ELEG 648

Plane waves II

Mark Mirotznik, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
The University of Delaware
Email: mirotzni@ece.udel.edu
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in Any Arbitrary Direction
~    j x  j  y y  j z
z E ( r )  Eo e x e e z

  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y  aˆ z  z
 
      x 2   y 2   z 2 r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y  aˆ z z

 x2   y2 Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y  aˆ z E z
sin( ) 
 x2   y2   z2 H

y f
cos( )  E
 x2   y2

q y

x
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in Any Arbitrary Direction
~    jr
z E (r )  Eo e

  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y  aˆ z  z
 
      x 2   y 2   z 2 r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y  aˆ z z

 x2   y2 Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y  aˆ z E z
sin( ) 
 x2   y2   z2 H

y f
cos( )  E
 x2   y2

q y

x
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in Any Arbitrary Direction
z ~    jr
E (r )  Eoe
  Since E and b are at right angles
  Eo  0 from each other.
1 1
 


~ ~
H  E    Eo e  j r
j j
1
   1
 
  jr 

H  j r
 e  Eo  j e  Eo
j j
f
E 1    jr 1  
   Eo e   E
 
 
q y 1    
 aˆ   E 

   E 
  
 
 aˆ   E    aˆ   E 
 1 
x 
 

  aˆ   aˆ y  y  aˆ z  z
where  and aˆ     x x
   x2   y2   z2
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in Any Arbitrary Direction
Summary and Observations:
Frequency Domain Time Domain
~   
 j  r
      
E (r )  Eoe E (r , t )  Eo cos(t    r  Eo )aE

E
 
~  1     o    
H (r )  a  Eo H (r , t )  cos(t    r  Eo )aH
 
   
  Eo  0 aE  a  0
   
  Ho  0 aH  a   0
  
a E  aH  a

Observation 1. E, H and b vectors are pointing in orthogonal directions.

Observation 2. E and H are in phase with each other, however, H’s magnitude is smaller by the
amount of the wave impedance
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
y

~    j x x  j y y
E ( r )  Eo e e
 x  cos( ) 
 y  sin( ) 
       x     y 
H 2 2

q Can we write this a bit more compact?

x
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
y ~    j x x  j y y
E ( r )  Eo e e
 x  cos( ) 
 y  sin( ) 
       x     y 
2 2

E Can we write this a bit more compact?

~    jr
q
E ( r )  Eo e

x
  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y

r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y

Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
y
~    jr
E ( r )  Eo e

  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y

r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y
H 
E Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y
q What about the polarization of E?
x
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
y
~    jr
E ( r )  Eo e

  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y

r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y
H 
E Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y
q What about the polarization of E?

~    jr
x

E (r )  Eo e
 
  Eo  0
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
y
~    jr
E ( r )  Eo e

  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y

r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y
H 
E Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y
q What about the polarization of E?

~    jr
x

E (r )  Eo e
 
  Eo  0
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
What about the polarization of E?

y
Two cases
y

Parallel Polarization
Perpendicular Polarization

H H

E E

q
q
x
~    ~    jr x
 j r
E ( r )  Eo e E ( r )  Eo e
 
Eo  aˆ x Eo sin( )  aˆ y Eo cos( ) Eo  aˆ z Eo
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
~     j r
y
E ( r )  Eo e

  aˆ x  x  aˆ y  y

r  aˆ x x  aˆ y y

Eo  aˆ x E x  aˆ y E y
H
What about H?
E
~    jr
E ( r )  Eo e
q ~    jr
H (r )  H o e
x   
 Eo   Eo  0
Ho   
o   Ho  0
  
Eo H o 
    
Eo H o 
 Uniform Plane Waves: Propagation
in 2D
What about the polarization of H?

y
Two cases
y

Parallel Polarization
Perpendicular Polarization

H H

E E

q
q
x
x
  jr ~    jr
~  H (r )  H o e
H (r )  H o e
 
H o  aˆ z H o H o  aˆ x H o sin( )  aˆ y H o cos( )
 Reflection and Transmission

Write down the electric fields in the two regions

(2 unknowns, R and T)
Reflection and Transmission

Next find the magnetic fields in each region

 Reflection and Transmission

Apply boundary conditions

Reflection and Transmission
 Reflection and Transmission

Write down the E field in both regions

(4 unknowns, R, T, qr and qt)
 Reflection and Transmission

Find the
H field in
both
regions
 Reflection and Transmission
Apply boundary conditions

2 equations and 4 unknowns

We need two more equations. How do we get them?

Reflection and Transmission
Reflection and Transmission
Reflection and Transmission
Reflection and Transmission
Reflection and Transmission
Reflection and Transmission
 Example: Reflection from an Ocean Interface

Reflection Coefficient

Angle of Incidence, Degrees

 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
1. Normal Incidence

1, 1
2, 2 3, 3
1
1  2 3
1 2  3 
2 3
 1    1 1
 2    2 2  3    3 3

Region I Region II Region III

z=0 z=d
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
Region I: Region II: Region III:

E xinc  Eo e  j1z E xII  A1e  j 2 z  A2 e j 2 z E xT  T Eo e  j 3 z

E xR  R Eo e j1 z
E o  j1 z
H yII 
1
2

A1e  j 2 z  A2 e j 2 z  H Ty 
TEo  j 3 z
3
e
H yinc  e
1
REo j1 z
H yR   e
1
Boundary Conditions

z=0 z=d

E xinc  E xR  E xII E xII  E xT

z d z d
z 0 z 0 z 0

H yinc  H yR  H yII H yII  H Ty

z d z d
z 0 z 0 z 0
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
Boundary Conditions
z=0 z=d
Eo  Eo R  A1  A2 A1e  j 2 d  A2e j 2 d  TEo e  j 3d
Eo Eo R A1 A2

1 1
 
2 2
1
2
  TE
A1e  j 2 d  A2 e j 2 d  o e  j 3d
3

Four equations and four unknowns

Solution for the Reflection Coefficient:

12  23e  j 2  2 d
R
1  1223e  j 2  2 d
 2  1
12 
 2  1
 
23  3 2
3   2
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
12  23e  j 2  2 d  2  1 3   2
R 12  23 
1  1223e  j 2  2 d  2  1 3   2
Special Cases
I. Half Wavelength Thickness Slab

 2 d  n , n  0,1,2,  1, 1
2, 2 1, 1
n   1
d  n 2 n o 1 
1 2 
2 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 
1
 1    1 1
 2    2 2  1    1 1
12  23
 R
1  1223
Region I Region II Region III
if 1   3 then 12  23
 R  0 " no reflection"
z=0 z=l2/2
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
12  23e  j 2  2 d  2  1 3   2
R 12  23 
1  1223e  j 2  2 d  2  1 3   2
Special Cases
II. Quarter Wavelength Thickness Slab

 2d  1, 1
2 2, 2 3, 3
1
   1 
1  2   31 3
d   2  o 3 
3
2 2 4 4 2  1    1 1  2    2 2
 3    3 3
12  23
 R
1  1223 Region I Region III
Region II
if  2  13 then 12  23
 R  0 " no reflection" z=l2/4
z=0
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs: Example
12  23e  j 2  2 d  2  1 3   2
R 12  23 
1  1223e  j 2  2 d  2  1 3   2

1   o , 1   o  2  3 o
2  o  3  9 o ,  3   o
o
1   377   2   31  217 .5 o
0 3   125 . 67 
 2    2 2 0
 2    5 .776  10  9

Region I Region III

Region II

z=0 z=0.25
m
217.5  377 125.67  217.5
12   0.268 23   0.268
217.5  377 125.67  217.5
9
12  23e  j 2  2 d  0.267(1  e  j 5.77610 )
R 
1  1223e  j 2  2 d
9
1  0.0716e  j 5.77610
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs: Example
9
12  23e  j 2  2 d  0.267(1  e  j 5.77610 )
R 
1  1223e  j 2  2 d
9
1  0.0716e  j 5.77610

|R|

Frequency, MHz
How do we broaden the bandwidth around
the zero reflection point?

|R|

Frequency, MHz
 One Solution is Multiple Dielectric Layers

1, 1
2, 2 3, 3
1
1  2 3
1 2  3  4 5 6
2 3
 1    1 1 4 5 6
 2    2 2  3    3 3
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
1. Oblique Incidence ( Parallel Polarization)
1, 1 2, 2
3, 3
1 2
1  2  3
1 2 3 
3
 1    1 1  2    2 2
 3    3 3

fII ft
fr fII
fi

Region I Region II Region III

z=0 z=d
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
Region I:
~
E inc  aˆ x Eo e  j[ 1 cos( i ) z  1 sin( i ) y ]
~ j [ 1 cos(i ) z  1 sin(i ) y ]
E R  aˆ x Eo R e
~ E  j [ 1 cos(i ) z  1 sin(i ) y ] E  j [ 1 cos(i ) z  1 sin(i ) y ]
H inc  aˆ y o cos( i )e  aˆ z sin( i ) o e
1 1
~  REo j [ 1 cos(i ) z  1 sin(i ) y ] RE j [ 1 cos(i ) z1 sin(i ) y ]
H R  aˆ y cos( i )e  aˆ z sin( i ) o e
1 1
Region II:

E xII  A1e  j[  2 cos( 2 ) z   2 sin( 2 ) y ]  A2e j[  2 cos( 2 ) z   2 sin( 2 ) y ]

~ A  j [ 2 cos(2 ) z2 sin(2 ) y ]
H II  1 e
2

cos( 2 )aˆ y  sin( 2 ) aˆ z 

2
e 
A2 j [ 2 cos(2 ) z2 sin(2 ) y ]
cos( 2 ) aˆ y  sin( 2 )aˆ z 
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs
Region III:
~  j [ 3 cos(t ) z  3 sin(t ) y ]
E T  aˆ x EoT e
~ TE  j [ 3 cos(t ) z  3 sin(t ) y ] TE  j [ 3 cos(t ) z3 sin(t ) y ]
H T  aˆ y o cos( 3 )e  aˆ z sin( i ) o e
3 3
Boundary Conditions

z=0 z=d

E xinc  E xR  E xII E xII  E xT

z d z d
z 0 z 0 z 0

H yinc  H yR  H yII H yII  H Ty

z d z d
z 0 z 0 z 0

Phase Matching Conditions

1 sin( i )   2 sin( 2 )
 2 sin( 2 )   3 sin( t )
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs

Eo  Eo R  A1  A2
Eo Eo R A1 A
  cos( 2 )  2 cos( 2 )
1 1 2 2
 j 2 cos( 2 ) d j 2 cos( 2 ) d  j 3 cos(t ) d
A1e  A2 e  EoTe
A1  j 2 cos( 2 ) d A j 2 cos( 2 ) d T  j 3 cos(t ) d
cos( 2 )e  2 cos( 2 )e  Eo cos( t )e
2 2 3

1 sin( i )   2 sin( 2 )
 2 sin( 2 )   3 sin( t )

Six Equations and Six Unknowns

 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs: Solution (parallel polarization)

 2    2 o
1
 2  sin 1 ( sin( i ))
2
2
 t  sin 1 ( sin( 2 ))
3
1 cos( i )   2 cos( 2 )
12 
1 cos( i )   2 cos( 2 )
 2 cos( 2 )   3 cos( t )
23 
 2 cos( 2 )   3 cos( t )

12  23e  j 2  2 d
R
1  1223e  j 2  2 d

*note we have assumed all non-magnetic

materials here
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs: Solution (perpendicular polarization)

 2    2 o
1
 2  sin 1 ( sin( i ))
2
2
 t  sin 1 ( sin( 2 ))
3
 2 cos( i )  1 cos( 2 )
12 
 2 cos( i )  1 cos( 2 )
 3 cos( 2 )   2 cos( t )
23 
 3 cos( 2 )   2 cos( t )

12  23e  j 2  2 d
R
1  1223e  j 2  2 d

*note we have assumed all non-magnetic

materials here
 Reflection and Transmission
from Dielectric Slabs: Example

1   o , 1   o  2  3 o
2  o  3  9 o ,  3   o
o
1   377   2   31  217 .5 o
0 3   125 . 67 
 2    2 2 0
 2    5 .776  10  9
fi

Region III
Region I Region II

z=0 z=0.25m