ASKEP Pneumonia-1

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Pneumonia

Sub title
• Definition
• Etiology
• Epidemiology
• Risk factor
• Sign an d symptom
• Pathway
• Treatment
• Nursing process
Epidemiology
• 80% dari seluruh kasus baru praktek umum
berhubungan dengan infeksi saluran napas
yang terjadi di masyarakat .
• 13% dari semua penyakit infeksi pada anak
dibawah 2 tahun
• 3 juta anak di dunia meninggal karena
penyakit pneumonia setiap tahun,
• Menyebabkan kematian 10 kali lebih banyak
dari pada penyakit infeksi
Etiology and Classification
Menurut Wong, 2009. Secara morfologik
pneumonia di golongkan menjadi :
• Pneumonia lobaris
• Bronkopneumonia / lobularis
• Pneumonia intertisial
• Pneumonitis
Etiology and Classification
Berdasarkan waktu paparan :
1. ACUTE(less than three weeks duration)
2. CHRONIC (more than 3 weeks)

Berdasarkan asal infeksi:


Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
- in a person who has not recently been hospitalized!
- most common type of pneumonia
- home care, oral antibiotics
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP/nosocomial)
- acquired during or after hospitalization for another illness or
procedure, 72h latency time after admission
- 5% patients develop HAP  more deadly
Risk factors
• Mechanical ventilation
• Immune disturbances
• Heart and lung diseases
• Decreased amounts of stomach acid
Pemeriksaan penunjang
• Leukositosis ( > 10.000/ml)
• Peningkatan LED
• Kultur dahak  etiology spesifik
• Kultur darah dapat positif pada 20-25%
penderita yang tidak diobati.
• Anlalisa gas darah menunjukkan hipoksemia
dan hiperkarbia  asidosis respiratorik
• RO thorax
Treatment
• Pemberian Oksigen
• Pemasangan infuse untuk rehidrasi dan
koreksi elektrolit
• Mukolitik dan ekspektoran, bila perlu
dilakukan pembersihan jalan nafas
• Obat penurunan panas hanya diberikan bila
suhu > 400C, takikardi atau kelainan jantung.
• Bila nyeri pleura hebat dapat diberikan obat
anti nyeri.
Treatment
Oral antibiotics
Bacterial pneumonia  treated with antibiotics:
- amoxicillin
- fluoroquinolones
- cephalosporins
- aminoglycosides

Viral pneumonia  influenza A  rimantadine ,


amantadine
Prevention
• Vaccination  H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae in
the 1st year  repeat after 5-10 years
• Abtibiotics  Group B Streptococcus and Chlamydia
trachomatis positive pregnant women
• Treating underlying illnesses (e.g. AIDS) can
decrease the risk of pneumonia
• Smoking  cigarette smoke interferes with many of
the body's natural defenses against pneumonia
Diagnose
• Ineffective airway clearance
• Ineffective airway pattern
• Gas exchange disturbance
• Hyperthermia
• Imbalance body fluid  less than body
required
• Activity Intolerant

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