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M7 4 PDF
M7 4 PDF
Description This exercise is designed for new technical engineer/technician in accordance with
the course curriculum “VAR Part 7 – Aircraft Maintenance Basic” at Module 7.
Operation, function and use of avionic general test equipment: Current Clamp Meter
WARNING: Set function switch to the appropriate position before measuring.
When measuring volts do not switch to current/resistance modes.
Do not measure current on a circuit whose voltage exceeds 600V.
When changing ranges always disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.
CAUTION: Improper use of this meter can cause damage, shock, injury or death. Read and
understand this manual before operating the meter.
Always remove the test leads before replacing the battery or fuses.
Inspect the condition of the test leads and the meter itself for any damage before
operating the meter. Repair or replace any damage before use.
Use great care when making measurements if the voltages are greater than 25VAC
rms or 35VDC. These voltages are considered a shock hazard.
Always discharge capacitors and remove power from the device under test before
performing Diode, Resistance or Continuity tests.
Voltage checks on electrical outlets can be difficult and misleading because of the
uncertainty of connection to the recessed electrical contacts. Other means should be
used to ensure that the terminals are not "live".
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.
This device is not a toy and must not reach children’s hands. It contains hazardous
B. Comsumable Material
REFERENCE QTY UNIT DESIGNATION
No specific 01 EA Battery 9V
D. Referenced Information
REFERENCE DESIGNATION
M7.4 -MEASURING HIGH LUFTHANSA TECHNICAL TRAINING
CURRENTS (Current Clamp Meter)
(Current Clamp Meter) For the different fields of application, different current clamp meters
were
developed:
- For very high currents with corresponding large clamp.
- Milliammeter for small currents in lines that cannot be
disconnected.
2. JOB SET-UP
A. Prepareation:
1. Starting
2. Operation
A. Data Hold
To freeze the LCD reading, press the HOLD button. While data hold is active, the HOLD icon appears on
the LCD. Press the HOLD button again to return to normal operation.
B. Peak Hold
The Peak Hold function captures the peak AC or DC voltage or current. The meter can capture negative
or positive peaks as fast as 1 millisecond in duration.
B. DCA ZERO
The DC Zero feature removes offset values and improves accuracy for DC current measurements. To
perform a zero, select ADC and with no conductor in the jaw:
1. Press the DC ZERO button to zero the display. “ZERO” will appear in the display. The offset value is
now stored and removed from all measurements.
2. To view the stored value, press the DC ZERO button. “ZERO” will flash and the stored value will be
displayed.
3. To exit this mode, press and Hold the ZERO button until “ZERO” is no longer in the display.
C. AC/DC Voltage Measurements
1. Insert the black test lead into the negative COM terminal and the red test lead into the positive V
terminal.
2. Set the function switch to the VAC or VDC position.
3. Use the MODE button to select AC or DC Voltage).
4. Connect the test leads in parallel to the circuit under test.
5. Read the voltage measurement on the LCD display.
D. Resistance Measurements
Note: Remove power before making resistance measurements
1. Insert the black test lead into the negative COM terminal and the red test lead into the positive
terminal.
2. Set the function switch to the position.
3. Touch the test probe tips across the circuit or component under test.
4. Read the resistance on the LCD display.
4. PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS/ ASSESSMENT
A. Description of Maximum inputs of RMS 1000A Clamp Meter equipment? (2 points)
A. Perform the AC Current Measurements (2 points)
B. Perform the DC current measurements (2 points)
C. Perform the AC/DC Voltage Measurements (2 points)
D. Perform the resistance measurements (2 points)
5. CLOSE-UP
A. Make sure that the work area is clean and clear of tools and other items.
B. Clean Workshop
C. Put Workshop to Its usual condition
Description This exercise is designed for new technical engineer/technician in accordance with
the course curriculum “VAR Part 7 – Aircraft Maintenance Basic” at Module 7.
Operation, function and use of avionic general test equipment: Measuring The Electrical Resistance
WARNING: Set function switch to the appropriate position before measuring.
When measuring volts do not switch to current/resistance modes.
Prior to connecting this instrument always ensure that the circuit under test is
electrically isolated. Connecting this instrument to circuits which have not been
isolated could lead to a hazard.
When changing ranges always disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.
CAUTION: Improper use of this meter can cause damage, shock, injury or death. Read and
understand this manual before operating the meter.
Always remove the test leads before replacing the battery or fuses.
Inspect the condition of the test leads and the meter itself for any damage before
operating the meter. Repair or replace any damage before use.
This instrument has been designed and tested to comply with the Electromagnetic
Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC and Low Voltage Directive 93/68EEC in
accordance with EN 61010 -1 :2001 Cat III <50V relating to the safety requirements
for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use. Before
connecting the instrument to the mains supply, please ensure the following safety
precautions have been read and understood.
Always discharge capacitors and remove power from the device under test before
performing Diode, Resistance or Continuity tests.
Voltage checks on electrical outlets can be difficult and misleading because of the
uncertainty of connection to the recessed electrical contacts. Other means should be
used to ensure that the terminals are not "live".
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.
This device is not a toy and must not reach children’s hands. It contains hazardous
objects as well as small parts that the children could swallow. In case a child
swallows any of them, please contact a physician immediately
Do not leave batteries and packing material lying around unattended; they can be
dangerous for children if they use them as toys
In case the device is going to be unused for an extended period of time, remove the
B. Comsumable Material
REFERENCE QTY UNIT DESIGNATION
C. Expendable Parts
REFERENCE QTY UNIT DESIGNATION
D. Referenced Information
REFERENCE DESIGNATION
M7.4 -MEASURING THE LUFTHANSA TECHNICAL TRAINING
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (Multimeter Digital / Analogue)
(Multimeter Digital / Analogue) - The conductor material in the aircraft wiring can break due to
vibration or through frequent bending (doors/panels). As a result, the
(Portable Ohmmeters) wiring system will no longer function.
- In order to locate such a failure, a measuring device capable of
measuring resistance is used. A so−called multimeter is generally
used for this purpose.
- The resistance to be measured can range up to 1 kilo−ohm.
- Breaks in the conductor often present themselves as so−called
loose contacts.
- To verify these failures, an analogue measuring device is
recommended while simultaneously “shaking“ the line.
- To be able to check the electrical resistance, an electric circuit
must be produced. This can be realized by either using the ground
of the aircraft or with the help of an extension line.
2. Operation
A. F4 SETUP
To enter the configuration menu PRESS F4 (SETUP) the following can then be set.
C. Resistance measurement
The DO7PLUS should be in the measurement [STOP] mode. In this mode the measuring current is
switched off and the current terminals are shorted internally. Connect the measuring leads as described
in section A. Before starting the measurement select the current mode required as described in section "
Setting the Measurement Current Mode". Select the range required see " Setting the Instrument Range"
To measure with the temperature compensation, proceed as in 5.3 but in addition connect the
temperature sensor probe (see section 9 for accessories details and part numbers) to the front panel
socket. Select the temperature compensation measurement mode as described in 4.9.9. Alternatively, if
the ambient temperature is stable, a manual value may be entered, in this case a temperature sensor is
not required. The compensated resistance value will be displayed in large digits on the DO7PLUS
screen and the true measured resistance value will be shown in smaller digits below the main display.
The measured and set temperature will also be shown.
E. Effects of Lead Resistance
The DO7PLUS is a true four terminal measuring instrument and will, therefore, measure accurately with
long lead lengths. The DO7PLUS monitors the lead resistance and will display an error message if the
lead resistance exceeds the resistance values below. It is good practice to keep the lead lengths to a
minimum, this ensure that any magnetic fields and other environmental noise that may be present have
minimal effect. Sometimes long leads can’t be avoided and in these cases the cable resistance should
be kept to a practical minimum and not exceed the following:
- Current Leads Maximum resistance 60m each lead (120 m total)
- Potential leads Maximum resistance 1keach lead (2k total)
HINT: The accuracy of the measurement is not affected by different lead lengths, only by the resistance
of the leads.
4. PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS/ ASSESSMENT
A. Perform the connection between DO7PLUS and the resistance IAW Diagram of different connection
configurations (4 points’; answer: as Diagram of connection Part 3.A-B)
B. Perform measuring the resistance (2 points; answer: perform and read out the measured resistance
value will be displayed)
C. Perform Resistance measurement with temperature compensation (2 points; answer: perform and
read out the measured resistance value will be displayed)
D. Understand of Effects of Lead Resistance (2 points; answer: In according with Part 3.E described)
5. CLOSE-UP
A. Make sure that the work area is clean and clear of tools and other items.
B. Clean Workshop
C. Put Workshop to Its usual condition
Description This exercise is designed for new technical engineer/technician in accordance with
the course curriculum “VAR Part 7 – Aircraft Maintenance Basic” at Module 7.
Operation, function and use of avionic general test equipment: Measuring High−Ohm Resistance
(Insulation Measurement)
WARNING: Insulation measurement devices use potential values of up to1000 volts. Therefore,
all devices, engines, sensors, etc. must be disconnected from the wire prior to the
measurement.
Take extreme care when performing insulation measurements on semi−conductor
continuous loop fire detection systems since they will be destroyed through
excessive measuring voltages!
To avoid electric shock, injury, or damage to the Meter, disconnect circuit power and
discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing resistance, continuity, diodes, or
capacitance.
Use the Meter only as specified in this manual or the protection provided by the
Meter might be impaired.
Do not use the Meter or test leads if they appear damaged, or if the Meter is not
operating properly. If in doubt, have the Meter serviced.
Always use the proper terminal, switch position, and range for measurements
before connecting Meter to circuit under test.
Verify the Meter’s operation by measuring a known voltage.
Do not apply more than the rated voltage as marked on the Meter, between the
terminals or between any terminal and earth ground.
Use caution with voltages above 30 V ac rms, 42 V ac peak, or 60 V dc. These
voltages pose a shock hazard.
Replace the battery as soon as the low battery indicator (b) appears.
Disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing
resistance, continuity, diodes, or capacitance.
Do not use the Meter around explosive gas or vapor.
When using the test leads, keep your fingers behind the finger guards.
Remove test leads from the Meter before opening the Meter case or battery door.
Never operate the Meter with the cover removed or the battery door open.
Comply with local and national safety requirements when working in hazardous
locations.
Use proper protective equipment, as required by local or national authorities when
CAUTION: To avoid a blown fuse, damage to the Meter, or serious personal injury, never
attempt to make a measurement with a test lead in an incorrect terminal.
Insulation Specifications
Measurement Range...........................................0.1 MΩ to 2 GΩ model 1587, 0.1
MΩ to 600 MΩ model 1577
Test Voltages ......................................................50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 V model
1587, 500 and 1000 V model 1577
Test Voltage Accuracy ........................................+ 20 %, - 0 %
Short-Circuit Test Current ...................................1 mA nominal
Auto Discharge....................................................Discharge time <0.5 second for C =
1 µF or less
Live Circuit Detection: .........................................Inhibit test if terminal voltage > 30 V
prior to initialization of test.
Maximum Capacitive Load..................................Operable with up to 1 µF load.
1. JOB SET-UP INFORMATION
A. Fixtures, Tools, Test and Support Equipment
REFERENCE QTY UNIT DESIGNATION
C. Expendable Parts
REFERENCE QTY UNIT DESIGNATION
D. Referenced Information
REFERENCE DESIGNATION
M7.4 -MEASURING LUFTHANSA TECHNICAL TRAINING
HIGH−OHM RESISTANCE
(Isolation Tester)
(INSULATION
- Aircraft wires are protected by an insulation to prevent that a
MEASUREMENT)
connection is setup between the conductors among themselves and
between the conductors and the ground potential.
(Isolation Tester)
- This insulation may partially or completely lose its functionality
through environmental influences (humidity, ultraviolet radiation,
Table. Buttons
4. Input Terminals
1. Starting
2. Operation
A. MIN MAX AVG Recording Mode To use MIN MAX AVG recording:
The MIN MAX AVG mode records • Make sure the Meter is in the desired measurement function
minimum and maximum input and range. (Auto ranging is disabled in the MIN MAX AVG
values. When the inputs go below mode).
the recorded minimum value or • Press to activate MIN MAX AVG mode. MINMAX
above the recorded maximum value, appears on the display.
• The high voltage symbol along with a primary display of >30 V warns if voltage more than 30 V
ac or dc is present. In this condition, the test is inhibited. Disconnect the Meter and remove power before
proceeding.
5. Push and hold to start the test. The secondary display shows the test voltage applied to the
circuit under test. The high voltage symbol along with a primary display showing the resistance in MΩ
or GΩ appears. The icon appears on the lower portion of the display until is released.
When resistance is higher than the maximum display range, the Meter displays the > symbol and the
maximum resistance for the range.
6. Keep the probes on the test points and release the button. The circuit under test then
discharges through the Meter. The resistance reading appears on the primary display until a new test is
started or a different function or range is selected or > 30 V is detected.
B. Cleaning
Periodically wipe the case with a damp cloth and mild detergent. Do not use abrasives or solvents. Dirt
or moisture in the terminals can affect readings.
C. Testing the Batteries
To test the batteries, press and turn to the rotary switch to the INSULATION position. This initiates a
battery test and displays the charge level of the battery.
Description This exercise is designed for new technical engineer/technician in accordance with
the course curriculum “VAR Part 7 – Aircraft Maintenance Basic” at Module 7.
Operation, function and use of avionic general test equipment: Measuring Low−Ohm Connections
(Bonding/Groundings)
WARNING: METRA HIT 27EX is a milliohm-meter with 4-pole measurement, which is designed
for deployment in potentially explosive environment. In accordance with directive
2014/34/EU the device is approved for being used in explosive, gaseous
atmospheres (IIA T4) with ambient temperatures between – 10 °C and +50 °C.The
device conforms to the following standards:
– EN 60079-0:2012 + A11:2013
– EN 60079-11:2012
It bears CE certification number, type INERIS 05ATEX0040, which has been
conferred by the Inner is certification authority.
Shock Hazards: Avoid working alone when taking measurements which involve
shock hazards. Be certain that a second person is present.
Meanings of symbols on the instrument:
Warning concerning a source of danger (attention: observe
documentation!)
Ground
Continuous, doubled or reinforced insulation
Indicates EC conformity
B. Comsumable Material
C. Expendable Parts
No specific 04 EA batteries
D. Referenced Information
REFERENCE DESIGNATION
M7.4 -MEASURING LUFTHANSA TECHNICAL TRAINING
LOW−OHM CONNECTIONS
A lot of connections in aircrafts serve the purpose of introducing
(BONDINGS/GROUNDINGS)
electricity into the structure (groundings) or which connect large
conductive parts of the structure with one another (bonding).
These connections must be of high quality to prevent a possible
resistance and the formation of corrosion on these areas.
In order to check the quality of these connections, their resistance
value must be checked.
However, the standard measurement method via the ohmmeter/multi-
meter two−wire measurement is not suitable in this case due to the
very low resistance values to be measured. The resistance values of
the measurement line and of the interface to the resistance to be
measured highly influence the measurement current compared to the
influence of the resistance to be measured. That way no suitable result
can be obtained.
For that reason, the Kelvin measurement method, also called
four−wire measurement, was developed. Here, two test leads supply a
specific current which flows through the connection to be measured.
Two further test leads measure the voltage drop directly on the
resistance to be measured. The resistance value is then determined
through the two values of the supplied current and the measured
voltage drop.
One advantage of this measurement method is that the measurement
device locates faulty transitions to the resistance to be measured by
detecting that the measurement current does not flow. The fact that
the voltage drop is measured instead of the flowing current is another
advantage since the resistance of the measurement lines no longer
influences the result
Measurement Devices for
Bonding/Groundings
- For low resistance
measurements, special
measurement devices are
used.
One of these devices is the
bonding meter. By now the
bonding measurement has
been integrated in multi-
meters as special function by
manufacturers for
2. JOB SET-UP
A. Prepare:
1. Start
A. Insert Batteries: E. Switching the Instrument Off Manually
Remove the instrument from the ➭ Press the ON|OFF key until OFF is shown on the display.
potentially explosive environment
Test Leads
Based on the minimum measurement current, the bonding meter can detect whether the test leads
properly come in to contact with the resistance to be measured or not. If this is not the case, the device
displays an error message. This message may be different depending on the type of device.
The T 477 W indicates the faulty contact via flashing decimal points on the display. The Metrahit 27EX
on the other hand, shows the flashing message “LEADS OPEN“.
If this error message occurs, the connections of the measurement line must be checked and possibly
remaining paint layers, oxide films, or similar, have to be removed. Only when no error messages are
displayed, realistic results can be obtained.
NOTE: After the measurement it is necessary to protect the bare test points against corrosion again.
Milliohm Measurement (4-Pole-Measurement)
F. Compensation of Cable Resistance
Electrical resistance is a dipole quantity which can generally only be measured using two poles. This
is accomplished by directing a measuring current of predetermined magnitude through the device
under test, and measuring the resultant voltage drop. The respective resistance value is derived from
the quotient of these two values.
The two points between which voltage is measured are decisive as regards the results of the
measurement. All resistances between these two points add to the measured resistance value.
These include contact resistance, as well as cable resistance. If a very low resistance value needs to
be measured, for example contact resistance at a contactor with a value of only a few milliohms, the
points between which voltage is measured must be moved out of the measuring instrument and
H. Thermo-voltage Compensation
Thermo-voltages which occur as a result of material and temperature differences may distort
measurement results. For this reason, the instrument is equipped with automatic thermos-voltage
compensation in the relevant measuring ranges.
After switching on the milliohm-meter, “ is displayed, indicating that an automatic thermos-voltage
compensation for the 30 mΩ and 300 mΩ measuring ranges will be performed in the background for all
future measurements. ZERO signals that the value of the thermos-voltage has already been taken into
account for the indicated measuring result.
After the first measurement – lift the test probe from the measuring point “ disappears to facilitate
the reading of the measured values. The automatic thermos-voltage compensation remains activated.
Description This exercise is designed for new technical engineer/technician in accordance with
the course curriculum “VAR Part 7 – Aircraft Maintenance Basic” at Module 7.