Chapter 2 g8

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
ZAMBALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

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CHAPTER 2
Specifically, this research was designed to answer tplicates students and if
such effects are significant or not. This chapter is divided into several parts that
describes and explains about the different procedures including research design,
population and locale of the study, data gathering tools, validity and reliability of
the instruments, data gathering procedures, and the treatment of data.
Research Methodology
This study used descriptive research with basic qualitative research design
which is generally based on a social constructivism perspective and data collection
involves interview, observation, and/or archival (content) data. It uses open –
ended questionnaires and semi – structured interviews method to acquire the
needed data and to determine how lack of sleep implicates students and if such
effects are significant or not. Before conducting an interview, the researchers made
a letter of approval to conduct the study. The researchers interviewed ten
respondents from Senior High School students in Zambales National High School
using volunteer sampling technique, the interview lasted for at least three to five
minutes during their vacant period. To gather information about the study, an
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interview guide was used as an instrument in the interview proper, and the
researchers also used phone for voice recording to record answer.
Population and Locale of the Study
The study will cover ten selected senior high school student of Zambales
National High School from ABM, HUMMS and STEM strands which will serve as
the respondents of the study. The student must experience or experiencing lack of
sleep, also volunteer sampling was used for selecting the respondents. The
members of the population volunteer to participate in the study.
Data Gathering Tools
The researchers used a semi-structured interview to easily obtain
information about how lack of sleep implicates students and if such effects are
significant or not. Using volunteer sampling technique, there were ten Senior High
School students as the target participants and each interview was done during
their vacant time that lasted for two-five minutes. The researchers also used phone
to record the voices of the respondents along with the interview guide question.
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Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
The researcher formulated research questions to determine how lack of
sleep implicates students and if such effects are significant or not, and undergone
title defense and the research questions were validated by the research teacher
and the panelist. The comments and suggestions further helped in improving the
questionnaire.
Data Gathering Procedures
The researchers followed the procedures in conducting a research.
Through a formal letter of request to the principal and the assistant principal,
permission was secured to conduct the study. The researchers interviewed ten
Senior High School students as the target respondents and explained to them the
purpose of the study. The respondents signed a consent before the interview serve
as the agreement. The interview was conducted for two- five minutes during vacant
period at their classroom.
Treatment of Data
Transcription is the action of providing a written account of spoken words.
In qualitative research, transcription is conducted of individual or group interviews
and generally written verbatim (exactly word-for word). Davidson, C. (2009).
Researcher makes choices about whether to transcribe, what to transcribe, and

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how to represent the record in text. In basic research that employs language as
data, current accepted practices involve audio- or videotaping communicative
interaction (perhaps with the addition of concurrent observational notes or pre- or
possession research memos) followed by verbatim transcription and analysis,
which includes some form of coding process, to make sense of the data (Psathas
& Anderson, 1990).
Bailey J. (2008) Transcribing may appear to be a straightforward technical
task. However, the process of transcription may differ depending on its end use.
Transcripts that are used mainly to select quotes and sound bites may not need
the same level of details as transcripts which will be systematically reviewed,
grouped into themes (often through a process of coding), and analyzed for content.
Typing out every word and sound in a recording, especially for court
recordings can provide a deeper understanding and insight regarding what was
going on in a respondent’s mind when they were answering a question. Making
sure to capture every word and sound as they are spoken, representing the live
conversation or speech exactly as it happened.
MOS Legal Transcription Company (2019)… It is also the art of capturing
each verbal sound in an audio recording into a text format. It transfers everything
on an audio file exactly the way it is delivered, including the pauses, non-verbal
utterances and even silence. Therefore, it requires a keen ear and great attention
to detail. So seeking the assistance of a general transcription service or online

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transcription service is the best solution for accurate and efficient verbatim
transcription of the recording. Let us consider some important rules to be followed
when attempting verbatim transcription.
Coding is the process of labeling and organizing your qualitative data to
identify different themes and the relationships between them. When coding
respondents, you assign labels to words or phrases that represent important (and
recurring) themes in each response. These labels can be words, phrases, or
numbers; recommended using words or short phrases, since they’re easier to
remember, skim, and organize.
Open Coding. Refers to the initial phase of the coding process in the
grounded theory approach to qualitative research (generating theory from data)
espoused by Anslem Strauss and Juliet Corbin.
Axial Coding. It is a qualitative research technique that involves relating
data together in order to reveal codes, categories, and subcategories ground within
participants’ voices within one’s collected data.
Selective Coding. Refers to the final stage of data analysis to be completed
after core concepts emerging from the coded data categories and subcategories
have been identified through open and/or axial coding.
Thematic analysis is the process of identifying patterns or themes within
qualitative data. Braun & Clarke (2006) suggest that it is the first qualitative method
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that should be learned as ‘.it provides core skills that will be useful for conducting
many other kinds of analysis’ (p.78). A further advantage, particularly from the
perspective of learning and teaching, is that it is a method rather than a
methodology (Braun & Clarke 2006; Clarke & Braun, 2013). The goal of a thematic
analysis is to identify themes, i.e. patterns in the data that are important or
interesting, and use these themes to address the research or say something about
an issue. This is much more than simply summarizing the data; a good thematic
analysis interprets and makes sense of it. A common pitfall is to use the main
interview questions as the themes (Clarke & Braun, 2013). Typically, this reflects
the fact that the data have been summarized and organized, rather than analyzed.
Research Axial Selective

Statements Open Coding
Questions Coding Coding
What does R1: “Ano uhm -Lack of energy Insufficient Inactive
lack of parang wala kang energy
sleep feels energy gawin
like? yung mga bagay
bagay tapos lagi
kang inaantok .
”
R2: “Ano parang -Always tired Cannot Difficulty in
laging pagod move moving
tapos ang hirap easily
gumalaw .”
R3:“ uhmm… -I felt tired Physically Exhausted
uhmm… it feels… drained
I felt
tired…tirediness .”
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R4: “Para sakin, -I’m not active in Cannot Mentally

kapag Hindi ako class. focus on inactive
nakakatulog Ng study
maaga(stops)nahi
hilo ako,tapos
(stops)yun
nahihilo ako so
Hindi na ako
nagiging active sa
klase. .”
R5:“ Nakakahilo, -Dizziness Head pain Headache
sakit sa Ulo.” -Pain in head
R6: “ Uhm.. based -lack of sleep is Insufficient Always
on my own normal sleep is having
experience common irregular
Ehemm my feeling sleep
of having an
irregular sleep or
lack of sleep is
normal ”
R7: -Loss of focus Cannot Mentally
“uhmm...ahhhh...it give disturb
o'y parang ano attention
kumbaga Hindi mo
magawa ng
maayos yung
tulog mo tapos
ahh... di ka
makapagconcentr
ate then parang
gusto mo yung
ahhh...mahiga
lang at di
bumangon sa
higaan Kung saan
uhmm...nakahiga..
.”
R8: “Obviously -you'll become Feeling
when you lack of sleepy. drowsy
sleep you'll Mentally
become sleepy. unfocused
But on the other - I can't concentrate
hand, when I lack in my studies.
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of sleep I can't Cannot pay

concentrate in my attention to
studies. I can't studies
focus listening to
our teacher and all
I can think is I
want more time to
sleep”
R9: “ahhh... -Difficulty of Difficulty in Hard to
anoo.. ahhh. ano listening to teachers paying listen
mahirap... makinig attention
sa... mga
teachers...lalo na
pag... aantukin ka
kapag nagdiscuss
sila.”
R10: It feels like I’m tired even its Already Exhausted
I’m tired even its just beginning of tired
just beginning of the day
the day
Research Axial
Statements Open Coding Selective
Question Coding Coding
What R1: “ Ano nakakahilo - Drowsy Losing unsteady

happens if na maaga tayo
the student nagigising syempre balance
doesn’t get may pasok tayo . ”
enough R2: “Nakakatulog ako - sleeping in Taking a Resting
sleep? sa klase pag sa class hours.
school.” nap
R3: “sometimes ahh… -I find a Seeking for

sometimes ahh… I find alternative time
a alternative time to time
ahhh…. Make my
sleep sufficient…
.”
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R4: “ Madali Kasi -blurry sight Unstable Unsteady

nakaka-yung Maya ko
lumalabo,tas feeling
nakakakita ako Ng puti
puti Yung ganon.”
R5: “ Masakit sa - headache Feeling Feel sick
ulo,mabigat Yung ulo
maghapon ganun” -feels unpleasant
headache all
day
R6: “ I'm hitting the - nothings Feels the Normal
reality here okay so actually weird
nothings actually weird that is same feeling
that is happening to happening to
me when I haven't me when I
enough sleep because haven't enough
it's already my habit” sleep because
it's already my
habit
R7: “uhmm...madalas -feeling lazy Physically Inactive
inaantok hikab nang
hikab tapos ahh.... not active
Kung anu-anong
ahh...naiisip tapos
ahhh...ayaw parang
tinatamad parang
ganun lang...
R8: “Just like what I've - can't focus on lack of Distracted

said earlier, when I
lack of sleep I can't my studies attention
focus on my studies. I
keep spacing out
inside our classroom
and it makes me
dumb.”
R9: “ Uhm..... ano -headache Heavy Unstable
masakit sa ulo okay ”
feeling
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R10: “I can’t focus - I can’t focus Mentally Distracted

and pay attention to and pay
my teachers and I attention to my disturb
can’t perform the task teachers.
given.” - and I can’t
perform the
task given.
Research Open
Statements Axial Coding Selective
Question Coding Coding
How do R1: “Ano tawag dito -Slapping Hurting Self-harming

you Ano minsan ano my face to oneself
manage sinasampal yung sarili get rid of my
to stay para magising ganun sleepiness
active (laughs) ganun talaga
after not ako minsan. ”
getting R2: “Naglilibang -Entertaining Amusing Self-
enough gumagawa ng mga kung myself oneself enjoyment
sleep? ano ano basta may
magawa lang”
R3: “ sometime ahh… -taking Getting Fueling for

Im ahh… take vitamins vitamins and supplements activities
or…hmm…uhmm… food to stay active
foods that makes me
hype hmm…”
R4: Ahm, ineentertain -Entertaining Regale Enjoyment
ko na lang Yung sarili ko Myself by oneself
sa pagbabasa kesa may reading
cellphone”
R5: “ Ka-nagseselpon -usage of Self- Time killing
maghapon” cellphone all entertainment
day
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R6: “ Uhm.. maybe - because of Hanging out Aide of

because of my my with peers environment
surroundings ehem.. I surroundings
do Uhm.. wait I do have
a lot of friends and they
are one of the reasons
why I stay active in
class.”
R7: -Drinking Taking Fueling for

“ahh...nagkakape...tapos coffee booster to get
ano uhmm...paano bang rid sleepiness actitvities
tawag dito?...nililibang -
yung sarili para Hindi entertaining
makatulog or myself
ano...antukin...
R8: “Well, I think -because of Peers Surroundings
because of my my presence
surrounding. I have my surrounding support
friends who's noisy and I
know how to manage
my sleepiness.”
R9: “ Ang nagagawa ko -play to get Self- Being active
siguro ah... maglaro rid of my entertainment
para ano mawala yung sleepiness
antok”
R10: “buy coffee and -taking nap Recover Rest
when there’s no teacher
in one subject, I take a insufficient
nap
” sleep
Research
Statements Open Coding Axial Coding Selective
Question Coding
What are R1: “Social media -social media Online Internet

the minsan pag-aaral . ” applications
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reasons
you lack R2: “Ahhh.. FB fb fb, -applications Web surfing Internet
your ML”
sleep?
R3: “uhmm.. - doing Learning Education
sometimes..uhmm…do homework schedule
ing uhmm…doing
homeworks uhmm.. - fulfill my
fulfill my requirements requirements
and one also one of
the reason is I
ahh…came from
uhmm… far place
uhmm… my hometown
and I need to wake up
early in the morning to
travel.”
R4: “Minsan dahil sa -Social media Online Internet

social media,tapos browsing
minsan assignments.”
R5: “ Ano nanunuod - because of Learning time Education
Ng K-Drama or school works
gumagawa Ng mga
output sa school or sa
ano projects.”
R6: “ There are lots of - the main Social media Internet
reasons to be honest reason is applications
the first one is because because of
of school works, Gadgets by
second one is it's really browsing in
hard to sleep or live Facebook ,
when you use to stay Twitter or
awake in the midnight watching
but the main reason is YouTube
because of Gadgets by videos
browsing in Facebook ,
Twitter or watching
YouTube videos that's
really a time
consuming.”
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R7: “ahh... Sa ano mga -Doing Learning Studies

paggawa ng project projects and schedule
tapos mga assignments
assignments tapos
minsan nagtatrabaho”
R8: “ Gagdets and - but Gadgets Mobile Technology

studies but Gagdets is is the most devices
the most reason why I reason why I usage
lack of sleep. I'm lack of sleep.
addicted in my I'm addicted
cellphone especially in my
when I'm watching cellphone
anime I can stay
awake until 5 am.”
R9: “ Uhm..Minsan sa -self-study Learning Adjustments
ano sa mga about the strategy
pinapagawa ng topics given
teacher na pag hindi by teacher
ano yung iiwan sainyo
na hindi dinidiscuss tas
kayo yung mag aadjust
na , kayo yung
magaadjust na mag
ano yung mag ano sarli
niyong way ng
pagiintindi sa iniwang
gawain kaya inaabot
ng mga 11 or 12 ganun
doon nakukuha yung
ano puyat”
R10: “ sometimes - I’m using my Using Technology
when there’s lot of phone to visit Mobile
school works and when my social devices
I’m using my phone to media
visit my social media.”
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Resear
ch Open Axial Selective
Statements
Questio Coding Coding Coding
n
How do R1: “ Syemp ano , ano ba ? -Fighting Withstan Fighting
you Nilalabanan yung antok sleepines d against
perform syempre s drowsine somnolence
as a kailangan mong pumasa eh ss
student kaya yun. ”
if you R2: “Ano kumpleto parin -all of my Always Accomplishm
were kapag may gagawin naman activity is still ent
lack of na Activity hindi na rin ako still finished
sleep? natutulog basta ano complete
lang pagkawala lang din
anooo uhm.. Dun lang ako
nagpapahinga”
R3: “uhmm..uhmm.. no yeah -lost in Brain Mentally

my brain sometimes ..ahh… function cannot distracted
lost in function well.. ” well work
easily
R4: “ syempre kapag kulang -low Cannot Decrease
ka sa tulog, Yung performa execute ability to
performances mo sa pag nce in somethi work
aaral ay mababa din dahil school ng easily
Hindi ka Nagiging active dahil
nga Ang focus Ng isip mo ay
matulog na lang .
”
R5: “ Merong- sinusubukan -Trying to Trying to Finding
ko paring may energy ako perform stay strengths
magperform para makakuha even my active
Ng mataas na grade,yun lang energv
thankyou.” drained
R6: “ Even though I don't get - it Being Normal
an enough sleep it doesn't doesn't active condition
affect my energy the next day affect my
and especially in my energy th
performance in school I e next
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perform normally and just like day and

others an active individual.” especially
in my
performa
nce in
school
R7: ano kuya yung mga -Taking Seeking Inactive
ginagawa mo sa school nap for rest
ka...ka-kapag kulang ka sa
tulog?...(laughing)natutulog(la
ughing) natutulog ka nalang?”
R8: “ Normal. I mean nothing -Normal. I Being Normal

change mean stable condition
I'm still doing my best as a nothing
student even if I lack of sleep” change
R9: “ Uhm... ano siguro -Low quiz Loss of Mentally

bagsak sa mga quizzes score focus disturb
R10: : I ..I perform it my best, -perform Trying to Finding
and I’m trying my best to stop it my be active entertainmen
being sleepy ” best, and t
I’m trying
my best
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Legend Code: Open Code Axial Code
Question 1: What does lack of sleep feels like?
Selective Code: Inactive
Interviewer : What does lack of

sleep feels like? Lack of energy
Respondent: “Ano uhm parang

wala kang energy gawin yung
mga bagay bagay tapos lagi
kang inaantok “. Insufficient energy
Selective Code: Difficulty of moving
Interviewer: What does lack of Always Tired

sleep feels like?
Respondent 2: “Ano parang

laging pagod tapos ang hirap
gumalaw Cannot move easily
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Selective Code: Exhausted
Interviewer: What does lack of I felt tired…tirediness

sleep feels like?
Respondent 3:“ uhmm…

uhmm… it feels… I felt
tired…tirediness .” physically drained
Selective Code: Mentally inactive
Interviewer: What does lack of

sleep feels like?
I'm not active in class
Respondent 4:
“Para sakin, kapag Hindi ako
nakakatulog Ng
maaga(stops)nahihilo
ako,tapos (stops)yun nahihilo
ako so Hindi na ako nagiging
active sa klase. .”
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Selective Code: Headache
Dizziness
Interviewer: What does lack of Pain in head
sleep feels like?
Respondent 5: Nakakahilo, sakit sa
Ulo.”
Head pain
Selective Code: Always having irregular sleep

sleep feels like? lack of sleep is normal
respondent 6: “ Uhm.. based on

my own experience Ehemm my
feeling of having an irregular sleep Insufficient sleep is common
or lack of sleep is normal "
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Selective Code: Mentally disturb

sleep feels like?
loss focus
Respondent 7:“
uhmm...ahhhh...ito'y parang ano
kumbaga Hindi mo magawa ng
maayos yung tulog mo tapos
ahh... di ka makapagconcentrate
then parang gusto mo yung Cannot give attention
ahhh...mahiga lang at di
bumangon sa higaan Kung saan
uhmm...nakahiga...”
Selective Code: Mentally unfocused

sleep feels like? you'll become sleepy.
Respondent 8 : “Obviously when I can't concentrate in my studies.

you lack of sleep you'll become
sleepy. But on the other hand,
when I lack of sleep I can't
concentrate in my studies. I can't Feeling drowsy
focus listening to our teacher and
all I can think is I want more time
to sleep”
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Selective Code: Hard to listen

sleep feels like? Difficulty of listening to teachers
Respondent 9: "ahhh... anoo..

ahhh. ano mahirap... makinig sa...
mga teachers...lalo na pag... Difficulty in paying attention
aantukin ka kapag nagdiscuss sila.”
Selective Code: Exhausted
Interviewer: What does lack of I’m tired even its just beginning of
sleep feels like? the day
Respondent 10: .” It feels like I’m

tired even its just beginning of the
day Already tired
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Question 2: What happens if the student doesn’t get enough sleep?
Selective Code: unsteady
Interviewer: What happens if the Drowsy

you doesn’t get enough sleep?
Respondent 1: "Ano nakakahilo

na maaga tayo nagigising syempre
may pasok tayo .” Losing balance
Selective Code: Resting
Interviewer: What happens if the sleeping in class hours.

student doesn’t get enough sleep.
Respondent 2: .” Nakakatulog
ako sa klase pag sa school.” Taking a nap
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Selective Code: Resting
Interviewer: What happens if the

you doesn’t get enough sleep? I find a alternative time
Respondent 3: "sometimes ahh…

sometimes ahh… I find a
alternative time to ahhh…. Make Seeking for time
my sleep sufficient.”
Selective Code: Unsteady

student doesn’t get enough sleep. blurry sight
Respondent 4: .” Madali Kasi

nakaka-yung Maya ko
lumalabo,tas nakakakita ako Ng Unstable feeling
puti puti Yung ganon
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Selective Feel sick
headache
you doesn’t get enough sleep? feels headache all day
Respondent 5: "Masakit sa
ulo,mabigat Yung ulo maghapon
ganun.” Feeling unpleasant
Selective Code: Normal Feeling
Interviewer: What happens if the nothings actually weird that is

student doesn’t get enough sleep. happening to me when I haven't
enough sleep because it's already
my habit
Respondent 6: .” “ I'm hitting the
reality here okay so nothings
actually weird that is happening to
me when I haven't enough sleep feels the same
because it's already my habit
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Selective Code: Inactive

Feeling lazy
Respondent 7: uhmm...madalas
inaantok hikab nang hikab tapos
ahh.... Kung anu-anong
ahh...naiisip tapos ahhh...ayaw physically not active
parang tinatamad parang ganun
lang...
Selective Code: Distracted

student doesn’t get enough sleep.
Can't focus on my studies
Respondent 8: “Just like what

I've said earlier, when I lack of
sleep I can't focus on my studies. I
keep spacing out inside our
classroom and it makes me
dumb.”
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Selective Code: Unstable
Interviewer: What happens if the headache

Respondent 9: “ Uhm..... ano

masakit sa ulo okay heavy feeling
Selective Code: Distracted
I can’t focus and pay attention to

Interviewer: What happens if the my teachers.
student doesn’t get enough sleep. and I can’t perform the task given
Respondent 10: I can’t focus and

pay attention to my teachers and I
can’t perform the task given. Mentally Disturb
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Question 3: How do you manage to stay active after not getting enough sleep?
Selective Code: Self Harming
Interviewer: : How do you manage Slapping my face to get rid of my

to stay active after not getting sleepiness
enough sleep?
Respondent 1: "Ano tawag dito
Ano minsan ano sinasampal yung
sarili para magising ganun (laughs)
Hurting Onself
ganun talaga ako minsan
Selective Code: Self-enjoyment
Interviewer: What happens if the Entertaining myself

Respondent 2: "Naglilibang
gumagawa ng mga kung ano ano
basta may magawa lang”
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Interviewer: : How do you manage to taking vitamins and food

stay active after not getting enough
sleep?
Respondent 3: sometime ahh… Im
ahh… take vitamins or…hmm…uhmm… Getting supplements to stay
foods that makes me hype hmm… active
Selective Code: Enjoyment
Interviewer: What happens if the Entertaining myself by reading

Respondent 4: Ahm, ineentertain

ko na lang Yung sarili ko sa
pagbabasa kesa may cellphone
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Interviewer: : How do you manage to usage of cellphone all day

sleep?
Respondent 5: Ka-nagseselpon
maghapon Getting supplements to stay
active
Selective Code: Aide of environment

you doesn’t get enough sleep? because of my surroundings
Respondent 6: “ Uhm.. maybe

because of my surroundings
ehem.. I do Uhm.. wait I do have a
lot of friends and they are one of Hanging out with peers
the reasons why I stay active in
class.
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Selective Code: Fueling for activities
Interviewer: : How do you manage to Drinking coffee

entertaining myself
sleep?
Respondent 7: ahh...nagkakape...tapos
ano uhmm...paano bang tawag
dito?...nililibang yung sarili para Hindi Taking booster to get rid
makatulog or ano...antukin... sleepiness
Selective Code: Surroundings support
Interviewer: What happens if the because of my surroundings

Respondent 8: “ Well, I think

because of my surrounding. I have
my friends who's noisy and I know Peers presence
how to manage my sleepiness
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Selective Code: Being active
Interviewer: : How do you manage to

stay active after not getting enough play to get rid of my sleepiness
sleep?
Respondent 9: Ang nagagawa ko siguro

ah... maglaro para ano mawala yung Self- entertainment
antok”
Selective Code: Rest
Interviewer: What happens if the you taking nap

doesn’t get enough sleep?
Respondent 10: “ buy coffee and

when there’s no teacher in one
subject, I take a nap Recover insufficient sleep
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Question 3: What are the reason you lack you sleep?

Selective Code: Being active
Interviewer: : How do you manage to

stay active after not getting enough play to get rid of my sleepiness
sleep?
Respondent 9: Ang nagagawa ko siguro

ah... maglaro para ano mawala yung Self- entertainment
antok”
Selective Code: Rest
Interviewer: What happens if the you taking nap

doesn’t get enough sleep?
Respondent 10: “ buy coffee and

when there’s no teacher in one
subject, I take a nap Recover insufficient sleep
Senior High School
Iba, Zambales
Telefax No: (047) 602-1202
References
Allen, M. (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n33
Bailey J. (2008). First steps in qualitative data analysis: transcribing. Family
Practice, 25, 127– 131.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative
Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
Clarke, V. & Braun, V. (2013) Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming

Senior High School
Iba, Zambales
Telefax No: (047) 602-1202
challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The
Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.
Davidson, C. (2009). Transcription: Imperatives for Qualitative Research.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2009, 8(2).
Durepos, G., Mills, A.J. & Wiebe, E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Case Study
Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412957397.n56
Given, L.M. (2008). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research
Methods. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909.n299
Oliver, D., Serovich, J., & Mason, T. (2005). Constraints and Opportunities with
Interview Transcription: Towards Reflection in Qualitative Research. Soc
Forces, 84(2), 1273-1289.
Regmi, K., Naidoo, J., & Pilkington, P. (2010). Understanding the Processes of
Translation and Transliteration in Qualitative Research. International
Journal of Qualitative Methods 2010, 9(1).
Squires, A. (2008). Language barriers and qualitative nursing research:
methodological considerations. Int Nurs Rev, 55(3): 265–273.
doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00652.x.
Temple, B. & Young, A. (2004). Qualitative research and translation dilemmas.

Senior High School
Iba, Zambales
Telefax No: (047) 602-1202
Qualitative Research, 4(2), 161-178

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

ZAMBALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Specifically, this research was designed to answer tplicates students and if

the instruments, data gathering procedures, and the treatment of data.

which is generally based on a social constructivism perspective and data collection

involves interview, observation, and/or archival (content) data. It uses open –

ended questionnaires and semi – structured interviews method to acquire the

a letter of approval to conduct the study. The researchers interviewed ten

researchers also used phone for voice recording to record answer.

Population and Locale of the Study

members of the population volunteer to participate in the study.

Data Gathering Tools

The researchers used a semi-structured interview to easily obtain

Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

The researcher formulated research questions to determine how lack of

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers followed the procedures in conducting a research.

period at their classroom.

Transcription is the action of providing a written account of spoken words.

In qualitative research, transcription is conducted of individual or group interviews

and generally written verbatim (exactly word-for word). Davidson, C. (2009).

Researcher makes choices about whether to transcribe, what to transcribe, and

data, current accepted practices involve audio- or videotaping communicative

interaction (perhaps with the addition of concurrent observational notes or pre- or

possession research memos) followed by verbatim transcription and analysis,

& Anderson, 1990).

Bailey J. (2008) Transcribing may appear to be a straightforward technical

the same level of details as transcripts which will be systematically reviewed,

going on in a respondent’s mind when they were answering a question. Making

conversation or speech exactly as it happened.

MOS Legal Transcription Company (2019)… It is also the art of capturing

to detail. So seeking the assistance of a general transcription service or online

transcription of the recording. Let us consider some important rules to be followed

when attempting verbatim transcription.

Coding is the process of labeling and organizing your qualitative data to

recurring) themes in each response. These labels can be words, phrases, or

numbers; recommended using words or short phrases, since they’re easier to

remember, skim, and organize.

grounded theory approach to qualitative research (generating theory from data)

espoused by Anslem Strauss and Juliet Corbin.

Axial Coding. It is a qualitative research technique that involves relating

participants’ voices within one’s collected data.

Selective Coding. Refers to the final stage of data analysis to be completed

have been identified through open and/or axial coding.

Thematic analysis is the process of identifying patterns or themes within

perspective of learning and teaching, is that it is a method rather than a

Research Axial Selective

R4: “Para sakin, -I’m not active in Cannot Mentally

of sleep I can't Cannot pay

What R1: “ Ano nakakahilo - Drowsy Losing unsteady

R3: “sometimes ahh… -I find a Seeking for

R4: “ Madali Kasi -blurry sight Unstable Unsteady

R8: “Just like what I've - can't focus on lack of Distracted

R10: “I can’t focus - I can’t focus Mentally Distracted

How do R1: “Ano tawag dito -Slapping Hurting Self-harming

R3: “ sometime ahh… -taking Getting Fueling for

R6: “ Uhm.. maybe - because of Hanging out Aide of

R7: -Drinking Taking Fueling for