UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF LAW

LAW 104: TORTS AND DAMAGES1

Donna Patricia Manlangit
2ND Semester, AY 2019-2020

Note to Students:
1. All assigned cases should be read in the original. Recitation will be conducted and
graded every class.

2. Breakdown of Grades:
Recitation – 30%
Midterms – 30%
Final Exam – 40%

3. Grade Conversion Table:

1 = 96-100 2.0 = 76-80 3 = 56-60
1.25 = 91-95 2.25 = 71-75 4 = 51-55
1.5 = 86-90 2.5 = 66-70 5 = 50 and below
1.75 = 81-85 2.75 = 61-65

PART I – TORTS

A. Preliminary Considerations

1. Tort defined
2. Quasi-Delict defined

Article 1157, Civil Code

Article 2176, Civil Code
Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607 (1942)
Garcia v. Florido, 52 SCRA 420 (1973)
Elcano v. Hill, 77 SCRA 98 (1977)
Cinco v. Canonoy, 90 SCRA 369 (1979)
Mendoza v. Arrieta, 91 SCRA 113 (1979)

3. Culpa Aquiliana distinguished from Crime

Articles 100 to 101, Revised Penal Code

Rule 111, Rules of Court
Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607 (1942)
Elcano v. Hill, 77 SCRA 98 (1977)
Dulay v. Court of Appeals, 243 SCRA 220 (1995)
Padilla v. Court of Appeals, 129 SCRA 558 (1984)
People v. Ligon, 152 SCRA 419 (1987)
Maniago v. Court of Appeals, 253 SCRA 674 (1996)
Manliclic v. Calaunan, 512 SCRA 642 (2007)

1
This syllabus was patterned after Prof. Anzen Dy’s syllabus on Torts and Damages with his
permission.
 2

4. Culpa Aquiliana distinguished from Culpa Contractual;

Presence of Contractual Relations

Cangco v. Manila Railroad Co., 38 Phil. 769 (1918) Del

Prado v. Manila Electric Co., 52 Phil. 900 Rakes v.
Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Co., 7 Phil. 359 Vasquez v. de
Borja, 74 Phil. 560 (1944)
Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155 (1966)
Singson v. Bank of the Philippine Islands, 23 SCRA 1117 (1968)
Radio Communications of the Phils., Inc. v. Court of Appeals,
143 SCRA 657 (1986)
Calalas v. Sunga, 332 SCRA 356 (2000)
Huang v. Phil. Hoteliers, Inc., G.R. No. 180440, December 5, 2012

5. Interference with Contracts

Article 1314, Civil Code
Gilchrist v. Cuddy, 29 Phil. 542
So Ping Bun v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 120554, September 21,
1999
Lagon v. Court of Appeals, 453 SCRA 616 (2005)

B. Negligence

1. Concept

Article 1173, Civil Code

Gan v. Court of Appeals, 165 SCRA 378
Professional Services, Inc. v. Agana, 513 SCRA 478 (2007)
Cantre v. Go, 522 SCRA 547 (2007)
Mercury Drug v. Baking, G.R. No. 156037, May 25, 2007

2. Persons Liable

i. Tortfeasor, for his own acts

Articles 2176 and 2181, Civil Code

ii. Persons liable for the acts of others

Articles 2180 to 2182, Civil Code

Parents

Articles 211, 221, 236, Family Code

Libi v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 214 SCRA 16
Exconde v. Capuno, 101 Phil. 843 (1957)
Fuellas v. Cadano, 3 SCRA 361 (1961)
Cuadra v. Monfort, 35 SCRA 160 (1970)
Rodriguez-Luna v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 135 SCRA
242 (1985)

Guardians
 3

Articles 216 to 217, Family Code

Employers

Cangco v. Manila Railroad Co., 38 Phil. 769 (1918) Cuison v.

Norton & Harrison Co., 55 Phil. 18 (1930) China Airlines v.
Court of Appeals, 185 SCRA 449 Dulay v. Court of Appeals,
243 SCRA 220 (1995) Universal Aquarius, Inc. v. Q.C.
Human Resources Management Corp., G.R. No. 155990,
Sept. 12, 2007
Ortaliz v. Echarri, 101 Phil. 947 (1957)
Mendoza v. Soriano, G.R. No. 164012, June 8, 2007 Metro
Manila Transit Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 223 SCRA 521
(1993)
Belizar v. Brazos, 2 SCRA 527 (1961)
YHT Realty Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
126780, February 17, 2005

a. Employer-employee relationship must be established

Article 1728, Civil Code

Pilipinas Petroleum Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 221 SCRA 389
(1993)
FGU Insurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 287 SCRA
719 (1998)
NPC v. Court of Appeals, 294 SCRA 209 (1998)

a.1. Doctrine of Apparent Authority

Professional Services, Inc. v. Agana, G.R. No. 126297,

January 31, 2007 (see also: Professional Services, Inc. v.
Court of Appeals, February 11, 2008 and Professional
Services, Inc.
v. Court of Appeals, 611 SCRA 282 [2010]) Casumpang
v. Cortejo, G.R. Nos. 171127,
171217 and 171228, March 11, 2015

a.2. Registered owner of vehicle

Mendoza v. Spouses Gomez, G.R. No. 160110, June

18, 2014
Caravan Travel and Tours International, Inc. v.
Abejar, G.R. No. 170631, February 10, 2016

b. Acting within the scope of assigned tasks

Filamer Christian Institute v. Court of Appeals, 212 SCRA 637

(1992) (see also Filamer Christian Institute v. Court of Appeals,
G.R. No. 75112, October 16, 1990) Castilex Industrial
Corporation v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 132266, December 21,
1999
De Leon Brokerage Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 4 SCRA
518 (1967)
 4

State

Sections 38 and 39, Administrative Code of 1987

Section 22, Local Government Code of 1991
Merritt v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 34 Phil. 311
(1916)
Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486 (1991)
Rosete v. The Auditor General, 81 Phil. 454 (1948)
Republic v. Palacio, 23 SCRA 899 (1968)
Mun. of San Fernando, La Union v. Firme, 195 SCRA 692
(1990)
Government Service Insurance System v. Spouses Labung-Deang,
G.R. No. 135644, September 17, 2001

Teachers and Heads of Establishments of Arts and

Trades

Article 216, Family Code Articles

218 to 219, Family Code
Mercado v. Court of Appeals, 108 Phil. 414 (1960)
Palisoc v. Brillantes, 41 SCRA 548 (1971)
Amadora v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 315 (1988)
Ylarde v. Aquino, 163 SCRA 697 (1988)
Salvosa v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 166 SCRA 274 (1988)
PSBA v. Court of Appeals, 205 SCRA 729 (1992)
Soliman v. Tuason, 209 SCRA 47 (1992)
St. Francis High School v. Court of Appeals, 194 SCRA 341
(1991)
St. Mary’s Academy v. Carpitanos, 376 SCRA 473 (2002)
St. Joseph’s College v. Miranda, G.R. No. 182353, June 29, 2010

iii. Joint Tortfeasors

Article 2194, Civil Code

Worcester v. Ocampo, 22 Phil. 42 (1912)
MMTC v. Court of Appeals, 223 SCRA 521 (1993) Ruks
Konsult and Construction v. Adworld Sign and Advertising Corp.,
G.R. No. 204866, January 21, 2015

iv. Particular persons held liable by law

Possessor or user of animal Article
2183, Civil Code
Vestil v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 179 SCRA 47

Owner of motor vehicle

Articles 2184 to 2186, Civil Code

Chapman v. Underwood, 27 Phil. 375
Caedo v. Yu Khe Tai, 26 SCRA 410
 5

PCI Leasing and Finance, Inc. v. UCPB General

Insurance Co., Inc., 557 SCRA 141 (2008)

Manufacturers/Processors of foodstuffs

Article 2187, Civil Code

Sections 92-107 (Chapter 1), Rep. Act No. 7394 (1992)

Coca-Cola Bottler’s Philippines v. Court of Appeals, 227 SCRA

293 (1993)

Provinces, cities and municipalities

Article 2189, Civil Code

Section 24, Local Government Code of 1991
City of Manila v. Teotico, 22 SCRA 267 (1968) Jimenez v.
City of Manila, G.R. No. 71049, May 29, 1987
Guilatco v. City of Dagupan, 171 SCRA 382 (1989)
Municipality of San Juan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
121920, August 9, 2005

Proprietor of building/structure/thing

Articles 2190 to 2192, Civil Code

Article 1723, Civil Code
Gotesco v. Chatto, 210 SCRA 18
De Roy v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 80718, January 29,
1988

Head of Family

Article 2193, Civil Code

Dingcong v. Kanaan, 72 Phil. 15 (1941)

3. Elements of quasi-delictual liability

i. Act or omission in breach of legal duty

Article 2176, Civil Code

Lilius v. Manila Railroad Co., 59 Phil. 758
Yamada v. Manila Railroad Co., 33 Phil. 8
Del Rosario v. Manila Electric Co., 57 Phil. 478 Del
Prado v. Manila Electric Co., 52 Phil. 900 Astudillo v.
Manila Electric Co., 55 Phil. 427
Makati Shangri-la Hotel and Resort, Inc. v. Harper, G.R.
No. 189998, August 29, 2012

ii. Fault or negligence

Wright v. Manila Electric Co., 28 Phil. 122

Corliss v. Manila Railroad Co., 27 SCRA 674 National
Power Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 222 SCRA 415
(1993)
 6

Keppel Cebu Shipyard, Inc. v. Pioneer Insurance and Surety

Corp., G.R. Nos. 180880-81 & G.R. Nos.
180896-97, September 18, 2012

Standard of care

Article 1173, Civil Code

Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil 809 (1918)
Sarreal, Sr. v. Japan Airlines Co., 207 SCRA 359 (1993)
Wild Valley Shipping Co. v. Philippine President Lines,
G.R. No. 119602, October 6, 2000
Pilapil v. Court of Appeals, 180 SCRA 546 (1989) Reyes v.
Sisters of Mercy Hospital, G.R. No. 130547, October 3,
2000
Canlas v. Asian Savings Bank, 326 SCRA 415 (2000)
Mercury Drug v. Huang, G.R. No. 172122, June 22, 2007
Aboitiz Shipping Corp. v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd., G.R.
No. 156978, August 24, 2007
Roque v. Gunigundo, 89 SCRA 178 (1979)
Spouses Pereña v. Spouses Zarate, G.R. No. 157917, August 29,
2012
Equitable Banking Corporation v. Special Steel Products, Inc., G.R.
No. 175350, June 13, 2012
Casumpang v. Cortejo, G.R. Nos. 171127, 171217 and 171228,
March 11, 2015
Dr. Li v. Spouses Soliman, 651 SCRA 32 (2011)

Presumption of negligence

Article 1756, Civil Code

Articles 2184 to 2185, Civil Code
Article 2188, Civil Code
Teague v. Fernandez, 51 SCRA 181
De Guzman v. Court of Appeals, 168 SCRA 612 (1988)
Mallari v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 128607, January 31,
2000

Res ipsa loquitur

Africa v. Caltex (Phils.), Inc., 16 SCRA 448 (1966)

Layugan v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 167 SCRA 363
(1988)
Ramos v. Delos Santos Medical Center, 321 SCRA 584 (1999)
D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. Juego, G.R. No. 137873, April 20, 2001
Josefa v. Manila Electric Co., G.R. No. 182705, July 18, 2014
Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital, G.R. No. 210445,
December 7, 2015
iii. Causal relation between act/omission and injury

Article 2179, Civil Code

Manila Electric Co. v. Remoquillo, 99 Phil. 117
 7

Bernardo v. Legaspi, 29 Phil. 12

Bataclan v. Medina, 102 Phil. 181 (1957)
Bernal v. House, 54 Phil. 327
NPC v. Court of Appeals, 161 SCRA 334
Remman Enterprises v. Lat, 330 SCRA 145 (2000)

4. Defenses in negligence cases

i. Complete Defenses

a. Due Diligence

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, G.R. No. L-7644,

August 29, 1958
Reyes v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118492, June 16, 1992
Alano v. Magud-Lagmao, G.R. No. 175540, April 7,
2014

b. Fortuitous Event

Article 1174, Civil Code

Southeastern College, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 292
SCRA 422 (1998)
Dioquino v. Laureano, G.R. No. L-25906, May 28, 1970

c. Damnum absque injuria

Board of Liquidators v. Heirs of Kalaw, 20 SCRA 987 (1967)

Proline v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 87584, June 16, 1992

d. Last clear chance

Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809 (1918)

Phoenix Construction v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 148
SCRA 353
Glan People’s Lumber v. Court of Appeals, 173 SCRA 464
LBC Air Cargo v. Court of Appeals, 241 SCRA 619
(1995)
Philippine Bank of Commerce v. Court of Appeals, 269 SCRA
695 (1997)
Raynera v. Hicera, G.R. No. 120027, April 21, 1999

e. Assumption of risk

Afialda v. Hisole, 85 Phil. 67 (1949)

E. Razon, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 161 SCRA 356 (1988)
Ilocos Norte Electric Company v. Court of Appeals, G.R.
No. 53401, November 6, 1989

f. Prescription

Article 1146, Civil Code

 8

Capuno v. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of the Philippines, G.R.

No. L-19331, April 30, 1965
Escueta v. Fandialan, G.R. No. L-39675, November 29, 1974
Allied Banking Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 178 SCRA
526 (1989)
Spouses Santos v. Hon. Pizardo, G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005

g. Waiver

Gatchalian v. Delima, G.R. No. 56487, October 21, 1991

h. Emergency rule

Hedy Gan v. Court of Appeals, 165 SCRA 378 (1988)

McKee v. IAC, 217 SCRA 517 (1992)
Valenzuela v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 115024 and
117944, February 7, 1996

ii. Partial Defenses

a. Plaintiff’s conduct and contributory negligence

Article 2179, Civil Code
Thermochem, Inc. v. Naval, G.R. No. 131541, October 20,
2000
Ngo Sin Sing v. Li Seng Giap & Sons, Inc., 572 SCRA 625
(2008)

C. Intentional Torts

1. Abuse of right

Articles 19 to 21, Civil Code

Wassmer v. Velez, 12 SCRA 648
Baksh v. Court of Appeals, 219 SCRA 115
Velayo v. Shell, 100 Phil. 186
Globe Mackay v. Court of Appeals, 176 SCRA 778 Albenson
v. Court of Appeals, 217 SCRA 16 University of the East v.
Jader, 325 SCRA 804 (2000)
Saudi Arabian Airlines v. Court of Appeals, 297 SCRA 469 (1998)
Petrophil Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122796,
December 10, 2001
Avon Cosmetics v. Luna, G.R. No. 153674, December 20, 2006
Manila Doctors Hospital v. So Un Chua, G.R. No. 150355, July
31, 2006

2. Violation of personal security, physical injuries

Articles 32 to 33, Civil Code
Madela v. Caro, 126 SCRA 293 (1983)
 9

Ponce v. Legaspi, 208 SCRA 377 (1992)

3. Violation of personal dignity

Article 26, Civil Code

Yutuk v. Meralco, 2 SCRA 337 (1961)
Medina v. Castro-Bartlome, 116 SCRA 597 (1982)
Tenchavez v. Escano, 15 SCRA 355 (1965)
MVRS Publications, Inc. v. Islamic Da’wah Council of the
Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 135306, January 28, 2003

4. Malicious prosecution

Article 2219, Civil Code

Lao v. Associated Anglo American Tobacco Corp., 325 SCRA 694
(2000)
Bayani v. Panay Electric Co., 330 SCRA 759 (2000)
Chua v. Court of Appeals, 242 SCRA 341 (1995)

5. Defamation

Article 33, Civil Code

Guita v. Court of Appeals, 139 SCRA 576 (1985)
Navarrete v. Generoso, 325 SCRA 540 (2000)

6. Seduction

Article 21, Civil Code

Pe v. Pe, 5 SCRA 200
Hermosisima v. Court of Appeals, 109 Phil. 629 (1960)
Tanjanco v. Court of Appeals, 18 SCRA 994 (1966)

7. Dereliction of duty

Article 27, Civil Code

Article 34, Civil Code
Amaro v. Samanguit, 5 SCRA 207
Zulueta v. Nicolas, 102 Phil. 944
Vital-Gozon v. Court of Appeals, 292 SCRA 124 (1988)
8. Violation of rights
Article 32, Civil Code
Aberca v. Ver, 160 SCRA 590 (1988)
MHP Garments v. Court of Appeals, 236 SCRA 227 (1993) Rama v.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 44484, March 16, 1987 Vinzons-Chato
v. Fortune Tobacco Corporation, G.R. No.
141309, June 19, 2007

D. Strict Liability

1. Animals

Article 2183, Civil Code

Vestil v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 179 SCRA 47 (1988)
 10

2. Head of Family

Article 2193, Civil Code

Dingcong v. Kanaan, 72 Phil. 15 (1941)

3. Manufacturers/Processors of foodstuffs

Article 2187, Civil Code

Sections 92-107 (Chapter 1), Rep. Act No. 7394 (1992)
See: concurring opinion of Justice Roger Traynor in Escola v. Coca-
Cola Bottling Co., 150 P.2d 436 Cal. (1944)
Greeman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 1377 P. 2d 897 Cal. (1962)

4. Employers

Article 1711, Civil Code

5. Nuisance

i. Definition

Article 694, Civil Code

ii. Kinds

Article 695, Civil Code

Iloilo Cold Storage v. Municipal Council, 24 Phil. 471 Tan
Chat v. Municipality of Iloilo, 60 Phil. 465 Ramcar v. Millar,
6 SCRA 517
Velasco v. Manila Electric Co., 40 SCRA 344
Hidalgo Enterprises, Inc. v. Balandan, G.R. No. L-3422, June
13, 1952
Aquino v. Municipality of Malay, Aklan, G.R. No.
211356, September 29, 2014

iii. Abatement

Articles 696 to 707, Civil Code

Timoner v. People, 125 SCRA 830
Cruz v. Pandacan Hiker’s Club, Inc., G.R. No. 188213,
January 11, 2016

iv. Easement against nuisance

Articles 682 to 683, Civil Code

 11

PART II – DAMAGES

A. Concept

Lazatin v. Twaño, 2 SCRA 842 (1961)

Heirs of Borlado v. Vda. de Bulan, G.R. No. 114118, August 2, 2001
People v. Dianos, 297 SCRA 495 (1998)

B. Actual or compensatory damages

Article 2199, Civil Code

1. Requisites

i. Alleged and proved with certainty

Scott Consultants & Resource Dev’t. Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 242

SCRA 393 (1998)
Basilan Lumber Co. v. Cagayan Timber Expert Co., 2 SCRA 766
(1961)
MCC Industrial Sales Corp. v. Ssangyong Corp., G.R. No.
170633, October 17, 2007
Lorenzo Shipping Corporation v. National Power
Corporation, G.R. Nos. 181683 and 184568, October 7,
2015

ii. Proximate

Songco v. Sellner, 37 Phil. 254 (1917)

Abesamis v. Woodcraft Works, Ltd., 30 SCRA 372 (1969)

iii. Not speculative

Seavan Carrier, Inc. v. GTI Sportswear Corp., 132 SCRA 308

(1984)
Siguenza v. Court of Appeals, 137 SCRA 803 (1985)

2. Component elements
i. Value of loss; unrealized profits
Article 2200, Civil Code
Article 2205, Civil Code
General Enterprises, Inc. v. Lianga Bay Logging Co., Inc., 11
SCRA 733 (1964)
Magat v. Guerrero, G.R. No. 124221, August 4, 2000

ii. Attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation

Article 2208, Civil Code

Solid Homes, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 235 SCRA 299 (1994)
 12

First Metro Investment Corp. v. Este Del Sol Mountain Reserve,

Inc., G.R. No. 114811, November 15, 2001 PCIBank v.
Alejandro, G.R. No. 175587, September 21, 2007
Prudential Bank v. Tupasi-Valenzuela, 328 SCRA 264 (2000)

iii. Interest

Articles 2209 to 2213, Civil Code

See: BSP-MB Circular No. 799 (2013)
Reformina v. Tomol, Jr., 139 SCRA 260 (1985)
Castelo v. Court of Appeals, 244 SCRA 180 (1995)
Eastern Assurance and Surety Corporation v.
Calumpang, 322 SCRA 73 (2000)
International Container Terminal Services, Inc. v. FGU
Insurance Corp., 586 SCRA 485 (2009)
Macalinao v. BPI, 600 SCRA 67 (2009)
Siga-an v. Villanueva, 576 SCRA 696 (2009)
Nacar v. Gallery Frames, G.R. No. 189871, August 13, 2013
Estores v. Spouses Supangan, G.R. No. 175139, April 18,
2012
PCI Leasing and Finance, Inc. v. Torjan Metal Industries, Inc., G.R.
No. 176381, December 15, 2010

3. Extent or scope of actual damages

i. Contracts and Quasi-contracts

Article 2201, Civil Code

Article 2215, Civil Code
Mendoza v. Philippine Airlines, 90 Phil. 836
Cariaga v. LTB Co., 110 Phil. 346
Villa Rey Transit v. Court of Appeals, 31 SCRA 511
Philippine Airlines v. Court of Appeals, 185 SCRA 110

ii. Crimes and Quasi-delicts

Articles 2202 to 2204, Civil Code

Article 2215, Civil Code
People v. Prades, 293 SCRA 411 (1988)
People v. Cepeda, 324 SCRA 290 (2000)
People v. Balgos, 323 SCRA 372 (2000)
People v. Delos Santos, 295 SCRA 583 (1998)
ii. Crimes and Quasi-delicts resulting in death

Article 2206, Civil Code

Heirs of Raymundo Castro v. Bustos, 27 SCRA 327
People v. Quilaton, 205 SCRA 279
Spouses Pereña v. Spouses Zarate, G.R. No. 157917, August 29,
2012
 13

C. Moral Damages

Articles 2216 to 2220, Civil Code

When recoverable

Lopez v. Pan American World Airways, 16 SCRA 431 (1966) Zulueta

v. Pan American World Airways, 43 SCRA 397 (1972) Mambulao
Lumber Co. v. PNB, 22 SCRA 359 (1968)
First Lepanto-Taisho Insurance Corporation (now known as FLT Prime
Insurance Corp.) v. Chevron Phils., Inc., G.R. No. 177839, January 18,
2012
Sweet Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 121 SCRA 769 (1983) Vasquez Vda.
De Arroyo v. Court of Appeals, 121 SCRA 887 (1983) Magbanua v. IAC,
137 SCRA 328 (1985)
Mayo v. People, 204 SCRA 642 (1991)
Domingding v. Ng, 103 Phil. 111 (1958)
San Andres v. Court of Appeals, 116 SCRA 82 (1982)
Tan Kapoe v. Masa, 134 SCRA 231 (1985)

When not recoverable

Mercado v. Lira, 3 SCRA 124 (1961)

Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines v. Esguerra, G.R. No. L-31420, October 23,
1982
Bagumbayan Corp. v. IAC, 132 SCRA 441 (1984)
Equitable Banking Corp. v. IAC, 133 SCRA 135 (1984)
Guita v. Court of Appeals, 139 SCRA 576 (1985)
LBC Express, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 236 SCRA 602 (1994)
Lufthansa German Airlines v. Court of Appeals, 243 SCRA 600 (1995)

D. Nominal Damages

Article 2216, Civil Code

Articles 2221 to 2223, Civil Code
Vda. De Medina v. Cresencia, 99 Phil. 507
Northwest Airlines v. Cuenca, 14 SCRA 1063
Cogeo-Cubao Operators and Drivers Asso. v. Court of Appeals, 207 SCRA 343

E. Temperate or Moderate Damages

Articles 2224 to 2225, Civil Code

Araneta v. Bank of America, 40 SCRA 144 (1971)
Manila Banking Corp. v. IAC, 131 SCRA 271 (1984)
People v. Torres, 532 SCRA 654 (2007)
Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124354, December 29, 1999 Tan v.
OMC Carriers, Inc., G.R. No. 190521, January 12, 2011 Lorenzo Shipping
Corporation v. National Power Corporation, G.R. Nos. 181683 and 184568,
October 7, 2015

F. Liquidated Damages

Articles 2226 to 2228, Civil Code

 14

National Power Corp. v. National Merchandising Corp., 117 SCRA 793

(1982)
Titan v. Uni-Field, G.R. No. 153874, March 1, 2007
G. Exemplary or Corrective Damages
Articles 2229 to 2235, Civil Code
Singson v. Aragon, 92 Phil. 514 (1953)
Munsayac v. De Lara, 23 SCRA 1086 (1968)
Octot v. Ybanez, 111 SCRA 79 (1982)
Sarkies Tours Phils., Inc. v. IAC, 124 SCRA 588 (1983)
San Miguel Brewery v. Magno, 21 SCRA 292
People v. Alfredo, G.R. No. 188560, December 15 2010

14