Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (/məˈɡɛlən/[1] or /məˈdʒɛlən/;[2]

Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ];
Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [feɾˈnando ðe maɣa
ˈʎanes]; c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who
organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to
1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, which
was completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.

Born around 1480 into a family of minor Portuguese nobility,

Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer and was in
service of the Portuguese crown in Asia. After King Manuel I of
Portugal refused to support his plan to reach India by a new route,
by sailing around the southern end of the South American
continent, he was eventually selected by King Charles I of Spain
to search for a westward route to the Maluku Islands (the "Spice
Islands"). Commanding a fleet of five vessels, he headed south Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16/17th
through the Atlantic Ocean to Patagonia. Despite a series of century anonymous portrait
storms and mutinies, they made it through the Strait of Magellan Born Fernão de Magalhães
into a body of water he named the "peaceful sea" (the modern c. 1480
Pacific Ocean).[3] The expedition reached the Philippine islands, Sabrosa, Portugal
where Magellan was killed during the Battle of Mactan. The Died April 27, 1521
expedition later reached the Spice Islands in 1521 and one of the (aged 41)
surviving ships eventually returned home via the Indian Ocean, Kingdom of Mactan
completing the first circuit of the globe. (now Lapu-Lapu City,
Philippines)
Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in
Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to Nationality Portuguese
1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now travelling west, Known for The first
Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation circumnavigation of the
of the globe for the first time in history.[4][5] Earth
Signature

Contents
Early life and travels
Voyage of circumnavigation
Background and preparations
Voyage
Death
Reputation following circumnavigation
Legacy
 Quincentenary
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
External links

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in the Portuguese town of Sabrosa in or
around 1480.[6] His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor
member of Portuguese nobility[6] and mayor of the town. His
mother was Alda de Mezquita.[7] Magellan's siblings included
Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan.[8] He was brought up as a
page of Queen Eleanor, consort of King John II. In 1495 he
entered the service of Manuel I, John's successor.[9]

House where Magellan lived, in In March 1505 at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of
Sabrosa, Portugal. 22 ships sent to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of
Portuguese India. Although his name does not appear in the
chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa,
Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where
he was wounded. In 1509 he fought in the battle of Diu.[10]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese

embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly
cousin.[11] In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell
victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role,
warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and
others who had landed.[12][13]

In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and

Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. After the conquest their
ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the
company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized, Enrique of
Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.[14] Serrão departed in
the first expedition sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas,
where he remained. He married a woman from Amboina and became a
military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Effigy of Ferdinand Magellan
in the Monument of the
Magellan would prove decisive, giving information about the spice-
Discoveries, in Lisbon,
producing territories.[15][16] Portugal.

After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour.

Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally
with the Moors. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after
15 May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but
rejected this. In 1517 after a quarrel with King Manuel I, who denied his persistent demands to lead an
expedition to reach the spice islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, seeking to avoid the
need to sail around the tip of Africa[17]), he was allowed to leave for Spain. In Seville he befriended his
countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz
Barbosa.[18] They had two children: Rodrigo de Magalhães[19] and Carlos de Magalhães, both of whom
died at a young age. His wife died in Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership
with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of
the Moluccas being Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Background and preparations

After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islands
repeatedly rejected by King Manuel of Portugal, Magellan turned
to Charles I, the young King of Spain (and future Holy Roman
Emperor). Under the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal
controlled the eastern routes to Asia that went around Africa.
Magellan instead proposed reaching the Spice Islands by a
western route, a feat which had never been accomplished. Hoping
that this would yield a commercially useful trade route for Spain, Victoria, the sole ship of Magellan's
fleet to complete the
Charles approved the expedition, and provided most of the
circumnavigation. Detail from a map
funding. by Ortelius, 1590.

Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships, carrying supplies for two

years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men.[20] Most were Spanish, but around 40 were
Portuguese.[21]

Voyage
The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In
December, they made landfall at Rio de Janeiro. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching
for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the
estuary of Río de la Plata), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter.
They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months.

Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains Juan de
Cartagena, Gaspar de Quesada and Luiz Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite
at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the
conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively.
Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but later freed.

During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the Santiago, was lost in a storm while surveying nearby
waters, though no men were killed.
Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three
days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the Strait of Magellan,
which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four
ships, the San Antonio, deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain.

The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of
world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three
or four days.[22] In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey
exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of scurvy.[23] Magellan
himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Guam and were met by native
Chamorro people who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a ship's boat.
Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and
recovering the stolen goods.[24]

On 16 March, the fleet reached the Philippines, where they would remain for a month and a half.
Magellan befriended local leaders on the island of Limasawa, and on March 31, held the first Mass in the
Philippines, planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Magellan set about converting the locals to
Christianity. Most accepted the new religion readily, but the island of Mactan resisted. On 21 April,
Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the ensuing
battle, the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed.

Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte
Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody
betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November
1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of
their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. The Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano,
finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who
left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.[25]

Death
After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity,
including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.[26] However, the island
of Mactan, led by Lapulapu,[27] resisted conversion. In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon,[28][29]
Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting
battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and
finished off with other weapons.[30]

Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:

When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water

up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than
two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The
boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in
the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard
the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in
three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five
 hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down
upon us with exceeding loud cries, ... The musketeers and
crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but
uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields ...
Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they
knocked his helmet off his head twice, ... An Indian hurled a
bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter
immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the
Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could
draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the
arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they
all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him
Nineteenth-century artist's
on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a
depiction of Magellan's
scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall death at the hands of
face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him Mactan warriors
with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until
they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true
guide.[30]:173-7

"Nothing of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to
recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and
iron for them but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a war trophy.
Since his wife and child died in Seville before any member of the expedition could return to
Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from
the earth."[31]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments,
and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.[32][33] The Portuguese
regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain. In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to
the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led by Estêvão Gomes, which
deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville May 6, 1521. The deserters were put
on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and
depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.[34] The Casa
de Contratación withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz "considering the outcome of the
voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of Archbishop
Fonseca.[35]

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were also largely
unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the
mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to
bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not
including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the
men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny
at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish
captains.[36]

One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with
Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his
notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including John
III of Portugal, Francis I of France, and Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam. After returning to his home of
Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524.
Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the
circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano
and the other surviving mutineers.[37] In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's
death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult
situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a
magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best
proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.[38]

Legacy
Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and
tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest
sea voyage in the Age of Discovery",[39] and even "the most
important maritime voyage ever undertaken".[40] Appreciation of
Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time
by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to
retrace his route, beginning with the Loaísa expedition in 1525
(which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-
command).[41] The next expedition to successfully complete a
circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, would not occur until A 1561 map of America showing
Magellan's name for the pacific, Mare
1580, 58 years after the return of the Victoria.[42]
pacificum, and the Strait of Magellan,
labelled Frenum Magaliani.
Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was also often called
the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century[43]),
and lends his name to the Strait of Magellan. His name has also since been applied to a variety of other
entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern
hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Cold-War era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by
submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary
Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:

Exhibition entitled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the
General Archive of the Indies in Seville by the King and Queen of Spain. It is scheduled to
transfer to the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian.[44]
 Exhibition entitled Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano
opened at the library of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation in
Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.[45]

See also
List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan
Age of Discovery
Chronology of European exploration of Asia
History of the Philippines
Military history of the Philippines
Portuguese Empire
Spanish Empire

References
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ISBN 0-7614-7650-4
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Grove Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8021-4416-0
12. Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books,
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13. Joyner 1992, pp. 42-43.
14. Joyner 1992, p. 50.
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16. R.A. Donkin, "Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the
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20. Nancy Smiler Levinson (2001), Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World (https://bo
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most accepted total number is 270."
21. Bergreen 2003, p. 61.
22. Cameron 1974, p. 145.
23. Bergreen 2003, p. 215.
24. Bergreen 2003, pp. 224-231.
25. Cameron 1974, p. 209.
26. Bergreen 2003, p. 271.
27. ABS-CBN News (1 May 2019). "It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling
of Filipino hero's name" (https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/19/its-lapulapu-govt-committ
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opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism). Inquirer.net. Retrieved
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29. Mojarro, Jorge (10 November 2019). "[OPINION] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan'
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nsvoyagea01piga/page/n9) (1906 ed.). tr. James Alexander Robertson
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32. Bergreen 2003, p. 406.
33. Cameron 1974, p. 210.
34. Bergreen 2003, p. 299.
35. Bergreen 2003, p. 305.
36. Bergreen 2003, pp. 399-402.
37. Bergreen 2003, pp. 403-405.
38. Cameron 1974, p. 215.
39. Bergreen 2003, p. 414.
40. Bergreen 2003, p. 2.
41. Bergreen 2003, p. 412.
42. Bergreen 2003, p. 413.
43. Camino, Mercedes Maroto. Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish
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20190912exhibition-vcent.aspx). 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
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=), Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4021-9567-9
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web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232).
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Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20100307020324/http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php) (in Portuguese). Coimbra:
Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa. Archived from the original (http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.ph
p?&id=1383&) on 7 March 2010.
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Ocampo, Ambeth (5 July 2019), "Magellan's last will and testament" (https://opinion.inquirer.
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Further reading
Primary sources

Pigafetta, Antonio (1906), Magellan's Voyage around the World, Arthur A. Clark (orig.
Primer viaje en torno del globo (https://archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga) Retrieved
on 2009-04-08)
Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008]
Viartis ISBN 978-1-906421-00-7
Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis, 1523, 1542
 Nowell, Charles E. ed. (1962), Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary
Accounts, Evanston: NU Press
The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan (https://archive.is/20120709201107/http://d
lxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe41
09;idno=sea061;view=toc), full text, English translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley, London:
Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage
Secondary sources

Bergreen, Laurence (2003), Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying
Circumnavigation of the Globe (https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg), William
Morrow, ISBN 978-0-06-093638-9, lay summary (http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066
211735.asp)
Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (1890), The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first
circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521
(https://archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil), G. Philip, retrieved 8 April 2009
Hildebrand, Arthur Sturges (1924), Magellan, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, ISBN 978-1-
4179-1413-5
Joyner, Tim (1992), Magellan, Camden, Me.: International Marine Publishing, ISBN 978-0-
07-033128-0
Nunn, George E. (1932), The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American
Geography
Parr, Charles M. (1953), So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan,
New York: Crowell, ISBN 978-0-8371-8521-7
Parry, J.H. (1979), The Discovery of South America, New York: Taplinger
Parry, J.H. (1981), The Discovery of the Sea, Berkeley: University of California Press,
ISBN 978-0-520-04236-0
Parry, J.H. (1970), The Spanish Seaborne Empire, New York: Knopf, ISBN 978-0-520-
07140-7
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External links
Ferdinand Magellan (http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan) on
history.com
Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines (http://www.historyhouse.com/in_hist
ory/magellan/) from History House
Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano (http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulant
esmagallanes.htm)
Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-904997
9/Ferdinand-Magellan)

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