Objectives

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

1.Determine current and and voltage across each element in a series-parallel AC circuit
2.Measure voltage and current in a series-parallel circuit.
3.Calculate the power dissipate by each of a series-parallel circuit.
4.Use measurement to verify the actual power dissipated correspond to the theory.

Introduction

1. Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. Current is measured in amperes. The
symbol for the ampere is “A”.
Current may be measured with an ammeter. An ammeter is inserted in series with the
component through which current is to be measured, as shown in Figure 1. An ammeter
represents a short or path of zero resistance. This keeps the meter from affecting the
operation of the circuit.

2. Voltage (V) is a force known as electrical pressure. It is the force that causes current to
flow in a circuit. The unit of measurements for voltage is the volt “V”. Voltage is measured with a
voltmeter. Voltmeter should be placed in parallel with the component in order to measure voltage.
Theoretically, Voltmeters represent an infinite resistant. This allows zero current to flow through
the meter, so the meter does not affect the operation of the circuit. Voltage is measured in
PARALLEL and proper POLARITIES must be used.

Series Circuits:
 Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.
 All components share the same (equal) current.
 Resistances add to equal total resistance.

Parallel Circuits:
 All components share the same (equal) voltage.
 Branch currents add to equal total current.
 Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.
 Series - Parallel Circuits
However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and parallel in others, we won’t be
able to apply a single set of rules to every part of that circuit. Instead, we will have to identify which
parts of that circuit are series and which parts are parallel, then selectively apply series and parallel
rules as necessary to determine what is happening. Take the following circuit, for instance:

Equipment

1.Dual trace oscilloscope

2.Signal generator (sinusoidal function generator)

Components:

1)Resistor 10 ohm and 470 ohm

2)Capasitor 3300 pF ( 10% tolerance )
3) Inductor 1 mH ( iron core ,5 % tolerance)
Observation and discussion
From this experiment we can see that current from part A and part B is not same as in part A,

For voltage and power also will be changed based on the current by using ohms law. At extremely high
frequencies a capacitors impedance approaches zero allowing current to flow unrestricted through the
element. Capacitors at very high frequencies resemble a short circuit.

While, phase shift are independent of initial conditions. Therefore, actual capacitors and inductors initial
conditions may have either an initial voltage or current associated with them as well as a phase shift. It was
discovered that even though correcting the voltage or current of a component, the phase shift error is
unable to be corrected. Based on the theoretical and calculation, although the difference of the result is not
big, but we can still see the difference for both of them overall. The theory given is supported by the result
that we get.

There might be some errors happened during the experiment that evade us from get a better result. One of
them might be error during using the oscilloscope and function generator because they have common
ground. So to compare the wave forms we must isolate the scope or function generator from ground using
isolation transformer. Then we should place the ground of channel 1 between the components and invert
channel 2. Both of the scope grounds in circuit is ought to use. Besides, the other electronic device that are
near the experiment might a little bit affect the result. So to evade it we must place the gadgets far from the
place of experiment to get better result.

Methodology:

In this experiment series parallel AC circuits, the equipment that used are dual trace oscilloscope,
signal generator and for the component are resistor 10-Ω and 470-Ω. Then for the capacitors that use
are 3300 pF and the inductors is 1mH.

For experiment part A is to determine of the capacitor and inductor, firstly set of the frequency at 100
KHz, by using the circuit figure that given, construct the circuit then measured the circuit. For part B,
by adding resistor of 10Ω in the circuit for determined the branch currents. By connected Ch1 of the
oscilloscope, Set the oscilloscope to an automatic sweep and use Ch1 as the trigger source. Adjust the
output of the generator to provide a sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude of 2.0V (4.0Vp-p) at a
frequency of f = 100kHz (T = 10µs). After that, Measure the peak-to-peak voltage, V1 and determine
the phase angle, Ɵ1 of voltage V1 with respect to the generator voltage. Then, remove resistor R1 and
replace it with a short circuit. Move Ch2 of the oscilloscope to observe the voltage at point d (voltage
across resistor R). Measure the peak-to-peak voltage VR and the determine the pahse angle ƟR of
voltage VR with respect to the generator voltage e. Lastly, measure and record the phase angle
between the generator voltage and the sensing voltage V.
Instruction and Result ,

Refer to the circuit in figure 1.The reactance of the capasitor and inductor at a frequency of f=100kHz .
Calculation the circuit impedance ,zt and the value in table 1.

Figure 1

Table 1
XC -j482.28
XL j628.318
ZT 301.37-j256.89

The time domain form of the voltage source into its equivalent phasor-domain form .
Calculation the phasor current through each element of the circuit and the result in the table 2

E 2 cos ( 62831t-90 )
IR 4.05∠-12.75mA
IC 5.06∠ -49.55mA
IL 3.035∠ -102.75 mA

The total power provided to the circuit by the voltage source.

PT 10.12 ∠ -139.55 mW
Use complex algebra to show that the currents IR, IC and IL satisfy Kirchhoff’s current law.

 I0
Conclusion

From the experiment we have done, we can conclude that type of arrangement determine the value of a
variable resistor and a strong voltage electric current in the circuit. In the series arrangement, serves as
a resistor voltage divider, which means if the voltage across each resistor is added together then the
amount is equal to the voltage source. Whereas if the resistors are arranged in parallel, it serves as a
divider resistor currents, which means that if a strong electric current passing through each resistor is
measured, it will have a value equal to the total current before branching points.

Precaution Step

1. Ensure the probe connection is correct.

2. Eye must be direct perpendicular to the scale of reading.
3. Terminal component must be connected according to the circuit diagram.

References