[ij d_ kd WYj[
8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]! 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z " :Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ! B^cZ YZ g^Zc #
eVhh^kZ YZ XZ fj^ Vgg^kZ# :aaZ hÉ^hdaZ! hÉZc" WYY_Z[dj[b" d_ b[ iocfjŽc[ ZÊkd[ kd_ed [d
[ZgbZ YVch hV ]dciZ! cÉdhZ eajh egZcYgZ Z_\ÓYkbjƒ cW_i kd Yecfehj[c[dj _dWYY[f# " » AZh X]V\g^ch ¼
YÉ^c^i^Vi^kZ# jWXb[" kd[ _d\hWYj_ed fkd_[ fWh bW be_$ 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z! 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX] " :Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ#
BW l_eb[dY[ f^oi_gk[ / XdcigV^gZbZci | jcZ Jekj[i b[i l_eb[dY[i iedj eh]Wd_iƒ[i$ Gk[
" » Idji hZja ¼
^Y‚Z g‚eVcYjZ! cÉZhi eVh idj_djgh eg‚hZciZ ZƒÓd_j Y[jj[ l_eb[dY[" d[ f[kj#ed fWi fWh#
8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]! 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z " :Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ#
YVch aZh h^ijVi^dch YZ k^daZcXZ Xdc_j\VaZ# b[h Z[ l_eb[dY[i Wk fbkh_[b 5
AÉV\gZhhZjg aÉji^a^hZ fjVcY ^a cÉV eVh g‚jhh^ " » IZgg^WaZ ¼
| XdcigaZg idjh aZh XdbedgiZbZcih YZ hdc 6aV^c HZggZh! 7gjcd =Z^io " :Y# GjZ Yj bdcYZ
eVgiZcV^gZ# >a eVhhZ YdcX Vjm Xdjeh! | aV jc adje fj^ iZggdg^hZ hV [ZbbZ! hZh Zc[Vcih Zi aV [dg„i idji Zci^ƒgZ½#
WgjiVa^i‚ dj | aV XdcigV^ciZ e]nh^fjZ#
" » :b^a^Z cÉV^bZ eVh fjVcY hV bƒgZ Wd^i igde ¼
9db^c^fjZ YZ HV^ci BVgh! HZg\Z 7adX] " 8daaZXi^dc » 6^ch^ kV aV k^Z ¼ " :Y# 8Vaa^\gVb#

" » EVeV V aV bVaVY^Z YZ aÉVaXdda ¼

=‚aƒcZ ?jk^\cn! 7g^\^iiZ AVWW‚! Da^k^Zg AVin` " :Y# B^aVc _ZjcZhhZ#

" » ?Z kZjm eVh VaaZg | aɂXdaZ ¼

H# 7aV`Z " :Y# AÉ:XdaZ YZh ad^h^gh#

'% '&
 A6 H6CIw 9:H :C;6CIH
:MEDHwH 6JM K>DA:C8:H 8DC?J<6A:H

9[ gk_ \W_j f[kh 0 ¿ YZhi^cVi^dc YZh eVgZcih

" » BVm Zi A^a^ dci eZjg ¼ B_lh[i 0
9db^c^fjZ YZ HV^ci BVgh! HZg\Z 7adX] " 8daaZXi^dc » 6^ch^ kV aV k^Z ¼ " :Y# 8Vaa^\gVb#
" » IZbe„iZ YVch aV [Vb^aaZ# AZh Zc[Vcih Zi aV k^daZcXZ Xdc_j\VaZ ¼#
" » A^a^ cZ kZji eVh hZ XdjX]Zg ¼ ># 8i‚! A; 9VaaV^gZ Zi ?; K‚o^cV " :Y# YZ aÉ]e^iVa HiZ _jhi^cZ FjZWZX#
9db^c^fjZ YZ HV^ci BVgh! HZg\Z 7adX] " 8daaZXi^dc » 6^ch^ kV aV k^Z ¼ " :Y# 8Vaa^\gVb#
" » K^daZcXZh Xdc_j\VaZh / [V^gZ [VXZ Zi Zc hdgi^g / idjiZh aZh V^YZh! aZh Y‚bVgX]Zh Zi aZh VYgZhhZh ji^aZh ¼
" » AV eZjg ¼ " 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]! 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z <# BVYdj " 8daaZXi^dc AZ XdchZ^aaZg _jg^Y^fjZ edjg idjh " C• ''- " :Y# Ej^ih ÓZjg^#
:Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ#
" » 6bdjg Zi k^daZcXZ / aZ Y‚Ò YZ aÉ^ci^b^i‚ ¼
" » AV gjbZjg YZ KZc^hZ ¼ " 6aWZgi^cZ G# 8djiVcXZVj " :Y# D# ?VXdW#
:Y# AV _d^Z YZ k^kgZ#
" » ;ZbbZ hdjh Zbeg^hZ# AZh gZhhdgih YZ aV k^daZcXZ YVch aZ XdjeaZ ¼
B; =^g^\dnZc " D] :Y#
9[ gk_ W_Z[ 0 " » AZh k^daZcXZh dgY^cV^gZh YZh ]dbbZh ZckZgh aZh [ZbbZh ¼
E# 7gZcdi " :Y# D# ?VXdW#
" » AZh X}a^ch ¼ " 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z! 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]
:Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ# " » AZh k^daZcXZh [V^iZh Vjm [ZbbZh Zc ;gVcXZ# JcZ V[[V^gZ YɂiVi ¼
BE AV_di " 8daaZXi^dc BjiVi^dch " :Y# 6jigZbZci#
" » BVm Zi A^a^ kZjaZci YZh XVa^ch ¼ " 9db^c^fjZ YZ HV^ci BVgh! HZg\Z 7adX]
8daaZXi^dc » 6^ch^ kV aV k^Z ¼ " :Y# 8Vaa^\gVb# " » Edjgfjd^ aZh ]dbbZh [gVeeZci aZh [ZbbZh ¼
6# GdXXd " :Y# 6aWVc#
" » AZh XdaƒgZh ¼ " 8daa^cZ ;VjgZ"Ed^g‚Z! 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]
:Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ# " » ;ZbbZh ^ck^h^WaZh# AZjgh bdih XdcigZ aV k^daZcXZ ¼
H# AVVX]Zg " :Y# 8VabVc"a‚kn#
" » AV [Vb^aaZ ¼ " 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]
:Y# =Vi^Zg B^cZ YZ g^Zc# " » ?ÉVeeZaaZ eVh V YZ aÉVbdjg# AZh k^daZcXZh YVch aZh gZaVi^dch VbdjgZjhZh ¼
6# 7djhhj\Z! :# I]^‚WVji " :Y# Hngdh#
" » AZh \gVcYh eVgZcih ¼ " ?dZaaZ 7djX]Zg
:Y# =Vi^Zg B^cZ YZ g^Zc# " » AÉD\gZ ^ci‚g^Zjg# 9Z aV k^daZcXZ eZghdccZaaZ Zi [Vb^a^VaZ ¼
8# Da^k^Zg " :Y# ;VnVgY#
" » BVm kZji hZ [V^gZ YZh Vb^h ¼ " 9db^c^fjZ YZ HV^ci BVgh! HZg\Z 7adX]
8daaZXi^dc » 6^ch^ kV aV k^Z ¼ " :Y# 8Vaa^\gVb# " » AZh [ZbbZh YVch jc bdcYZ YÉ^ch‚Xjg^i‚ 4 K^daZcXZ | aɂ\VgY YZh [ZbbZh#
;V^ih! Ydcc‚Zh Zi VcVanhZh ¼ " 9^gZXi^dc / B KaVX]dkV! A# 7^Vhdc " :Y# AV BVgi^c^ƒgZ#
" » AZh Vb^h ¼ " 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]
:Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ# " » K^daZcXZ YZh [Vb^aaZh# BVaVY^Z YÉVbdjg ¼
9^gZXi^dc / 8# 9Vco^c\Zg " 8daaZXi^dc bjiVi^dch " :Y# 6jigZbZci#
" » 8]Zo aZ ehn ¼ " 8Vi]Zg^cZ 9daid"Ida^iX]
:Y# <Vaa^bVgY ?ZjcZhhZ# " » vV cZ kV eVh [dgi | aV bV^hdc# AÉZc[Vci Zi aZh hdjX^h YZh \gVcYh ¼
9# 8Vhigd " :Y# 6aW^c B^X]Za#

" » 8Zh Zc[Vcih bVaVYZh Yj higZhh ¼

<# <Zdg\Z " :Y# 6ccZ 8Vgg^ƒgZ#

<_bci 0

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