Example -1

The sewage of a town is to be discharged into a river stream. The quantity of sewage produced
per day is 8 million liters, and its BOD is 250mg It. If the discharge in the river is 200l/s and its
BOD is 6mg/l, find out the BOD of the diluted water.
Solution
Sewage discharge = Qs
8∗10 6
QS = l/s=92.59 l/s
24∗60∗60
Discharge of the river = QR = 200 l/s
BOD of sewage = CS = 250 mg/l
BOD of river = CR = 6 mg/l.
Using equation (8.1), we have
C s Q s +C R Q R
BOD of thediluted mixture=C=
Q s +Q R
250∗92.59+ 6∗200
C= =83.21 mg/l
92.59+200

Example -6
A town having population of 40,000 disposes sewage by land treatment. It gets a per capita
assured water supply from waterworks at a rate of 130l/day. Assuming that the land used for
sewage disposal can absorb 80m3 of sewage per hectare per day, determine the land area
required, and its cost at the rate of $25,000 per hectare. Make suitable assumptions where
needed.
Solution
Population = 40,000
Rate of water supply = 130 l/day/person
Total water supplied per day
¿ 40,000∗130 l=5,200,000 lites=5,200 cu . m.
Assuming that 80% of this water appears as sewage,
The quantity of sewage produced per day
¿ 0.8∗5200=4160 cum.
Therefore, area of land required for disposing sewage
4160
¿ =52 hectares
80
Providing 50% extra land fOT rest and rotation,
The total land area required

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 ¿ 1.5∗52=78 hectares
Cost of land involved
¿ 25,000∗78=$ 1,950,000
5.7 A town disposes sewage by land treatment. It has a sewage farm of area 150 hectares. The
area included an extra provision of 50% for rest and rotation. The population of the town being
50,000 and rate of water supply 140 litres per capita per day. If 75% of the water is converted
into sewage, determine the consuming capacity of the soil.
Solution
Quantity of water produced per day
¿ 50,000∗140 litres /day=7,000,000 l/ day=7,000 cu . m/day
Quantity of sewage produced
¿ 0.75∗7000=5,250 cu . m/day
Area of farm land provided
= 150 hectares with 50% additional reserve
Hence, area provided for immediate need
150
¿ =100 hectares
1.5
100 hectares is capable of passing 5250 cum per day
Consuming capacity of soil
5250
¿ =52.5 cu .m per hectare per day
100

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Example -2
A city discharges 1500 litres per second of sewage into a stream whose minimum rate of flow is
6000 litres per second. The temperature of sewage as well as water is 20°c. The 5day BOD at
20°c for sewage is 200mg/l and that of river water is 1mg/l. The DO content of sewage is zero,
and that of the stream is 90% of the saturation DO If the minimum DO to be maintained in the
stream is 4.5 mg/l, find out the degree of sewage treatment, required. Assume the de-oxygenation
coefficient as 0.1 and re-oxygenation coefficient as 0.3.
Solution
From the table given at the end of the book, the value of saturation DO at 20°c is found out as
9.17mg/l.
DO content of the stream
= 90% of the saturation DO
90
¿ ∗9.17=8.25 mg/l
100
DO of mix at the start point (i.e. at t = 0)
8.25∗6000+ 0∗1500
¿ =6.6 mg/l
6000+ 1500
(Assuming DO of sewage as zero)
Do=initial DO deficit
¿ Saturation DO at mix .temp .−DO of mix .
¿ 9.17−6.6=2.57 mg/l
(Assume instantaneous mixing)
Minimum DO to be maintained in the stream
= 4.5mg/l
Maximum permissible saturation deficit (i.e., critical DO deficit)
¿ Dc=9.17−4.5=4.67 mg/l
Now, using equations (8.11), the first stage BOD of mixture sewage and stream (L) is given by
L ( f – 1)
( f −1 )∗D 0
( Dc∗f ) (
=f∗ 1−
L )
Substituting the values as:
Do = 2.57mg/l, Dc = 4.67mg/l
K R 0.3
f= = =3
K D 0.1
We get

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 (3 – 1 )
L ( 3−1 )∗2.57
( 4.67∗3 ) =3∗ 1−( L )
Solving by hit and trial, we get the value
L=21.1 mg /l
Now, using
Y t =L∗( 1−10− K t ) D

Maximum permissible 5 day BOD of the mix (at 20°c)

Y 5=21.1∗( 1−10−0.1∗5=14.43 mg/l ) (Where, KD at 20°c = 0.1)
Now, using equation (8.1),
C s Q s +C R Q R
C=
Q s+ Q R
Where, C stands for concentrations of BOD
Substituting the values, we get
C S∗1500+1∗6000
14.43=
1500+6000
Where, Cs will represent the permissible BOD5 (at 20°c of course) of the discharged wastewater.
C S=68.16 mg/l
Original BOD of sewage−Permissible BOD
Degree of treatment required ( percent )= ∗100
Original BOD .
200−68.16
¿ ∗100=65.9 %
200

Example -3
A city discharges 100 cumecs of sewage into a river, which is fully saturated with oxygen and
flowing at the rate of 1500 cumecs during its lean days with a velocity of 0.1m/sec. The 5-days
BOD of sewage at the given temperature is 280mg/l. Find when and where the critical DO deficit
will occur in the downstream portion of the river, and what is its amount? Assume coefficient of
purification of the stream (f) as 4.0 and coefficient of de-oxygenation (KD as 0.1)
Solution
The initial DO of river
= Saturation DO at the given temp. = 9.2 mg/l (say)
DO of mix at t = 0 i.e., at start
9.2∗1500+0∗100
¿ =8.62 mg/l
1500+100
(Assuming that DO of sewage is nil)

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Initial DO deficit of the stream
¿ DO=9.2−8.62=0.58 mg/l
Also, 5-day BOD of the mixture of sewage and stream is given by
C s Q s +C R Q R
C=
Q s+ Q R
280 x 100+0 x 1500
¿ =17.5 mg/l
100+1500
Therefore, 5 day BOD of mix at the given temp. = Y5 = 17.5mg/l
Y 5=L∗( 1−10−K ∗5
D
) and KD = 0.1 (at 20°c)
The ultimate BOD of the mix (i.e. L)
17.5
L= =25.58 mg/l
0.684
Now, using equation (8.11)
L ( f – 1)
( f −1 )∗D 0
( ) Dc∗f (
=f∗ 1− )
L
( 4 – 1)
25.58 ( 4−1 )∗0.58
=4∗( 1−
( D ∗4 )
c 25.58 )
Dc =4.12mg /l
Now, from equation (8.8),
1 ( f −1 )∗D0
t c=
K D (f – 1)
log 1− ({L
∗f } )
1 ( 4−1 )∗0.58
t c=
0.1(4 – 1)
log 1− ({
25.58 } )
∗4 =1.905 days

Now,
distance=Velocity of river∗Travel time
¿ 0.1 m/sec∗(1.905∗24∗60∗60 sec )=16,460 m=16.46 km
Hence, the most critical deficit will occur after 1.905days and at point 16.46km downstream of
the point of sewage disposal.

Example Error! No text of specified style in document.-5

125 cumecs of sewage of a city is discharged in a perennial river which is fully saturated with
oxygen and flows at a minimum rate of 1600 cumecs with a minimum velocity of 0.12 m/sec. If
the 5 day BOD of the sewage is 300 mg/l, find out where the critical DO will occur in the river.
Assume

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 (i) the coefficient of purification of the river as 4.0
(ii) the ultimate BOD as 125% of the 5 day BOD of the mixture of sewage and river water

Solution
Assume Saturation DO Concentration of the given river = 9.2
The DO of the river at the mixing point after disposal of sewage (D)
125∗0+1600∗9.2
¿ =8.53 mg/l
125+1600
Initial DO deficit (Do)
¿ D S −D=9.2−8.53=0.67 mg/ l
BODs of the river at the mixing'point after disposal of sewage (Y5)
125∗300+1600∗0
¿ =21.74 mg/l
125+1600
The ultimate BOD of river (mix) at mixing point (L)
¿ 125 % BOD5=1.25∗21.74=27.17 mg/l
Now, using eqn. (7.16),
BOD5=L∗( 1−10−K ∗5
D
)
21.74=27.17∗( 1−10−K ∗5
D
)
0.8=( 1−10−5 K ) D

10−5 K =0.2
D

K D=0.14
Using the equation
1 ( f −1 )∗D0
t c=
K D (f – 1) ({
log 1−
L
∗f } )
1 ( 4−1 )∗0.67
t c=
0.14(4 – 1) ({
log 1−
27.17 } )
∗4 =1.354 days

S=Velocity∗time=0.12 m/s∗1.354∗24∗3600 sec =14.04 km

Hence, critical DO deficit will occur at 14km downstream of sewage disposal point.

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