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3-07 Steinar Leivestad, Durability, Concrete, Environment
3-07 Steinar Leivestad, Durability, Concrete, Environment
Steinar Leivestad
Standard Norge
2018-05-02
1
Norwegian clients
asks for
environmental-
friendly concrete
in
70 – 80% of all
new contracts
voluntarily
Zero-emission building in Trondheim
2
Norwegian Concrete
- the past
and
- the future
We have great
expectations to the
general applicability
of the Eurocodes
Development of the concrete-material
Prime drivers; Sutainability –
Environmental- and CO2 - footprint
• New cements and new binder combinations
• Utilize gain in strength from 28- to 91-days
• Re-use of aggregates
• Other ???
• Consequences with respect to
• Durability
• Strength and strength development
• Mechanical properties in design
5
Durability Design of concrete structures
Provisions coordinated between the various standards
Societal expectations
+
Interface Society / National legislation
construction project
Eurocode - 1990
Basis of structural design Basic requirement
TC250
Eurocode - 1991
TC250/SC1
Eurocode - 1992
Design provisions
Design of concrete structures
TC250/SC2
EN 13670
Execution of concrete structures Ececution requirements
TC104/SC2
Product and testing standards Product and testing standards Product and testing standards Product and testing standards
TC104/SCs and WGs
Meetings of TC250/SC2 and TC104/SC1 dealing with Durability and the work of the JWG
7
Eurocode 2 Section 4 NDPs
(5) The minimum cover values for reinforcement and prestressing tendons in normal weight concrete
taking account of the exposure classes and the structural classes is given by cmin,dur.
Note: Structural classification and values of cmin,dur for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended Structural Class (design working life of 50 years) is S4 for the indicative concrete strengths given in
Annex E and the recommended modifications to the structural class is given in Table 4.3N. The recommended
minimum Structural Class is S1.
The recommended values of cmin,dur are given in Table 4.4N (reinforcing steel) and Table 4.5N (prestressing steel).
System
Corrosion of reinforcement Deterioration of concrete
Definitions
Corrosion of reinforcement Deterioration of concrete
Carbonation Resistance Chloride Resistance Freeze/thaw Resistance Chemical Aggressiveness
Class Class Class Class (for later)
RXC RXC RXC RXSD RXSD RXSD RXF RXF RXCA RXCA
(Low) (Medi- (High) (Low) (Medi- (High) (Medium) (High) (Medium) (High)
um) um) Void, not mature
Definition of class is 50- Definition of class is 50- Definition of class is 50- Definition of class is 50-
years of exposure to XC3 years of exposure to XS2, years of exposure to XF4, years of exposure to XA3,
2
(Rh 65%) with 10%- with 10%-probability of with 10%-probability of ground water with SO 4
probability of carbonation chloride concentration scaling loss exceeding 6000mg/l and 10%-
2
front exceeding (mm) exceeding 0,5% at depth (kg/m ) probability of loss
2
(mm) exceeding (g/m )[??]
40 30 20 75 60 45 10 2 ? ?
9
Quoting fib State of the Art report on
chloride ingress
Would not
going from
left to right
be nice
10
Draft proposal for text in EN 206
(2) Concrete can be documented for the various classes in Table 2 by testing in accordance with
the listed testing standards and with the limiting values given in Table 3.
Table 3 Exposure resistance classes, limiting values and applicable test standards
Carbonation resistance Chloride resistance class Frost resistance
class RXC RXSD class RXF
RXC20 RXC30 RXC40 RXSD45 RXSD60 RXSD75 RXF0,5 RXF1,0
Limiting value,
estimated after
20 30 40 45 60 75 0,5 1,0
50 years (mm) or
kg/m2
Classification CEN/TS 12390-9
prEN12390-10/12 EN12390-11
standard CEN/TR 15177
(3) Concrete may also as an alternative to testing according to (2) be documented by applying the
deemed to satisfy values in Annex F for the various cement/binders, water/binder ratios and
minimum binder content.
11
PROPOSAL EN 206 Annex F
Table F.1 Exposure resistance classes; deemed to satisfy values for
various binder compositions (example, preliminary values)
NA means that no deemed to satisfy values are given for that combination of binder and resistance class
12
The large scatter among the
curves show how different the
various cements within one
cement type can perform with
the same w/c-ratio
13
Alternative more refined approach distinguishing
between various binders in Annex F of EN206
15
16
Class Description of the exposure Informative examples and comments
designation
XC2 Wet or permanently high humidity, rarely Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water contact or permanently submerged in water or
dry permanently exposed to high humidity.
Many foundations, water containments (not external). EN 1992
Note: Leaching could also cause corrosion (see (5), XA classes). Table 4.1:
XC3 Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate humidity
External concrete sheltered from rain
Exposure classes
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surfaces subject to cyclic water contact, (e.g. external concrete not sheltered from rain as related to environ-
mental conditions
walls, fassades, concrete in the tidal zone).
17
New
18
PROPOSAL in EN 1992-1-1
Table 4.4: Minimum concrete cover cmin,dur dependant on design working life, exposure
class and exposure resistance class
Preliminary Minimum cover for 50 and 100 years design working life,
values (preliminary values, values are rounded to nearest 5 mm)
Exposure RXC20 2 RXC30 2 RXC40 2
Class
EC
19
DtS values compared to minimum cover
Carbonation resistance Chloride resistance class Frost resistance class
Tentative - class RXC RXSD RXF
Preliminary
values
RXC20 RXC30 RXC40 RXSD45 RXSD60 RXSD75 RXF0,2 RXF0,5 RXF1,0 Sammenligning overdekning i mm
Eksponeringsklasse RXC30 M60
Cement type Maximum w/b-ratio XC1 10 15
or equivalent b is the sum of cement and additions in the concrete, within the limits defining the cements
binder according to EN 197-1 XC2 15 25
combination XC3 20 25
CEM I
0,55 0,60 0,65 NA NA 0,451 0,40 0,45 0,50 XC4 20 25
CEM II-A RXSD60 M40 (M45)
0,45 0,55 0,65 0,40 0,50 0,60 ? ? ?
CEM II-B XD1 30 40 (M45)
0,40 0,50 0,60 0,40 0,50 0,60 ? ? ?
XS1 30 40 (M45)
CEM III-A
NA 0,45 0,55 ? ? ? ? ? ? XD2 40 40
CEM III-B
NA NA 0,45 0,38 0,45 0,55 ? ? ? XS2 40 40
Minimum XD3 50 40
binder content 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280
(kg/m3) XS3 50 50
Minimum air
entrainment Preliminary 4%Minimum 4% -
cover for 50 and 100 years design working life,
values
1 CEM I shall only be used with minimum 4% silica fume
(preliminary values, values are rounded to nearest 5 mm)
NA means that no deemed to satisfy values are given for that combination of binder and resistance class
Exposure RXC20 2 RXC30 2 RXC40 2
Class
EC
Exposure classes
Exposure resistance classes
Design working life
Minimum concrete cover
5.1.3 Strength
(1) The compressive strength of concrete
shall be denoted by concrete strength
classes which relate to the characteristic
(5%) cylinder strength fck of the concrete
in accordance with EN 206, determined at
an age tref .
(2) The value for tref should be taken as:
(i) 28 days in general
(ii) or may be taken between 28 and 91
days when specified for a project.
Should be
default, to
become used
and have
effect on CO2 23
EN 206 deals with re-cycled aggregates, but not from a design
perspective, designers concern is within what limits of
- Aggregate type (EN 12620)
- Aggregate quantity (% – replacement coarse and fine)
- Intended concrete strength (upper limit)
are design parameters used in EC2 unaffected ?
Within this range use of RA should be open for the Ready-mix producer
Annex N (normative): Recycled aggregates concrete structures
(1) Concrete with recycled aggregates may be used where the use of recycled aggregates will
not impair durability, service performance like appearance or wear, or represent a risk of
polluting water or air. Recycled aggregates may be used in normal concrete production without
any particular consent if done in accordance with the provisions of EN 206.
Note: The National Annex or the project specification can give further provisions and restrictions for the
use of recycled aggregates for concrete.
(7) For concrete of strength Class C30 and lower, recycled aggregates may be used in New clause and table regarding recycled aggregates.
accordance with the parameters in Table 3.2. For higher strength classes or for higher Systematic review DK07
replacement values of the coarse fraction, including (2) If the properties listed in 5.1.2(3) for concrete with recycled aggregates are relevant for
replacement up to 10% of the fines
fraction, the design provisions of this standard may the
bedesign
applied in accordance
provided with this standard,
it is demonstrated by they should be determined by testing in
tests that all values derived as a function of fck areaccordance
in accordance withthe
with the tests
valuesspecified
given in Table
in EN 206. The exposure resistance class should be
3.1. The procedure for testing and approval shall determined
be given in thebased
execution specification.
on durability performance testing.
Table 3.2: Maximum fraction of recycled coarse aggregates (4/32) in strength class C30
(3) All other
and lower, for exposure resistance classes documented clausestoofsatisfy
by deemed this standard
values inare generally applicable, unless they are substituted by
EN 206 1 special provisions given in Table N.1.