Basic Differential Equation of Equilibrium in Cartesian Co-ordinate:

 zz+ zz /z dz
 zy+ zy/z dz

 zx+ zx/z dz

 yz+ yz/y dy dz
 yy+ yy/y dy

 xz+ xz/x dx
 yx+ yx/y dy
 xy+ xy/x dx

 xx
Fz
 xy Fy  xx+ xx/x dx
 xz
 yx

 yz Fx
 yy

 zx
dy
 zy
Z
Y  zz

X dx

Consider an element in Cartesian co-ordinate system. Forces acting on element are as

shown in figure.
 Assume thickness of element
as dx, dy and dz in the directions X, Y and Z respectively.
 Fx: Body force per unit volume
in X direction
 Fy: Body force per unit volume
in Y direction

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 Fz: Body force per unit volume
in Z direction

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For Equilibrium in X - Direction:
(xx + xx/x dx) dy dz – xx dy dz + (yx+yx/y dy) dx dz – yx dx dz
+ (zx+zx/z dz) dx dy – zx dx dy + Fx dx dy dz = 0
 xx/x dx dy dz + yx/y dy dx dz + zx/z dz dx dy + Fx dx dy dz = 0
Dividing each element by dx dy dz
xx/x + yx/y + zx/z + Fx = 0 … [1]
Similarly;
For Equilibrium in Y - Direction:
(yy + yy/y dy) dx dz – yy dx dz + (xy+xy/x dx) dz dy – xy dz dy
+ (zy+zy/z dz) dx dy – zy dx dy + Fy dx dy dz = 0
 yy/y dy dx dz +xy/x dx dz dy + zy/z dz dx dy + Fy dx dy dz = 0
Dividing each element by dx dy dz
xy/x + yy/y + zy/z + Fy = 0 … [2]
Similarly;
For Equilibrium in z - Direction:
(zz + zz/z dz) dx dy – zz dx dy + (xz+xz/x dx) dz dy – xz dz dy
+ (yz+yz/y dy) dx dz – yz dx dz + Fz dx dy dz = 0
 zz/z dz dx dy + xz/x dx dz dy + yz/y dy dx dz + Fz dx dy dz = 0
Dividing each element by dx dy dz
xz/x + yz/y + zz/z + Fz = 0 … [3]
Equations [1], [2] and [3] can be rewritten in matrix form as under;

xx yx zx

/x /y /z =– Fx Fy Fz
xy yy zy

xz yz zz

If body force in each direction is zero then the above relation will be as under;

xx yx zx

/x /y /z xy yy zy = 0 0 0

xz yz zz

OR  (Stress Matrix) = 0 where  = /x /y /z

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The above equation in 2-D state of stresses in X-Y plane can be rewritten as under:

xx yx
/x /y = 0 0 Here yx = xy
xy yy

OR  (Stress Matrix) = 0 where  = /x /y

The solution of the above two partial differential equilibrium equations, in terms of stress
function:  (x, y) is given by:
Axial stress in X – Direction:  xx =  2/y2,
Axial stress in Y – Direction:  yy =  2/x2
Complementary Shear stresses:  xy =  yx = –  2/xy
CHECKS FOR EQUILIBRIUM:
In X - Direction:
xx/x + xy/y
= /x (2/y2) + /y (– 2/xy)
= 3/xy2 – 3/xy2 = 0 … OK
In Y - Direction:
yx/x + yy/y
= /x (– 2/xy) + /y (2/x2)
= – 3/x2y + 3/x2y = 0 … OK
Therefore, equilibrium in X as well as in Y directions is satisfied.
Strain Displacement Relation in Cartesian Co-ordinate:

 yx  yx

 xy  xy

 xy  xy   xy  xy
 yx
90 -  xy

 yx  yx

The deformed shape of a 2-D element subjected to complementary shear streses is

shownn above. From which 2 xy = 2 yx = xy OR xy = yx = ½ xy.

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The deformed shape of a 2-D element subjected to bi-axial stresses accompanied by
complementary shear streses is shown below:

u + u/y dy

v + v/y dy

dy

Y v v + v/x dx

dx
u u + u/x dx
X
O

Linear strain in X-Direction:

 xx = (u + u/x dx – u)/dx = u/x = ( xx –   yy)/E
Similarly Linear strain in Y-Direction:
 yy = (v + v/y dy – v)/dy = v/y = ( yy –   xx)/E
Shear strain in X-Direction: And Shear strain in Y-Direction:
 1 = (v + v/x dx – v)/dx = v/x  2 = (u + u/y dy – u)/dy = u/y
Total Shear strain:  xy =  1 +  2 = u/y + v/x =  xy/C = 2  xy   xy =  xy/2C
Now, 2xx/y2 + 2yy/x2 = 3u/xy2 + 3v/yx2
= 2/xy (u/y + v/x) = 2xy /xy = 2 2xy/xy
OR  2 xx/y2 +  2 yy/x2 –  2 xy/xy =  2 xx/y2 +  2 yy/x2 – 2  2 xy/xy = 0
This is called the compatibility equation. Substituting the values of xx, yy and xy
E–1 (2xx/y2 –  2yy/y2) + E–1 (2yy/x2 –  2xx/x2) – C–1 (2xy/xy) = 0
E–1 (4/y4 –  4/x2y2 + 4/x4 –  4/y2x2) – 2(1 + ) E–1 (– 4/x2y2) = 0
E–1 (4/y4 – 2  4/x2y2 + 4/x4 + 2 4/x2y2 + 2  4/x2y2) = 0
4/x4 + 2 4/x2y2 + 4/y4 = 0
(2/x2 + 2/y2)(2/x2 + 2/y2) = 0
If we take 2 = (2/x2 + 2/y2) then
2 (2/x2 + 2/y2) = 2 (2 ) = 4  = 0
OR  2 ( xx +  yy) = 0. The same equation is used in POLAR co-ordinate system.
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