PRODUCTION OF ATSUETE (Bixa Orellana ) GUMAMELA(Hibiscus rosa-

Sinensis Lin) AND CALAMANSI (Citrus Microcarpa)AS MARKER INK

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQIUREMENTS IN RESEARCH III

STUDY PROPOSAL

NELJHAN GETIAYON

DIANE GALLONES

JEAN MARIE SOMO

JANELLE ANN GLINDRO

RHOWINIER FLORES

9 STE B

GERMAINE G. GARCIA

TEACHER
 INTRODUCTION

Ink,is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and

is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design.
It can be used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, or
quill. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents,
pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants,
particulate matter, fluoresces, and other materials. The ink
components serve many purposes, namely: the ink’s carrier,
colorants, and other additives which affect the flow and
thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. Ink formulas
vary, but commonly involve three basic components: colorants,
vehicles, and additives. Ancient cultures around the world have
discovered ink formulations for the purposes of writing and
drawing. The first inks produced were said to be Chinese inks,
utilized from natural plant dyes, animal and mineral inks based
on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and
applied ink brushes.

Calamansi or calamondin (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) belongs to

the citrus family. It is a fruit tree native in the Philippines.
The tree is low set, spreading and well branched. The leaves are
broad and oval and dark green to pale green on the upper and
lower surfaces, respectively. The fruit is usually small and
round, ranging from 3.0 to 3.0 inches in diameter. The rind may
be thin or thick.

Gumamela is a shrub that grows from one meter up to 4 meters

high. Gumamela is also known as: Hibiscus, China Rose and Shoe
flower. In the Philippines, gumamela is cultivated as an
ornamental plant. The gumamela flower comes in many colors: red,
yellow, orange, white, purple, pink and other color
combinations.

Gumamela leaves, usually blended with Rose Hip has long been
used in the Middle East and Okinawa as herbal tea. Today, the
use of gumamela tea is gaining worldwide popularity - including
Asia. Gumamela (Hibiscus) is associated with longevity.

Markers play an important role in writing and in artworks

in different ways. Markers are valuable and productive to create
various writings on objects with enormous creative and practical
possibilities. Aside from its use in writing, it is also used in
labeling, poster creation and calligraphy. It is also important
to the students considering the advantages of technology. It
helps them to do their reports and present it as though power
service interruption occurs. With infinite use of markers, many
did not know that markers have limitations. Usually, it is a
problem for students, artists and calligraphers to supply ink
for the markers they are using.

Typically, the inks used in most markers are made from

synthetic materials like the petroleum and chemical solvents.
These kinds of materials are hazardous especially to the health
of the users and to the environment as well.

Achuete seeds are used as red coloring in Filipino cuisine.

In the Philippines and in Asian stores overseas, you can buy
small plastic packets of dried atsuete seeds.

This investigatory project will benefit man, especially students

and marker users, for producing alternative for commercial inks.
Nowadays, these manufactured inks come in quite expensive cost,
but since the materials to be used in this project are almost
domestically available, it can be a promising strategy to spend
less money for pens. Also, instead of throwing away those
plastic pens, refilling the ink cartridges is an eco-friendly
way of living. Another thing, no hazardous chemicals will be
used in the formulation of this ink, making it non-toxic,
compared to commercially available inks which have high
tendencies of harming one’s well-being and the environment.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant to the following:

USERS.

This study would be very beneficial to the users of pen.

Thisstudy provides many advantages to them, such as they would
have a more natural andcheaper way of having an ink for their
marker .

OTHER RESEARCHERS

This will help other researchers as that it will serve as

additional information and will add factual concepts for their
review of related literature .

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

General Objectives:

Generally this study aimed to produced a production of atsuete

gumamela and calamansi as marker ink.
Specific objective: to determine if there a significant
difference between the gumamela, calamansi, and atsuete as ink
and the standard ink in terms of:

a. Consistency

b. Resistance to fading

However, this research is only limited to producing a simple ink

as a marker ink. It does not include inks used in machines such
as printers and inks used in big publishing companies.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Stick Consistency- It is the consistency of the ink to stick in

the paper as rated by the respondents.

Calamansi-a small hybrid citrus plant which bears fragrant white

flowers followed by small round fruit, native to the Philippines
and grown as a houseplant.

Gumamela-Gumamela is a flower used in many places around the

world for herbal medicinal purposes. Also known as the hibiscus,
China rose or shoe flower, the gumamela is used as an
expectorant, diuretic, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory and
more. It is also useful in the making of herbal tea.

Atsuete-
A tropical American evergreen shrub or small tree (Bixa orellana
), having heart-shapedleaves and showy, rose-
pink or sometimes white flowers.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Ink , (according to encyclopedia 2011) is a liquid containing

various pigments or dyes used for coloring a surface to render

an image or text. It is used for drawing or writing with a pen

or brush. Thicker inks, in the form of a paste, are used

extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Annatto, sometimes called roucou or achiote, is a derivative of

the achiote trees of tropical regions of the Americas, used to

produce a yellow to orange food coloring and also as a

flavoring. Its scent is described as "slightly peppery with a

hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly nutty, sweet and peppery

Annatto coloring is produced from the reddish

pericarpor pulp which surrounds the seed of the achiote (Bixa

orellana L.). It is used as coloring in

many cheeses (e.g., Cheddar, Gloucester cheese, Red

Leicester, Gouda and Brie), margarine, butter, rice, custard pow

der, ice-cream, and smoked fish. Although it is a natural

food colorant, it has been linked to cases of food-related

allergies.

Annatto is commonly found in Latin

America and Caribbean cuisines as both a coloring agent and for
flavoring. Central and South American natives use the seeds to
make a body paint and lipstick. For this reason, the achiote is
sometimes called the "lipstick-tree". Achiote originated in
South America and has spread in popularity to many parts of
Asia. It is also grown in other tropical or subtropical regions
of the world, including Central America, Africa and Asia. The
heart-shaped fruit are brown or reddish brown at maturity, and
are covered with short, stiff hairs. When fully mature, the
fruit split open, exposing the numerous dark red seeds. While
the fruit itself is not edible, the orange-red pulp that covers
the seed is used to produce a yellow to orange commercial food
coloring. Achiote dye is prepared by grinding seeds or simmering
the seeds in water or oil.
In inks made from teabags, the addition of vinegar and

effectively contributed to achieving the desired qualities of

the ink in terms of consistency and color. Source: Ink made from

(Teabags, 2012.)

Plants that contain tanning color can be reliable for

making ink. For centuries, galls nestled from oak trees as

primary ingredient to make a black ink. The rich tanning color

of dogwood and alder tee also results to natural inks. Galls and

barks achieve more intense, lasting inks than most of the

flower-based inks. Also, Egyptians achieved quality red ink with

poppies.

(According to Helmenstine), any acidic fruit juice can be

used to make an invisible ink when combined with vinegar to make

the ink last longer.

 (Robbins 2010) described marker pens as pens which have
their own ink source and usually has a tip made of absorbent and
pressed fiber and was first created by Sidney Rosenthal in 1952.
This marker pen had been one of the commonly used writing
instruments for about fifty years.

Neumann’s and Schluttig’s definition of ink as cited in

Lindquist, clearly stated the properties of ink that would be
helpful in having a good quality ink. The ink must be clear,
filterable solution but not a suspension, should flow easily
from the pen and should not spread on paper. Since the ink is
natural, no mold must be seen on the solution and has no
pronounced unpleasant odor. Likewise, it must have an intense
color which does not become paler nor bleach out entirely as it
is used in writing. Furthermore, Lindquist added that every good
ink, whether writing, or combined writing and copying, should
have qualities that give writing that, after drying for eight
days, is not removed by water or alcohol -- even by treatment
for days -- to such an extent that it becomes illegible.

For more unusual colors, try flowers. Use hyacinth flowers to

make a blue ink. Crush rose, lavender or hibiscus petals for a
red or pink ink. Lilies of the valley, artemisa and snapdragons
can all be used to create a wide range of greens from a pale
shade to a darker forest shade. Marigolds, daffodils and
dandelion create a bold yellow ink. Steep the flowers in boiling
vinegar or let them sit for a while in the liquid to obtain the
color you want.(By Sienna Condy 2017)

Gumamela or Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn is a flower made of

tropical herbs,subtropical herbs, shrubs, and small trees. Also,
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn is part of the mallow family,
Malvaceae, in the order Malvales, class Magnoliopsida,
andincludes the rose of Sharon, popular garden shrub, showy
flowering shrubs and trees (Kimbrough. H., 2018).

The extract of Gumamela can be used in many different ways. It

can be used in healing wounds, especially in rats (Venkateswarlu
et al.,2015)

As based to the study of Uma N. B., Kumar n. K., Po S. E. A.

K., Minggat S. S. A., Gopr G. M. A., Kamal M. B. (2014), cooking
oil was used, and the organic pigment came from Roselle flower,
Asian pigeon wing flower, and turmeric. The flowers were
successfully extracted and blended with the cooking oil thus
making another alternative for ink.

Meanwhile according to the article (Lusted., 2014). The tools

that can be use for drawing are pencils are paints, pastels, and
ink for drawing. In today’s generation, inks are made of
chemicals that coming from berries, nuts, and even ashes to
produce dyes.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

This study also focused on how to utilized as ingredient for the

permanent marker ink. Additionally, the researcher was tested to
determine its consistency and resistance to fading through
experiments, observations were gathered and utilized as a
collective in making conclusions

Tools Material

Stove Gumamela

Frying Pan Atsuete

Baker Water

Container Calamansi

INGREDIENTS

10 ml Gumamela
20 ml Atsuete
2 ml calamansi
25 ml water
Procedure

1. Prepare all the materials.

2. Prepare your stove and frying pan.

3. Boil the atsuete seeds and gumamela to get their extract.

4. Then add the calamansi to have a fragrance

5. Get the strainer and strainer it.

6. Then put your ink in the container.

 Theoretical Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Treatment A

10 ml Gumamela + 10 ml
Atsuete Seeds + 5 ml
Calamansi

Extracting
A Consistency (
Treatment B
Boiling (Thick or Thin)
10 ml Gumamela + 20 ml
Mixing B. Resistance to fading
Atsuete seeds + 2 ml ( Light or Dark)
Calamansi

Treatment c

15 ml Gumamela +10 ml
Atsuete Seeds + 10 ml
calamansi
 Department of Education
Region VI Western Visayas
Division of Capiz
Tapaz National High School
Poblacion, Tapaz, Capiz

Part I: Socio Demographic Profile

Name:_________________________________________________________
Occupation: Student Teacher
Part II: Production of atsuete (bixa orellana )gumamela(hibiscus
rosa-sinensis lin) and calamansi (citrus microcarpa)as marker
ink.
Direction: This evaluation sheet is being employed to determine
the acceptability of gumamela and atsuete seeds as marker ink in
terms of consistency and resistance to fading.
Legend:

5 Highly Evident 4 Very Evident 3 Evident

2 Mderately Evident 1 Not Evident

Criteria Score: Remarks

1 2 3 4 5

A. Sensory
Quality

Consistency

Resistance to
Fading

Consistency: (Thick or Thin)

Resistance to Fading: (Light or Dark)

Comment/Suggestion: