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Conversion of IC Engine Into Magnetic Engine With Minor Modifications
Conversion of IC Engine Into Magnetic Engine With Minor Modifications
ISSN 2229-5518
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Abstract
Internal combustion engines are one of the major causes of pollution. These engines work by burning
fuels, hence contaminating environment through exhaust. Due to the mentioned reason there is a
need of an alternate technology which is reusable and environment friendly. As an effort to control
the effects of engine emissions, this research suggests an alternative technique known as Magnetic
Repulsion Piston Engine (MRPE). MRPE is environment friendly and non-polluting engine that works
on the principle of repulsion between same poles of magnet. The aim of this research is to
manufacture such an engine that can use the repulsion between the same poles of magnet to produce
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power and rotate the crankshaft without changing the design of the IC engines. MRPE, uses a
permanent and an electromagnet to achieve repulsion. Permanent magnet is attached upon the
piston whereas the electromagnet replaces the cam valve mechanism. This arrangement with proper
current timing of electromagnet drives the crankshaft. The modifications are made to one-cylinder IC
engine for this particular study. Successful running of the engine using the magnet attraction and
repulsion is achieved. The engine produced only 189 rpm under no load.
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abating health risks and promoting technology
slower at inner side. This produced defects in
green.
casting. It was proposed that numerical
Other green technologies such as solar, method should be used to determine the
hydraulic, and electric or hybrid vehicles behaviour of centrifugal casting.3
required lot of money for implementation.
A new design was proposed of a motor. The
Permanent magnets are easily available at low
aerofoil shaped spokes permanent magnet
prices which makes the implementation easy
were used in brush less direct current (BLDC)
and less expensive.
motor. The motor used pure ferrite permanent
Key words: MRPE (Magnetic Repulsive Piston magnet instead of neodymium magnet. A
Engine), electromotive force, Magnetic Flux, technique was developed to amplify the
Neodymium, IC or conventional engines. torque density. Spoke type arrangement
provided two pushing assistants one with
The related work in the field includes:
additional FE-PM and other by spoke shape FE-
A similar research was carried out in India but PM. A numerical method was used to explain
the engine design was completely different the optimization and increasing torque density
from conventional engine design which made and results were validated by FEM software for
hurdle to implement such design. Neodymium suggested aerofoil shaped spoke type BLDC
permanent magnet was placed on top of piston motors. The purpose of this research was to
and electromagnet placed at the TDC position. lessen dependence on rare earth metals. The
1 FEM results were compared with the
numerical results and it was proposed that
A white paper published by Sekou Industries FEM software is reliable tools design and for
described the need of magnetic engine. They analysis. This method reduced the cost and
proposed that this engine eliminates the use of proposed that rare earth metal can be
fossil fuels and produces enough output to replaced by cheap magnets. Back
power large machinery. A design of engine was Electromotive Force and flux density in wave
presented that had a compartment having form in air gap were calculated.4
permanent magnet at TDC and BDC and an
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Marzena Spyra, in 2008, stated that if small support height ratio) were analysed and
amount of molybdenum is added to low optimized. The force which is related to the
Neodymium magnet it can improve the largest air gap was maximized. The
coercivity and maximum energy product.5 electromagnetic force was calculated by
Maxwell stress tensor technique implemented
A study was done to determine the clamping
in FEM software. The acting force was
force of electromagnet on basis of field theory
increased 3.17 % using the optimization
by using mathematical model. This model was
method. The researcher further concluded
used to operate mobile robot (MR) on inclined
that better results can be obtained by
and vertical ferromagnetic surfaces. Magnetic
considering the angle of top of the support.7, 9
induction and holding force at diverse position
was experimentally determined of the holding Some other research on electromagnet was
magnet relative to ferromagnetic surface. done, in this study a technique was developed
Maxwell software centred on FEM was used to to control the rotation of spherical motor
validate dependence on gaps with different driven by electromagnet forces. The
gaps between magnet and ferromagnetic electromagnet placed on stator gives 2 kinds of
surface, which was caused by excrescences of torque, one type the torque due to flowing
shells and ferromagnetic surface thickness current and other is the cogging torque which
change which was caused by high-tech is developed by permanent magnet. A
features. This also helped the design of MR.6 technique was developed to determine this
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torque when there are 3 electromagnets on
Young Jin Hwang, in 2018, designed multi pole
stator and Lagrange multiplier method was use
electromagnet using an iron core structure in
under constraint condition. Five magnets were
which cores are adjusted parallel to each
arranged at the vertices of rectangular
other. This experiment proved that this design
pentagon to obtain the currents of
provides the increased magnetic field densities
electromagnet.10
in the air gaps. HTS coil is designed and
provides better magnetic field densities than M.Hussian, in 2015 studied the factors for
conventional copper coil. As the structure is coordinate measuring machine such as scan
symmetrical that is why magnetic field speed, point density, probe diameter, filtration
densities were same throughout the core which were used to accurately check the
structure. 7 cylindricity of engine cylinder bore. The results
of CMM were accurate and its capability and
Dr. István Lakatos, in 2015, studied the
accuracy to measure the geometry of cylinder
pressure inside cylinder of automobile is
bore was verified. The experiment was
continuously changing. This study includes
conducted to study all the factors and its
procedure for pressure indication which can be
results came very close to the target value.11
further utilized to diagnose the problem. The
technique uses a pressure transducer, The optimization of DC electromagnet was
amplifier, sign modulator, oscilloscope and done before using the Design of Experiment
computer. The graphs obtained after (DOE) and was analysed using FEM. The
experiment showed the intervals with flaws purpose of the optimization was to obtain the
and helped the diagnosis.8 geometrical parameters to determine static
force characteristic. Before this experiment
Technique of screening was also used. Three
Alin-Iulain Dolan, in 2017 optimized three parameters were considered the coil, the
parameters of acting force of DC shape and support thickness ratio. There was
electromagnet. Three geometrical parameters some limitation in optimization that was global
(coil shape ratio, support thickness ratio, dimension of electromagnet. To solve these
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problems zooms without computational model Thomas Laurain, in 2015 designed an observer
was used. 3% of gain in static force was which can be used to control the idle speed
achieved and an average of 1.12% with air gap using a global command for the throttle and
of 36mm. The numerical experiment was individual command for spark timing. The
performed on FEA using Maxwell Stress Tensor paper demonstrated the crucial engine values
approach. The coil shape ratio and support such as air mass in each cylinder and spark
thickness were determined using screening advance efficiency. Without the use of any
technique.9 sensor these estimated values can be used in
controller to realize idle speed control which
Dr. IstvánLakatos, in 2015, studied the
can be useful in consuming low fuel and low
pressure inside cylinder of automobile is
emissions.15
continuously changing. This study includes
procedure for pressure indication which can be Some study regarding cylinder liner was
further utilized to diagnose the problem. The carried which deal with dynamic response of
technique uses a pressure transducer, cylinder liner on engine performance, A finite
amplifier, sign modulator, oscilloscope and element model was used to study the dynamic
computer. The graphs obtained after response of cylinder liner as it was difficult
experiment showed the intervals with flaws experimentally. The structural mode and some
and helped the diagnosis.8 nonlinearities of assembly constraint were
considered under nonlinear pressure
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Marzena Spyra, in 2008, stated that if small
excitation and piston slap on cylinder. A
amount of molybdenum is added to low
wavelet analysis was also done to analyse the
Neodymium magnet it can improve the
responses of cylinder under different
coercivity and maximum energy product. This
conditions and frequency range. A numerical
experiment was performed by annealing to
prediction was compared with measured
produce nanostructure. The study further
vibration signal and their effect on combustion
proved that 2-5% addition of molybdenum, the
and lubrication process. The FEM model was
magnetic properties of low Neodymium
more accurate and provided more accurate
without significantly altering the remnant
results. The response of combustion excitation
magnetization.12
was in higher frequency that the piston slap.
Daniel Huger, in 2015 investigated the effects The effect of combustion on lubrication was
of temperature on neodymium iron boron. 80 less as compared to piston slap.16
magnets with four different temperature
An electromagnet assisted Ferrite motor
indices and coatings were tested. Temperature
(EMaFM) was manufactured that used double
was kept in limits as provided by the
air gap structure. The principle was validated
manufacturer. The results showed the
on 1.5 KW prototype. The magnetic path of
logarithmic decrease in flux density. All the
electromagnet and ferrite magnets were
thermal limits given by the manufacturer were
formed separately. It was capable of good field
met.13
regulation while using ferrite magnets.
Yu Fu, in 2017 designed a bearing less motor Following results were obtained;
with neodymium bonded magnet. For this
1. The back EMF could be adjusted by
purpose, neodymium sintered permanent
changing the field current
magnet was used to achieve the high-power
2. Torque could also be controlled by
density. Due to the high conductivity in ND
changing field current.17
sintered PM, the eddy current loss occurs in it.
Due to temperature raising in rotor it is very
difficult to achieve continuous speed and high
output operation.14
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Alinza Kaleli, in 2017, presented a smart means of a piston pin with the crankshaft. The
cooling system for automobiles. The study
description of each component is given in
included the design and control of system
having three-way thermostat and DC water below. The schematic diagram of the magnetic
pump. Feedback system was introduced which engine is shown in Figure 1:
utilized the outlet of engine coolant and fed to
controller. Coolant temperature by
conventional system and controlled system 1. Electromagnet: It was made of copper
was compared, lower temperature on windings of suitable gauge winded
controlled system was achieved. 18
across iron alloy core. As soon as
power was turned on electromagnet
Methodology
repelled the piston consuming very
When same poles of two magnets are brought less power.
near, then they will repel each other and will
move in to opposite direction and when the 2. Piston: A very strong Neodymium
opposite poles of the magnets are brought magnet was bolted on top of piston.
nearer from far distance than they will feel
3. Connecting rod: It connects the piston
attractive force and will start moving towards
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each other. This phenomenon is utilized to to crank shaft.
design an engine using permanent and 4. Crank shaft: It was made of steel alloy
electromagnet.19
which revolved as piston moved
The study was carried out after various design
downward.
modifications and magnet arrangements. Final
arrangement used in the study is mounting the 5. Proximity Sensor: It was used as a
permanent magnet on the piston whereas control switch for on and off of
electromagnet at the top of cylinder at Top
electromagnet or timing as shown in
Dead Centre position. Battery was attached to
the electromagnet that energized the Figure 4.
electromagnet when the piston reached TDC 6. Circuit: It was used to balance the
position.
current in the electromagnet and
Component Design:
protected it from jerks.
The design of the magnetic repulsive engine is
7. Crank case: It surrounded the
similar to conventional engine design. The
crankshaft and was constructed with
electromagnet was positioned at TDC position
aluminum.
of the engine cylinder replacing CAM
mechanism and the permanent magnet was
The schematic and real image of the engine is
bolted on the piston. The engine piston was
shown in Figure 1.
connected to crankshaft via the connecting
rod. The connecting rod was connected by
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Electromagnet
Shaft
Gear Box
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Current Balancer sensor shown in Figure 4 was used to switch on
and off the electromagnet. It operated at a
distance of 10mm -20mm. The relay shown in
the Figure 5 was used as a switch and it was
operated when the sensor sensed a metallic
plate in front of it.
Relay
Proximity Sensor
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Gear
Electromagnet:
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Figure 4 Proximity Sensor The core was made of iron alloy it magnetize as
current passed through it in Nano-seconds.
It sensed the presence of the metal at a
distance of 20 mm The electromagnet was designed that it could
lift a weight of 20kg. The core diameter was
kept 50 mm and the total diameter of
electromagnet 60 mm. The electromagnet is
shown in Figure 7.
Electromagnet
Figure 5 Relay
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To operate the electromagnet an initial current of 8 A was required. At this current supply the
electromagnet magnetized easily and effectively. Maximum ampere of 50A and 24 V can
be provide. A relay is attached with electromagnet to control its operation of on and off. A sensor is
attached at the end of relay that generates a signal of to operate the relay as shown in Figure 8.
Electromagnet
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Figure 8: Electromagnet with relay
Proximity Current
sensor Balancer
Different cores were used for different purposes. The table 1 shows the list of cores and there
properties.
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Figure 9 Relay
It was found that the soft iron was the only Behaviour of Magnet according to Diameter
core that suites our requirement. It was the and Thickness
only core that could easily become magnet
A calculator was used to check the behaviour
when current was passed through it. The
of neodymium magnet. Different diameters of
strength of magnet can be increased by simply
magnet were examined. The calculator gave
increasing the Ampere of current through coil.
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the pull force and repulsive force of magnets.
It loses its magnetic field easily when current
This calculator was designed by K and J
stops flowing through it. Copper winding was
Magnetics. This helped in choosing the grade
used as it was more efficient than silver wire
and diameter of permanent magnet for
and had longer life.
engine. These studies lead to the selection of
diameter of core and power of electromagnet
required to operate the magnetic engine.
Figure 10-16 shows the behaviour of magnet.
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Figure 10 Pull Force Grade 40
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Figure 12 Grade 40 Distance 1 mm
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Figure 14 Grade 40 5mm distance
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Figure 16 Magnetic Field Visualization 20
Design Specifications
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was overcome by drilling holes in the sides of and piston could easily come back to TDC by
cylinder on specific places. The entrapped air the energy stored in flywheel.
escapes out from the holes by the motion of
Experimental Results
piston.
A series of experiment were performed and
Secondly, the metallic parts of engine were
different results were obtained. At 3 A ampere
attracted by the permanent magnet in the
current the electromagnet did not magnetize
cylinder. Due to attraction the magnet got stick
so an addition battery was used and 8 A
to the wall of cylinder. The magnetic attraction
current was supplied. The core magnetized and
resisted the motion of piston; hence the
pushed the piston downward but there was
required power was not obtained to run the
some interruption in the movement. So,
engine smoothly.
cylinder boring was done and dia. of cylinder
Thirdly, the timing of switching electromagnet was increased to 56 mm. The piston smoothly
was not optimum to get maximum force. moved in the cylinder. The power of magnet
Switching operation was carried out in the was not enough that it could push the piston
same way as the spark plugs are lighted in case downward that it could not come back upward.
of internal combustion engine.
A battery of 44 A was used than the magnet
Design Specifications attraction distance was experienced at a
distance of 108mm while the cylinder length
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The design of the engine was kept same as the
was 98mm so this also stopped the magnet
conventional one cylinder 4 stroke internal
attached to piston to come up again but the
combustion engine. Engine head was replaced
timing could be adjusted. The results of
by electromagnet which got energized by
current verses rpm is tabulated in Table 2
battery and current was controlled by current
below;
balancer. Permanent magnet used was
Neodymium grade N52 that was mounted on
the custom-made piston with screw. Figure 11
show the assembly of the engine.
1 12 3 0
2 12 8 0
4 12 38 5 rpm
5 12 44 187
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Current VS RPM
200
150
100
RPM
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-50
Current
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setup of industry completely. The engine
to implement the idea was achieved. The
produced different rpms at different current.
acceleration could also be provided by
At 3 and 8 A this engine produced no rpm but
increasing the current. But in this research the
at 14A only one revolution. But at 44A it
only objective was to implement idea of MRPE
produced 189 rpms. The main problem of this
without any design modification in IC engines.
engine was not having enough torque. In
The rpm of engine recorded was 187 under no
future more work can be done on getting
loading conditions. When converted to velocity
torque from this engine by using gears system
the speed is 19.782 m/s and 71.21 km/hr as
and some research on acceleration and core of
shown in table 2.
electromagnet can be done. More over this
Timing Adjustment engine is totally green and have no impact on
environment with zero emission.
A motion sensor called proximity sensor was
used to operate on and off electromagnet. The The drawback of this engine is that it consumes
the complete power of the battery at once. So
maximum distance required to operate the
it should be a system should be design that it is
sensor was 20mm. A metallic strip was placed
charged continuously. The torque of this
on the flywheel of the engine. The strip was
engine is also not enough that it can used to
adjusted so that when the piston was at TDC move load. This need further research. The
position the metallic strip was in front of the design parameters of the engine can be
sensor and a signal was generated that decided like the parameters for designing IC
operated the electromagnet. When the engines. It is assumed that design parameter of
electromagnet magnetized at TDC position and MRPE will be much more simple.
same poles repelled each other and the shaft
Recommendation
rotated. Thus, power stroke was obtained.
The future can include the proper gear train for
Conclusion the engine. How to provide the acceleration
Thus, the idea of running a magnetic repulsive system and working on the core of the
engine without changing the design of electromagnet.
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