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Wireless World 1995 09 S OCR PDF
Wireless World 1995 09 S OCR PDF
ELECTRONICS
WORLD
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+WIRELESS WORLD
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New audio
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Analysing
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CONTENTS
728 DESIGNING WITH A 783 PREDICTING FM
SINGLE RAIL NOISE EFFECTS
Design expert Walt Jung presents Everyone knows that noise affects
analogue solutions for systems where integrity in fm data communications -
only a single, low -voltage supply is but by how much?
available.
787 ASP AND FILTERING
736 ADD SENSES TO In the Design Brief series, Ian Hickman
looks at the benefits of using analogue
YOUR PC signal processing in filter applications.
By plugging a small module into your
LPT port, you can log data, count
frequency or even analyse spectra. REGULARS
746 A NEW SLANT ON 715 COMMENT
AN OLD ANGLE The industry we never had. Cover - Hashim Akib
Irving Gottleib looks at an early solution
to the problem of adjacent coil interaction. 716 NEWS
Road toll trials, pcb shortage, new gas
749 A NEW sensor, surround sound from two
speakers.
BALANCED VIEW
Steve Winder discusses a new approach 721 RESEARCH NOTES
to twisted -pair coupling. Flying robot success, magnetic train
breakthrough, live on the net, remote Development of a high-speed,
751 SQUARE LAW RULES IN surgery. magnetically powered train that does
not levitate, is inexpensive, and can
AUDIO POWER 740 APPLICATIONS run on already -laid track - page 721.
The 'difference of two squares' concept Video -speed a -to -d conversion with no
offers significant linearity benefits when s&h, RS232 with 1µA standby, power
applied to audio power, as Ian Hegglun mosfet driving.
explains.
770 LETTERS
758 RECORDING ON Arguments for terrestrial digital tv, EMI
on planes, dynamos and audio design
DEMAND debate.
An electronic aid for reducing the tedium
of note taking, designed by Francois 792 CIRCUIT IDEAS
Steenkeste Remote resistance measurement
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762 FEW COMPLIMENTS
HF vco, Isolated thermometer amplifier, discount of 30%
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Better squarewaves, Temperature analyser, 'scope, f -meter, dvm or
NON- COMPLEMENTS monitor. data logger. EW+WW is offering two
Douglas Self has been analysing Bengt such modules. See page 736.
Olsson's work on non -complementary
power amplifiers. An electro-acoustic measurement system for £750 -
767 MIXED MODE representing a 20% discount exclusively for
MODELLING EW+WW readers. Turn to page 780.
The latest release of MicroCap features
mixed -mode circuit modelling. But it is
now also confined to Windows. Ben 799 NEW PRODUCTS
Duncan asks "is this a feature or a Pick of the month - classified
drawback?" for convenience.
DESIGNER £99
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EDITOR
Martin Eccles
The industry we never had
0181 652 3128
the industrial revolution members
EDITORIAL of the aristocracy wishing to spend an
During
ASSISTANT inheritance building a steam powered car or a
Rob Allcock flying machine could always fmd an artisan to
0181 652 8638 assist them. Around this relationship, Britain's
industries prospered and a number of Lord &
CONSULTANTS
Blacksmith Ltds became world leaders.
Jonathan Campbell In the early nineteen eighties it seemed
Philip Darrington
history might repeat itself. University
Frank.Ogden
professors scoured the countryside looking for
DESIGN & someone to turn their designs - half of which
PRODUCTION were never committed to paper - into working
Alan Kerr instruments.
We were on our way -a few winners;
EDITORIAL
personal computers, digital effects consoles -
ADMINISTRATION
the new industrial age.
Jackie Lowe
But earlier this year one of the last major
0181-652 3614
subcontractors - Race - limped off the pitch.
E-MAIL ORDERS What went wrong? It wasn't, as some
jackie.lowe@rbp.co.uk suggest, that we let the industry slide
Eastwards. More the case there was no real
ADVERTISEMENT
industry in the first place.
MANAGER
Prise open the casing of modern consumer
Richard Napier
electronics products. For all their would settle next to the chip manufactures in
0181-652 3620
functionality, you'll usually find a chip count Japan or Taiwan but its on the move again.
DISPLAY SALES of one at the most. Why aren't British China, Africa who knows where labour will
EXECUTIVE engineers assembling these products? Because be cheap next year. The functionality of the
Malcolm Wells no-one is assembling them. There's someone chip will increase, perhaps to the level of
0181-652 3620 standing next to the machine which makes serial input and output, with a massive
them, but the skill needed for this is minimal. number of uncommitted gates in between. The
ADVERTISING
In the production of a single chip device the minimal skill needed to glue this to power
PRODUCTION
most complicated operation is getting Parcel rails on a pcb can be found anywhere - to do
Christina Budd
Force to deliver the components. it in Britain is a waste of a resource.
0181-652 8355
Who are the losers? For one, any electronic Although Britain did hang on too long,
PUBLISHER assembly company which was going for today's view of the world is more realistic.
Mick Elliott growth in the late eighties. Then there's the It's no longer just the university Professor
component supplier who expanded out of a who wants a circuit built, but Siemens who
EDITORIAL FAX
shop between the shoe repairer and the gent's need chips designed. If all the action is in the
0181-652 8956
hairdressers to end its life as a 'For Sale' sign chip itself then is this such a bad thing? It
CLASSIFIED FAX stuck on a warehouse next to a motorway takes the skill of an artisan to prototype a pcb
0181-652 8956 intersection. And of course there's the and, as the rest of the world is telling us, these
fmancier who gave a whole new meaning to skills are also needed to develop integrated
SUBSCRIPTION
the term solder sucker. circuits.
HOTLINE
The part of the industry which remains is
01622 721666
the low -volume, high -quality sector. The bulk
Quote ref INJ
of the low value work travels around the Peter Kruger,
SUBSCRIPTION world like a Mexican Wave. It seemed it flames@flames.cityscape.co.uk
QUERIES
01444 445566
NEWSTRADE
DISTRIBUTION
Electronics World + Wireless World is published monthly. By Overseas advertising agents: France and Belgium: Pierre
David G. Sanders post, current issue £2.25, back issues (if available) £2.50. Mussard, 18-20 Place de la Madeleine, Paris 75008. United
0181 652 8171 Orders, payments and general correspondence to L333, States of America: Ray Barnes, Reed Business Publishing Ltd,
Electronics World + Wireless World, Quadrant House, The 205 E. 42nd Street, NY 10117. Telephone (212) 867-2080.
BACK ISSUES Quadrant, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5AS. Tlx:892984 REED BP G. Tlx 23827.
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USA: $52.00 airmail. Reed Business Publishing (USA),
Subscriptions office, 205 E. 42nd Street, NY 10117. ©Reed Business Publishing Ltd 1995 ISSN 0959 8332
ittel"'*%,
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HP5342A 500 MHz -I8 GHz microwave frequenm meter.oPT00 I/
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EINEEMEEZZI=.
720 ELECTRONICS WORLD+WIRELESS WORLD September 1995
RESEARCH \OTES
Jonathan Campbell
4 Al
Passive Wheels
Using available Segmented
track, Seraphim is
powered forward Rail Segmented
by inducing
reversed electric
Aluminum Rai
currents in a series
of aluminum plates
420km/h, but not on track already backward -moving wave of magnetic Similarly, experiments with
laid. flux which thrusts the train forward. conventional linear induction motors
Slow -moving shuttles have used a The Sandia method induces magnetic have reached speeds of more than
similar method to achieve speeds of fields around the edges of a segmented 320km/h, but efficiency suffers at
50km/h. But these trains embed aluminum rail placed along the rack, a higher speed, while the performance
magnetic fields relatively slowly in a difference that allows a Seraphim -type and efficiency of the Sandia engine
neighbouring metal rail to generate a train to achieve much higher speeds. actually improves with velocity.
Battlefield
operation - and
Steve Mann's
NetCam has not a surgeon in
moved on from
just attaching a sight
camera to the head I f the makers of MASH - the
and recording I television series that memorably
what the head
recorded life for a mobile army
movements point
at, leftmost photo.
surgical hospital under fire in the
Now what Steve Vietnam war - were to try portray
sees is transmitted battlefield medicine as it is
and processed developing today, things could look a
remotely. As a little different. Because one of the key
result Internet components of combat zone surgery
browsers can view could soon be gone forever: the
the world exactly surgeon.
from his
That's not to say the soldiers will
perspective.
722
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no longer be put under the surgeon's example, though the interface has not In a remote unit, the patient is
The remote
knife, simply that the surgeon may be been natural enough to allow a viewed by a pair of video cameras and
scalpel appears to
emerge from the holding it from several miles away surgeon to work. operated on by instruments held by a
hand controls as through the technique of telepresence. But now tests being carried out by manipulator. The surgeon sees the
the surgeon looks Remote manipulation has been SRI International in California instruments as emerging from handles
down into the around for many years, in the (Telepresence Surgery, IEEE he or she manipulates, and is able to
virtual workspace. handling of dangerous materials for Engineering in Medicine and Biology, sense the resistance of tissues as they
PS Green et al, pp.324-329), are are touched by the instruments and
Monitor
showing that remote surgery is a real feel the suture as a knot is tied.
Color TV Cameras possibility. Most recently an operation Sounds are also picked up by stereo
has been carried out by a surgeon mics and relayed to the surgeon
Stereo 160m away from the 'patient' -a through speakers to add to the
Shutter dummy with a pig's intestines. experience.
The SRI system integrates vision, So far a telepresence surgery system
Microphone hearing and manipulation using a has been installed in a mobile surgical
surgeon's console and a remote vehicle with the intention that
Speaker surgical unit. eventually, wounded soldiers will be
Workspace
Apparent -- At the console, the surgeon can look placed on its operating table to be
Manipulator Workspace down into a virtual workspace operated on remotely, improving
recreated by a 120field/s stereographic immediate trauma care under combat
video monitor with an lcd shutter - the conditions.
surgeon wears polarised glasses. Field tests are expected shortly.
0
board, Mains adaptor, serial cable, DC power cable, batteries,
E QOWTER ARE reference card, software and manuals - in fact, everything you
need to get started. Price £379.
TRANSFORMERS
Also, now available, a Vehicle Tracking Developers Kit which
includes GPS receiver, modem and software, which via a cel-
lular telephone allows a remote vehicle position to be displayed
E A Sowter Ltd over AutoRoute plus maps. The pack is available now for £495. -
PO Box 36 IPSWICH IP1 2EL ENGLAND ier The Rockwell NavCard offers GPS receiver functionality in a
Tel: +44(1)1473 252794 PCMCIA II format for only £299. Capable of displaying your
Fax: +44(1)1473 236188 position on AutoRoute maps, this receiver is ideal for use with
v laptop computers. AutoRoute drivers and Windows GPS moni-
E -Mail: sowter@tcp.co.uk tor software, £9.95.
Please add carriage at £13.50 (TNT next day), and VAT to total cost.
GPS Seminar, Basingstoke, September 7th £25, coil to book
Design and Manufacture At .444r' .4%
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HATELY ANTENNA
EVERYTHING
TECHNOLOGY Interactive development,
1 Kenfield Place, Aberdeen AB1 7UW. Tel/fax: 01224 316004
YOU WANT IN
NEWS of the CROSSED FIELD ANTENNA easy to learn with
THE GROUND PLANE CROSSED FIELD ANTENNA which has been more and
more continuously used in development tests for Medium Wave Broadcasting at the A CARD
Tanta Station in the Nile Delta, is now a permanent feature of Egyptian Broadcasting, ready-made libraries.
reports our colleagues Kabbary and Khattab.
Recently completely re -built, and re -opened at a ceremony with President Moubarak. COMPUTER
the GPCFA is now providing a service 16 hours a day on 1.161 MHz for a population
of 15 million, using 30kW only. This represents a saving of 66% relative to the earlier
100 kW necessary to give the same signal service area using the now demolished
quarter -wave antenna 65 metres in height.
Furthermore, the wider bandwidth of the GPCFA, which is only 8 metres tall mounted
on the roof of the single storey transmitter building, is evident to most of the listeners
in improved speech quality.
RAPID
Graphics and keypad interfaces,
FUTURE PLANS APPLICATION
There are more GPCFA projects on stream in Egypt in order to extend both Long
Wave and Medium wave services at reduced capital cost and running costs for the 35 parallel and 2 serial, clock,
parent organisation; the Egyptian Radio and TV Union.
Professional Engineers may phone or circle the card to request a copy of the detailed
DEVELOPMENT
signal strength report and photo. Patent licences are still available for some countries 10 -bit 8-ch A to D, multitasker,
from our portfolio including US, Europe, Australia, Japan. New patents are filed for
the "electrical dual" forms using two currents on separate wires. These have particular
advantages in erection simplicity.
NIF IN HIGH LEVEL
3001.1A data logging, PCMCIA.
Evaluation tests can be performed using the modestly priced Amateur Radio versions Triangle Digital
available at: GPCFA format £400, Delay -Line format £199, Loop format £250, all
Services Ltd LANGUAGE
prices including UK VAT and postage. Cash with order, or Pro -forma Invoice will be
sent. Tel 0181-539 0285
Proprietor: Maurice C. Matey, MSc MEE Chartered Ekctrkal Engineer (GM3HAT) Fax 0181-558 8110
rT
Hewlett Packard 8754A Network Analyser -4 - 1300MHz £3250
International Light - IL 1700 research radiometer with Erythema!
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Tel: 01203 650702 Impedance Interface (as new) £6750 Lyons PG73N/PG75/PG2B/PG Pulse generator from £220
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Hewlett Packard 35130A 5Hz 50KHz £995
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Hewlett Packard 8152A - optical average power meter
Hewlett Packard 61588 - optical attenuator with opt's 002 +
£500
£1250
Tektronix 1240 Logic Analyser
Time 9811 Programmable resistance
Time 9814 Voltage calibrator
£750
£600
£750
Hewlett Packard 3582A - 25KHz analyser, dual channel £2500
001 £1100 Watanabe WTR211 3 pen plotter £250
Hewlett Packard 1821 with 8559A (10MHz - 21GHz) Hewlett Packard 8443A Tracking gen/counter with IEEE £300/E400 Weller 0900 Desoldering station £150
£3750
Marconi 2370 - 110MHz
Hewlett Packard 8620C Sweep oscillator mainframe £400 Wiltron 352 Low freq. differential input phase meter £350
£995 Hewlett Packard 8750A Storage normaliser £375 Wlltron 560 Scalar Network analyser £800
Marconi 2371 - 30Hz-200MHz E1250 Hewlett Packard 3456A Digital voltmeter £750
Rohde & Schwarz - SWOB 5 Polyskop 0.1 -1303MHz £2500 Hewlett Packard 8684A - 5.4GHz to 12.5GHz Sig Gen.. £3000
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Alltech 727 22.4GHz Hewlett Packard 864013 - AM/FM Signal Gen. (512MHz) £850
el 70727- Tracking Generator for 727(10101z- 12.4Gliz)....... ...... } 12000 LARGE S.A.E. FOR LIST OF EQUIPMENT ALL
Hewlett Packard 5340A - 18GHz Frequency Counter £900
Texscan AL51A- I GHz E850 Hewlett Packard 5356A -18GHz Frequency Converter Head £450 EQUIPMENT IS USED - WITH 30 DAYS
Tektronix 7L14 with 7603- Mainframe (1.8GHz) E2000 Hewlett Packard 432A - Power Meter (with 478A Sensor) £275
Tektronix 7L12 with 7603 mainframe (I .8GHz) E1500
GUARANTEE. PLEASE CHECK FOR AVAILABILITY
Hewlett Packard 435A or B - Power Meter (with 8481A/8484A)
Tektronix 7L18 with 7603 mainframe (I 8GHz) 2950 from £750 BEFORE ORDERING - CARRIAGE
Polred 641-1 10MHz - 18GHz £1500 Hewlett Packerdaaa2A - (10KHz - 1280MHz) synthesised signal & VAT TO BE ADDED TO ALL GOODS
Howlett Packard 35601A - Spectrum Analyser Interface £1000 generator £7950
MIL
We have taken the synthesised all mode FRG8800 communica- The ADC -60 brings the accuracy of a time standard to your
tions receiver and made over 30 modifications to provide a computer. It provides a data source which can be used by
receiver for rebroadcast purposes or checking transmitter per- any system which has a serial port such as a PC, MAC or
formance as well as being suited to communications use and mainframe. The ADC -60 offers improved reliability by using
news gathering from international short wave stations.
both the British MSF and German DCF time standards. If
The modifications include four additional circuit boards providing
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4...V::JOISIN
allp
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importance of radio , -
sv do
-4,
Nir so so
single rail There is a vast amount of digital circuitry diode must be minimised, but generally static
in existence, and much more is emerg- loads of a few microamps are fine.
ing. Nearly all of this circuitry operates Dynamic loads present a larger problem.
from a single 5V or 3V rail. Since more and Usually, a power conscious designer will not
more analogue and digital circuitry is being want to burn excess current in a reference
combined, there has been a rapid rise in the diode to cater for occasional load changes.
need for analogue circuitry capable of operat- Amplifier /CI alleviates this problem, buffer-
ing from the same low -voltage supply rail as ing the diode so that higher source/sink cur-
the logic elements. rents are allowed, with a quiescent current
This collection of applications illustrates which follows the /CI choice from the table.
low -voltage, low -power design concepts. A Without gain scaling resistors R23, output is
variety of stand-alone circuits is presented, simply 1.235V; when the resistors are used the
each involving single supply and/or output can be set between the reference volt-
low -power circuit design techniques. age and the supply rail, assuming a rail -to -rail
output swing from ICI. Amplifier standby cur-
Low -power, low -dropout references rent can be optionally reduced to around 20µA
There are many problems associated with if an OP193 is used, and the listed devices
making stable dc voltage references work generally operate from supplies down to 3V -
from 3-5V supplies. Among these are quies- except for the 5V minimum OP279.
cent power consumption and overall power Available output current is set by the device
efficiency, the ability to operate down to 3V, chosen, which can be as high as 45mA, as
low input/output (dropout) capability, and indicated in the last column. As noted for all
minimum noise output. rail -to -rail devices, Vour can approach the
Since supplies of less than 7V cannot sup- positive rail within the levels shown at the
Analogue expert port zener mode devices, low -voltage refer- specified currents.
ences must of necessity be bandgap types. All Power conservation can be a critical issue
Walt Jung shows circuits shown below work at 5V and up, with with references, just as can output dc preci-
many operating down to as low as 3V.1,2 sion. For such applications, simple, one pack-
how to design One of the more difficult designs is simply age fixed voltage references which simply
to get a reference to work well from very low `drop in' with minimal external circuitry and
circuits operating voltages, say 3V. This dictates use of a refer-
ence diode of appreciably lower voltage. One
deliver high accuracy are very attractive.
Two unique features of the three terminal
from a low -voltage solution is a 1.2V reference diode and appro-
priate low power support circuitry, Fig. 1.
REF19x bandgap reference family are low
power consumption and shut -down capability.
While this circuit appears trivial at first
single -rail supply glance, when power drain must be minimised,
The series allows fixed outputs from 2.048 to
5V, which can be controlled between on and
the options narrow. A low operating current off via a ttl/c-mos power control input, Vc. It
without diode is a must for Di, and here, an industry provides a precision reference for the popular
standard AD589. This 1.235V device has a voltages as listed in the table of Fig. 2.
compromising on minimum current of 50µA. The REF19x family can be used as a basic three -
Resistor R1 sets this current, which is chosen terminal fixed reference as per the table, simply by
performance. for 50uA at the minimum operating supply. In
this case, R1 operates from supplies down to
linking pins 2 and 3 and operating it as shown. It
can also be used as an on/off controlled device, by
Walt Jung is with Analog Devices Inc. 2.7V. Obviously, loading on the unbuffered programming pin 3 high or low, as noted.
VOUT = +1.235V
or
VOUT = +1.235V x (1 + R2/R3)
R2]
VOUT = VOUT2[I 4.
R3
In addition to the shutdown capability, the maximum HFE of Tr1 then allows no more
distinguishing functional features are a low than 500mA, limiting the transistor's short cir- where Votyr2 is generally the IC2 voltage.
dropout of 0.5V at 10mA, and low current cuit dissipation to safe levels. Note that for the lowest Vour dc error,
drain for both quiescent and shutdown states, Overall, the circuit operates as a follower R2I1R3 should be maintained equal to R1, as
at 45 and 15µA maximum, respectively. with gain similar to Fig. 1, so Vow, has a sim- here, and the R2,3 resistors should be stable,
When a REF195 is used with inputs in the ilar output expression. The circuit is adapted close tolerance metal film types. The table
range 6.3 to 15V for example, it can drive 5V for different voltages simply by programming suggests R1_3 values for popular output volt-
loads at up to 30mA. It also has grade depen- feedback resistor R2 via the table. Dropout ages. In general, Votyr can be anywhere
dent tolerances of ±2 to ±SmV, and maximum with a 100mA load is about 200mV, thus a 5V between liouT2 and the 12V maximum rating
temperature coefficients of 5 to 25ppm/°C. output is maintained for inputs above 5.2V, of Tr1.
Other devices in the series provide comparable see table, and 170ur levels down to 3V are pos- While the low -voltage saturation character-
accuracy specifications, and all have low sible. istic of Tr1 is part of the low drop -out key, the
dropout features. Step load response of this circuit is quite other expedient is a low and accurate current -
To maximise dc accuracy in this circuit, the good, and transient error is only a few milli- sense comparison. Here this is provided by
output lead from /CI should be connected volts pk-pk for a 30-100mA load change. This current -sense amplifier /CIA, which produces
directly to the load with short heavy traces, to is achieved with low effective series resistance a 20mV reference from 1.235V reference D2,
minimise the impact of IR drops. The common switching -type capacitors at input-output, but and the R7/R8 divider. When the product of the
ground terminal, pin 4, is much less critical the circuit also works with conventional elec- output current and sense resistor RSENSE match
due to the lower current in this leg. The 1pF trolytics, albeit with increased transient errors. this voltage threshold, current control is acti-
output capacitor is part of the device's fre- If desired, lowest output noise with the vated, and ICIA drives Tri's gate positive via
quency compensation, and cannot be omitted. AD820 is reached by including the optional
reference noise filter, R5/CI. Lower current
op -amps can be used for lower standby cur- vs C1 1tt
Regulating with low dropout voltage rent, but they may involve a tradeoff of larger VS VOUT +0.5V (tantalum)
to 15V
By adding a boost transistor to the basic rail - transient errors, due to reduced bandwidth.
to -rail output low -dropout reference of Fig. 1, As noted above, a 'low dropout' regulator is vc VOUT
output currents of 100mA or more are possi- readily implemented with a rail -to -rail output Power control
ttl/c-mos levels
ble, while still retaining the features of rela- op amps such as those of Fig. 1. This is
tively low standby current and low dropout because their wide output swing makes driv-
High(or open) = on
voltage. Figure 3 shows a low dropout regu- ing a low saturation voltage pass device sim- Low = off
lator with a 800µA standby current, suitable ple. Further, it is most useful when the op -amp IC, Vow- (V)
for a variety of outputs at current levels of used also enjoys a rail -rail input feature, as this REF191 2.048
factor allows high -side current sensing for cur- REF192 2.5
100mA or more. REF193 3.0
The 100mA output is achieved with a con- rent limiting. REF196 3.3
trolled -gain bipolar power transistor for pass Typical applications are voltages developed REF198 4.096
REF194 4.5
device Tr1, namely an MJEI70. Maximum from a 3-9V range system sources, or any- REF195 5.0
output current control is provided by limiting where where low dropout is required to max-
base drive to Tr1 with, series resistor R4. This imise power efficiency. The 4.5V example Fig. 2. A voltage reference family with 30mA,
limits the base current to about 2mA, so the here works from 5V nominal sources, with low -drop -out features.
ANALOGUE DESIGN
vitv o Vour
3 to 6V
Vail- R2 VIN(min)
6V 383k 6.2V
39k2 5V 301k 5.2V
4V 226k 4.2V
0.0 3.3V 169k 3.5V
3.0V 143k 3.2V
100µ,25V o
(Low esr) 100µ,25V
R5 (Low esr)
2 3
Fig. 3. Adding a boost transistor to a
100k (optional)
low -dropout reference results in a
low -dropout regulator providing a
R3
AD589 100mA output current, 800pA
1µ film 100k
1.235V
(optional)
standby current and 200mV dropout
o Common voltage.
DI. Overall circuit operation is then under cur- of 400mA at an input level of 5V will cause a 4-20 mA current looping
rent mode control, with a current limit 'limit 2W dissipation in Tr1, so other input condi- Amplifier devices with outputs that swing
defined as: tions should be considered carefully in terms close to the negative rail both enhance and
of the device's potential overheating. If high- simplify the design of 4-20mA current loop
_[VR(D2)1.[ R er powered devices are used for Ql, the circuit transmitters. A case in point is the circuit of
limit - D
IISENSE R7 +R 8
will support outputs of tens of amperes as well Fig. 5. This is a loop -powered strain -gauge
as the higher Vour levels noted above. sensor where an amplified 50mV full-scale
Obviously the comparison voltage should be The circuit can be used either as shown for a bridge output is calibrated to drive a 4-20mA
small, since it becomes a significant portion of standard low dropout regulator, or it can also transmitter output. This is a loop powered cir-
the overall dropout voltage. Here the 20mV be used with on/off control by applying a cuit, thus the entire signal processing current
value used is higher than the typical offset of logic control voltage Vc to /C2. Note that budget must stay well below the 4mA offset
the OP284, but still reasonably low as a per- when the output is off in this circuit, it is still current level - including bridge drive.
centage of Vour, at less than 0.5%. For other active - i.e., not an open circuit. This is Single -supply instrumentation amplifier, or
/limit levels, sense resistor RSENSE should be set because the off state simply reduces the volt- in -amp, /CI is an AMP04. It amplifies the
along with R74 to maintain this threshold volt- age input to R1, leaving the /CIA/B amplifiers bridge signal linearly by a gain G of about 40
age between 20 and 50mV. and Tr1 still active. times, where gain is determined by RG&.
For a 4.5V output version, measured dc out- When on/off control is used, resistor R10 The AMPO4 output swing includes the nega-
put change for a 225mA load change was of should be used with /CI, to speed on -off tive rail, so the 0-50mV bridge signal is ampli-
the order of a few microvolts, while the switching, and to allow the output of the cir- fied to a nominal 0-2V signal referred to the
dropout voltage at this same current level was cuit to settle to a nominal zero voltage. loop common bus, pin 5 of /CI. With all
about 30mV. Current limit as shown is Components D3 and R11 also device negative supply pins referenced to this
400mA, allowing operation at levels up to aid in speeding up the on -off transition, by bus, the bulk of the loop quiescent current is
300mA or more. While Tr1 can support cur- providing a dynamic discharge path for C2. made to flow into R6, plus the external loop
rents of several amperes, a practical current Transition time from off to on is less than and the 1000 termination, RwAD.
rating takes into account this SO -8 device's lms, while the on -to -off transition is longer, With no output from the bridge, /CI output
2.5W 25°C dissipation. A short-circuit current but under 10ms. will be at the negative rail. No current then
Tr1
SI9433DY
Fig. 4. Low drop -out (Siliconix)
voltage regulators are
useful for battery
applications. This 300mA
regulator features high -
side current sensing. *Table
VOUT R2
(V) kn
5.0 4.99 10
4.5 4.53 8.06
3.3 2.43 3.24
R9 3.0 1.69 2.00
27k4 D3 R11 0.01µ
R1
1N4148 1k 4k53
C3 VOUT2 VOUT
0.1µ +2.5V
2 0 °4.5V@400mA (max)
Vc 0- 3 102
REF192
5
R
Wv\.,
*R2
8k06
10
1k C2 10k C6
1Oµ
VIN 0 f3VoUT
Common Vc: optional ON (CMOS hi or open) Common
OFF (CMOS low)
5.00V 103
°utREF02
R3 gnd
RGAIN 4mA null 50k 4
Ct
2k49 0.22µ 1N4002
R4
0.1µ
7 R2 976k
8 Ri 97k6 3
6
IC1
AMPO4 5k t10 turn
2
20mA span
35000 HP5082-2810
strain gauge
bridge 13k3
R6
flows into the summing point of IC2 via R1,2, scaled up by the loop, and appears in R6 as Digital -to -analogue on a 5V rail
since the summing point is servoed by /C2 to /SPAN> or, Most d -to -a converters are designed for dual sup-
this same potential. For this zero scale signal ply operation. Of those which are not, most work
condition, the loop is calibrated via R3 (null) on supplies of 12-15V, as opposed to 5V only.
for a 4mA output current, or 0.4V across This greatly reduces the component choices
[VBRIDGE x G 1[ R5 -4- R61
RLOAD. Because current in R1 is zero for this SPAN available for single +5V supply system power.
R, + R2 R6
condition, it has no effect on the null trim, thus Complementary-mos R -2R ladder converters
making the null/span trims non -interactive. are natural choices for low voltage operation,
Resistors R34 effectively appear across the as many of these units are designed to work
5V reference voltage from /C3, so the current where VBRIDGE is output of the bridge, and on 5V supplies. However, when used in their
injected is constant and scaled upward by loop G is gain of the AMPO4 op -amp. In this case standard multiplying mode with an inverting
output summing resistors, R5,6. The expression trimming is done via potentiometer R1 (span) output amplifier, they also require a negative
for this current, /NULL, is, with a 50mV full-scale bridge output, for a supply for the amplifier, in order to output
20mA output current (4mA /Nun plus negative voltage with a positive reference.
16mA /SPAN), or 2V across RLOAD. Conversely, if a negative reference is used, the
RS 1 In this circuit the three active devices and output is positive range. In either case a neg-
/NULL,
R3 + R4 the 35000 bridge consumes 3.75mA of cur- ative supply is required.
rent worst case - safely below the 4mA zero In order to make such a d -to -a converter
scale of the system. Capacitor C1 provides a operate totally unipolarly, it can be turned
7Hz low pass, to limit noise, while C2 sta- around and operated in what is known as its
where 5 represents the /C3 reference volt- bilises the /C2 output loop. inverted, or voltage -output mode. With the /CI
age. The 0-16mA /SPAN portion of the loop out- DAC8043 pinout shown in Fig. 6, in this
As the system sees a 50mV full-scale put is conducted by Tr1, a TO -220 device. mode VREF input to the ladder becomes the
bridge output, this is amplified to a 2V level The low drift at typically 0.2p V/°C of the voltage output node, pin 1, and normal /OUT
by /CI, which then supplies signal current to OP 193 used at /C2, along with the low qui- node becomes the reference input, pin 3.
the IC2 summing point. Like the reference escent power of 15mA, aid overall perfor- This voltage mode c-mos d -to -a converter
current through R34, signal current in R1_2 is mance of this circuit. circuit works on 5V only, using two eight -pin
5V
Fig. 6. To run a
standard c-mos R/2R
ladder d -to -a
VREF
See text converter from a
OVOUT single supply rail,
you need to operate
2R 2R 2R 2
the converter in its
IC, DAC8043
inverted, or
voltage -output,
17k8
L 36k5 mode.
R2
15k
VREF = 1.235V
3
I
IOUT
//
AD589 A' 4 lour
R3
2k
2
10 turn, film
Serial r-CLK
digital SRI
inputs LT)
Note: All fixed resistors are 1% and have temperature coefficients _50pprn/°C
single -supply operation, input and output cou- 110pV rms at a gain of 100, and thd+n was measures help minimise differential tempera-
pling is of necessity via capacitors, three in the 0.022% at a 1V rms output level into a 2k52 ture coefficients.
circuit itself and two more for bypassing. load. Under similar conditions, the AD820 Gain resistor R8 should have a temperature
Amplifier /CI can be half of an SSM2135 measures about 200pVrms with 0.05% thd+n. coefficient which is low with respect to the
dual, an AD820, or half of an AD822, depend- AMPO4 coefficient of 50ppm/°C. Less critical
ing on the source impedance. All of these are Precision temperature sensing resistors, market t, with smaller percentage
low noise units suitable for 5V and higher sin- Many methods of sensing temperature are error contributions can be more loosely con-
gle supply operation. available, but very high precision on single trolled. All potentiometers should be multi-
The SSM2135 features a 6nV/Alz input power supplies remains a challenge. ple -turn film types.
noise, comparable to the popular 5532, which Figure 8 shows how a precision platinum The bridge/amplifier combination has a
does not operate optimally on low voltage sin- resistance temperature device, or rtd, can be small amount of non -linearity, typically
gle supplies. The AD820/AD822 single/dual implemented on a single 5V supply. The rtd around 0.5%. In comparison, the rtd has a
types have about 12.5nV/41-1z voltage noise. bridge is driven with a total regulated /BRIDGE much larger non -linearity, as much as 6°C
Current noise of the SSM2135 is 0.3pA/411z, current of 200pA. This minimises the rtd self - over a 400°C span, or 1.5%. Fortunately, this
while the AD820/AD822 current noise is only heating, by virtue of the 100pA excitation. non -linearity can be corrected with controlled
0.8fA/41-1z, due to its fet input stage. Thus the Overall circuit current drain is 1.3mA and the positive feedback which increases the bridge
SSM2135 is preferred for source impedances circuit works from supplies of 5V for a drive with increasing output. To implement
below approximately 101(52, and the 0-400°C output, or down to 4.5V for a this, a fraction of VouT is picked off by R11
AD820/AD822 are generally better when the 0-350°C range. (linearity), is buffered by /C1B, and then is
source is above 101(52. The 200pA 'BRIDGE current passes through summed with the 0.2V reference voltage via
To achieve lowest circuit -related noise, the RSENSE and is compared to the 0.2V reference R7. With correct adjustment, this feedback
ICI gain resistance R2 is set by design to a voltage appearing across R5. The /CIA control cancels the rtd non -linearity.
value which has a Johnson noise 1/3 that of the amplifier is an OP295, which easily allows Calibration is a relatively simple three -step
SSM2 I 35, or 22152 (2nV/-41z). This step input voltages of 0.2V, and the rail -rail output process. First, care must be taken in the setting
ensures that the noise of the amplifier will provides ample headroom to drive the bridge. for 0°C, for the simple reason that the lack of
dominate at high gains with very low source At the bridge output, the common mode a negative supply prevents this end point
resistances, rather than the adjoining circuit. voltage is around 0.201V -a level difficult to going through OV.
For lowest noise in the surrounding circuit, handle for a conventional 5V instrumentation - One technique, step 1, is to substitute an
biasing must also be noiseless, that is free amp, whether IC or discrete. In this circuit the exact 10052 resistor for the rtd, or place the
from noise added directly or indirectly by the output is amplified by /C2, an AMP04. This actual rtd in an ice bath solution, and adjust
biasing.3 This means resistors with dc across device has an input common -mode range of zero -setting resistor R3 until limn begins to
them should have low excess noise, or be ac - 0-3.5V and a output range of 0-4.2V while swing positive. Next, trim R3 in the reverse
bypassed. As a result, R1_5, are metal film operating on 5V. direction until VOUT just stops changing,
types, and R4,5 are bypassed. A 2.2 or 2.5V Gains of 1-1000 are set by a single external which should be zero volts.
bias source is provided from R4,5, which bias- resistor, RGAIN. The AMPO4 gain is simply For full-scale trim, step 2, preset R11 to a
es the output of ICI for optimum swing. In equal to 1001(52/RGAN, so in the case here it is midpoint and substitute a 274.0452 resistor for
addition, C1 and C2 are low esr types. nominally 245. This gain times the bridge out- the rtd. Then trim R9 for 4.000V at VouT,
To provide a low source impedance for low- put voltage of 38p V/°C yields a VouT scale which represents 400°C. For setting linearity,
est noise, C1 must be larger than if chosen factor of 10mV/°C. Capacitor C1 provides a step 3, substitute a 175.8452 resistor for the
strictly from a time constant point of view low-pass filter function in conjunction with the rtd, and trim Rii for 2.000V at Vour . Steps 2
(100µF). Otherwise, current noise from a internal AMPO4 1001(52 resistor, so the signal and 3 should be repeated for best accuracy, as
bipolar amplifier such as the SSM2135 might is low pass filtered above 3.4Hz. they interact.
produce an equivalent low -frequency voltage Several factors are important in the associ- When fully trimmed, the output errors of the
noise, across C1 and RSOURCE. ated circuit for best performance. All critical circuit are within ±0.5°C over the 0-400°C
Because of the very low current noise and resistors, marked *, should be 0.5%, range.
bias current of the AD820/AD822, when they ±25ppmfC types, or about 100 times better
are used, this allows the input impedances to than the rtd temperature coefficient of Monitoring current supply
be much higher, and C1 can be correspond- 3850ppmf C. Resistors R1,2 in particular Single supply amplifiers can be arranged to
ingly smaller (0.1pF). Component values in should be same batch/same manufacturer make accurate current monitors in either a
parentheses apply to an AD820 or AD822. units, with R4 also same manufacturer. These negative or positive supply lead. The circuits
Gain of the stage as shown is 100 with the
fixed value of R2. However a remote gain
function can be optionally provided by using
the variable network, RGAIN. Bandwidth of
this amplifier with the SSM2135 is about
30kHz at maximum gain, and about 20kHz
R2 I
WAr-41
0.1µ
100k 1%
with the AD820 or AD822.
Apart from the source impedance choice 6V
0
between these two types, there are some HP5082-2800 R1
Lx RSENSE
(optional) VOUT - I
power consumption differences; the SSM2135 2
+5V
VREF 2.5V
output buffer stage which can be set up to pro- The active Votyr range of 0.01-4.98V on a 5V rents into the buffer's feedback summing
vide rail -to -rail output. This greatly enhances supply essentially means the circuit processes node. These offset currents can be provided by
overall dynamic range and dc precision. outputs of up to ±2.5V linearly with respect to an external d -to -a converter, or from a resistor
Fig. 11 shows such a high performance in - the +2.5V elevated ground. Over an operating connected to a reference voltage.
amp which operates from a single +5V rail, gain range of 10-1000 and the rail -rail signal The AD822 rail -to -rail output stage exhibits
and senses signals from a bridge. The circuit swing noted, the linearity of this composite in - a very clean transient response, not shown,
uses the AD620 IC in -amp for the input stage, amp is better than 0.005%. and a small -signal bandwidth over 100kHz for
ICI. It also uses a dual IC for the second stage, Gain G of the composite amplifier is the gain configurations up to 300.
/C2A,E - sections of an AD822. The IC2B stage product of the IC1 and IC2B stage gains, or To reduce noise effects, an optional capaci-
is used for voltage scaling and buffering, pro- simply, tor CF is recommended in this IC2B stage. This
viding a rail -to -rail output swing. The stage forms a simple low pass filter in conjunction
[ 49.4k0 4.1][RF
around IC2A is a unity -gain buffer for VREF, with RF, with the values shown placing the
which drives the reference input of /CI and RGAIN R1 J corner frequency at 10Hz. Also, to help min-
also provides an 'elevated ground' potential imise the effects of high frequency input -stage
for circuits following. In this expression the 49.4162 value is an rectification, additional common -mode filter-
Resistors R1,2 form a voltage divider, nomi- internal resistance of the AD620. Resistors RF ing can be used prior to the /CI inputs.
nally splitting the supply rail to around 2.5V, and RI are the resistances around the IC2B gain
with optional adjustment via trimmer P1. This stage, and RGAIN is the user selected gain set
voltage is applied to the input of IC2A, using resistor connected between pins 1-8 of /CI.
the fet input AD822, thus providing buffering With a fixed gain of 3 in stage IC2B, it turns
References
and a low -impedance source for the AD620's out that standard 1% values for RGAThi allow
1. Walt Kester & ADI Staff, 'Practical
output reference port at pin 5. Note that a low convenient overall gains, such as 21.51d2
Analog Design Techniques', Analog
source resistance here is critical to maintain G=10, 1.531c0 G=100, etc.
Devices Seminar Notes, 1995.
high common -mode rejection, so this buffer In this +5V powered application, the total
2. Walt Jung, 'Low Dropout References and
stage is important. input common -mode voltage applied to the
Regulators', within Chapter 9 of Ref 1.
The other half of /C2 is connected as a fixed inputs of the AD620 can be in the range of
3. Motchenbacher; F. Fitchen, `Low -Noise
inverting gain stage which scales the signal by +2.1V to +3.7V for full rated performance.
Electronic Design', Wiley, New York, 1973.
a factor of three. This guarantees that a 5V Operating this circuit then at an overall gain of
4. Lew Counts, Product Line Director,
pk-pk or 'rail -to -rail' output from the IC2B 10, the common -mode input voltage span is
Advanced Linear Products, Analog Devices,
stage will only need a 1.67V pk-pk drive such that the inputs can readily accommodate
Inc., personal communication, 1995.
from /CI. This output swing is well within the the required 0.5Vpk-pk signal centred about a 5. Adolfo Garcia, 'Single Supply
AD620's capability, which in turn ensures nominal 2.5V level. Amplifiers', Chapter 1 within Ref 1.
highly linear operation from the /CI stage. The inverting configuration was chosen for 6. C. Kitchin and L. Counts,
As is noted in the diagram, Van- is refer- the output buffer to facilitate system, output `Instrumentation Amplifier Application
enced to VREF, as opposed to power ground. offset voltage adjustment by summing cur- Guide', Analog Devices, Inc., 1991.
THE COMPLETE The EMC regulations will be in force by the end of 1995!
Pre -qualification testing has been acknowledged as a sensible and effective strategy
EMC EMISSIONS for reducing timescales and costs involved with compliance.
The RF-Kxx range of test kits provides all you need to test for all RF emissions,
TEST KIT conducted and radiated, over the range 10KHz to 500MHz
Options:
LISN for moins conducted measurement
Serial link and software for PC
RING FOR COMPLETE DETAILS LAPLACE INSTRUMENTS LTD TEL: 01692 500777 FAX: 01692 406177
Add se n ses to
Plugging into a pc Software for creating a
spectrum analyser is
printer port, these primarily designed for use
with the faster ADC -100,
two a -to -d converter but it can also be applied
with the ADC -11 to form a
interfaces provide a simple oscilloscope,
frequency counter,
simple and voltmeter and spectrum
analyser.
economical way of
providing virtual
instrumentation and
data logging.
Virtual instruments - computer based Available software includes PicoScope for popular in many diverse fields. For example
test instruments - comprise two main use as a Virtual Instrument and PicoLog for they are used in garages for tracing faults in
components. One is -interface hardware datalogging. For users wanting to write their modem car electronics, ie ignition, fuel injec-
connecting to the computer and the other soft- own software, C, Pascal, Visual Basic and tor and ABS circuits. In addition, they prove
ware that simulates the functions of the instru- Windows DLL drivers are supplied as stan- invaluable to audio engineers as the spectrum
ment. By simply changing the software, the dard. analyser covers the whole audible range.
computer can become an oscilloscope, volt- Spectrum -analyser capabilities of the
meter or spectrum analyser. Data logging with the ADC -11 ADC -100 a -to -d converter together with the
Consider three different test instruments - a The ADC -11 provides eleven channels of ana- Picoscope software are illustrated above. This
digital storage scope, spectrum analyser and a logue input in a case slightly larger than a same software also turns the pc into a dual -
logic analyser. Although they all perform dif- matchbox. Each channel accepts inputs in the channel or XY-mode oscilloscope, voltmeter
ferent functions, each of these expensive items range 0 to 2.5V and provides a resolution of 1 or frequency counter. The spectrum analyser
contain much of the same inside -a display, part in 1023, i.e. 10bits. display shows harmonics of a square wave.
keypad, processor and power supply. Basic accuracy of the device is 1% and it
Rather than buy three separate displays, can take up to 15,000 samples a second. A
three keypads and three power supplies, it digital output is also available for
makes sense to use those you already have in control/alarm functions, which can alterna-
your computer. All the hardware you need to tively provide power for sensors such as ther-
buy is a data acquisition interface. mistors.
With a disk drive to save waveforms and a
printer already connected, virtual instruments The ADC -100 virtual Instrument Battery discharge
give additional advantages. The ADC -100 has been described as 'a com-
The division between data logging and vir- plete electronics lab in your pc'. With the sup- An example of simply measuring a
tual instrumentation is fuzzy. Often the same plied PicoScope software, you can use your pc voltage is plotting the discharge curve of
hardware can be used for both. The ADC -11 to emulate the following instruments: one or more batteries. This is often used
described here was designed primarily for data as a test to see if rechargeable batteries
logging with PicoLog software, but it can also dual -channel storage oscilloscope, are coming to the end of their useful life.
be used with PicoScope software to create a 100p s/div to 5s/div or to compare the capacity of two
simple oscilloscope. Similarly the ADC -100 XY mode oscilloscope different types.
was designed as a virtual instrument using spectrum analyser, 0-50kHz For this example two different types of
PicoScope, butoin also be used as a data log- voltmeter, ac/dc or dB 6V mobile phone batteries were fully
ger with PicoLog. frequency meter, 0-30kHz. charged, then discharged, while being
monitored by the ADC -11 PicoLog
Pico data converters Plugging directly into a pc parallel port, the software was used to show a real time
Most data acquisition devices are plug in ADC -100 offers both a high sampling rate of graph of the discharge.
cards. Pico devices differ in that they plug 100kHz and a high resolution of 12bits. Nine The attenuator needed is shown,
directly into either the serial or parallel port, input ranges, providing ±50mV to ±20V full together with a graph of the results.
depending on the model, and require no power scale, enable the unit to be directly connected Resistor R1 is used as a load resistor to
supply. This means that they can be installed to a wide range of signals. discharge the battery while R2,3 form a
in seconds and are ideal for use with portable As well as its use as a general purpose lab-
personal computers. oratory instrument, the ADC -100 has proved
your
Most industrial sensors have current -loop
outputs. Normally these are 4-20mA
Capacitive humidity
Converting humidity 5V or sensors are more difficult
to use that resistive ones,
ADC -11 Dout
to frequency but, they are also more
accurate. This one changes
output frequency of the
Two types of humidity sensor are available - astable timer for
resistive and capacitive. Resistive sensors are 100k subsequent detection on
easier to use but tend to be less accurate. the pc via the ADC -11.
The interface shown is based on a Phillips ADC -11
capacitive sensor, part no 2322 691 90001. If channel
a c-mos 555 timer is used, the circuit can be 100k
powered from the ADC -II digital output. ADC -11
Alternatively, an external 5V supply is OV
required.
PicoLog software supplied with the ADC -11 Lr ronnent Bringing together three of
has the ability to record the frequency of the the sensors described here
input signal. This is useful for sensors that produces a versatile but
generate pulse outputs such as flow sensors or low-cost data -logging
for car engine rev/min measurement. tIr
system.
The humidity sensor is used as the timing
capacitor in a standard 555 circuit. Output is a
square wave whose frequency is related to
humidity. Response of the humidity sensor is
non linear, so a lookup table is required to
convert frequency to a humidity proportion -
malty.
The photograph on the right shows a plot
from PicoLog displaying humidity, tempera-
ture and light levels from the described cir-
cuits. .1011 1,10.
I, .11, '4 HUI 10,1
sztarozzazurcem 13 9
APPLICATIONS
Please mention Electronics World + Wireless World when seeking further information
1k
NMI 1116, ;X, X921-1,...
DV= AVec
11N4148
DB7
DB6
2K 2
v., DB5
0.1p DB4
4
VP1058 083 13
DB2
Vag 14
0.1p
DB1
15
080 16
VRM
27
.5V
N MI NV
28
LN INV
12
AD84 OR SIMILAR
v. 1k
Your 21
A,
AIN
23
CONV
17
DGND AGNO
REF12Z 5, 11 7, 8, 9
(1.22V 2k
REFERENCE) 01.3k
TRANSISTORS
Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price Part Price
AAY32 9p D265 BFY90 45p MJ2501 100p 2N 2102 50p 7815 25p TIC236D 85p AN315 210p BA6209 85p LA4110 120p
AC107 40p D267 BLY48 85p MJ2955 55p 2N2218A 24p 7818 25p 12A/400V AN3I 6 350p BA6304 120p LA4120 270p
AC125 30p D269 BR100 14p MJ3000 100p 2N2219 24p 7824 25p TIC246D 105p AN360 100p BA6305 140p LA4140 60p
AC126 30p D278 BR103 37p MJ3001 100p 2N2221 23p 7905 25p 16A/400V AN362 140p BA6410 220p LA4160 100p
AC127 30p 0311 BR303 85p MJE29A 30p 2N2222 23p 7906 30p TIC2530 190p AN366 150p BA6411 250p LA4182 180p
AC128K 40p D314 BSS74 33p MJE30A 30p 2N2369 15p 7908 30p 20A/400V AN610 160p BA6993 150p LA4190 300p
AC141K 45p D315 BSX20 15p MJE340 25p 2N2484 15p 7912 30p TIC263D 205p AN3312 350p BA7001 150p LA4192 140p
AC176 22p D317 BT100A 70p MJE350 80p 2N2646 40p 7915 30p 25A/400V AN3821K 600p BA7004 200p LA4200 130p
ACY18 48p D331 BT106 180p MJE520 30p 2N2904 20p 7918 30p AN3822K 600p BA7007 200p LA4201 120p
ACY19 48p D332 BT109 90p MP8112 45p 2N2905 20p 7924 30p AN3990K 300p BA7021 180p LA4260 230p
AD149 60p D361 BT119 100p MPSA05 15p 2N2906 18p 78105 24p
THYRISTORS
AN3991K 400p BA7022 350p LA4261 300p
AF125 50p D362 BT146 99p MPSA06 15p 2N2907 18p 78108 24p 2N5061 20p AN5025 250p BA7751LS 150p LA4270 300p
AF139 30p D370 BTY79 140p MPSA13 15p 2N3019 28p 78LI 2 24p 0.8N6OV AN5033 400p BA7752 250p LA4420 140p
AF239 30p D371 BU105 80p MPSA20 15p 2N3053 18p 78115 24p TIC116C 59p AN5132 250p BA7755 150p LA4422 130p
BB105B 18p D410 BU108 100p MPSA42 15p 2N3054 40p 78118 24p 8A/300V AN5150 400p BA7767AS 155p LA4430 130p
BB205B 24p D433 BU109 80p MPSA43 15p 2N3055 38p 78124 24p TIC116D 70p AN5151 600p CA3011 110p LA4440 150p
BC107 8p D434 BU110 90p MPSA70 15p 2N3055H 50p 79L05 35p 8A/400V AN5215 100p CA3048 190p LA4445 150p
BC108 8p D435 BU111 100p MPSA92 20p 2N3442 85p 79108 35p TIC126D 75p AN5256 150p CA3052 190p LA4460 120p
BC109 Bp D436 BU124 60p MPSA93 20p 2N3702 9p 79L12 35p 12A/400V AN5262 175p CA3054 95p LA4461 120p
8C109C 10p D437 BU126 65p MR510 35p 2N3703 9p 79115 35p TIC126M 90p AN5265 80p CA3085 135p LA4500 200p
BC140 20p D438 BU180 100p MR856 36p 2N3704 9p LM309K 100p 12N600V AN5352 600p CA3088E 200p LA4505 220p
BC142 20p D439 BU184 100p 0C28 350p 2N3705 9p LM317T 100p C106D 28p AN5411 450p CA3089E 150p LA4508 200p
BC143 20p D440 BU204 65p 0C29 250p 2N3706 9p LM323K 350p 44/400V AN5421 150p CA30900 250p LA4510 100p
BC147 8p D441 BU205 70p 0C35 350p 2N3707 9p 78H08KC 800p BR103 37p AN5429 420p CA3130S 100p LA4520 170p
BC149 8p D533 BU206 100p 0C36 250p 2N3710 12p 79H 12KC 700p BR303 85p AN 5512 100p CA3134E 280p LA4550 200p
BC159 8p D534 BU208 70p 0C45 50p 2N3711 12p 79HGKC 800p 131106 180p AN5515 160p CA3140E 38p LA4555 120p
BC160 30p D535 BU208A 75p 0C200 180p 2N3771 85p BT119 100p AN5520 550p CA3160 85p LA4570 130p
BC171 10p D536 BU208AT 200p R200813 100p 2N3772 90p 17088 200p AN5521 100p CA3189E 230p LA5112 200p
BC172 10p D537 BU208D 130p R20108 100p 2N3773 LEDs
100p 17089 200p AN 5612 200p CA3193E 230p LA5523 150p
BC177 14 D538 BU209 90p S2000A3 175p 2N3799 18p 3mm 17127 200p AN 5613 200p CA3260E 170p LA5527 150p
BC178 14p D643 BU225 120p 52000AF 175p 2N 3819 29p RED 5p 15/60H 230p AN56I 5 300p CA3290E 150p LA5700 300p
BC179 14p D645 BU226 120p 52055A 175p 2N3903 11p YELLOW Op 15/85R 230p AN5620 250p CX108 950p LA7011 220p
BC182 7p D647 BU312 90p 52055AF 200p 2N3906 11p GREEN 8p SG264 800p AN5622 275p CX136 600p LA7033 400p
BC182L 7p D649 BU325 55p 52530A 100p 2N4031 25p 5mm SG62 3 1500p AN5625 400p CX139A 750p LA7042 280p
BC183 7p D675 BU326A 75p 52800M 72p 2N4401 12p RED 5p AN57I2 180p CX141 750p LA7046 300p
BC183L 7p D676 8U406 60p TIP29 15p 2N4403 12p YELLOW 8p AN5722 140p CX145 725p LA7224 150p
BC184 7p D677 BU406D 85p TIP29A 22p 2N5061 20p GREEN COMPUTER IC. AN5730
8o 160p CX15013 325p LA7505 250p
BC184L 7p D678 8U407 55p TIP29C 25p 2N5088 20p Z8OACPU 100p AN5732 120p CX175 325p LA7507 250p
BC212 7p D679 BU407D 75p TIP29E 40p 2N5192 50p Z8OADMA 200p AN5753 130p CX187 825p LA7520 200p
BC212L 7p 0680 BU408 60p TIP30 25p 2N5241 500p
RECTANGULAR
LEDs ZBOACTC 140p AN5763 450p CX804A 775p LA7620 500p
BC213 7p D681 BU408D 75p TIP30C 25p 2N5245 45p 280AS10-1 210p AN5790 240p CX867 575p LA7800 90p
BC213L 7p D682 BU409 85p TIP31A 22p 2N5294 30p 5mm x 2.5mm Z8OASIO-2 210p AN 5791 225p CX868 525p LA7801 100p
8C214 7p D705 BU426A 70p TIP31C 27p 2N5296 30p RED 5p 75107 65p AN5836 450p CX877 300p LA7802 300p
BC214L 7p D707 BU500 100p TIP32 24p 2N5448 12p YELLOW 8p 75110 75p AN5900 130p HA1125 120p LA7806 260p
BC237 7p D709 BU505 90p TIP32A 21p 2N6107 40p GREEN Bp 75113 100p AN6135 120p HA1197 130p LA7808 250p
BC238 7p D711 8U505D 90p TIP32C 28p 2N6292 40p 75122 110p AN6247 200p HA1199 130p LA7820 100p
BC239 7p 0736 BU505DE 90p TIP33 50p 2N6385 120P 75154 100p AN 6270 400p HA1319 200p LA7823 200p
BC300 20p D826 BU506 TIP33C 60p 2N6403 160p OPTO
COUPLERS 75162 700p AN6300 600p HA1338 300p LA7910 150p
BC301 20p D828 BU506D 170p TIP34 50p 75182 95p AN6306 380p HA1339A 350p LA7940 200p
BC302 20p D839 Ell)506DF 120p TIP34C 60p 4N37 58p 75183 95p AN6320 180p HA1377 120p LC7131 260p
BC303 20p 0897 BU508A 70p TIP35C
RECTIFIER
65p DIODES 4N38 68p 75195 185p AN6332 320p HA1388 320p LC7132 400p
BC304 25p D899 BU508AF 95p TIP36C 65p 2114 AN6341
t
150p 200p HA1389 210p LC7137 450p
BC327 7p D977 BU508D 75p TIP41A 20p 8Y127 Bp 2532 200p AN6344 440p HA1392 120p LF347 110p
BC328 7p DX33 BU508DF 11 TIP41C 22p BY133 BRIDGE 2716
RECTIFIERS 100p AN6350 610p HA1394 170p LF353 48p
BC337 7p DX65 BU508V 1105pp TIP42A 20p BY164 40p 2732 200p AN6359 500p HA1397 200p LF355 60p
BC338 7p DW24 BU508VF 100p TIP42C 22p BY179 35p W005 16p 2732A 220p AN6360 320p HA1398 240p LF357 70p
BC441 28p DW93 BU526 75p TIP47 40p BY184 32p 1A/50V 2764 150p AN6362 400p HA11219 280p LF398 300p
BC446 8p DW94 BU536 100p TIP48 40p BY206 11p WO1 18p 27C64 200p AN6371 350p HA11221 180p LM301 26p
BC477 18p DY92 BU546 125p TIP50 60p BY207 9p 1A/100V 27128 150p AN6387 480p HA11225 130p LM311 35p
BC516 22p F137 BU608 120p TIP51 80p BV227 19p W02 19p 27256-25 150p AN 6884 200p HA11235 120p LM319 165p
BC537 25p F167 BU626 120p TIP52 80p BY228 28p 1A/200V 27512 300p AN7105 170p HA11251 190p LM324 30p
BC546 8p F181 BU705 130p TIP54 85p BY298 15p W04 21p 4116 40p AN7110 75p HA11423 140p LM335Z 120p
BC547 8p F183 BU706DF 175p TIP105 65p BY299 18p 141400V 4164-15 80p AN7114 120p HAI 1724 650p LM339 35p
BC548 8p F195 BU706F 150p0p TIP106 65p BY448 20p W06 23p 4164-12 90p AN7115 110p HA12002 220p LM348 50p
BC549 8p F199 BU801 7 TIP107 65p BYX1C 15p 1A/600V 41256-15 80p AN7116 90p HA12003 250p LM358 45p
BC550 8p F200 BU806 70p TIP110 40p BYX55/600 25p W08 28p 41256-12 100p AN7120 100p HA12005 180p LM380 80p
BC556 6p F225 BU807 60p TIP111 40p BYX70/500 1A/800V 41256-10 110p AN7130 75p HA12017 100p LM381 150p
BC557 7p F240 BU902 11 TIP112 35p 0A47 10p BR81D 33p 41464-12 150p AN7140 170p HA13001 110p LM382 130p
BC558 8p F245 BU903 1100pp TIP112H 50p 0A91 10p 2A/100V 6116 80p AN7145 195p HA13002 200p LM386 60p
BC559 8p F254 BU920 100p TIP115 30p 0A202 10p 06820 33p 6264-10 210p AN714-6 210p HAI 3006 400p LM387 100p
BC560 8p F255 BU922 110p TIP116 30p N4001 3p 2N200V 62256-12 300p AN 7154 180p HA13007 400p LM393 45p
BC637 20p F256 BU930 130p TIP117 30p N4002 3p BR840 37p 6502A 360p AN7156 240p HA13108 350p LM431 50p
BC639 20p 257 BU2508A 130p TIP120 37p N4003 3p 2A/400V 65CO2 930p AN 7168 200p HA13412 600p LM710 45p
BC640 20p F259 BU2508AF 130p TIP121 35p N4004 3p 8R86D 43p 6522 280p AN7178 180p HA13432 400p LM723 40p
BCY33 200p F262 BU2508D 130p TIP122 30p N4005 3p 2N600V 6800 210p AN7222 75p HA17524 250p LM741DIL 18p
BCY34 200p F270 BU2508DF 150p TIP125 30p N4006 3p BR88D 43p 6802 220p AN7254 150p ICL7106 650p LM741MET 45p
BCY70 16p F273 BU2520AF 225p TIP126 40p N4007 4p 2A/800V 680 500p AN7256 250p ICL7660 240p LM747 55p
BCY71 16p F311 BU2520DF 225p TIP127 35p N4148 2p BR32 43p 36808 500p AN7310 60p KA2102 150p LM 1889 300p
BCY72 16p F336 BU2525AF 325p TIP130 30p N5400 9p 2A/200V 6809 500p AN7311 90p KA2130 150p LM1894N 200p
80115 30p F337 BUH515 200p TIP131 30p N5401 8p BR34 43p 6810 150p AN7410 150p KA2206 150p LM3900 40p
BD124P 50p F338 BUT11AF 55p TIP132 30p N5402 8p 2A/400V 6818 380p AY3-1015 290p KA2209 125p LM3909 100p
80131 25p F362 BUT12 80p TIP141 65p N5403 8p BR36 44p 6821 130p AY3-1270 800p KA2210 230p LM3914 160p
BD132 25p F367 BUT56A 75p TIP142 75p N5404 Elp 2N600V 6840 290p AY3-1350 450p KA2212 80p LM39 I 5 160p
130133 50p F371 BU18 80p TIP145 50p N5405 11p BR62 80p 6845 200p AY3-8910 360p KA2213 130p LM39 1 6 270p
BD135 20p F421 BU18AF 80p TIP146 70p N5406 12p 6N200V 6850 90p AY3-8912 400p KA2214 150p L200 200p
BD136 20p F422 BUX10 150p TIP147 80p N5407 12p 0664 72p 8085A 300p BA301 55p KA2261 100p M491BB 1 500p
80137 20p F423 BUX11 200p TIP150 90p N5408 12p 6N400V 8086 500p BA311 80p KA2263 100p M49481 700p
BD138 20p F455 BUX12 150p TIP151 60p RGP15 25p BR251 150p 8088 480p BA313 60p KA2264 100p M50115P 320p
BD139 20p F458 BUX20 350p TIP2955 42p RGP30 16p 25A/100V 8156 300p BA333 80p KA2284 100p M50117P 500p
80140 20p F462 BUX21 450p TIP3055 42p SKE4F2/06 60p BR252 165p 8224 240p BA401 60p KA2401 150p M50119P 525p
80144 90p F471 BUX22 450p TIPL760 100p SKE4F2/08 80p 25N200V 8226 240p BA402 50p KA2412 350p M50784 300p
BD157 38p F472 BUX37 220p TIPL763A 200p SKE4F2/10 100p BR254 185p 8250 750p BA511 145p KA2912 125p M50786 500p
80166 30p F479 BUX40 210p TIPL791A 80p SR2M 60p 25N400V 8251 200p BA514 160p KA2914A 300p M50790 600p
BD175 30p F494 BUX41 200p TIS61 15p BR256 200p 8253 160p BA516 150p LA1130 240p M51161 300p
BD177 30p F495 BUX42 200p TIS90 15p 25N600V 8257 220p BA521 100p LA1150 150p M51381P 200p
BD179 32p F595 BUX47A 220p TIS93 20p LC. SOCKETS BR258 240p 8271 3400p BA524 240p LA1185 150p M51387P 800p
BD181 45p F596 BUX48A 150p ZTX107 11p 8 PIN 5p 25A/800V 8279 270p BA526 180p LA1201 75p M51544 150p
BD182 60p F615 BUX80 180p ZTX108 11p 14PIN 6p BR351 185p 8283 400p BA527 95p LA1210 140p M51848 150p
80184 60p F617 BUX84 50p ZTX109 12p 16PIN 7p 35V/100V 8284 440p BA532 100p LA1222 80p M54523P 200p
BD187 30p F760 BUX85 50p ZTX212 20p 18PIN 10p BR352 200p 8287 260p BA534 220p LA1230 130p M54563P 200p
BD201 33p F763 BUX86 30p ZTX300 10p 20PIN 12p 35V/200V 8288 650p 8A536 150p LA1364 200p M58484 500p
BD202 38p F870 BUX87 50p ZTX301 16p 22PI N 13p BR354 220p 8748 700p BA546 160p LA1365 120p M51516 260p
BD203 42p F871 BUX98A 350p ZTX302 10p 24PIN 14p 35V/400V 8755 800p BA612 120p LA1368 220p M51518 200p
BD204 42p F960 BUY69A 200p ZTX303 20p 28PIN 16p 06356 230p 8726 95p BA656 110p LA1385 170p MB3712 140p
BD222 31p F961 BUY71 250p ZTX304 40PIN 18p 35V/600V 8728 110p BA658 350p LA2000 150p MB3713 130p
BD225 31p F964 BUZ11 200p ZTX320 ;8p
BR358 260p BA684 400p
ZTX501 13p
LA2101 270p MB3714 270p
BD232 31p FR90 BUZ71 35V/800V BA685 400p LA2200 190p M83715 250p
60233 30p FR91 BUZ80 ZTX502 10p ZENERS LINEAR IC.
270I1F) BY164 BA1310 160p LA3160 120p MB3722 280p
80234 32p FT43 BY448 20p ZTX503 18
400 mWatts AN203
ZTX504 12,P,
1.5A/100V 40p 210p BA1320 75p LA3210 65p MB3730 160p
80235 28p FX29 BYTI 1 25p 2V7 to 39V 5p BY176 AN210 165p BA1330 120p LA3300 140p MB3731 220p
BD236 30p FX84 C106D 28p 2N696 26p
2N697 22p 1.3 Watts 1.5N800V 40p AN214Q 170p BA1360 160p IA3301 110p MB3756 160p
60237 21p FX85 IRF630 150p 2V7 to 39V 9p AN 228 280p BA4403 220p LA3361 100p MB3759 200p
80238 24p 2N698 40p
FX87 J174 38p AN 252 150p BA5101 350p LA3375 300p MB8719 360p
BD239 30p FX88 J300 50p
2N78 22p MACS AN259 250p BA5102
2N914 VOLTAGE 140p LA4030 180p MC1455 45p
BD240 40p FX89 MJ900 200p 2N930 ISP TIC206D 60p AN262 140p BA5204 200p LA4031 140p MC1496 65p
BD241A 40p FY50 MJ 1000 200p REGULATORS
2N1131 28p 4A/400V AN 271 230p 8A5402 180p LA4032 140p MC3401 45p
BD243A 50p FY51 MJ1001 200p 2N1132 28p 7805 25p TIC2250 69p AN274 250p BA5406 180p LA4051 160p NE555 20p
BD244 50p FY52 MJ10012 300p 2N1613 24p 7806 25p 6A/400V AN301 330p BA5408 180p LA4100 85p NE556 40p
BD245 50p FY56 MJ 15003 250p 2N1711 24p 7808 25p TIC226D 68p AN 303 250p BA6I04 250p LA4101 80p NE558 80p
BD246A 50p FY64 MJ15004 300p 2N1893 30p 7812 25p 8A/400V AN304 360p BA6208 175p LA4102 100p NE565 110p
power transistors often present the 1R2110. They in turn drive an insulated - 0.0
B fler driving module at 400V
difficulties in gate -drive circuit design. gate bipolar transistor module with a total 5.0 B ffer driving module at OV
B tier only
Most mos gate drivers provide large peak gate charge, QG, of typically 600nC. The 4.0
output currents, acceptable for most modules switch an inductive load current of 3.0
applications. However, when driving large 60A. It is possible to use lower voltage 2.0
loads of many paralleled devices, excess power mosfets ie 60V. However, the large 1.0
power dissipation may become an issue reduction in RDS(on) causes a great deal of 0.0
10
when switching above a few tens of noise and ringing in the circuit due to a rise F equency IkHzl
kilohertz. International rectifiers design tips in large peak currents. Quiescent current of the 2110 rises with
dt 92-2 outlines a way of alleviating this International Rectifier, Hurst green, increasing frequency, but even at 10kHz, the
problem by using a current buffer. Oxted, Surrey RH8 988, UK. figure is still under 7mA.
Figure 1 shows a typical circuit for a high Tel 44 883 713 215, fax 716 093.
input impedance power buffer. It delivers
8A peak output but draws only negligible Fig. 1. This high input impedance current
quiescent current. Transistors Q1,2 are low buffer delivers 8A peak output yet draws
current drivers for Q3,4 which can be sized negligible quiescent current.
to suit peak output current requirements.
When the input changes state the 1000
resistor limits the resulting current of Q1,2.
In its new state, the driver transistor G1
discharges the gate capacitance of the
conducting output transistor, forcing it into
off -state.
The gate of the other output transistor
charges through the resistor. Turn -on is
delayed by the RC time constant formed by
the resistor and the input capacitance of the
output transistor.
The configuration of Fig. 2 employs two D4
Fig. 2. Two power buffers with an
power buffers in conjunction with a 1R2110 IRFD110
IR2110 driver combine to create a
half -bridge driver, which combine to create high -current half -bridge power driver
a high -current half -bridge circuit. GND
for 60A IGBT modules.
10KF6
0 HV
+15V0 VDD IGBT
IRFD9110
MODULE(S)
HO
0.1uF
1R2110
IRFD110
0 CF
1 DOuF - VS
3
10 VCC 0 TO LOAD
HIN 0 HIN IRFD9110 IGBT
IRFD9110
MODULE(S)
+1
..-.. lour
UN 0
11
SD 0
LO 100
12
SD 0 UN
- 0.1uF
0
IRFD110 IRFD110
13
VSS COM
15V R7N
0 0HVRTN
SMD-220
D-PAK
SOT -223
D-64
SMC SMB SOT -223 SOT -89
2W SMC
Small as they are, our power SMDs save you
more than just board space. They save you time. SO -8
ea
And money. With the best price -performance c. SMB
ratio from the widest choice of SMDs available.
D-64
All off the shelf. All under one roof. And value -
priced at the lowest cost/amp. From HEXFET®
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the IR2100 Series. And, of course, Schottkys.
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743
APPLICATIONS
R5
v-
TIME
51
Fig. 2. Valid/invalid RS -232
input detector signal is sent to
R2
the power -supply circuitry.
< s1V
Some lOps after valid inputs
R3
LEVEL
POWER
INVALID CONNECTOR are removed, the power supply
RS -232 REMOVED
DETECTOR
SUPPLY V+ is shut down, reducing its
R4 INVALID RS -232
SHUTDOWN
current to 1pA.
ICC
R5
V
1µA
TIME
55
Et*
OV
TIME
TIME
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Also from ELECTROSPEED UK e/mail 100447.11240 compuserve.com Discs
A new slant
on an old angle
Irving Gottlieb has been
looking at the Neutrodyne
- a receiver that achieved
0 scillation caused by stray coupling
between tuned circuits is a common
problem in multi -stage rf and if
amplifiers that need to be constructed in a
small space.
range of dimensions and circumstances. A
useful aspect of the phenomenon is that it is
not frequency -sensitive. In old radio sets, near -
zero couplings held good over the entire
broadcast band.
A straightforward way to implement this
high gain without Toroidal inductors help reduce the tendency
technique is to use coils whose diameter and
towards oscillation. Alternatively, cylindrical -
suffering from oscillation shaped inductors can be mounted so that they winding length are about the same. This coil
are mutually perpendicular to one another. A configuration also tends to yield optimum Q.
due to stray coil coupling. third approach stems from the Neutrodyne Spacing between coils of about -one coil -radius
"Why is this simple technique used in early battery radios in vac- appears to work best. Closer spacing can be
uum -tube tuned radio -frequency, trf, circuits. accommodated, but the null then becomes
solution not in use today?" This method arranges the coils at a slant more critical to adjust. This is probably due to
he asks. with respect to the horizontal. The 'magic' capacitive coupling.
angle used was 54.7° - the tangent of which Electromagnetic isolation provided by this
happens to be the square -root of two. strange scheme does not tie in with our every-
Electromagnetic coupling was surprisingly day experience of tuned circuits. You might
scarce between any two of the coils, the layout expect strong coupling, for instance some-
of which is shown in Fig. 1. where between that due to axial alignment and
You might be tempted to analyse the exis- that caused by perpendicular orientation of the
tence of this coupling null mathematically, but coils. However, with an if generator, oscillo-
calculations turn out to be extremely complex. scope, and a pair of resonant coils, you can
Subsequently, best results accrue from empir- easily observe that energy transfer neatly nulls
ical work. when the coils are positioned approximately as
The angle is not sacred. Variations of plus or prescribed.
minus several degrees produce similar results. Surely, this is a useful phenomenon - one
The reason for this is that the angle is a func- that has probably been overlooked in mod-
tion of wire size, winding length, coil shape ern electronics because of the many more
and coil spacing. Other variables tend to creep exciting advances that have captured our
in with regard to proximity effects. interests. After researching many radio and
However, the null is attainable over a wide engineering tests, even contemporary ones of
PROTEUS ,mimmvi,1&4x.
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"A SIMPLE CLASS A AMPLIFIER* J.L.Unsley Hood M.I.E.E. 1969.
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actually about 3000 - and so signals applied reaching the mid -point unless a decoupling
to the centre of the resistor chain have two capacitor is present.
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AUDIO
Michael Williams' article' shows how line, Fig. 1a. Gain is represented by the slope over far too wide a range. Figure 1f is the V -I
the difference of two squares - D2S of the line which is constant, Fig. 1 b. Both transfer function for ±1V input, giving ±32V
- produces a linear output from a devices conduct in the crossover region output and ±4A peak into 852.
pair of fets, fonning the basis for a perfect lin- between -VI and +1/1. The gain of each device The difference between the line having
ear amplifier. This approach has never been must sum to a constant value in the crossover average gain, i.e. about 31, and the output line
intentionally applied to class AB amplifiers to region and the total gain must also match the results in the distortion component. The error
reduce distortion. The reason is probably the gain outside the crossover region. voltage is about 500mV pk-pk, or 200mV
inherent difficulty in obtaining conjugate gain With symmetrical components, the gain of rms, with total harmonic distortion of about
characteristics in the crossover region to pre- each device when Vin is zero must be exactly 1%. If this stage were reconfigured as a
vent crossover distortion2,3. 50% for a sum of 100%. These requirements unity -gain follower, the action of local feed-
Newly developed circuit techniques could give a family of possible symmetrical gain back would reduce total harmonic distortion to
solve this problem, and put the square -law to functions that result in zero crossover distor- 0.03%.
work in high power audio amplifiers. tion. A constant rate of change of gain, Fig.
Experimental results demonstrate the effec- lb, gives the square -law V -I transfer curve More feedback
tiveness of these techniques, but first a look at Fig. 1 c. This can be found from the gain func- Negative feedback usually reduces crossover
the underlying theory. tion by integrating upwards from -VI for the distortion. Due to increasing phase change
positive conducting device and down from VI with frequency, a limit must be put on the
Crossover distortion in class AB for the other. amount of negative feedback4. In particular,
Class -AB is most widely used due to effi- An alternative gain function which satisfies the gain of the feedback loop plus the ampli-
ciency and lower cost relative to class -A, but the 50% gain requirement and is symmetrical fier must be under unity at the frequency
class -AB generates more distortion than class - about Vin=0 is shown in Fig. 1 d. At low cur- where 180° phase shift occurs. This prevents
A. Distortion from class -AB is mainly rents, fets show exponential deviation from oscillation and likely destruction of the output
crossover related and cannot be eliminated by square -laws, resulting in a gain curve that is transistors.
trimming. Negative feedback has difficulty initially exponential. This gives a rounded The 180° phase shift represents a complete
reducing crossover distortion in the high audio gain function at low current, Fig. ld. This sug- phase reversal, turning negative feedback into
range, where there is generally less feedback gests it may not be necessary for a fet to show positive feedback. If the gain at the fre-
available for distortion reduction4. perfect square -law characteristics at low cur- quency where 180° shift occurs, the circuit
Our ears are more sensitive to frequencies in rents to give perfect linearity, provided that the will oscillate. Ideally the gain should fall
the 1-5kHz range, so crossover distortion is gain curve can be made symmetrical. This below 0.7 at the 180° point to give a well -
probably a more noticeable type of distortion. should be possible by altering the shape of the damped response to a square wave.
It is difficult to design out, and not easy to top end transition, ie below ±171. Load impedance variations have an effect on
reduce using negative feedback. Classical bipolar.and fet class AB stages do the loop gain -phase relationship. Capacitive
The crossover distortion problem of not meet these requirements. Figure le shows loading from speaker leads and speakers adds
class -AB power amplifiers is essentially that significant gain non-linearity6 in and near the phase shift to the output and therefore to the
each of the two output devices must operate in crossover region. Gain is 32 with a variation feedback signal's. Most output stages are unity -
two different modes. Firstly, each device must of -4, representing a 13% change when biased gain follower types with 100% local feedback.
have constant gain at high currents, but sec- for minimum distortion. These are more sensitive to loading than out-
ondly they must have a variable gain in the Gain error results from one transistor turning put stages that have less than 100% feedback
crossover region where both devices con- off before the other has reached constant gain. and have a gain above unity.
tribute to output current, Fig. 1. The ideal Resistors in the emitters cause the gain to flat- An appropriately designed Zobel network
transfer function for no distortion is a straight ten at high currents, but the transition occurs usually overcomes this problem. Generally a
'..
Bottom transistor -1' ,4 ----Top transistor gain
5054:
Input Voltage Vi Input Voltage
(b)
0 Input Voltage
Gain
Gain
Total ain
(d) Total gain
20
50%
(e)
10
Fig. la) A straight line transfer function is required for -1.5V -1.0y -0.5V OV 0.5V 1.0V 1.5V
no distortion. lb) shows gain variation for a class -AB Input Voltage
conservative amount of global feedback is input swing exceeds ±V1. supply rating is likewise. As a result, D2S
used to remove any possibility of oscillation. As Williams points out, D2S has the advan- offers a substantial cost advantage over other
Using fets as square -law devices, it should tage of a lower quiescent current than class -A types of class -A due to its high efficiency -
be possible to reduce the amounts of feedback per output watt. Heat dissipated at idle Pq, is effectively the same as class -B. Requiring
required to a level that eliminates complica- 1/2/pklice, since the quiescent current is set at a only a larger heatsink D2S is slightly more
tions caused by loading - making amplifier quarter of the peak output current (/q=/pk/4). expensive than class -AB.
design easier. For split supply rails of ±Vcc, quiescent Operating in class -A using D2S, rather than
The ideal circuit should also be highly effi- power dissipation Pq is 2Vcclq, which is class -AB, crossover distortion can be avoided
cient - preferably as high as class AB - to 1/2lpkVcc. Neglecting saturation and ripple completely at little extra cost. Distortion com-
minimise cost. Any distortion should consist voltages, this is the same as the output power ponents are mainly second and third harmon-
mainly of a few low -order harmonics rather rating. ics. Due to component mismatch most of the
than the high variety9. Saturation and ripple voltages, say 2V for second harmonic can be trimmed by equalis-
Our ears are more sensitive to high -order odd saturation and 2V, ripple (6Vp_p), cause dis- ing the gain difference. Third harmonics can
harmonics produced by crossover distortion - sipation to rise by 10%. Both conventional be compensated by gain drop in the fet.
particularly if they lie in the sensitive hearing class -A and D2S require this same margin Trimming these errors can be considered a
region. Ivor Brown suggests the multiplicity of which means practical class -A push-pull form offeed-forward error correction, relying
high order harmonics from crossover distor- amplifiers dissipate twice the power of the on the stability of the other parameters to
tion reduces spatial definition8. D2S amplifier per output watt. For class -AB, maintain linearity after set-up.
dissipation peaks at half full power, dissipat- Most amplifiers already require the setting
Differencing two squares ing typically the same amount as heat. As a of one preset at manufacture, so another
Michael William's article' explains the prin- result, maximum dissipation is 1/2 of maxi- should not be a serious disadvantage.
ciple of differencing two squares - D2S - also mum output power, so D2S dissipates twice
known as 'Curvelinear class -A'. By definition, the power of class -AB. Implementing the concept
D2S is class -A since both devices are always The maximum possible sinewave efficiency Douglas Self6 explored a power-fet square -law
conducting. However, the mode of operation for D2S, as detailed in the appendix, is 75%, circuit (Self's Fig. 2) but found the range for
shown in Fig. lc is class -AB - a different compared to 50% for push-pull class -A and the square -law only extended over a disap-
class from D2S which I call 'Square -law 78.5% for class -B. Since the efficiency of D2S pointing 80mA range of output current. This
class -AB'. Only one device conducts when the and class -AB are almost the same, their power circuit was class -AB with only one device
conducting at high currents. tion. Traces are offset by 0.47V to aid trim-
Examining the VI transfer curves of Self's ming. Vertical differences represent the output Efficiency in D2S class -A
Fig. 10, you can see that considerable local error voltage. Equations in this panel describe efficiency
feedback is applied to the fets. About 1V Deviation of about 0.2Vpp appears at the in D2S class -A using two square -laws.
appears across the 0.220 source resistors at ends, covering about 1/4 of the time. Since With a sinewave input each fet has a cur-
5A with 1.5V input. This amount of feedback total harmonic distortion is the ratio of rms rent waveform given by,
kills the square -law relationship - even at low error voltage to rms output voltage, the rms I4pk
currents. Reducing or eliminating these resis- error voltage can be calculated using, IGO = - (sin x + 1)2
tors increases the useful square -law current
range.
The design example described in the panel
shows that IRF54019540 power fets could
VRMS =
V
T Invr = -- 1
ti
4
x + 1)2 dr
achieve class -A power levels of 100W with where t/T is the duty cycle. In this case error 3/
distortion as low as 0.0005%, without trim- voltage is 35mV rms for 12V,, output volt-
8
ming. This appears possible even with a 12% age, giving 0.3% thd open loop. Open loop
fet gain drop at peaks, and a 16% mismatch. It measurements are shown in Table 1. for each half,
suggests that ultra low distortion D2S ampli-
fiers are not only possible, but cheaper than Table 1. Open -loop performance of amplifer P, = 21 cc = I pkVcc
other class -A amplifiers. based on difference of two squares principle.
Phase shift was 180° with 8i2 load at 10kHz. and,
Class AB square -law circuits Load bias thd gain (1/cc - Vs.)/pk
The circuit of Fig. 2 was constructed to eval- 8S2 250mA 0.3% 20
4Q 500mA 0.5% 15 P°"` 2 2
uate power fets for class -AB. It is similar to
Self's Fig. 2 evaluation circuit6, minus source 8Q 500mA 0.5% 30 P V.
resistors.
=-3
pin 4P
Driver transistors Tr3,4 provide level shifting Fets used here have a 7A/140V rating and
for the fets as well as biasing and voltage gain. RDs,, of 1Q. Measurement showed their gate Maximum possible sinewave efficiency is
Unlike conventional class -AB driver circuits thresholds were very low and quiescent volt- 75% with Vsat at 0. When Vsat is 5V and
the emitters are not coupled. This gives a age across R7s was only 1.1V and -0.75V for is 35V, efficiency is 64%.
wider crossover region - wider than the fets' a quiescent current of 250mA. These fets are
range ±V1. Effectively, the power fets are still capable of delivering high currents effi-
open loop, ie they have no source resistors, ciently since gate voltages in this circuit can
apart from a small amount of voltage feedback swing up to 2/3 of the supply voltage, limited
used to trim the higher gain half for symmetry.
Figure 3 shows triangle wave input and out-
put voltages. Supply is reduced to ±22V so
saturation can be seen. Open -loop linearity is +
+ o/p 5V/dives
maintained up to within a few volts of satura-
i/p 0.25V/div
R7 Cl 1.1 1
1.1.1.1. l -1 1
R3
4k7
220R
7
Try
100n
2SJ49
Tri Tr3 (2SJ162)
BC639 BC639
(BC337) (BC337)
R1
100R RV2
200ps/d iv
R9 10k
RV1
Fig. 3. Output of circuit of Fig. 2 with a triangle wave input
500R
shown for comparison.
lq set,L
iRi30 812
R10 15R load 1V/div,.
33R
C3 0
Tr2
BC640
Tr4
BC640
(BC327) d
1 100n
(BC327)
R12 Tr6
470R 2SK134
.111 1.1.1.1. 1.1 1.1.
(2SK1058) .1 1 1 1.1 1.
RV4
100k
1 Ald
2A
offset
trim
02
7 100n 5.7V/div
1 ms/div
Fig. 2. Class AB output stage with power fets operating as approximate Fig. 4. Curves for Fig. 2 with output voltage, Tr3 current and gate
square -law devices in the crossover region with correction provided by voltage show square -law region, linear region and non-linear gain
increasing gain of the driver transistors. of driver used to compensate for fet gain drop.
A=
D, =8' - pk
point the gain drops by 10%. This is sufficient C3 BC337 14 coupled 14 I =150mA
to drive a bipolar power transistor for 5A out- 2207 Tr7 s Tr9
put, given a beta of 50 at 5A.
For six HCUO4 inverters in parallel, fet
parameters are p=50mAy2, VT=0.8V and
V,,
4k7
C2
-11
IC
7
4
d
c4
47n
R11
--0 80
0=0.12(V-1). Matching of p and n beta values Ci R2 R3
(1V rms) 22F /1W load
T1n
was within a few percent. Devices with the 47k 470R
7 Tr8 7
5 but all n-fets (Fig. 6a) with a allow automatic biasing using a slave circuit16
triangle wave input shown for to monitor linearity and correct any changes.
t
comparison. It shows the open
loop linearity before applying In summary
global feedback. Preliminary results from two different class -
AB circuits show the square -law nature of fets
200ms/illy can be used to reduce distortion below the lev-
els of classical fet and bipolar output stages.
The only drawback is that two presets are used
saturation to resistive mode as /134 increases. advance above 70kHz - the output stage for alignment instead of one, as is normally
Dynamic testing of the output stage of Fig. roll -off point - keeping the loop phase less the case.
5, after trimming for best linearity showed a than 180° until the gain has fallen below unity. It is pleasing to see fets go linear at higher
0.2V deviation over ±20V. When plotted, the Using similar transistors in a complementary currents in a way that allows near elimination
static test also showed 0.2V deviation. feedback -pair output stage, Self's Fig. 8 class - of class -AB crossover distortion. Two differ-
Distortion at 500Hz was 0.3% when the swing AB amplifier of reference 2 shows distortion ent techniques have demonstrated that class -A
reached 60% of the full output. reaching 0.01% at 20kHz, using a 37dB feed- performance is possible using class -AB - one
Most of the harmonics were third and fifth back factor at 20kHz. This he attributes main- circuit using power fets over their full current
order. Voltage gain was 13 with an 80 resis- ly to crossover and switching distortion. range, and the other using fets driving bipolar
tive load. Full power bandwidth was 70kHz, With a 37dB feedback factor, output stage power transistors.
and gain -bandwidth product 1MHz. Second distortion can be calculated to be 0.7% with Bipolar output -stage bandwidth degrades
harmonic switching distortion, seen on an optimal biasing - 50 times higher than the performance above 2kHz. The power fet out-
oscilloscope as differences in the bandwidth of 0.014% expected from an optimally biased put stage is free from switching distortion and
the output transistors, reached a maximum of complementary -feedback pair14. Presumably allows more feedback at the top audio end
3% at 10kHz and 33V pk-pk, first noticeable the 0.7% figure is mostly due to switching dis- giving superior overall performance. These fet
at 2kHz. At 5kHz distortion is 1%. tortion and not component mismatch. The based circuits demonstrate that class -A per-
The negative side is the slower half and gen- emitter resistors determine gain matching at formance need not be traded for class -AB effi-
erally has the higher gain. This allows a 1052 high current - not the transistors. ciency.
resistor in parallel with a 1µF capacitor to be The fet output stage is expected to give I would like to thank Manawatu
added in series with the emitter of Tr4 to give 0.001% thd at 20kHz since it has higher gain Polytechnic, New Zealand for its help in
lead compensation to the slower half. This and wider bandwidth allowing a higher feed- preparing this article.
allows switching asymmetry to be almost can- back factor at 20kHz. It is also expected to
celled over the audio range, giving similar match the class -A design of 0.0012% at References
open -loop distortion levels to the power fet 20kHz by Self10,4 with a similar spread of low 1. Williams, M, 'Making a linear difference to
circuit of Fig. 2. In closed -loop the power fet order harmonics. square -law fets', EW+WW, Jan 94, p. 84.
circuit can achieve lower distortion due to 2. Self, D, 'Distortion in Power Amplifiers: Part
higher open -loop gain and bandwidth. Setting optimum bias 5', EW+WW, Dec 93, p. 1010.
Modification Fig. 6a reduced total harmon- I developed a straightforward technique for 3. Blomley, P, 'New Approach To Class B', WW,
ic distortion after trimming by a factor of 3 to setting optimum biasing using an oscilloscope Feb 71, p. 57.
0.1% at 500Hz. Figure 7 shows the open -loop and triangle wave source. The alignment is 4. Self, D, 'Distortion in power amplifiers: Part
7', EW+WW, Feb 94, p. 137.
transfer curve. Based on the static test, remain- carried out with an open loop by connecting a
5. Finnegan T, 'Going linear with power mosfets:
ing non -linearity is probably due to the bipolar 100g capacitor across D1. Trimming is best Part 1', EW+WW, Aug 92, p. 637.
output transistors. There was only a slight achieved at about 50% of the maximum out- 6. Self, D, 'Common emitter amplifiers',
temperature induced change in linearity, put swing by applying about 1.5V peak trian- EW+WW, July 94, p. 550.
observed between idle and running continu- gle wave with an 80 resistive load. 7. Brown, I, 'Between amplifier and speaker',
ously at maximum power. Display the input and output waveforms EW+WW, Feb 95, p. 114.
Load impedance changes did not have any together, as Fig. 3. Set RVi at zero and RV2,3 8. Brown, I, 'Feedback and fets in audio power
noticeable affect on linearity for the same out- at maximum. Raise quiescent current to about amplifiers', Feb 89, EW+WW, p. 126.
put current swing. Without collector -base 150mA then determine which half shows the 9. Moir, J, 'Just detectable distortion levels', WW,
lowest slope. If, for example, the lower half Feb 81, p. 34.
leakage compensation, quiescent current
10. Self, D, 'Distortion in power amplifiers: Part
through the output transistors would rise from has the lower gain then vary RV, for best lin- 8', EW+WW, March 94, p. 226.
150mA of optimum bias, to 230mA after run- earity - lower half only. Lastly, reduce RV2 11. Cherry, E, Ironing out distortion, EW+WW,
ning at full power for some time. This varia- until the upper half has the same slope as the Jan 95, p14.
tion does not affect linearity. lower half. The overall line should then be 12. Giesberts, T, '1000 -Hz sine wave oscillator',
Circuit Fig. 6a has demonstrated that a sta- straight. Elektor Electronics, Dec 94, p. 5.
ble 0.1% thd can be achieved up to 2kHz open 13. Duncan, B, 'How clean is your op -amp?'
loop with a gain of 13 using readily available Better things yet to come? EW+WW, Jan 93, p. 42.
non -selected parts. Closed -loop distortion The static test showed that given a sufficient- 14. Self, D, 'Distortion in power amplifiers: Part
8', EW+WW, Nov 93, p933.
could not be measured with the HP54601A ly linear current mirror output stage, crossover
15. Hegglun, I, 'Fast power amplifier for audio',
using FFT. Closed loop thd however is and high -end gain deviation could go as low EW+WW, Mar 95, p. 240.
expected to be 0.001% at 1kHz and 0.006% at as ±0.1% for open loop class -AB. If this were 16. Park, C, Schaumann, R, 'Design of a 4MHz
20kHz. This assumes an TL071 providing achieved, the output stage alone could go as Analog Integrated CMOS Transconductance-C
about 40dB feedback at 20kHz. low as 0.001% thd with unity gain, since open Bandpass Filter', IEEE, J. Solid -State Circuits,
In closed loop, C3 provides some phase loop gain ?AO. This would be two orders of Vol 23, No. 4, Aug 88, p. 987-996.
CAP
DIODE
NPN
RES
PP iflt 1131.1211
-157
ANALOGUE DESIGN
Recording
on demand
As a learning aid for Note-taking is a complex activity requir-
ing listening, thinking, manual dexter-
tion and sends the corresponding analogue sig-
nal towards the magnetic head. Provided the
advanced students, ity and eyesight. Not everyone takes listener operates the remote control before the
note taking is only notes equally well. Visually impaired people
for example can be at a distinct disadvantage
end of the delay period, the motor turns on
and the signal is recorded.
useful to the at university, when note taking skills can make The three switches of Fig. 2 represent ana-
the difference between a pass and a fail. logue multiplexers/demultiplexers. These give
dextrous. Tape recordings help, but sorting a few use- access to the recording and playback functions
Francois Steenkeste's ful ideas from a long speech can be very time
consuming.
of the recorder. They are controlled by the
keyboard via logic. If S1,2 are in position A,
delayed recorder is With the note -taking aid described here, the device records. In position B, playback
designed to make the speech is recorded into a rolling buffer mem-
ory. When the listener perceives that an
takes effect. Delay position, A, and the normal
position, B, are controlled by S3.
alternative - tape important point has been made in the speech, Playback circuitry is provided by the OKI
he or she simply presses the record button - MSM6310. This device is designed for endless
recording lessons -a after the event. loop recording in eight -bit pulse -code modu-
much more efficient Unlike a tape recorder, this system records
not the real-time speech, but a delayed repre-
lation and is used to drive the endless loop.
Three units make up the internal circuit. The
process. sentation of it. In this way, ideas already spo- input unit comprises a line amplifier, low pass
ken can be recorded provided that the button filter and eight -bit a -to -d converter. An eight -
is pressed before the rolling delay has expired. bit d -to -a converter followed by a low pass fil-
ter forms the output unit. Finally, there is a
Delayed recording details control unit for one or two dynamic -ram seg-
To obtain a few seconds delay, a digital mem- ments. This control unit also drives the remote
ory and a -to -did -to -a converters are used, Fig. control, motor and sample frequency.
1. Memory is organised as an endless loop by Delayed recording and repeated playback
a memory controller, making it easier to depend on the remote control. When the oper-
reconstruct the audio -signal after the delay. ator presses the button, the motor command is
Digital information coming from the micro- given by an output from the MSM63 10. In the
phone via the a -to -d converter is sent to ram case of delayed recording, the analogue signal
address x by the memory controller. During corresponding to the idea spoken d seconds
the same sample period, the memory con- earlier is recorded on tape.
troller reads the bits contained in the ram When the speaker finishes giving relevant
address x+1, incrementing the address counter information, the listener presses the remote
by one ready for the next read/write. These control a second time. After delay d, the motor
three operations are repeated each sample is stopped. This avoids losing the last piece of
period. information contained in the endless loop
If the endless loop contains n addresses, the memory.
information stored at address x will be read n In the repeat mode, the user operates the
sample periods later. One complete memory remote control in order to re -hear the last sec-
cycle time, d, is represented by the time taken onds of playback. Consequently, the motor is
to sample one converter reading multiplied by stopped and the memory content is repeated
the total number of addresses. on the loudspeaker until a second action on
The d -to -a converter receives this informa- the remote control turns the motor back on.
,
LPF
S3
RAM
ed to the analogue multiplexer-demultiplexer.
Output of the multiplexer-demultiplexer is
linked to the MSM6310 low-pass filter.
This implementation allows the user to
Modulator choose between a recording with or without
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ANALOGUE DESIGN
Few
for non -co
Bengt Olsson's most interesting article result the total forward gain is simply the
Douglas Self takes on quasi -complementary fet output product of the transconductance of the input
stages1 prompted me to examine how stage and the transimpedance of the voltage
issue with his proposed configuration works. amplifier stage Transimpedance is determined
Bengt Olsson's Investigations showed that his scheme
changes not just the output stage but the
solely by the Miller capacitor Cdom, except at
very low frequencies3.
non -complementary entire structure of the amplifier, and it Typically, the feedback factor at 201cHz will
presents some intriguing new design be 25-40dB. It will increase at 6dB per octave
power amplifier problems. with falling frequency until it reaches the
dominant pole frequency P1, when it flattens
design, arguing that An alternative architecture out. What matters for the control of distortion
Nearly all audio amplifiers use the conven- is the amount of negative feedback, nfb, avail-
the two -stage tional architecture I have analysed previous- able, rather than the open -loop bandwidth, to
ly.2 There are three stages, the first being a
approach is not transconductance stage, ie differential voltage
which it has no direct relationship.
In my EW+WW Class -B design, input stage
necessarily simpler or in/current out, the second is a transimpedance
stage ie current in/voltage out and lastly a
gm is about 9mA/V, and Cdom is 100pF, giv-
ing a feedback factor of 31dB at 20kHz. In
better than the unity -gain output stage, Fig. 1 a. other designs I have used as little as 26dB at
Clearly, the second stage has to provide all the same frequency with good results.
-aditional the voltage gain and is therefore formally Arranging the compensation of a three -stage
named the voltage amplifier stage, or vas. amplifier can be relatively simple. Since the
hree-stage design This architecture has several advantages. A pole at the voltage -amplifier stage is already
main benefit is that it is straightforward to dominant, it can be easily increased to lower
arrange things so that the interaction between the hf negative -feedback factor to whatever
stages is negligible. For example, there is very level is considered safe. The local negative
little signal voltage at the input to the second feedback working on the voltage amplifier has
stage, due to its current -input nature. This an invaluable linearising effect. I am aware
results in very little voltage on the first stage that some consider there are better ways to
output, which in turn minimises phase -shift perform this sort of compensation, but the
and possible Early effect. Miller approach is so far the most stable
In contrast, the architecture presented by method in my experience.
Olsson is a two stage amplifier, Fig. 1 b. The
first stage is once more a transconductance Fewer stages, more complexity?
stage, though now without a guaranteed low Paradoxically, a two -stage amplifier may be
impedance to accept its output current. The more complex in its gain structure than a
second combines voltage amplifier stage and three -stage. Forward gain depends on the
output stage in one block. It is inherent in this input -stage gm, the input -stage collector load,
scheme that the voltage amplifier must double and the gain of the output stage, which will be
as a phase-splitter. This results in two dissim- seen to vary in a most unsettling manner with
ilar signal paths to the output, and it is not at bias and loading. Input -stage collector loading
all clear that trying to break this block down plays a part here since the input stage can not
further will assist a linearity analysis. The use be assumed to be feeding a virtual earth.
of a phase -splitting stage harks back to valve Choosing the compensation is also more
amplifier days, when it was essential due to complex for a two -stage amplifier. The volt-
the lack of complementary valve technology. age-amplifier/phase-splitter has a significant
Since the amount of linearising global feed- signal voltage on its input. Usually, the pole -
back available depends upon amplifier open - splitting mechanism enhances Nyquist stabil-
loop gain, the way in which the stages con- ity by increasing the pole frequency associat-
tribute to this is are of great interest. The ed with the input stage collector. But because
normal three -stage architecture always has a of the relatively high voltage on the voltage-
unity -gain output stage - unless you really amplifier/phase-splitter, the pole -splitting
want to make life difficult for yourself. As a mechanism is no longer effective.
compliments
mpiements
This may be why Olsson's circuit uses a Fig. 1. Conventional three -stage
cascoded input stage comprising Tr6,7 in his amplifier architecture, and two -stage
original circuit, Fig. 11. This presents the input architecture advocated by Olsson.
device collectors with a low impedance and
prevents a significant collector pole. Another
valid reason is that it also allows the use of
high -beta low -V input transistors, which
minimise output dc offset due to base current
mismatch. This is usually much larger than the
dc offset due to Vbe mismatch.
Such an input cascode can also improve
power -supply rejection as it prevents Early Fig. 2. Basic fet
effect from modulating the subtractive action output stage used
of the input pair. for simulations of
Simple calculation gives the gm of Olsson's Figs 3, 4 and 5.
amplifier as 16mA/V, but the effective gain of Transistors M1,2
the next stage seems much more difficult to are IRF240 and M3
equate. A full PSpice simulation of the com- is IRF71 0.
plete amplifier with an 812 load shows that the
feedback factor is 36dB up to 300Hz. It then
rolls off at the usual 6dB/octave, until it pass- from sample to sample and also with operating Devices and desires
es through 0dB at about 20kHz. This 36dB conditions such as VdS. These unwanted vari- In his opening paragraph, Olsson says that the
represents much less feedback than the three - ations would appear to make stable and reli- symmetry of complementary transistor output
stage version. It indicates that Cdom, notional- able compensation a difficult business. stages is theoretical rather than practical.
ly connected between drain and gate of M3, The low -frequency feedback factor is about Presumably he is referring only to power-fets,
must be comparatively very large at approxi- 6dB less with a 4Q load, due to lower gain in as suitable pairs of bipolar devices, such as
mately 3nF. the output stage. However, this variation is Motorola MJ8021MJ4502 - old favourites of
Specified internal capacitances of M3 are much reduced above the dominant pole fre- mine - exhibit excellent symmetry.4
certainly orders of magnitude larger than those quency, as there is then increasing local neg- Admittedly, the two devices are not exact mir-
of an equivalent bipolar device - they vary ative feedback acting in the output stage. ror -images, but the asymmetries are small
modelling
previous generations of MicroCAP have had all the
benefits of a 'windows -like' environment in dos. One of
Digital nodes, like analogue ones, are numbered
automatically and can be referenced by any legal name. On
the keynotes of MicroCAP-V, or MC5, is that it is schematics they are in square boxes, whereas analogue node
written in 32 -bit code and runs under Windows. This brings boxes are clearly distinguished by radiusing. Interfacing
the advantages of select -your -own typefaces, ease of screen between analogue and digital nodes and vice versa can be
grabbing, pasting simulation schematics and graphs into other automatic, with hard one, zero or fuzzier R, F, X levels.
programs. It also makes printer control more coherent. To enable tri-state and multiple open -collector outputs to be
However, it also has the penalty of needing 8MB of accurately modelled, six digital states are allowed, each with
memory to run what only needed 4MB under dos. This is in different strengths and levels. Device input/output models
additon to Windows' existing problems of flakey double provide impedance and switching time data. These determine
click and an excessive reliance on mouse selection. There is output strength with wire-ORed parts.
also presently an incompatibility between Microsoft's own Loading, inertial and transport delays are covered. Path
mouse and drivers and Win 32s. This driver upgrades commands identify and list gates in paths as well as
Windows 3.1+ to 32 bits. calculating and showing each paths delay. They can be
Another keynote is an event -driven digital logic engine. `point -to -end', 'point-to-point' or 'show all paths'.
Using PSpice syntax, many users won't need to relearn Delays can be minimum, typical, maximum, or the worst
anything. The promise of seamless digital/analog modelling case minimum -maximum, creating a realistic ambiguity
seems a very good reason for buying MC5. region. Equally, timing hazards, for example convergence or
cumulative ambiguity hazards, can also be modelled.
Digital features Digital powering is automatically provided for a given
Digital analysis is outside my domain, but I can outline the logic family. There are over 1200 digital parts. Primitives
new version's essentials. MicroCAP-5 has about 75% of the include plas and multibit d-to-a/a-to-d converters. Bistable
digital models in PSpice. Each program's libraries can be devices may be both edge and level triggered, and gated
read by the other. PSpice can read MC5 text circuit files or latches similarly srff and ditch types. Digital stimuli can
alternatively, MC5 can read most PSpice files. Analogue and originate from a generator or a file. Generator form can
digital circuits can be freely mixed, either in MC5 schematics create virtually any waveform.
or in Spice text file circuits.
Analogue developments
There is a number of small additions to the analogue features
in the new version, mostly concerning analysis. Temperature
System requirements modelling abilities of MC5 - previously a relatively a weak
Windows 3.1 + optional Win 32s - when spot - have since caught up with other high -end Spice -based
debugged - Absolute minimum 33MHz AT PC programs. Now, measured, absolute, local and global
with 386 -DX, dos 5, and 8Mbyte ram. However temperature settings are all handled.
16MB is recommended. Unfortunately, MC5 follows the obscure nomenclature of
Spice. For example, the 'absolute' temperature would be
R2 & R3 Outputs: 8/9 & 24 pin printers, HP UPGRADE YOUR PCB PACKAGE
Desk & Laser Jet, Cannon Bubble Jet, TO RANGER2 £60
HP -GL, Gerber,
IIC Drill, AutoCAD DXF
COMPONENTS &
September 1995
ME1=121111
WORLD+WIRELESS WORLD
ELECTRONICS 769
LETTERS
Letters to "Electronics World" Quadrant House, The Quadrant, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5AS
Earth grounds for Your assertion that "there is also planning constraints on the Your point about the amount of
absolutely no reason to run digital tv erection of dishes which might well spectrum occupied by television
digital tv from land based transmitters" is a apply even to the smaller dishes that broadcasting is well made, but I
Your editorial in the July edition conclusion with which we could not will most probably be practicable for suspect few of your readers would
debating the pros and cons of various agree. Estimates for the percentage digital satellite tv. be enthusiastic if we were to
means of digital television delivery of population able to erect antennas The benefits of digital terrestrial relocate domestic television to an
was stimulating as usual. and receive satellite television are that it can reach houses other alternative slot in the spectrum at
Digital television may well be services directly vary between technologies cannot reach; that it short notice and everyone had to buy
available first via satellite and cable 80-95%, depending on source. provides a more attractive route for converter boxes or new televisions
systems, but we are of the view that It ought to be easy to accept that local and regional television; and and a new aerial.
digital terrestrial television still has a not every home in the country can that if early tests prove correct, it However, our long strategy is to
major part to play - particularly for erect a dish in a suitable position. As can deliver a robust service to set free up a portion of the spectrum
universal service and the delivery of a result, it is impossible for top aerials for portable reception and currently used for terrestrial
regional and local services, and for tv geostationary satellites ever to second and third sets in the home television broadcasting for other
sets where access to satellite or cable achieve the 99.5% penetration of the which do not have access to the applications. This might include
is either inconvenient or impossible. current analogue services. There are main satellite/cable delivery point. mobile tv which opens up another
Speakers and dynamos, A motor vehicle alternator has a field winding Steve replies...
whose current can be varied to vary the magnetic I agree with both correspondents that dynamos
mismatching and reluctance field, and thus the output. The cycle dynamo on are simple constant -current ac machines, but I
In the May issue, Jeff Macaulay remarked that the other hand has a permanent magnet, and suspect the laminations of the stator are
moving -coil loudspeakers are somewhat crass cannot be regulated. At high speeds, the deliberately thick to reduce output voltage by
devices that lose 99% of the applied energy in inductance dominates. As its reactance is also increasing eddy currents at high speed. This
copper losses. In the June issue a correspondent linearly proportional to speed, the output is a technique is certainly used in the alternators of
complained that his cycle dynamo achieved crude constant current source. This is as close to cheap motorcycles.
constant output by being very inefficient. regulation as it can manage. Unloaded ac output Using higher voltage bulbs does therefore
Both are wrong. Loudspeakers are lossy can exceed 100V rms. work, but the physical effort required to produce
mainly because of the mismatch between the In order to extract maximum power, the dynamo a certain power output is disproportionally large.
cone and the surrounding air, which of course must be run at the lowest possible current. After a few lunch times wrestling with a
can be changed by the use of a horn, which Additionally, advantage must be taken of the high propped -up bike, a handful of dynamos and an
makes efficiency is much higher. unloaded output voltage. Rectification schemes AVO, I have determined the following:
As a permanent -magnet alternator, the cycle that take large, short current pulses such as a A series capacitance in the circuit increases
dynamo suffers from the field generated by the simple diode and capacitor will not work the output, probably by series resonance with the
rotor when a lagging current is drawn. This however. This is due to the inductance limiting dynamo inductance. Selection of the value can
current bucks the voltage generated in the way a d//dt. produce an extra watt.
series inductance would. A power factor corrector IC may be worth No cycle dynamo has magnetics that are
In power engineering, the equivalent trying. In simple terms, a higher power output efficient enough to produce 6W without
inductance is called synchronous reactance. You ought to be possible by using a higher voltage unacceptable physical effort - whatever
cannot design it out. I reckon if you short circuit lamp with the same current rating as the original, electronics are fitted.
the machine at any speed, it will circulate at the expense of reduced brightness at lower The next step is to try a different machine,
sufficient current internally to nul the internal speed. perhaps a rare-earth, three-phase brushless dc
magnetic field at its peaks. But this current will Cycle lamps seem to manage an efficiency of motor, which should look like a 'star' wound
be the same regardless of speed, except that the about 5 lumens per watt. Leds vary from about generator (has anyone got one that I can
idea must fail at some low speed. 11m/W to 3Ohn/W, but are usually quoted in experiment with?).
So you have something akin to a constant - candelas. Convert to lumens by multiplying by Note that 1251 is the standard load used in BS
current machine operating over a range of 2n(1-cos4)) where di is the half angle of the output bicycle specifications.
speeds. Bulbs in the circuit are constant -current beam. Steve bush,
devices too, so if they have different ideas about Rear lamp red leds capable of out -performing Epsom
the magnitude of the current, problems occur. As the filament lamp are reasonably common, but
I
a result, if I manufactured cycle dynamos I yellow leds for front lights are not.There are a few 5 I
6W. 12V
would try to obtain a precisely defined output ultra -bright yellow types available from Hewlett-
Packard (RS 826-723 and 823-717). 4
from them.
In the interests of better lighting, I think
manufacturers should produce a large dynamo.
Filament -lamp brightness is proportional to the
cube of applied voltage, current to the square root, 3 SW, 12V
240
Bernard Jones, and life inversely to the twelfth power,3 but 3W, 12V
longer for an ac supply. Lower voltage lamps 2 120
London
have thicker filaments, and therefore better
1
mechanical shock resistance. Ave cycling
Alternate dynamo Ian Benton 0
Ilkeston
I I
CHELMER
cvc
If you need Valves/Tubes or RF Power
VALVE
COMPANY
September 1995
RI=
0'44-01245-355296/265865
Fax: 44-01245-490064
771
LETTERS
hornet's nest of diverging views terrestrial transmission - if ever. aircraft and their systems need to be
about the benefits, practicability and That durable and reliable system, protected against the effects of Seeking failure
desirability of mobile television! comprising the hundreds of sites electro magnetic interference, EMI. Can anyone help? I am researching the
Adrian Grilli, owned by BBC, and NTL, and Sources of EMI generated within the cause and consequences of equipment
Director of Broadcasting Services, importantly operated by highly aircraft can be non -intentional or failure and I am interested in hearing
Radiocommunications Agency, trained and qualified engineering intentional as in the case of the from readers who have first hand
London staff will remain the main delivery aircraft:'s own high power knowledge of specific instances. I would
system for decades to come. communication transmitters. The like any failure details of electronics,
To deny BBC and NTL any role in required protection is demonstrated mechanisms, structures, software or
Give them a chance digital broadcasting would be both by ensuring that aircraft and their procedures.
Frank Ogden's leader Jobs for the wrong and shortsighted. Both systems are qualified to electro Photographs, reports etc would be
Boys (July 1995) was, as usual, a organisations are developing magnetic compatibility, EMC, much appreciated particularly if the
model of clear prose - reasonably commercial activity in standards appropriate to aviation failure resulted in serious mishap which
factual with an unmistakable telecommunications. If their core operations. These standards, which might have been avoided.
conclusion. Regrettably that businesses of television and radio were written in conjunction with All letters will be acknowledged.
conclusion was wholly wrong. transmission were restricted both aviation industry experts, have been Bob Collins, 1 Church Street, The
Lord Thomson, when he chaired would be hard pressed to maintain continuously updated as the level of Square, Wimborne Minster, Dorset
the IBA, argued in its latter days for and grow those increasingly understanding of EMC and the BH21 1JH.
"change with continuity" in important sectors. possibility and consequences of EMI
broadcasting. That was in the late Do not hasten the end of BBC and have increased. As a result of the
eighties when the ITV system was NTL - they both have an important application of these standards, during certain phases of flight.
due for radical overhaul and the IBA, role still to play. aircraft and their systems have However, they are not content with
itself about to be disbanded. Brian Marsh, continued to demonstrate a high such a simplistic approach and are
My union BECTU, which National Organiser BECTU level of immunity to EMI. current]y researching the issue to
represents all broadcasting, film and The issue of interference to aircraft determine if PEDs are capable of
theatre categories, including NTL Emi still not systems by portable electronic emitting sufficient power to cause
and BBC transmission staff, agrees devices, PEDs, is one which it is airborne system disruption and how
that continuity is a vitally necessary understood... correct to become concerned about. any electromagnetic coupling
concomitant of change. The existing Dr Walton's letter, EMI Still Not There have been a number of reports between PEDs and airborne systems
terrestrial transmission networks Understood, EW+WW, July 1995, of interference with aircraft could occur.
should provide that continuity took its theme from a newspaper navigation systems (but not with In the same way that airborne
between analogue and digital article which contained flight critical systems as inferred in inter/intra-system EMC issues have
transmission, for the sake of viewers, unsubstantiated statements. I would the newspaper article), which were been recognised as a potential
listeners and programme makers. therefore like to take this opportunity investigated but could not be problem, so has lightning. To this
Satellite and cable delivery are of putting the record straight and substantiated. For this reason, end, aviation authorities also require
playing an increasing role. However allaying Dr Walton's concerns. aviation authorities have adopted a that aircraft and their systems
it is clear that neither separately nor Aviation authorities and industry cautious approach and many have demonstrate immunity to the effects
together can they soon replace have, for many years, recognised that imposed a ban on the use of PEDs of electromagnetic energy generated
MLotwommtmetteettetteleemtet..,,a_
93.../<",
44.
\\ BS1-1C BS2-1C
\:\ 8 I/0 lines 16 I/O lines
up to 100 program lines up to 600 program lines
2,000 lines/sec 10,000 lines/sec
Comms to 2400 baud Comms to 9600 baud
£29 single price £49 single price
Programming package £66
N.E14/ D/0
..pERB QUALITY LEADING EDGE
"I NO 0 DO\,<<C;)
open -loop gain at hf by decreasing the phenomenon of slew rate at all. I have amplitude would provide a more
compensation capacitor so that we get calculated this, simulated it, measured searching test of amplifier
curve A with PIA at 20kHz; but this it and even built a special amplifier competence.
also lifts P2 & 3 above the unity loop - where PI could be varied with a knob I think this view must be the result
gain level and we get a power on the front panel, so I'm pretty sure of anthropomorphic thinking about
oscillator and the tweeters explode. of my ground here. amplifiers; twenty sinewaves of
Alternatively we can reduce the The only way to increase the different frequencies may be
open -loop gain at low frequencies, by amount of negative feedback applied conceptually more complex to us, but
shunting the compensation capacitor above that shown in curve C is to to an amplifier it resolves to a single
MN. I IN with a resistor, giving curve B with make the compensation more instantaneous voltage that must be
Open and closed -loop gain for a
P 1 B at 20kHz once more. This will be complex, so that we are not confined increased in amplitude. An amplitude.
typical generic power amplifier with stable, and may look nice on a graph, to a 6dB/octave gain roll -off. In the An amplifier has no perspective on
closed -loop gain set at 26dB. but seriously reduces the amount of form of two -pole compensation in the the signal arriving at its input, but
feedback at low frequencies, gives second reference, the gain is held must take it as it comes; one might
The heavy line in the diagram much more distortion than necessary, constant up to a higher frequency, also say, 'the amplifier has no
shows the open and closed -loop gain and badly degrades ripple rejection.' before rolling off more quickly; the memory' by analogy with the roulette
for a typical generic amplifier; closed - Neither A nor B is acceptable. key to stability is that the slope wheel.
loop gain is set at +26dB as usual. I hold that the amount of feedback reduces to 6dB/octave before the To remind us that a distortion
The second and third poles P2 & 3 are should be truly maximised, as said Nyquist gain intersection is reached. analyser is incapable of distinguishing
just beyond the intersection of the two before. The open -loop gain is To say it once more; open -loop between Bartok and Bon Jovi is not
gain lines, so the curves close on each therefore left alone in the falling bandwidth and slew rate are nothing really necessary; why ever should it
other at no more than 6dB/octave and 6dB/octave region, where it is already to do with each other. High -gain op - mimic the human brain? I don't want
Nyquist stability is obtained. maximal if we stick to this slope. amps with sub-1Hz bandwidths and a machine to enjoy music for me so
Dominant pole P1 is a I kHz. Below Instead the flat low -frequency region blindingly fast slewing are as that I don't have to do it...
this frequency the open -loop gain is raised to give curve C, which has a common as the grass (if somewhat
curve levels out the feedback factor lot more negative feedback at low less cheap) and if that doesn't 1. Self, D, 'Distortion off the rails'
becomes constant. frequencies than the original. This is demonstrate the point beyond doubt EW+ WW Mar 1995, p210
So, supposing we want to increase simply done either by cascoding or then I really don't know what will. 2. Self, D, 'Distortion in Power
the negative feedback to a maximum. adding a beta -enhancing In his letter Ivor also stigmatises amplifiers' EW+WW Feb 1994, p140.
What can be done? Clearly, if our emitter -follower to the voltage sinewaves as steady-state' signals,
target is a constant negative feedback amplifier stage' This in turn pushes which is presumably meant to imply
factor across the audio band, which the new dominant pole PIC down to a that they are in some way particularly
appears superficially attractive, the PI much lower frequency, possibly as easy for an amplifier to handle. Since
must be increased to 20kHz, and we low as sub-10Hz, but so what? We sinewaves have an unending series of
can claim 'high open -loop have only altered linear gains in non -zero differentials, 'steady' hardly
bandwidth'. This can be done in two various parts of the circuit, and have comes into it. I know of no evidence
ways: firstly we can increase the not affected the non-linear limit that sinewaves of randomly varying
r" MAKI 2 Field End Arkley Barnet Herts ENS 3EZ England
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outer
Back annotation from BoardMaker2
Improving performance
Why fm? Frequency modulation, car-
rying data, audio or television, is Everyone knows that With deviation set according to the criteria
very popular. Its advantages are,
noise affects above, the system quality - s -to -n ratio - can
only be improved by reducing the noise level.
bandwidth is controlled simply by adjusting
deviation to set spectral occupancy. A mini- integrity in fm data Many factors contribute, including received
carrier level, the noise figure of the receiver rf
mum of twice the highest baseband modulat-
ing frequency is needed. communications - front end, baseband filtering after demodula-
tion and transmitter modulator residual fm, i.e.
constant envelope - no amplitude compo- but by how much? ssb phase noise. De -emphasis and local oscil-
lator residual fm also play a role.
nent - means a linear transmitter is unneces-
sary; frequency multipliers can be used with
Simon Day discusses A key reciever parameter, which does not
affect noise level directly, is receiver IF
no distortion to the signal. Carrier harmonics
must be filtered out in the usual way. the problem. Fig. 1. This fm -if spectrum of carrier entering
a demodulator shows that components far
hardware implementation is straight for- away from the carrier are removed by
ward. Only amplitude modulation with super - baseband filtering.
regenerative demodulation provides a simpler
option.
CAD tools
A pc application called FM Noise Analysis
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Figure 3 is the graphical output forming a
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If preservation of the detailed shape of the ond stage is positive, its output decays towards filter is the synthesis of a high-pass response
wanted waveform is important, then some zero, opening up an increasing gap between by subtracting the output of a low-pass filter
care in choice of filter type is important. second stage input and output voltages, as from the original signal. At very low frequen-
shown. When the output voltage of the second cies where the output of the low-pass filter is
Low-pass. For any given order of filter, a stage reaches zero, its input voltage is still identical to its input, the result is no signal,
Butterworth type gives faster cutoff above the falling, causing the output voltage to reverse while at very high frequencies where the out-
pass -band than a Bessel filter, but it causes sign, eventually dying away to zero from put of the low-pass filter is zero, the input sig-
ringing on a pulse type of waveform. Figure below the axis. nal simply constitutes the output signal.
1a) compares the response of eight -pole A similar argument applies to the third stage Less than satisfactory is the part in-between,
Bessel and Butterworth filters, both with a except that, as the second stage output finally where the output of the low-pass filter is at an
10kHz cut-off frequency, to a 3kHz square - dies away from a negative value, the third intermediate amplitude and phase -shifted to
wave input. stage output is pushed back across the base- boot, resulting in partial cancellation, and a
line, dying away from a smaller positive slow transition from the stop -band to the pass -
High-pass. These can improve the wanted value. If Fig. lc) were replotted to an expand- band. Nevertheless, the arrangement is attrac-
signal-to-noise ratio in the same way as low- ed vertical, it would be more easily seen that tive, as its implementation calls for a low-pass
pass filters; for example, to reject mains hum, the nth stage output crosses the zero voltage filter rather than a high-pass type, giving one
and its harmonics also, if a higher cut-off fre- baseline (n-1) times. the choice of a much wider range of ready-
quency is acceptable. However, whereas a Coincident -pole high-pass filter are mini- made integrated filter circuits.
suitable low-pass filter type such as Bessel mum -phase types, but if you go to a non -min- Such a high-pass filter is illustrated in Fig.
will not cause any ringing or overshoot on a imum phase design, you can have a high-pass 2a,b), which also shows its limitations. For an
square wave or step function, overshoot seems filter with a squarer, sharper cut-off than 8 -pole Bessel filter, the attenuation at the cut-
to be an inherent feature of all high-pass filters Bessel, but still with constant group delay. off frequency has risen to 3dB and the phase
of order higher than the first. Such filters were originally designed for band- shift has reached 180°. Consequently, the fun-
Figure 1 b) shows a high-pass CR circuit with pass applications, but the design was extend- damental component of the square wave com-
a step -function input applied, giving the well ed to high-pass types2. ing through the low-pass path does not cancel
known decaying output, down to just 37% An interesting alternative to the high-pass out the same component via the flat path;
(100/e) of the input after a time interval equal
to CR seconds. A series of similar sections are Fig. la). A 3kHz squarewave (A) emerges from a 10kHz bandwidth, 8 -pole Bessel low-pass filter
cascaded after the first, giving a high-pass fil- (B) with its edges slowed down B, but otherwise unscathed. 8y comparison, a similar filter with
ter with five coincident poles on the real (neg- Butterworth characteristic (C) causes marked ringing. This would be even more pronounced
ative) axis. This is not a good filter design, with Chebychev or elliptic Cauer filters. At (b), a 5 -pole, high-pass filter consisting of five
having an even 'softer' cut-off than a five -pole cascaded, first -order stages, with a step -function input. c) shows the response at each of the five
outputs, showing that the nth output crosses the zero voltage baseline n-1 times.
Bessel, being 15dB down at the 'cut-off' fre-
quency of fc=1/(27TCR), but it aptly illustrates
the point.
Figure 1c) shows the response at the output
vi
of each stage. As, initially, the input to the sec-
time
OV x
seconds
TIME (200µ5/0iv) ( a)
squarewave at c) is applied I[
1
t...........I.
t
Time delay
see fig. 10c
- from cancelling out the
fundamental of the square
t
wave via the flat path, the I 1
I
component via the low-
0
+5V
1kHz low pass filter
pass filter actually adds to
it, since phase shift
I I I -.... 1 1
is nearly square.
1
MAX 1 .
292
22k
333p_L1 22k
22k 0
I+ Vo
5V 22k (Part of 0
(b) 22k
MAX232)
As shown, the circuit ran at the very low
TL071 clock frequency of about 8kHz, limiting the
useful bandwidth to about 2kHz. Maximum
,m,
delay provided at the output tap (stage 3328)
was about 200ms, and the circuit had provi-
indeed, due to the 180° phase shift, it adds to via the flat path - compare Figs. 3b,c). sion for adding in contributions from any or
it, as in Fig. 2c). Increasing the bbd clock frequency just suf- all of the intermediate taps, at various
An eight -pole Bessel filter has constant ficiently reduces the delay to site the edge of strengths, by means of the six -way dil switch
group delay (phase shift proportional to fre- the delayed square wave in the middle of the SWB. Delays at the intermediate taps, stage
quency) well past the cut-off frequency, rise time of the low-pass filter output, Fig. 3d). 386, stage 662, etc, as a fraction of the maxi-
almost up to twice that frequency - in fact the Whereas the lower trace in b clearly contains mum delay, are all chosen to be irrational
data sheet for the MAX292 used in the circuit a component at 100Hz, together with har- numbers to simulate the various reflection
of Fig. 2b) shows it as completely flat to 2f0. monics of that frequency, the lower trace in d delays and resulting eigentones in a large
Consequently, at that frequency the phase shift is virtually devoid of any 100Hz component. building.
through the low-pass path has reached 360° This is confirmed by the spectrum of the To extend the maximum delay to one or more
and the signal via the low-pass path is again lower trace of Fig. 3d), shown in Fig. 3e), seconds, I used a similar arrangement of select -
subtracting from that via the flat path. covering 0-5000Hz. At frequencies above on -test resistors and dil switch in the path via
However, the signal is by now much attenu- about 2kHz, the harmonics of the square wave ICid,o,b. Output v01 consists of the input signal
ated so the flat top of the square wave is by roll off at the rate expected and attenuation at plus selected, delayed versions summed at the
now only slightly dented, as in Fig. 2d), and 100Hz is well over 40dB. virtual earth input of ICid and added to the
quite flat at 3fC and upwards. direct signal. For the purposes of simulated
This simple high-pass filter also has a limit- Comb filters reverberation, I found it best to recirculate sole-
ed performance at low frequencies. Figure 3a) It may happen that interfering signals lie with- ly via the maximum delay, tap 3328, adding dif-
shows a 100Hz square wave applied to the in the bandwidth occupied by a wanted signal, ferent delays only at SWB, the input of the out-
basic low-pass filter, upper trace, and its out- a typical example being mains hum and its har- put path to v02 via IC 1a, IC2b.
put, lower trace. Bessel response shows no monics. All is not lost; it may be possible to I used the MN3011 bbd chip, RS No. 631-
ringing, but there is clearly a finite time delay remove the interference, whilst keeping most if 294, which is a pmos device and is thus rated
through the filter. Subtracting the two wave- not all of the signal energy, by using a comb to operate between a liss of OV and a Vdd of
forms allows the edges of the input through to filter -a filter with a series of notches at nf0, -15V, although for convenience it is usual to
the output before the low-pass filter output whereto is the frequency of the lowest notch, operate it from a positive supply, as shown in
arrives to cancel the rest of each half cycle of and n=1, 2, 3, etc. Fig. 4a. It needs a two-phase clock, which was
the square wave. Fig. 3b) shows the result. A useful device in this context is the bbd, provided by the CD4011, IC4. Any overlap
Figure 3c) shows the effect of inserting a mentioned earlier, which subjects a signal to a should be limited to within 3V of the positive
pure frequency independent time delay, imple- time delay, the value of which is determined rail, a condition which the circuit shown very
mented using a bucket -brigade device ,bbd, of by the frequency of a clock signal applied to nearly met.
which more later, into the flat path at the point the device. Having experimented with such a Op -amp inputs are referred to a nominal
labelled X in Fig. 2b). In this case the bbd device in the past to produce artificial rever- midpoint voltage adjusted by the 220k0 pot.,
clock frequency is too low, giving too long a beration in connection with an electronic which was set for minimum distortion on
delay, with the result that the Bessel low-pass organ, I unearthed the breadboard, the circuit maximum amplitude signals. The 1001d/ pot.
filter output now leads the broad -band signal of which is shown in Fig. 4a). at the output of ICJ,/ permits adjustment of the
degree of recirculation, and hence of the since V0 equals Vm minus the delayed version, Where the wanted signal and its harmonics
length of reverberation. and the gain via the delayed path has been set are at a known frequency, you can use a selec-
Naturally, if advanced too far, the loop gain to unity; the only solution to the equation tive comb -pass filter by setting the bbd clock
exceeds unity and the circuit oscillates. x=1-x is x=0.5. frequency so that the peaks pick out the want-
Such a selective comb -pass filter was set up ed signal components, substantially reducing
Comb notch filter using the circuit of Fig. 4a) by selecting the the system bandwidth and cutting out much of
I modified the bbd circuit to run as a comb stage -396 tap output at pin 9 of IC3 with dil any broadband noise which may be present.
notch filter, by combining the signal with a switch SWA, the resistor from there to ICId However, carried to extremes, the narrow
delayed and inverted version of itself, but input having been changed to 150k.Q. With bandwidth of the peaks means that very rapid
without any recirculation of the signal via ICId the pot. at the output of ICId advanced until changes in the wanted signal cannot be accu-
and using the first tap, stage 396 output, to the circuit almost oscillated, the frequency rately followed.
give a delay of 25ms. Thus a sine wave at response Vin to Vont was as in Fig. 4c). The
40Hz would be delayed by exactly one cycle, uniformity of the peaks, from about 330Hz Bbd strips noise
and when inverted and added to the original upwards, is remarkable. An interesting alternative is to use a selective
signal, should cancel it completely. Roll -off below this frequency is due to the comb -pass filter not to pick out the wanted sig-
The same should apply at 80Hz, 120Hz, etc, effect of the 1 OnF coupling capacitor at the nal from the interference, but to pick out the
whilst at 20Hz, 60Hz, 100Hz, where the delay input of 'Cid, which is much more pro- interference from the wanted signal. You then
is 180 degrees, the inverted delayed signal will nounced on the peaks than on the troughs, subtract the interference from the original mix-
add to the original and give a 6dB increase in where the feedback via the delay is negative, ture of signal and interference, leaving just the
amplitude. nicely illustrating how positive feedback signal. This application is feasible where the
This is illustrated in Fig. 4b), where the emphasises variations, while negative feed- interference is an unvarying waveform or, in
broad pass -bands are generally 20dB above back flattens them out. signal -processing jargon, the interference is a
the narrow stop -bands or notches; greater I selected the capacitor during the earlier `stationary' signal.
notch depth can be achieved by careful adjust- synthetic reverberation experiments, to avoid Before trying out this scheme, suggested by
ment of the gains in the direct and the delayed boominess - a realistic reverberation effect
inverted channels. Reduced amplitude of the does not require an extended frequency Fig. 3a). A 100Hz squarewave applied to the
lowest -frequency pass -band, centred on 20Hz, response, in either the treble or the bass. basic low-pass filter of Fig. 2a), upper trace
is due to the 100nF coupling capacitor at the TIME BASE = 2mS
and its output, lower trace. Bessel response
input. CH1 V/DIV = 2V (a) shows no ringing, but there is a finite time
CH2 VIDIV = 2V
A filter with a series of narrow notches can T
T. delay through the filter. Due to the time delay,
be used to remove mains hum and its har- the simple high-pass scheme of Fig. 2a&b) lets
the edges of the input through before the low-
monics from a signal, while leaving much of pass filter output arrives b) to cancel the rest
the wanted signal energy. If the wanted signal of each half cycle of the squarewave. Adding
happened to be at 20Hz and/or any of its odd time delay c) in the flat path is in this case
harmonics, it would be passed by the filter in i
excessive, as the low-pass filter output now
its entirety, completely unscathed. leads the squarewave coming through the flat
This arrangement, with a comb spacing of j
path. With just the right delay, d) shows the
10.125kHz and known as the 'tete beche' direct and low-pass signals arrive at the output
(head to toe) system, was used years ago to
distribute two black -and -white television pic-
I at the same time. e) Spectrum of the lower
trace in d) illustrates that there is hardly any
100Hz component.
tures over cable in urban areas; the two pro-
I
grammes occupied the same bandwidth, but
TIME BASE = 2mS
one with its carrier at the bottom of the band CH1 V/DIV = 2V (b) TIME BASE = 2mS
CHI V/DIV = IV
(c)
CH2 V/DIV = 2V
and the other at the top. CH2 V/DIV = IV
I
r f
Selective comb -pass filter
If the inverted delayed channel signal is
removed and a portion of the delayed signal is ''
is reduced.
When the degree of recirculation is II 1
100n
VI
390k 10n
1I -
100k
+15V 12n
150k
00k
N v 6x
56k
IC,
120k 120k 120k
1n6 39p
P1 TAP V
IC3 2 6 way
,7
MN30113 7
DIL
6
4 switches
5
5
4
6
P2
12n
VGG VDO
11
4-15V
100k
VO2
6 x 270k -
.7.5V nom. 390k
(adjust for min.
68k +
(a) distortion)
10p
220k 220p
a colleague at work, I modified the earlier mainly on the core, but the leakage flux is rich ponents provided by the rectifier circuit, and
breadboard bbd circuit to incorporate an in third and higher odd harmonic components. odd components (including the fundamental)
MN3101, the recommended matching clock I used the circuit of Fig. 5a) with the point by the 25 -turn coupling winding, which was
driver ic, in place of the CD4011. X open circuit to provide a source of fairly wound around the outside of the transformer,
The MN3101 has several advantages over nasty mains hum, with even harmonic com- thus coupling only with the leakage flux.
the earlier arrangement: its two-phase clock
outputs meet the bbd chip's requirement that (a) 245
Fig.5a). Circuit used to produce a mains related
the clock edges should cross within 3V of the 225
interference waveform, resulting waveform at b).
positive rail; and it is tuned by just a single RC 205
Shot c) shows spectrum of mains interference in
circuit, against the two used by the cmos oscil- b). Vert. 10dB/div; horiz. 0-1kHz, resolution
lator in Fig. 4a), a great convenience when bandwidth 3Hz, post -detection filter off.
fine-tuning a highly selective filter. It also pro-
vides the gate bias voltage required by the bbd
chip, disposing of the potential divider at pin 240Vac
11 of the MN3011 in Fig. 4a).
25 turns
Tuning with a single resistor was going to see text
be important in this application, where the nar-
row band-pass comb filter was to be tuned to
an interfering signal.
+7.5V
I needed a wanted signal, and some inter- (see Fig. 11(a))
ference. Choosing the interference was simple
- the old enemy, mains hum. Often, this is not
merely a 50Hz fundamental, which could be
rejected by a simple notch filter, but contains
both odd and even harmonics. Even harmon-
ics usually emanate from rectifier circuits,
while the odd ones come from coupling with
the leakage flux of mains transformers.
For reasons of cost, transformers are com-
monly designed to operate the core up to a
peak flux density verging towards saturation,
resulting in a component of magnetising cur-
rent at the third and higher odd harmonics.
The fundamental component of the flux stays (b) (c)
Figure 5b) shows the waveform of the Thus the gain around the loop ICie, IC ib, IC3, the same place in the waveform each time.
resulting hum signal in the upper trace. and ICid was 0.9, and the recirculated signal, The pip repetition rate is (20xn)ms, where n is
Counting all the peaks, indicates that it con- added to the smaller input signal via RI, results not an integer. So, when the recirculating ver-
tains components up to at least the fourth har- in amplitude of Vol being the same as Vi. sion of the interference is subtracted from V1,
monic, but its spectrum shown in Fig 12c) is If now V, is disconnected, the amplitude of the result at V03 in Fig. 6a) is simply the want-
more revealing. It shows that the fundamental, Vo will fall by 10% for the immediately fol- ed signal as in Fig. 6c), lower trace.
first and second harmonics are all at the same lowing 20ms, since the input to /Cic now con- Recovered signal is not entirely in the clear.
level within a decibel or so, while even the sists solely of the signal coming from the Firstly, its amplitude at 1703 is only 90% of its
ninth harmonic is not much over 20dB down delay line. For the 20ms after that, it is 90% of input value, due to summing with the inverted,
on these. Not until the eighteenth are the har- 90% or 19% smaller, and so on, gradually one -tenth -amplitude version of it appearing at
monics more than 40dB down on the funda- dying away to nothing. Likewise, when v1 is Vol. Secondly, this inverted 10% version is
mental. reconnected, initially Vol is only 10% of V1, applied to the bbd delay input, to reappear
Figure 6a) is the modified version of the building up asymptotically to its full value, see after 20ms at Vol as a re -inverted 9% version.
bbd breadboard circuit of Fig. 4a), now incor- Fig. 6b), showing V, upper trace - V.1 lower This appears as such at V03. You might just
porating the MN3101 clock driver and intend- trace. Over many cycles, the circuit builds up fancy you can see it as an echo one horizontal
ed to act as an interference cancelling circuit. and stores a replica of the mains interference. division after the pip in the lower trace of Fig.
Input V, is the mains interference waveform of Connecting a 4Vpk-pk square wave at 6c), lurking among the background noise,
Fig. 5b) (upper trace). Gain to this signal, from approximately 8Hz to point X in Fig. 5a) pro- which is mainly clock hash.
V1 to Vc,i, is 0.1 or -20dB, set by the ratio of vided the 'wanted signal', differentiated by the In a practical interference -suppression sys-
Ri and R2, at ICI,. lms time constant of the 1pF and 11d2 CR cir- tem using this scheme, the clock for the 3328
However, I set the bbd clock frequency so cuit, to give the narrow pips visible in Fig. stage bbd chip would be maintained at exact-
that the lowest frequency response peak was at 6c), upper trace. This was the input V, to the ly twice 3328 times the mains frequency. This
50Hz, and adjusted R3 at the output of /Cid so circuit of Fig. 6a), which generated a replica would be carried out by a phase -locked loop,
that Vol equalled V1, apart from the inversion of the mains interference at Vo, as before. which follows any slight drift in mains fre-
in /Cic, as is shown by comparing the lower The pips do not feature in this replica as quency. Since this would occur slowly, the
trace (Vol) in Fig. 5b) with the upper (V1). they only appear infrequently in V1, and not in interference may still be considered stationary.
This scheme works for isolated signals
TIME BASE = 200mS (b) TIME BASE = 200mS
CH1 V/DIV = 0.5v
(c) occurring at random intervals and for repetitive
CH1 V/DIV = 0.5v
CH2 V/DIV = 0.5v
CH2 V/DIV = 0.5v
. .
signals such as pulses - short compared with
20ms - provided that they do not recur at inter-
vals or submultiple of 20ms. If they do, they
will appear as a stationary signal of the same
I period as the hum, and will build up a replica
in the same way. When this is subtracted from
...
the original nothing will be left.
References
1. Lemer, RM. Band-pass filters with linear phase.
I Proc. IEEE, March, 1964, pp. 249 - 268.
2. Delagrange A. Bring Lemer filters up-to-date:
Replace passive components with op -amps,
1 I .. L. . .1... ... I . ...
Electronic Design 4, February 15, 1979, pp. 94-98.
Fig.6a). Bbd device comb filter modified for use as an interference
cancelling system. When the interference waveform is connected to, or
disconnected from the circuit of a), the stored replica of the interference in 150k
the recirculating system builds up or dies away gradually, as in b). A
"wanted signal" consisting of occasional pips c) was added to the 10
interfering waveform, top trace. When the recirculating version of the
111- V03
interference is subtracted from this, the wanted signal, V03 in a), is left in 100k To
the clear, lower trace. Vi 100k D S.O.
220p R1 21M
(a)
150k
°N*1. --,\AAN- 100k
12
IN Vss 6x
Vss 56k
10
CP1 2 CP1 TAP
4
CP IC3 ;8
15k
MN30113
MN3101
46
25k
55
7 22k 4
CP2
7100p
V00 VDD
11 3
+ 5V
8
3m3 100k
6=270k- 100n
+7.5V nom.
390k
(adjust for mi .
68k + distortion)
10µ
220k 220p
Do you have an original circuit idea for publication? We are giving £100 cash for the month's
top design. Additional authors will receive £25 cash for each circuit idea published. We are
looking for ingenuity in the use of modern components.
All three phases from the ring oscillator running oscillator -a small problem in the
ey-20
combine in the three further inverters to give intended synthesiser application. a)
Freq. control
1.5/5.5V
1/2 74HC04
15mA max.
1M5
1 4 5 Square -wave
70p output
10n
74HC04
11
-.-
+5V
+15V
1M5
10
10k 18OR * Any low freq. type
330R D1,
(PIN)
C
100n
56R 56R Aire
LIP Arrli 56Rag16
re
56R 6v
330p
4R7 10k
3 x BFR91
100n
4n7
-15V
IC5
102 In Out
NMV1205S Corn 78L05
IS0+5
5V +12V V+
T 10p 100n
DC to DC
T,_,10,i Converter
IC3 104
1 OP -77
2
In Out
IC 5
3
TK+ In
14 R6
TK
6k
71 1N914 1N914 GND1 GND2 16k
220R
ISO -5 HCPL7800
C11
1p
ISOGND GRND OV
1p
zz
using any type of connection such as C1. At the start of this enable time, the without changing decoder address lines
wire, infrared or ultrasonics; I use a vhf counter in IC4 is reset to 0 by the positive - in the receiver. A small difference in
radio link. With a UMC UM3758-108AM going edge of the oscillator enable signal via transmitting interval will prevent most of
encoder/decoder, it is possible to C3, R4. Diode D8 gates the /C4 clock signal, the interference when more than one
transmit 8 -bit data combined with 10 pulling down the clock input to disable transmitter is used.
address bits. Depending upon the logical counting. During the enable time, a sensor - Powered by a 3.6V lithium cell, the
level on the mode input, the circuit acts dependent count is reached on the outputs transmitter logic draws less than 100µA,
as a decoder or encoder. In this Q4..9. Be careful to avoid overflow, by transmitting current depending upon the
application, the address bits are hard- selecting the right combination between the type of transmitter used, although overall
wired high and the measuring resolution enable time and the /C4 oscillator frequency, power consumption is still low because
0
0
is limited to 6 -bit, for reasons explained
later.
In encoder mode, the Tx/Rx pin
transmits the address/data information as
long as power is supplied. A built-in RC
which depends on the sensor used.
At the end of the oscillator enable time,
the down -going edge of IC5b Q output
triggers IC5a to switch on the power supply
for both the UM3758 and the transmitter. To
of the short transmitting time. A
telemetry system based on this design
has been in use by our institute since
early 1994 to study activity and feeding
behaviour of the red deer. As the
oscillator, with only two external be sure that a minimum of three address/data resistive element we use an electrolytic
mei components (R9, C9) is used as a clock; codes are transmitted, the transmitter on tilt sensor. I built the circuit using
matching of the encoder/decoder's time, adjustable by P2, is 250-300ms. surface -mounted components but, except
tam oscillator frequencies is not very critical Raising the UM3758 oscillator frequency for the S19933DY, they are also available
and 5% resistors are sufficient. makes it possible to use an even shorter in through -hole form.
Serial data is supplied to the Rx input transmitter time, but bear in mind that the Willem van der Veer
in decoder mode, where it is examined receiver must be capable of detecting this Institute for Forestry and Nature
bit by bit as received. Only if two signal. A low -loss, dual P -channel mosfet, a Research
successive address/data combinations Siliconix SI9933DY with Rgs<0.211, Wageningen
match is data transferred to the output switches the transmitter/encoder supply. The Netherlands.
data pins D14, which latch the data until To prevent any current flow through the
the next valid data is being received. The data input of /C2 when it is powered down, References
Tx/Rx out pin switches low if data the counter outputs of IC4 are connected via UM3758 series data sheet, UMC Europe,
matches, returning high after two diodes D1.6. Because of the internal Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Telephone:
successive unmatched address words. architecture of the UM3758, an open input 0031-20-6970766.
System timing is controlled by /CI, a will be seen as logical 1, so there is no need Little Foot series manual, Siliconix Ltd,
74HC4060. The positive -going edge of to use pull-up resistors. Newbury, Berks RG14 5UX. Tel. 01344-
the Q5 output of /CI triggers an enable Logic levels of data bits D7 and D8 are 485757.
ICSA
RB 7g0. MC4S38
u
I II -
2 RC 0 CC
Tx ON
2200 CX 250ms
cv °
ICSR
IC3B
$199330
D8
1N4190
RS 680 ANTENNA
11
4M7
19 V.6
3.6 V OSC
SENSOR AS
V C AT
R7 AS TX/RX D:TA
A9
010
407
St
RX
iir GAD
700N
2900* - 51
6 m
DS
D6
MODE 21
TRANSMITTER
1N9148
19
OZ. IC2
UM3758-100AM
AC Q RESET ENCODER
CX lOn
DT
RECEIVER
R2 ICI -_--
11 PI
1MS
08
09
010
012
FS 019 CODE MATCH
8200
RST PO 01-D6 :
- 74HC4060
T SENSOR -VALUE
07-08 :
High impedance
digital
voltmeter
Dvm to milliohm meter
igh and variable probe contact is supplied separately and the voltage read
I I resistance set a lower limit to the by the dvm, whose probes must be directly
resistance measurement facility when a across the resistance to be measured. Input
digital meter is used in the normal way to current of a high input -impedance dvm is
supply a current and to measure the negligible compared to the 100mA in the
consequent voltage drop across the resistor. measuring circuit. Resistance is the voltage
Resolution is also commonly 100m12 which reading multiplied by 10, i.e. 100mV=151.
is, again, limiting. In the practical circuit below, the voltage
Digital voltmeter adaptor enables it to The diagram, top left, shows an alternative regulator LM3 I 7T functions as a constant -
measure down to 1 mil by forcing a constant method in which contact resistance plays no current generator, output being set by R3; a
current through the circuit and separating the part. A constant, higher than normal, current good milliammeter or a precision resistor
voltage measurement. carrying the current will be
needed to adjust the current.
+ Voltmeter
Filter R2C2 reduces error in the
jack
dc -reading millivoltmeter, or a
'Cl
9V battery may be used.
R2 One shorted turn in a
Clips
Line transformer showed up as a
reading of 3973m51 against the
4035mQ of a functioning unit
Current and it was salutary to see that
10001.1 100 Current probes the resistance of a spliced solid
12.6V c.t. adjust wire was 30mQ, while when
soldered its resistance was Ima
Leads can be of any length, so
Clips long as the whole loop does not
exceed 100.
Douglas A Kohl
Osseo
- Voltmeter
jack
Minnesota, USA
22k
stages.
W Gray
Farnborough 1k
3n3
Hampshire.
* = 10n, only needed during calibration, to prevent jitter
= 1k load, only needed if op -amp is LM324
Q -meter +12V 0
oscillator R1
2k 2k
R3
Although simple in design, this 100kHz- 10k 10k
2MHz oscillator provides a variable - /VIRi Tr Tr
amplitude output at low distortion and is 50k
R2 Tr3 R4
suitable for use as the oscillator in a C1 1k1 1k1
Q -meter, other types of instrument or in 10µ
communications.
Tr1, 2, 5, 6 BC547
Tail current in the differential pair Try Tre
Tr3, 4 BC557
switches between collector loads on
alternate half cycles, the load to Tr2 100R 1OR
Input
mechanism of a diode. Op -amp IC2 converts 7 NE5534
6
the balanced output of the multiplier to an IC1
Output
unbalanced output at low impedance. MC1495 4
Peter Goodson
Bracknell
Berkshire
EPROM Emulator £69.95 In keeping with our policy of being ever responsive to the requirements of
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MARCONI 2058 AM/FM Sig Gen 8010-0-520MHt............
H.P. 8520C Sweep Osc 12.46Hz orb -124tH:.............. 0350
SORENSEN DCR600-4.513 0-600 Volts 0-4.5Amps......................... 1700 Tek 465 Scope - £350
HP. 8620C Sweep Oscilrstor
RACAL 9081 Syn AWFM Sig Gen 5-520MW............. .. 0450 FARRELL H30/100 0-30 Volts; 0-166 Anths, Meiereci.................... UM Tek 475 Scope - £450
FARRELL SS6520 Syn AM/FM SW Ga 10-520"
MARCONI TF2337 Automatic Distortion Meter..........
. - 0400
£200
FARRELL 630/1030 Volts; 10 Amps Variable . .
r.".'..p'i,' Y.'
E1700
APOLLO 100-100MHz (As above with more functions)
METEOR 100 FREQUENCY COUNTER !GOMM,.
1331
1115
0500
METEOR 600 FREQUENCY COUNTER 600148:.
METEOR 1000 FREQUENCY COUNTER 1611:
1UPITOR 500 FUNCTION GEN 0.1110-5001dit Sine/Sq/th
1145
cies
1125
For further details:
HP. 1110 MAIN FRAMES ONLY GOOD TUBES E225
MARCONI TF2370 3010-110MHz
TEKTRONIX 7112 with Main Frame 101110-1800Mth
£1000
01200
ORION COLOUR BAR GENERATOR Pal/TV/Video
All other Black SW torment available
1243
Phone: 0181 813 9946
TEKTRONIX 715 with Main Frame 20MHz-94)1t E1000
OSCILLOSCOPE PROBES Switchable a 1 x 10 (P&P £31 C13
Fax: 0181 574 2339
Used Equipment -GUARANTEED. Manuals supplied If possible.
This is a VERY SMALL SAMPLE OF STOCK. SAE or Telep one for lists. Please check availability before ordering.
Mobile: 0374 759984
CARRIAGE all units £16. VAT to be added to Total of Goods and Carriage.
At LC E, Unit 5,
STEWART of READING Southall Enterprise Centre,
VISA 110 WYKEHAM ROAD, READING, BERKS RG6 1PL
Telephone: (01734) 268041. Fax: (01734) 351696
Callers Welcome 9am-5.30pm Monday to Friday (until 8pm Thursday)
__ Bridge Road, Southall,
Middlesex UB2 4AR, England
CIRCLE NO. 136 ON REPLY CARO MIZEIMMEZEMEM
798 ELECTRONICS WORLD+WIRELESS WORLD September 1995
NEW PRODUCTS CASSIFIED
Please quote "Electronics World + Wireless World"when seeking further information
programmable source and destination boundary -scan testing. In -system user through call logging, call duration
devices and a uart. Most extensive is programming eliminates the handling timing and incoming caller's name
the Mantis, which is Spider -like of devices during programming, since and number. Using the Exar chip has
except that it has a 16bit peripheral they can be board mounted in the allowed the identification process to
interface and two uarts. There is a normal way and programmed in situ be held in software, simplifying the
new software development toolkit and with no risk of lead damage; the telephone hardware and rendering it
GnRTPICL the first fully Windows -based process of up -grading the design is compatible with all known
UC31172
debugger for the ARM processor, also eased. Altera UK Ltd. Tel., 01628 international standards. Nortel
JRSG
common to all three. Operating 488811; fax, 01628 890078. Europe. Tel., 0162 8812050.
speeds are 15-30MHz, depending on
type and voltage supply. GEC
Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. Tel., Power semiconductors Connectors and cabling
01793 518510; fax, 01793 518582. Power mosfets. Power mosfets Dlmm sockets. Dual -in -line memory -
made by Ixys can now be specified in module sockets from Robinson
Lamp ballast controller. Bright Sparc. When this appears, TO -247, which allows the devices to Nugent use a dual readout format to
Optimised for driving cold -cathode Sun is due to have its UltraSPARC be surface -mounted to a pcb, having give an effective doubling of package
fluorescent, neon and other gas - risc processor available in quantity. gull -wing leads and also the back of density in a single -density area, a
discharge lamps, Unitrode's The new 64 -bit chip runs at 143MHz the package plated with lead/tin matte form used in workstations but not,
UCx872 series lamp -ballast ICs and 167MHz and has on -chip finish. Currently, there are three until now, in pcs. Features include 60 -
are resonant switching types. multimedia support. Its data mosfets and four igbts with this cycle life, vertical entry, resistance to
Since the resonant converter throughput is 1.3Gbyte/s and the option, denoted by an 'S' after the shock and vibration and a method of
produces a sinusoidal lamp -drive Visual instruction set allows it to run number. IXYS Corporation. Tel., ejecting the modules. The 8byte
output, switching losses and emi at 1.67Gop/s. Texas Instruments (USA) 001 408 982 0700; fax, 001 socket has 168 positions and keying
are minimised. Lamp intensity is make the device, which is packaged 408 496 0670. for 3.3V and 5V srams and drams.
adjusted via a buck regulator, in a 521 -pin ball grid array. Sun Robinson Nugent (Europe) Ltd. Tel..
synchronised to the external Microsystems Ltd. Tel., 01276 01256 842626; fax, 01256 842673.
power stage's resonant
frequency. When disabled, the
device draws 1pA, making it
451440; fax, 01276 451287.
Please quote "Electronics World + Wireless World" when seeking further Information
Optical -fibre connector. Operating frequency for all three loads when driven by the outputs of 8 Literature
Transradio announces the filters is 0-400Hz. BLP Components or 16 -bit microprocessors, primarily in Al legro/Sanken. Allegro
FCPC monobloc, a one-piece Ltd. Tel., 01638 665161; fax, 01638 avionics equipment; wire links Microsystems Europe has a 16 -page
optical -fibre connector 660718. configure the device for Intel or short catalogue listing Allegro and
combining easy termination Motorola processors. Outputs drive at Sanken semiconductors. Allegro's
and a tuning optimisation least two 40mA incandescent lamps mixed -signal devices and Sanken's
facility. Connectors come Hardware and higher loads are possible by power ICs and discrete components
fully assembled with the Screened racks. Barton's range of are all listed and categories include
specified optical ferrule. screened racks is extended to include regulators and power management,
Cable retention is provided a unit with a -70dB performance at leds, diodes, power devices, motor
by a standard crimp on the 1GHz. It takes internal rack fittings
aramid yarn. Cable from most rack component makers,
assemblies by Transradio's meeting emc regulations comfortably. Dual -measurement dmm. Model
termination facility offer Largest is a 42 -unit 19in model and 1705 from Thurlby Thandar is a
<50dB reflectance and there are standard fan tray mountings, bench digital multimeter that
<0.15dB insertion loss. ventilation, castors or adjustable feet allows the measurement of two
Transradio Ltd. Tel., 0181 997 and, as options, glass doors and a different signals simultaneously.
8880; fax, 0181 997 0116. two-tone finish. Barton Engineering There are both main and
and Export Ltd. Tel., 01227 272141; secondary displays: the latter is
fax, 01227 771653. used to show the secondary
range in addition to the
measurement units; to display a
Dialight. Tel., 01638 662317; fax, Instrumentation measurement in two different
01638 560455. Camera testing. Optest VT -C1 from units such volts and dBm; to
the Israeli company Genop is a display the result of a calculated
SVGA lcd. Toshiba's LTM10C035 is a modular, computer -controlled test function; measuring and
liquid -crystal display to svga resolution station for the electronic and optical displaying two aspects of one
of 800 -by -600 pixels and measuring testing of camera systems, including signal such as alternating and
10.4in diagonally. The active -matrix monochrome and colour video, direct voltage; and measuring and
thin-film transistor technique gives a intensified ccds and slow -scan ccds, Clamp -on induced current meter. displaying two different signals.
pixel size of 0.264 by 0.264mm and a using a uniform light source and HI -3702 Clamp -on Induced Basically, the instrument is a 4.5 -
response time of 50ms.An internal calibrated reticle in an enclosure. Current Meter by Holaday digit multimeter showing 10,000
oxide layer and anti -glare surface Computer control using the Windows - measures rf induced current in counts and with a resolution of
improve contrast and cut reflection to based software supplied provides ankles and arms in the 3kHz- 10pV, 10mS2 and 0.1pA.
2% at a 550nm wavelength. A single automatic, integrated performance of 110MHz range at 1mA-1A, Autoranging is used on most
fluorescent lamp takes only 3.5mA. a set of complex tests that usually complying with ANSI C95 1-1992. functions with manual selection if
Toshiba Electronics Europe Ltd. Tel., require many separate instruments To avoid perturbing the rf field, required. Response to ac is true
001 49 211 52 96-392; fax, 001 49 211 52 and do not give the documentation the readout and control unit is rms and the attenuator is highly
96-400. and analysis this system provides. coupled by optical fibre and can accurate in the audio band, giving
Optilas Ltd. Tel., 01908 221123; fax, be held in a belt case for hands - wide -band response to prevent
800 by 600 lcd. For its P1000 series 01908 221110. free use. It is intended for errors when measuring switching
of 100MHz Pentium notebooks, measurements in rf welding, waveforms. Many calculated
Tadpole Technology has introduced Semiconductor tester. Now in its induction heating, broadcast and functions are provided and there
the option of an active -matrix, thin-film fifth generation, Testronics's 201C aerial locations. Holaday is a 100 -step data logger. Thurlby
transistor display supporting 800 -by - Discrete Semiconductor Test System Industries. Tel., 01628 478155; Thandar Instruments Ltd. Tel.,
600 graphics. The P1000G, for is mainly intended for use in fax, 01628 476781. 01480 412451; fax, 01480
example, combines the 256 -colour manufacturing. Depending on device 450409.
display, the Pentium, 256K second - type and test parameters, throughput
level cache and 128Mbyte of memory, is 3-10 times faster than in earlier
to run applications such as cad, instruments, a new 16bit data
modelling and multimedia, normally converter and a new Windows -based
found on desk -top equipment. programming language being
Tadpole Technology. Tel., 01223 responsible for the speed increase.
428200; fax., 01223 428201. Instrumentation Test & Measurement
Ltd. Tel., 01202 872771; fax, 01202
871052.
Filters
Emc filter. Pcb-mounted mains filter
by Belling Lee, the SF3010, is a Interfaces
compact device handling up to Avionics switching interface. DDL's
250Vac at 1A, 2A or 6A and DD -01616 consists of 16 circuits
measuring 20 -by -25 by 25mm. switching lamp, solenoid or actuator
Please quote "Electronics World + Wireless World" when seeking further information
;17
Parameters - IT
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11,04,
dposation
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speed
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MENIEMEZEISTal
804 ELECTRONICS WORLD+WIRELESS WORLD September 1995
CLASSIFIED
TEL 0187 652 3620 FAX 0181 652 8956
' At 0k
SUPPLIER OF QUALITY USED OPERATING & SERVICE MANUALS
TEST INSTRUMENTS
1Idgenh. 1. 44,0 ,...per6v. -
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CONTACT CONTACT
Cooke International Cooke International
ELECTRONIC TEST & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ELECTRONIC TEST & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Unit Four, Fordingbridge Site, Main Road, Barnham, Unit Four, Fordingbridge Site, Main Road, Barnham,
Bognor Regis, West Sussex, P022 OEB Bognor Regis, West Sussex, P022 OEB
Tel: (+44)01243 545111/2 Fax: (+44)01243 542457 Tel: (+44)01243 545111/2 Fax: (+44)01243 542457
( IRCLE NO. I59 ON REPO CARD CIRCLE NO. 160 ON REPLY CARD
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
PAGE PAGE PAGE
Airlink Sales Co 750 Interconnections 786 Quickroute Systems Ltd 714
Anchor Surplus 723 International Rectifiers 743
Andat Ralfe Electronics 808
726 IOSIS 769
Arcom 777 Seetrax Ltd 769
Johns Radio 781
BK Electronics Smart 776
714 JPG 776
Bull Electrical 804
Sowter 725
Kestrel Electronic Components 782 Stag 714
CMS 750 & 775 Keytronics 766 Stewart of Reading 798
Chelmer Valve Co 771 Labcentre 747 & 757 Surrey Electronics 726
Cricklewood Electronics 786 Langrex 785 TDC 725
Crossware Products 776 Laplace 735 Telford Electronics 786
Dataman OBC LCE 798 Telnet 726
Display Electronics Ltd 739 Lloyd Research Ltd 745 Those Engineers 774
Field Electric Ltd 785 MB 720 TLE Die 779
Grandata Ltd MQP 745 Timely Technology 777
741
John Morrison 798 Triangle 725
Halcyon Electronics 782 Tsien Ltd 782
Hart Electronic Kits Ltd 748 Number One Systems 771
Hateley Antenna Technology 725 Olsen 719
Ultimate IBC
ICE Technology IFC OEMA 785 Warwick 777
ILP 769, 771 & 773 Pico 772 XL Systems 798
bps
CLASSIFIED
TEL 0181 652 3620 FAX 0181 652 8956
RECRUITMENT VALVES
ELECTRONICS
Audio Design Engineer VALVES &
SEMICONDUCTORS
Cloud Electronics is a respected manufacturer of purpose designed
equipment for the Reproduced Sound and Entertainment marketplace Phone for a most
worldwide. The cornerstones on which we have built our success are courteous quotation
excellence in design, integrity in engineering, reliability in performance
and in maintaining a close relationship with our customers, before, We are one of the largest
stockists of valves etc,
during and after sales. The resulting growth in the Company and the
in the U.K.
expansion of our product range has created a vacancy within our R & D
department.
The successful applicant will work alongside the Technical Director, in a COLOMOR
multitasking role. Accordingly, we are seeking a multi -skilled person with ELECTRONICS LTD
experience in audio design and D.S.P. who has a genuine passion for 170 Goldhawk Road,
audio electronics and who can fully utilise the excellent facilities placed London W12 8HJ
at his/her disposal We offer an attractive salary package, England.
commensurate with experience and a friendly, purposeful environment. Tel: 0181 743 0899
This is an exceptional opportunity for an exceptional candidate. If you Fax: 0181 749 3934
feel you are that person, contact: -
Cloud Electonics Limited 140 Staniforth Road, Sheffield, S9 3HF
ARTICLES WANTED
COM PLET dW
NOW IS THE CHANCE TO GET INTO TELEVISION
Complete, one of London's leading video editing companies require a keen
electronics enthusiast to join their engineering team as a junior assistant. He/
She will help with all aspects of day to day engineering and project work. Please
apply in writing only with CV to:
Richard Whitaker, Complete Facilities, Slingsby Place, Long Acre, WE WANT TO BUY !!
London WC2E 9AB.
ao
CLASSIFIED
TEL 0181 652 3620 TAX 0181 652 8956
REPRINTS
Multiple copies of your articles and advertisements published in this magazine make ideal
promotional material for sales literature, exhibition handouts, direct mail, new product launches,
distributor promotions, Public Relations etc.
You can add your own artwork and copy, utilise the front cover of this magazine, include your list of
distributors, and/or your latest advertisement/s. Reasonably priced reprints can be tailor-made to your
own specific requirements or simply reprinted in their original form. (Minimum order number 250)
For a FREE quotation please telephone Jan Crowther now on: 0181-652 8229 or fax: 0181-652 3978
Reprint Services, Reed Business Publishing,
Room 1006, Quadrant House, The Quadrant, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5AS, England
807
11111111111
NOW .
\ \VIIMINeiPN it tf IN
40th
YEAR
.
9 'it ,
- ., 11
NOVI II r .e
DiSTRiBUZIONE E ASSISTENZA, ITALY: TLC RADIO TEKTRONIX P0502 300/diz puke gestate (regimes TMesties
madame) £750
WAYNE KERR SR268 sourced detects £350
IFR MODEL A-7550 1GHz portable with induil tracking gen & IEEE ops E5000
TEST EQUIPMENT 1640B serial data analyser £500
HP141T 1 8GHz system (85528, 8555A) £2600 £1750
£650 339A distortion meter
ARAB TIS115/2301500 transverter 115/230V ieout, 50/60/400Hz, 500VA
HP3580A 5Hz - 50kHz audio frequency spectnim analyser £1500 33258 function generator £3000
BRUEL & KJAER 2511 vibration meter (file set 1621 biter) £2000
HP3562A audio frequency tit analyser dual -channel £2500 3400A voltmeter, analogue 10Hz-10MHz £250
BRUEL & KJAER 2317 portable level recorder £1500
HP8557A 350MHz (opt 01750) (requires mainframe) £1000 3456A digital mutmeter £750
BRUEL & KJAER 2635 charge amplifier £950
HP8591E 1.80-1z synthesized Ecall us £750 3580A audio frequency spectrum analyser £1500
BRUEL & KJAER 2609 measuring amplifier
HP8568A high -specification 1.5GHz spectrum analyse £7500 BRUEL & KJAER 2308 analogue X -Y pen recorder £750 35810 selective voltmeter £1250
MARCONI 2386 1 004-12-26.5Gblz (in 1Hz steps!) £15000 BRUEL & KJAER 2639 preamplifier £275 3586A selective level meter £2000
TEKTRONIX 492 22GHz spectrum analyser GPIB + options 1/2/3 £6000 DATRON 1065 digital munmeter £500 41408 pNmeter, DC voltage source £3250
HITACHI V593 50iVitz portable battery powered °spite:qv (is:lodes belts) £550 415E swr meter £200
MARCONI INSTRUMENTS KIKUSUI 8520 frequency response analyser 20Hz-200KHz £750 4275A multi -frequency ler meter £4000
RARIDA bi-directional coaxial coupler 1-4GHz £250 432NR486A uWave power meter waveguide 26-40GHz £500
435B microwave power meter (analogue) (requires sensor) £500
4951C protocol analyser with 18179A pod £1250
ralfe electronics 4 vioeni Val T&M 5334A 100MHz frequency counter £1250
£2000
5335A 200MHz frequency counter w cps 20 & 40
6012A power supply 0-60V 0-50A 1000W £650
** HP8754A 4-1300MHz NETWORK ANALYSER with ** 6033A system power supply 0-20V 0-30A £1250
6038A system power supply 0-60V 0-10A £1250
8748A S -Parameter test set £3500
6253A due power supply 0-20V 0-1A twice £250
** HP8970A noise figure meter £4000 ** 644313 power supply 0-120V 0-2.50 £400
** HP54100A 1GHz digitizing oscilloscope £1750 ** 6825A bipolar power supply/amplifier-20V to +20V, 0-1A £350
8011A pulse generator 0.1Hz-20MHz £500
2019A synthesized AM/FM signal generator 80kHz --
** MARCONI 2955 MOBILE RADIO TEST SET **
8444A tracing generate with option 059 £1500
1040MHz £2003 with cellular TAGS adapter £4000 875401H26 2600MHz network analyser clw S -parameter set £4000
2305 modulation analyser 50tHz 2.3GHz £3000 8568A spectrum analyser 100Hz-1.5GHz £7500
2828N2829 digital simulator/analyser £500 PHILIPS PE1647 power supply 0-75V, 0-14A £250 86568 synthesized signal generator 0.1-990MHz AM/FM £2950
2955 mobile radio test set WITH TAGS ADAPATER £4000 PHILIPS PM551 9 video pattern generator £350 8901A modulation analyser with option 02/010 £3500
2386 spectrum analyser, superb specification, 100Hz-26.5GHz 015000 PHILIPS PM8272 2 -channel recorder £750
PLEASE NOTE: ALL OUR EQUIPMENT IS NOW OPERATION -VERIFICATION
6460/6421 power meter & sensor 10MHz-1 2.4GHz £350 RACAL -DANA 1992 frequency counter 1.3GHz IEEE option £700
TESTED BEFORE DESPATCH BY LNDEPENDENT LABORATORY
6500 amplitude analyser cAv 2c 6514 waveguide detectors £2500 SCHLUMBERGER 1250 frequency response analyser £3000
We weed be pleased to handle all grades of calibration or NAMAS certification
6960 microwave power meter with 6910 power sensor 10MHz-20GHz £1000 SCHLAIBERGER 4040 oorneuridations test set, many options ncluded £9300
by same laboralay at cost pride All dens covered by cur 93 -day pans and
0A2805A pan regenerator test set £750 TEKTRONIX 15030 tdr with battery & printer options £3250
labour guarantee and 7 -day 'Right to Retuse' (money bads) warranty.
TF2910/4 non-linear distortion (video) test set £500 TFJ<TRONIX P6303 dscope probes NEW 250l/Hz Xl/X10 Mb readout pin £50se
£250 TEKTRONIX transistor curve tracer type 577 with standard test fixture £1500 ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO ADDITIONAL VAT AND CARRIAGE
TF2910 IV interval timer
L.htit
MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY
CIRCLE NO. 102 ON REPLY CARD
Corporate Headquarters: tel.: (+31) 2159 - 44444 UK/Ireland Sales -Office: tel.: 01734 - 812030
Energiestraat 36 1411 AT Naarden fax: (+31) 2159 - 43345 2 Bacchus House Calleva Park fax: 01734 - 815323
The Netherlands Aldermaston Berkshire RG7 4QW
For further information enter 63
S
Ga The handiest
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plus VAT
software upgrades for life
emulation leads 3 year guarantee
Windows and DOS software
30 day free trial
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S4's 32 pin ZIF socket Load your program from an Bona -fide UK customers
programs a huge library of 8 EPROM or download code from can try S4 for thirty days
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EEPROMS, FLASH, PICs and S4's emulation lead into the 24,000 engineers
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vital factor in determining a and confirm changes. When the
cost-effective programing solution code is proved to be working, it
for the years ahead. Upgrading can then be programmed to a Station Road, Maiden Newton,
Dorset DT2 OAE, UK
your S4's device library couldn't fresh ROM. Tel: 01300 320719 Fax: 01300 321012
be simpler. As well as our high The S4 Package comes Telex: 418442 BBS: 01 300 321095
speed bulletin boards, we also complete with mains charger, Modem: V.34/V.FC/V.32bis
offer full Internet access to our emulation leads, organiser -style 22 Lake Beauty Drive, Suite 101
Home Page which contains all instruction manual, Windows and Orlando, FL 32806, USA
the latest software as well as Tel: (407) 649-3335 Fax: (407) 649-3310
DOS terminal software and a BBS: (407) 649-3159 24hr
hints and tips. three year guarantee. Modem: V.34/V.FC/V.32bis
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commiting yourself to an daily basis. Call now for delivery FTP access: ftp.dataman.com
EPROM. tomorrow. Email: sales@dataman.com
iv
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