TYPES OF PRESTRESSING

1) HYDRAULIC PRESTRESSING- This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large

prestressing forces. The hydraulic jack used for the tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated
pressure gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force developed during the tensioning.

A hydraulic jack adapted for the stressing of an elongated tensionable element anchored at
one end to a structure provided with releasable anchor means for said element remote from said
one end, comprising a tubular housing positionable to surround a projecting portion of said
element while bearing with a forward extremity upon said structure, hydraulic locking means for
said element at the forward extremity of said housing adapted to cooperate with said releasable
anchor means at said structure, hydraulic tensioning means for said element mounted rearwardly
of said locking means, and hydraulic clamping means in said housing secured to said tensioning
means at a location between the latter and said locking means and operable independently of
said tensioning means of releasable engaging said element.

2) MECHANICAL PRESTRESSING- In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights

with or without lever transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw
jacks with or without gear drives and wire winding machines. This type of prestressing is
adopted for mass scale production.
mechanical prestressing system was developed to prestress carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer
(CFRP) sheets. The system is used for strengthening reinforced concrete members. The main
features of the system are as follows: (1) the prestressing forces are applied manually without
using hydraulic jacks, (2) the prestressing level of the CFRP sheets can be controlled by using an
electronic load cell, (3) the system is light weight and can be installed without using heavy lifting
equipment, (4) the CFRP sheets are extended to the ends of the member where high shear
stresses occur, and (5) releasing of the prestressing CFRP sheets is accomplished under a slow
strain rate. An experimental program was conducted to check the validity and efficiency of the
prestressing system by testing three reinforced concrete beams. One of these beams was used
 as a control beam, whereas the others were strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheets. Results
show that the system is efficient and practical for prestressing CFRP sheets to strengthen
reinforced concrete beams. The cracking and yielding loads increased with an increase in the
prestressing level.

3) ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL PRESTRESSING- In this type of prestressing, the steel wires
are electrically heated and anchored before placing concrete in the molds. This type of
prestressing is also known as thermoelectric prestressing.
The pre-stressing concrete used for casting of section is quite different from Reinforced cements
concrete (RCC.) in concrete Technology. The device mechanism developed for duct forming &
anchoring with less losses of pre-stressing value in steel bars of concrete structural element.
In modern type of pre-stressing electricity with low voltage and high current is used for
a duct forming in concrete member & super coating on steel bars, as duct material. While
supplying electricity in the structure, super get melted up because heat generated on the steel
bars of the structure. No provision of any duct formation is requiring in concrete structural
element. The high strength steel structure could be anchored by tightening nuts at both the
ends.
The Pre-stressing in concrete structure element is found more effective as compare to
the RCC technology. To-day pre-stressing is preferred for many large structural elements like
bridge etc. minute modification is required to adopt for all small concrete structure sections
also. It is demand to replace.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING
At several locations in the span (i.e. third or quarter points) the tendons are deviated to the correct
tendon profile by concrete deviators in external prestressing. The advantages of external prestressing
are listed below:

(i) Owing the absence of bond between the tendon and structure, external prestressing allows the
removal and replacement of one or two tendon at one time so that the bridge could be retrofitted in the
event of deterioration and their capacity could be increased easily. This is essential for bridges in urban
areas where traffic disruption is undesirable.

(ii) It usually allows easy access to anchorages and provides the ease of inspection.

(iii) It allows the adjustment and control of tendon forces.

(iv) It permits the designer more freedom in selecting the shape of cross section of bridges.

(v) Webs could be made thinner so that there is a reduction of dead load.

(vi) It enhances a reduction of friction loss because the unintentional angular change like wobble is
eliminated. Moreover, the use of polyethylene sheathing with external prestressing has lower friction
coefficient than corrugated metal ducts in internal prestressing.

(vii) Improvement of concrete placing in bridge webs owing to the absence of ducts.

C. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY MODEL

A. Project Details

1. Purpose of building: Institutional

2. Shape of building: Regular (rectangular)

3. No of stories: (G+18)

4. Type of wall: Masonry

5. Height of stories: 4.8m (similar)

B. General conditions of area of construction

1. Area: Mumbai

2. Zone: III

3. Soil Type: Moderate

4. Zone factor:0.16

5. Response Reduction Factor, R=5.0

6. A eighteen floor institutional building of asymmetrical plan.

C. Material Properties To carry out the work in ETABS software, the properties of the material such as
concrete and steel should be defined, similarly the loads should be defined such as live load, dead load,
seismic load, wind load.

1. Grade of concrete and steel: M40 and Fe500

2. LL=4kN/m2 3. FF= 1.5kN/m2 4. Beam size = 300*500 mm2 5. Column size = 500*500 mm2 D.
Properties of Tendon used in designing

a. Type of tendon- Cold drawn steel.

b. Modulus of elasticity- 210000 N/mm2 .

c. Diameter of one wire in a strand- 2.5mm.

d. No. of wire in one strand-7 e. Yield stress of tendon-1865 N/mm2 .

f. Tendon jacking stress- 1488 N/mm2 .

D. METHODOLOGY All the process which was carried out while designing the structure is represented in
form of flowchart given below:

• ARCHITECTURAL PLAN

1. A plan was selected and proposed.

2. Plan was of G+18 floors of hospital building.

3. Built-up area of one slab was 47300 ft2 .

4. Plan consists of different levels having non-typical type.

• MODELLING IN ETABS

1. Centre line plan was prepared in autocad to simplify the work in etabs.

2. Grids was laid in ETABS.