Republic of the Philippines

Inter-Global College Foundation Inc.

Brgy. Bocohan Lucena City

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING GARLIC AND CALAMANSI AS AN

ANTI-BACTERIAL AND WHITENING SOAP

A Research Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School Department

Inter – Global College Foundation Inc.

Lucena City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Academic Track STEM Strand and the Subject

Research Capstone Project

By:

Lopez, John Marro O.

Regenio, Kailah M.

Viñas, Nica Genessi G.

January 2020
 The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as an
Anti – Bacterial and Whitening Soap

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Soap is a skin care product that people uses in everyday life it contains chemical

compound resulting from the reaction of an alkali (commonly sodium or potassium

hydroxide) with a fatty acid. Soaps are the metallic salts of long chain fatty acids. When

mixed with water during bathing or washing, they help people and clothes get clean by

lowering the chance of dirt and oil to get to the skin or fabric. Soaps are made

from animal fats or vegetable oils. Soap has been made in many ways. Humanity has

used soap-like things for thousands of years. The earliest recorded evidence of the

making of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. A

recipe for soap having water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet

around 2200 BC ( Willcox, 2018). In addition, According to Chrisholm and Hugh, (2017)

Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and lubricating products. In a

domestic setting, soaps are usually used for washing, bathing, and other types

of housekeeping. In industry, soaps are used as thickeners, components of

some lubricants, and precursors to catalysts.

Soaps are generally used for the removal of germs and for cleaning purpose. Soap

usage is very common and now a day’s especially anti- bacterial soaps are very popular.

According to company’s claim their antibacterial soaps are bacteria killers. So with the

use of antibacterial soaps we can get dual functions, removal as well as killing of

bacteria. The purpose of the study was to determine the bactericidal activity of both the
 The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as an
Anti – Bacterial and Whitening Soap

antibacterial as well as of the beauty soaps being used in our daily life. Antibacterial

soaps considered to be more effective than beauty (plain) soaps and deodorant ( Riaz,

2015).

According to Robyn (2016), Skin whitening, also known as skin

lightening and skin bleaching, refer to the practice of using chemical substances in an

attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing

the melanin concentration in the skin. Several chemicals have been shown to be effective

in skin whitening, while some have proven to be toxic or have questionable safety

profiles.

Skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a protective barrier between the

human insides and the rest of the world, helps regulate body temperature and acts as a

filter. Skin exists in a constant state of growth, with old cells dying as new cells are

forming. It's affected by every aspect of life, from what you eat to where you live.

Healthy skin is better able to fight signs of aging, heals much faster and staves off

potential disease better than unhealthy skin (Hugh, 2017).

A few research studies have shown that garlic can be useful for some medical

conditions. Garlic has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiseptic properties from

allicin. Allicin helps to kill the bacteria causing acne. It also helps to reduce swelling and

inflammation, and improve blood circulation (Wells, 2018).In addition, white Garlic

becomes Black Garlic following a month-long fermentation process under strictly

controlled heat and humidity. This very specific process results is a soft, jelly-like texture

that is free from odor and has a taste similar to figs. From a nutritional point of view,

Black Garlic has a similar content of allicin, the active ingredient in White Garlic that
 The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as an
Anti – Bacterial and Whitening Soap

imparts its benefits, but without the odor. Additionally, Black Garlic is rich in amino

acids and has almost double the amount of antioxidants when compared to White Garlic.

But that is not the whole story. Black Garlic also contains an additional very specific

compound called S-Allycysteine (SAC) in very high concentrations, compared to White

Garlic which is water soluble and thus absorbed easily within the body (Daya, 2018).

According to Nilankeeta (2019), the acidic properties of calamansi make it a

powerful natural exfoliator. It sloughs off the uppermost layer of the skin containing dead

cells and reveals the fresh layer of cells lying underneath. Therefore, we get soft, smooth

and visibly glowing skin. Therefore, being a citrus fruit, calamansi acts as a

natural bleaching agent for the skin. It has a strong acid content, which helps in

lightening the dark spots and patches in the skin by working directly on them. The fruit

also rejuvenates the cells present in those areas and turns them whiter or clearer.

Moreover, calamansi can help you get an even skin tone by reducing discoloration and

correcting blemishes.

Lavender oil can aid in skin lightening since it reduces inflammation. It can

reduce discoloration, including dark spots. Lavender oil helps lessen blotchiness and

redness. If you have hyperpigmentation on your skin, lavender oil may be able to help

with that as well (Sullivan, 2018).

In addition, The best way to lighten and brighten your skin with coconut oil is to

use it as a daily moisturizing body oil. While additives like lemon juice, lavender oil, and

other essential oils may speed up the lightening process, daily use of coconut oil will help

to prevent future discoloration (Grover , 2019).

 The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as an
Anti – Bacterial and Whitening Soap

According to Fiji (2016), Not only is coconut oil used as a moisturizer for your

face, it is also an amazing moisturizer for your body. Coconut oil is known for its anti-

oxidant properties and as such it has been used to treat various skin ailments such as

eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis. Coconut oil can help to restore the skin’s natural PH

levels thus leaving it silky and smooth. Coconut oil is often used as a base oil in body

care products such as lotions, creams and body butters.

This study primarily aim to make a soap that have anti-bacterial and whitening

agent from the black garlic oil, calamansi juice, olive oil, soap base, and lavender oil.

The purpose of this study is to find out if black garlic and calamansi soap formulation can

be an effective anti-bacterial soap and if it can whiten their skin.

1.2. Objective of the Study

The main focus of the study is to (1) make an anti-bacterial and whitening soap

using garlic and calamansi (2) To evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-bacterial and

whitening soap in terms of : (A) Physical Appearance (B) Functional Capability (3) To

find out if the soap does not cause any allergic reaction.
 The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as an
Anti – Bacterial and Whitening Soap

1.3. Definition of Terms

The following terms were operationally defined to better understanding of the

study.

Bleaching is also called skin bleaching refers to the use of products to lighten dark areas

of the skin or achieve an overall lighter complexion. These products

include bleaching creams, soaps, and pills, as well as professional treatments like

chemical peels and laser therapy.

Calamansi is also called Philippine Lime that can be found in Philippines, Taiwan,

Borneo and other surrounding areas. Calamansi is also used for cooking especially on

Filipino Cuisines. Also, Calamansi has an anti- oxidant, vitamin c that can fight the

germs in our body and has natural bleaching agent that helps to whiten the skin.

Garlic is usually used on cooking in different parts of the world and other than using in

cooking, garlic has also an antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiseptic properties

make garlic to fight the bacteria from your skin.

Lavender Oil has an ability to lessen acne, lighten the skin and reduce wrinkles. This oil

also contains antibacterial and can moisturize the skin. Lavender oil is one of the

essential oils that has soothing smell and made from the lavender flower.
 The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as an
Anti – Bacterial and Whitening Soap

Coconut oil is comprised of many compounds which are the helping to greaten

the brightening and lightening for the skin. Also, the coconut has the

many components which include essential fatty acids like capric acid, lauric acid, and the

vitamin E.

S-Allyl cysteine is an organic compound that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic. It is

a derivative of the amino acid cysteine in which an allyl group has been added to the

sulfur atom. Allyl cysteine is currently being investigated as a potential cholesterol

lowering agent and as a chemopreventive.

Soap Base is made with skin moisturizing glycerin, which is known to draw moisture

from the air into the skin. It's used in many natural hair and skin products, including this

Melt-and-pour soap base, because it helps moisturize and strengthen hair and skin.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

This study is focus on The Effectiveness of Using Garlic and Calamansi as Anti-

Bacterial and Whitening Soap that will be develop and produce by the researchers.

This study will be limited to five (5) Selected Senior High School Students of

Inter-Global College Foundation Inc., five(5) that will serve as respondents will use the

anti-bacterial and whitening soap.