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[ D u p l e x M a r k e t s ]

The conditions under which one would

expect rising dem and for duplex
stainless steel are still in place. One of
the rationales for its use is to minimize
the use of expensive alloys such as
nickel or m olybdenum by achieving
the right balance betw een the ferrite
and austenitic crystal structures.
If raw m aterial prices are rising, end
users are m ore likely to seek cheaper
alternatives to classic austenitic
g rad es in o rd er to achieve equivalent
corrosion resistance and toughness.
It is therefore of possible significance
that the price of molybdenum, used to
boost corrosion resistance in austenitic
grades, has b een rising steadily on
the back of increased dem and (in 2017
dem and for Mo had risen 18% in a
decade). Much of this dem and comes
from the recovery in the oil and gas A pipelay vessel owned by oil and gas services company TechnipFMC.
sector, and especially from LNG.
Prices are p red icted to rise further in
com ing years (1).
Äs for nickel, the price flagged
somewhat in 2018, but the long-term
outlook is bullish, largely because of
its use in electric car batteries. Any
increase in dem and for Mo and №
is likely to push prices up, thereby
encouraging end users to turn to lower-
alloyed duplex grades (2).

Fabrication
Another issue affecting duplex use is
the ease with which it can b e welded
and formed. Manufacturers such as
Outokumpu and NSSMC have introduced
grades that make welding and forming
easier. Indeed, in February this year
Kenta Yamada of NSSMC was seconded to
the TWI laboratories in Cambridge to set
up a best-practice guide to the welding of
newly developed duplex stainless steel
welded pipes.
And now the possible use of duplex The Sheikh ]aber Al-Ähmad Äl-Sabah causeway, located in Kuwait Bay, built with Forta
is being studied in relation to a novel duplex stainless steel rebar from Outokumpu.
technology, WÄÄM (wire and arc
additive manufacturing), in which
welding is used in conjunction with Jaber Äl-Ähmad Äl-Babah causeway bridge in Boaertälje, Sweden (Forta LDX
additive manufacturing to make larger in Kuwait, in order to protect against 2101 lean grade); and the new Pamban
objects. Early indications suggest saltwater and C 0 2 emissions. Other railway bridge connecting the town
duplex and super duplex grades can bridges where duplex is applied of Rameswaram on Parnfoan Island to
b e used to WÄÄM-produce plates and have been built at Husarviken bay mainland India (2205 grades to be used
tubes (3). in Stockholm, Sweden (a hydraulic in the girders). Duplex (Forta DX 2205)
draw bridge w elded with an automatic was also applied in a walkway at the
Infrastructure welding robot); the footbridge at the Gap, a scenic coastal spot in Torndirrup
One area in wMch duplex use has been TRUMPF site at Gerlingerstrasse in National Park near Albany, Western
expanding rapidly is in infrastructure, Ditzingen, Germany (Forta DX 2205 Australia, where the spray from violent
especially bridges and walkways near double-curved sheets to combat waves creates a corrosive environment.
or over the sea, where saline conditions road salts and traffic pollution; the Outokumpu Forta DX 2304 and Forta
prevail. Duplex rebar (the lean grade sheets were laser-cut using TRUMPF DX 2205 were also used in the rebar
Forta DX 2304) was used in the Sheikh technology); the pedestrian and cycle applied in the completion of the tower

28 Stainless Steel World April 2019 www.stainless-steel-world.net


Double-curved sheets in Forta DX 2205 grace the footbridge at the TRUMPF site at Gerlingerstrasse in Ditzingen, Germany.
The Husarviken pedestrian bridge,
Stockholm ，Sweden, was constructed of
Outokumpu Forta Duplex with a glass
blasted surface finish.
The Södertälje pedestrian and bicycle
bridge in Sweden was built using
Outokumpu^ lean duplex grade Forta
LDX 2.101 sheet and quarto plate, in mill
finish ID.
Outokumpu supplied its Forta LDX 2101 lean duplex grade for Invest-Tech }s innovative modular water storage tanks. Photo courtesy o f
Invest-Tech.
www.stafnless-sleeS-worfd.net
of the Sagrada Familia cathedral in
Barcelona, which has become a leading
touristic attraction despite the fact that
Antoni Gaudi5s famous design was left
unfinished at his death in 1926 and is not
due for completion until 2026.
Storage tanks
Storage tanks and containers are another
area where duplex grades are replacing
the more traditional austenitic grades
such as 316L. Tank operator CIMC
turned, to Forta DX 2205 with 2E surface
nxusn to construct a new generation of
tank containers to transport food and
chemicals. In wastewater treatment,
duplex is being applied to an innovative
tank from Invest-Tech. The Polish
company has invented a modular water
tank that departs from the traditional
round structure. In order to aUow for
expansion, the tank is made from square
or rectangular stainless-steel segments
that are bolted together rather than
welded using a polymer-polyurethane
sealing system. High water pressure
necessitated the application of a material
that combines corrosion resistance with
strength and weldability, so lean grade
Forta LDX 2101 was applied.
[ D u p l e x M a r k e t s ]
Duplex at sea
Wind power
A relatively new m arket for duplex
is wind power. The higher the tower,
the greater the wind force and energy
yield; however, the powerful winds put
strains and pressures on the turbines
that require materials of superior
mechanical strength. Stalatube has
addressed this problem by offering
duplex stainless steel tubes that
can b e assem bled to create lighter,
stronger towers up to 160 m etres high.
The “Stalatube tow ers” are easy to
install and are built to last. Likewise,
Outokumpu's Forta DX 2205 duplex
grade was used in the Merkur offshore
wind farm, in com ponents that connect
a m onopile structure with the platform
holding the wind turbines, in an
environment subject to sea spray,
freezing tem peratures and strong
currents as well as high winds. These
applications are typical of several
potential duplex applications in sea
environments, such as tidal power,
sea-w ater nuclear plants (where
pitting-resistant SÄF2507 is often u sed
in cooling pipes) and fish farming.
Stainless Steel World April 2019 29
[ D u p l e x M a r k e t s ]
Shipbuilding
Then there are ships themselves. Until
recently, duplex use was largely limited
to the lining of cargo tanks of chemical
vessels. Now its use is spreading to areas
previously catered for by copper or
titaraum alloys. SMps made entirely of
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30 Stainless Steel World April 2019
stainless steel include the Swedish Steel
Yachts5P16 prototype, made of Forta
SDX 2507, which, will b e used as a patrol
vessel by the coastguard, military and sea
rescue services. The grade was selected
to provide saltwater corrosion resistance,
speed and resistance to wave pressure.
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Wärtsilä has b een researching the
benefits of using duplex stainless steel
on the waterjets of the SeaStar II fast
ferries. Already, the stress-prone the
shaft and impeller are available in
duplex stainless steel, but Wärtsilä has
also made the outboard parts available
m this material instead of grade 316.
This constitutes a significant weight
saving, with a corresponding gain in
speed. Duplex waterjets are also used in
propulsion systems supplied b y Marine
Jet Power to the US Army, for its new
MSV(L) vessels.
Desalination
Another maritime activity where
duplex stainless steel figures largely is
desalination. With the global desalination
market set to expand by 7.8% p er year
between 2018 and 2025, the opportunities
for duplex manufacturers are great.
Ä wide range of duplex steels are
applied, depending on the severity of
the application, and the sheer variety of
duplex grades now available means that
it is no longer necessary to over-specif/.
Generally, conditions at the intake end
of the process are more severe than
further upstream, and it is here that the
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www.stainfess-steel-world.net

xrore corrosion resistant grades, such
as super duplex 2507, SÄF2707 HD
and SÄF3207 HD are applied. Further
downstream, type 2205 and leaner
grades are sufficient. Ä problem that is
gaining increased attention is that brine
discharges into the ocean are damaging
wildlife and ecosystems. There are now
16 00〇 plants world-wide， which produce
about 1-5 litres of brine for every litre of
freshwater. Plants now discharge about
142 million cu m of brine every day.
Brine irianagement strategies will need to
improve: helpful processes would include
mineral extraction, electricity generation,
irrigation of salt-tolerant species, as well
as sequestration and recycling (4). It is a
good guess that the transport and storage
c f brine vnll require duplex and super
duplex grades.
Duplex underground: geothermal
Brine also figures prominently in
о:ле of the most promising forms
of renewable energy. Geothermal
■p.uts are among the hottest and most
corrosive environments on the planet.
At present geothermal constitutes a
tiny share of world power capacity,
but this looks about to change, as new
у ............ .............. 、
.、
、, 、
Certified ISO 9001 since 1995
and with extension to Annex 1,
sect.4.3 of RED 97/23/EC since
2009, we make the quality of
our fittings our top priority.
--feiBERINOXs-r-l Via per Carpiano 22/24 Melegnano (Mi) 20077 Italy tel:-i-3902 98231072 fax:+39 02 9839103 inf〇
technology is applied that will make
geothermal energy more affordable and
environmentally firiendlier. Whereas
older plants tap directly into steam
heated by magma, causing a certain
amount of emissions, the new binary-
cycle plants create a closed loop that
transfers hot water via a heat exchanger
to another liquid that boils at a lower
tem perature than water. Future wells
will extend d eeper below the earth’s
surface, to the hot dry rock in the
earth's core, and there is even talk of
repurposing depleted oil and gas wells
as geothermal plants. Global capacity
is expected to rise to about 17 GW by
2023 from just 14 GW in 2017 (5).
Geothermal environments are among
the sourest in existence, with hot
brine creating chloride and sulphide
concentrations comparable to the
sourest oil and gas wells. As well as
nickel- and titanium-alloy grades,
duplex and super duplex grades are
often applied when possible. One
company that has b een using duplex
over several decades at its Salton plant
in southern California is CalEnergy.
Alloy 2205 was used from the beginning,
and super duplex 2507 was later applied
、 ■■
Our production range includes:
- Pressed collars / thick collars / EN / DIN 2642
- Pressed flanges
-Caps
-Concentric reducers
- Pulled and welded tees
- Elbows
[ D u p l e x M a r k e t s ]
to replace alloy 625, in areas where the
geothermal fluid was less than 180° C.
References
(1) https://investingnews.com/ daily/
resource-investing/industrial-
metals-investing/molybdenum-
investing/molybdenum-outlook/);
http://www.generalmoly.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/04/GMO-
Molybdenum-Market-F actors-
Aug-2017.pdf.
(2) http://www.mining,com/electric-
vehicle-demand-will-double-
nickei-price-soon-2022.
(3) https://www.matec-conferences.
org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/47/
matecconf_iceaf-v2018_03014.pdf;
https://rapid3devent.com/sessions/
characterization-wire-arc-additive-
manufacturing-duplex-stainless-
steel-tubes.
(4) https://unu.edu/m edia-relations/
releases/un-warns-of-rising-levels-
of-toxic-brine.html;
(5) https://science.howstuffworks.
com /environm ental/energy/
future-geothermal-energy.html;
www .iea.org/topics/renewables/
geothermal.
Dairy and Corrosion versions
EN, ISO, DIN, Metric and SMS
families are also avaifable.
Standard grades: 3041>3紙
Under inquiry:
321,316Ti - 904 し Saif 2205 - 31 OS
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