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Energy Modeling, Simulation & Operations Software

Renewable,
This document isHybrid & Distributed
confidential and Energy
proprietary to ETAP/Operation Resources
Technology, Inc. and may (DER)
not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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Optimizing Green & Clean Power

ETAP software is a powerful tool for designing and analyzing hybrid power systems, which
contain a mix of conventional generators, combined heat and power, wind turbines, solar
photovoltaics, batteries, fuel cells, hydropower, biomass and other inputs. It is currently used all
over the world by tens of thousands of people.

For either grid-tied or off-grid environments, ETAP helps determine how variable resources such
as wind and solar can be optimally integrated into hybrid systems. Engineers and non-
professionals use ETAP to run simulations of different energy systems, compare the results and
get a realistic projection of their capital and operating expenses. ETAP determines the
economic feasibility of a hybrid energy system, optimizes the system design and allows users to
really understand how hybrid renewable systems work.

As distributed generation and renewable power projects continue to be the fastest growing
segment of the energy industry, ETAP can serve utilities, telecoms, systems integrators, and
many other types of project developers - to mitigate the financial risk of their hybrid power
projects. ETAP provides software, services, and an on-line community to the diverse group of
people who are using ETAP to design hybrid systems.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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Wind Turbine Generator

Wind Turbine Generator Analysis program allows you to model wind farm operation with grid
connection via a highly flexible graphic interface optimized for both steady-state and dynamic
simulation. Wind Turbine Generator module is part of the ETAP Renewable Energy solution and
is fully compatible with ETAP User-Defined Dynamic Model Builder and Complier.

Wind Turbine Generator models fully integrated with all ETAP calculation modules such as Load
Flow, Short circuit, Transient Stability, Harmonic Analysis, Protective Device Coordination, and
ETAP Real-Time. User-defined actions may be added to simulate wind turbine and grid
transient recovery variations and relay operations. It also predicts the dynamic response of each
individual wind turbine generator.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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Wind power analysis software results may be utilized for analyzing alternative turbine
placement, tuning of control parameters, selection and placement of protective devices, and
sizing associated equipment.

Wind turbine analysis software module comes to market with proven utility. Wind farm analysis
software is currently being used for real-time monitoring of power exchange between wind
turbines and the power grid at the third largest wind farm in the United States designed by AEP
Proserve installed and commissioned by GE Wind Energy and currently being operated by
Iberdrola Renewables.

With high wind penetration levels being planned globally, the need for grid operators to quickly
assess the impacts of wind generation on system stability has become critical. In the planning
phase, this assessment is normally done with positive sequence time-domain analysis, which
allows for a simulation of the dynamic response of a power system to major disturbances (e.g.,
short circuits). The lack of suitable dynamic models for the wide variety of wind turbines
available in the marketplace has been an obstacle in performing accurate analyses of this type,
though efforts led by the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) to develop industry-
standard wind turbine models are addressing this issue.

WECC Modeling & Validation Working Group initiated an effort to develop and validate a series
of generic dynamic models for wind turbine generators (WTG). The objectives of this effort were
to:

1) Allow for the performance of transient stability studies in the early stages of the
interconnection process when WTG manufacturer / model may be undetermined.
2) Reduce WTG manufacturer confidentiality concerns with respect to proprietary aspects
of dynamic models.
3) Improve the quality and usability of models, consistent with the level of accuracy
expected in an initial system impact evaluation.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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ETAP includes wind turbine models developed by the WECC Modeling & Validation Working
Group. These models were developed for analyzing the stability impact of large arrays of wind
turbines with a single point of network interconnection. Dynamic simulations have been
performed with these models, and comparisons made with results derived from higher-order
models used in manufacturer-specific representations of aero conversion and drivetrain
dynamics.

Generic WECC models were developed for four
major WTG topologies. The first topology, is
referred to as a Type 1 WTG. This machine is
pitch-regulated, and drives a squirrel cage
induction generator which is directly coupled to the
grid.
Type 2 WTG is a variation on the Type 1,
operating with variable slip. It utilizes a wound
rotor induction generator whose rotor winding is
brought out via slip rings and brushes. An
external rotor resistance is electronically
modulated to effect dynamic changes in the
machine’s torque-speed characteristics.

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), or
partial conversion, topology is designated as
WECC Type 3. The turbine is pitch-regulated and
features a wound rotor induction generator with an
AC/DC/AC power converter connected between
the rotor terminals and grid. The generator stator
winding is directly coupled to the grid. The power
converter in the rotor circuit allows for independent
control of generator torque and flux, providing fast
active and reactive power control over a wide
range of generator speeds.
Finally, the full conversion topology is designated
as WECC Type 4. The turbine is pitch-regulated
and features an AC/DC/AC power converter
through which the entire power of the generator
is processed. The generator may be either
induction or synchronous type. As with the Type
3 WTG, the power converter allows for
independent control of quadrature and direct axis
output currents at the grid interface, providing
fast active and reactive power control over a
wide range of generator speeds.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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ETAP includes a Wind Turbine Library based on Manufacturer and Model data provided by the
wind turbine vendors. This library can be user customizable and expandable to include the
nameplate rating as well as the dynamic parameter information as available.

ETAP can be used to perform AC & DC arc flash analysis for any type of industrial, commercial
and/or utility electrical network. With the addition of wind turbine generator, ETAP arc flash
analysis program was enhanced to consider the magnitude of fault current contribution based
on the wind turbine technology types mentioned above.

The Arc Flash Analysis program is a completely integrated module that solves multiple
scenarios to determine worst-case arc flash energy levels. The Arc flash calculation software
module also produces professional reports and high quality arc flash safety labels at a press of
a button.

Arc Flash Result Analyzer is a time-saving software tool that compares and filters various arc
flash analysis reports coming from different scenarios in a single display. The Arc Flash Result
Analyzer can also compare arc flash calculation results from different projects within the same
file directory.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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The Arc Flash Result Analyzer tool is included with the arc flash hazard assessment software.
Compare the results from the arc flash hazard assessment such as general information about
the project or more specific information such as the results from buses, protective devices, or
load terminals in an arc flash study.

   

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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ETAP Arc Flash Analysis automatically estimates the Incident Energy released in the event of
an arc fault and determines the required Flash Protection Boundary. To find out more about
ETAP Arc Flash Module, please visit.

http://etap.com/downloads/brochures/arc-flash.pdf
 

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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Automatic Generation Control of Hybrid Conventional and Wind Turbine Generators

ETAP Automatic Generation Control (AGC) can be used to control GT / STG in a hybrid wind
and conventional power generation network.

Since the Wind output is not predictable and fluctuates without warning, the power at the grid
interconnection is constantly changing. The operators manually dispatch the units in order to not
exceed the allowable power transfer to the utility. By placing STG units in AGC mode, new
setpoints will be automatically calculated and dispatched to the units. These setpoints will be
dispatched in digital format on a periodic basis in order to regulate power exchange with the
utility to a specified value.

Consider the following simplified hybrid wind and GT / STG power plant configuration.

In order to apply Automatic Generation Control to this system, STG1 and STG2 would be
specified as generators under AGC or auto control units in the AGC Study Case. Utility
interconnection or transmission line will be included as the interchange meter. You can utilize

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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ETAP Interchange Transaction Scheduling (ITS) to specify the scheduled power output to the
utility or it can be the maximum allowable power transfer in MW on the transmission line.

ETAP AGC mode of operation would be Tie-Line Control Mode. This implies that AGC will not
regulate generator output to correct frequency errors but only send setpoints to the generators
based on deviation on the utility tie line or interconnection from the scheduled value. The
generators can also be placed in power sharing mode so that any ± change of power can be
shared proportionally. AGC calculation cycle time is user adjustable but would be established
around 300 seconds. This is a longer time compared to typical 5-10 seconds AGC correction
done on utility systems. The reason being, significant noise will be seen in the MW power
delivered to the interconnection point due to the wind turbines and rapid adjustment of the STG
units will not be feasible. STG units will be adjusted for larger excursions of power from the
scheduled value.

Note that AGC utilized sophisticated filtering and denoising techniques to identify the power
output from each unit instead of using instantaneous values.

If the generators are producing 450 MW each and the wind farm output is 50 MW and the
scheduled power transfer is 1000 MW, then AGC will automatically send the setpoint to the
units to bring up their output to 475 MW each.

Within the next 5 mins, if the wind farm output changes to 80 MW then the setpoints dispatched
to the units will be 460 MW each.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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Photovoltaic (PV) & Solar Thermal Power Generation

Photovoltaic (PV) array is one of the important elements of renewable energy, microgrid, smart
grid, etc. It converts solar radiation energy into direct current using semiconductors and then to
alternating current electric power through inverters. ETAP Photovoltaic Array is used to
represent individual panels connected in series and parallel combinations with a grid tied
inverter in order to simulate and analyze grid connected solar farms.

Photovoltaic array element is part of the ETAP

Renewable Energy system and is fully integrated
with all ETAP calculation modules such as Load
Flow, Short circuit, Transient Stability, Harmonic
Analysis, Protective Device Coordination, and
ETAP Real-Time solutions. The characteristics of
the photovoltaic such as the Power-Voltage (P-V)
curve and the Current-Voltage (I-V) curve can be
defined in ETAP using the Photovoltaic Library or
manually specifying the Maximum Peak Power
Voltage (Vmp-p), Maximum Peak Power Current
Imp-p, Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) and Short
Circuit current (Isc).

ETAP considers the effect of performance coefficients such as changes in irradiance and cell
temperature and can automatically recalculate the power output from the Photovoltaic array.
The Photovoltaic array elements also includes an irradiance calculator than can calculate the
solar irradiance incident upon a location. Solar Irradiance is the power per unit area available at
a location due to solar radiation. The solar irradiance calculator is especially useful when
designing or estimating electrical power output from the panels without knowledge of the entire
network.

Photovoltaic Array Analysis Program Key Features include the following:

 The Photovoltaic Array Analysis module gives you the ability to model unlimited solar
panels individually or in groups and connect them in series and/or parallel combinations
to form a solar array.
 User-defined solar panel library with P-V and I-V characteristics
 Solar irradiance calculator to determine irradiance in watts per square meter based on
specified date, time and location
 Simulate solar irradiance changes and its effect on the solar farm output

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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 Create multiple solar irradiance categories for predictive “what if” studies & scenarios
 Built-in inverter model eliminates the need for unnecessary node connections
 Model behavior of Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) Controller for Inverters

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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ETAP Real‐Time Renewable Energy Management System

ETAP Power management software is a suite of energy management tools that offers a fully
integrated enterprise solution. Through continuous monitoring, simulation, and optimization of
electrical, process, manufacturing, and management systems that are in place, this power
management system software can maximize the entire production process, reduce losses, and
increase profits.

Using a Power Management software allows the client to extend the traditional data acquisition
systems to an intelligent power software solution for operators, dispatchers, engineers, and
decision makers.

Its modular applications can be tailored to fit the needs of each company, from small to large
power systems. Industrial facilities, transmission and distribution companies, generation owners,
and vertically integrated utilities can all benefit from the features and functionality of ETAP Real-
Time which contains all the necessary applications of a complete Power Management Software.

ETAP’s robust and proven analysis algorithms combined with portable and flexible foundation
provides a highly available Power Management system, comprehensive modeling environment,
operator-friendly user interface, and state-of-the-art energy management applications.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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 Dedicated / Customizable Farm HMI
 iVAR Control
 Generation Management System
 Load Management System
 Environment Monitoring
 Wind Turbine Performance Monitoring
 Solar & Inverter Performance Monitoring
 Prediction of system response to operator actions

Value Proposition
 Combining existing ETAP model with real-time data
 Multiple meters without electrical SCADA
 State estimation utilization in order to estimate turbine operating power for greater
system visibility
 Grid interconnection power measurement
 Off-the-shelf hardware and software applications
 Electrical & non-electrical data acquisition
 High availability configuration via built-in redundancy and automatic failover
 Cause & effect investigation & what-if analysis
 User customizable dashboards and KPIs
 System expandable to include additional power applications

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
       
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Performance Monitoring
ETAP Real-Time allows comparison of operating energy injection from the renewable sources
together with predicted energy injection based on same day weather data. The user is able to
graphically track actual energy output per device versus predicted output as a function of time
as well as actual device output versus calculated performance curve. Hourly, daily, weekly,
monthly and yearly comparisons can be made that allow operations and maintenance (O&M)
groups to easily identify panels that have deteriorated performance versus weather related
degradation of output and schedule preventive maintenance.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. and may not be reproduced,
published or disclosed to others without the written authorization of ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc., 17
Goodyear, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA. © 2012 by ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.