Chapter 5 - 2

BUM1113 Technical Mathematics
Chapter 5:Graphs of The Trigonometric Functions
Laila Amera Aziz
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
November 17, 2016
Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Technical MathematicsChapter 5:Graphs of TheNovember
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Chapter Overview
1 5.3 Graphs y = Asin(Bx − C) + D and y = Acos(Bx − C) + D
2 5.4 Graph of Tangent
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Sketch the graph of sine and cosine function.
Identify periods, asymptotes, and intercepts of tangent function.
Sketch the graph of tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant

function.
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5.3 Graphs y = Asin(Bx − C) + D and
y = Acos(Bx − C) + D
Graphing y=A sin x and y=A cos x
The graph of y=A sin x and mathbfy=A cos x, with a 6= 0, will have the
same shape as as the graph of y = sin x or y = cos x, respectively,
except with the range [−|a|, |a|]. The amplitude is a.
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y = A sin x
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y = A cos x
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Example
Graph each function over the interval [−2π, 2π].
1 y = 2 cos x
2
2 y = sin x
3
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Graphing y = Asin Bx and y = Acos Bx
For B > 0, the graph of y=Asin Bx will resemble that of y = Asin x, but
2π
with period . Also,the graph of y=Acos Bx will resemble that of
B
2π
y = Acos x, but with period .
B
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Example
Sketch y = cos2x over one period.
2π 2π
period= = = π (each cycle completed in π units.
B 2
f (t)
π π
2
t
-1
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Observe the difference between y = cos x and y = cos 2x.
Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Technical MathematicsChapter 5:Graphs of The
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Example
π
Determine the amplitude and period of y = 3 sin t. Then, graph the
2
function for −4 6 t 6 4.
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amplitude : A = 3
2π 2π
period : = π =4
B 2
3 f (t)
t
−4 −2 2 4
−3
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Graphing y = Asin (Bx − C) and y = Acos (Bx − C)
The graph of y = sin (Bx − C) and y = cos (Bx − C) are obtained

by shifting the graph of y = Asin Bx and y = Acos Bx, respectively
so that the starting point of the cycle is shifted from x = 0 to
C
x= .
B
C C
If x = > 0, the shift is to the right and if x = < 0, the shift is
B B
to the left.
C
The number x = is called as the phase shift.
B
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Example
1
Determine the amplitude, period and phase shift of y = sin(4t + π).
2
Then, sketch one period of the function.
1
From the function, A = , B = 4 and C = −π.
2
1 1
amplitude : |A| = =
2 2
2π 2π π
period : = =
B 4 2
C π
phase shift : =−
B 4
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π π 3π π
t 0 8 4 8 2
π
t− 4 − π4 − π8 0 π
8
π
4
1 f (t)
2
t
− π4 − π8 π
8
π
4
3π π
2
8
− 12
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Exercise
Sketch the following functions.

(a) 2sin (x − π)
x π
(b) 4cos +
2 2
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Graphing y = Asin (Bx − C) + D and
y = Acos (Bx − C) + D
The constant D causes vertical shifts in the graphs of

y = Asin (Bx − C) and y = Acos (Bx − C).
If D is positive, the shift is D units upward and if D is negative, the
shift is D units downward.
This vertical shift result in sinusodial graphs oscillating about the
horizontal line y = D rather than about x-axis.
Thus, the maximum y is D + |A| and the minimum y is D − |A|.
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Example
π
Sketch one period of the function y = 2sin t − − 3.
2
π
From the function, A = 2, B = 1, C = ,D = −3
2
amplitude : |A| = 2
2π 2π
period : = = 2π
B 1
C π
phase shift : =
B 2
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Example
Sketch one period of the function y = −2cos x + 1.
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2 f (t)
t
π 2π
−2
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3 f (t)
t
π 2π
−1
−2
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Exercise
Sketch the following functions.

1
(a) 3sin x −3
2
1
(b) −1 + cos (2x − 3π)
2
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Application Problem 1
The figure shows the depth of water at a boat dock which varies with
the tides.
The depth is 6 feet at low tide and 12 feet at high tide. On a certain
day, low tide occurs at 4 a.m. and high tide at 10 a.m.. If y represents
the depth of the water, in feet and x is hours after midnight, use a sine
function of the form y = Asin (Bx − C) + D to model the water’s depth.
Given that, the period is 12 hours and the depth of water at 7 a.m. is
10 feet.
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min value=6 ft, max value=12 ft
max − min 12 − 6
A= = =3
2 2
2π 2π π
period= 12 = ⇒B= =
B 12 6
If there were no phase shift, a maximum for the sine wave would occur
one-quarter of the way through the period at t = 41 (12) which is x = 3.
However, for this case, maximum occurs at x = 10, 7 units to the right
of x = 3. Thus, the phase shift is 7.
C π 7π
phase shift= 7 = ⇒C =7× =
B 6 6
max+min 6 + 12
D= = =9
2 2

π 7π
Hence, y = 3 sin x− + 9.
6 6
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Application Problem 2: Modelling Temperature with
Sine function
The highest average monthly temperature in Vancouver, Canada is 64◦

in July, and the lowest average monthly temperature is 36◦ in January
(a) Determine a function of the form f (x) = Asin (Bx − C) + D that
models the average monthly temperature in Vancouver. Let x
represent the month, with January corresponding to x = 1.
(b) Sketch one period of the function in (a).

π 2π
Answer : y = 14 sin x− + 50
6 3
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Exercise I
Given a table of average monthly temperatures and a scatter plot
based on the data, find a periodic function of the form
y = Asin (Bx − C) + D
whose values approximate the temperatures.

π 2π
Answer : y = 25.25 sin x− + 43.25
6 3
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Exercise II
In Oslo, Norway, the number of hours of daylight reaches as low as 6

hr in January and as high as nearly 18.8 hr in June.
(a) Find a sinusoidal equation model for the number of daylight hours
each month.
(b) Sketch the graph.
π π
Answer : y = 6.4 sin x− + 12.4
6 2
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5.4 Graph of Tangent
Domain : All real numbers

other than
π π 3π
x = + πk = ± , ± , . . .
2 2 2
Range : (−∞, ∞)
π
Asymptotes : x = + πk
2
π 3π
x = ± ,± ,...
2 2
Period: π
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Graph of A tan(Bx − C)
Sketching the graph of y = A tan (Bx − C) is similar to sketching

the graph of y = A sin (Bx − C) in that you locate key points that
identify the intercepts and asymptotes.
Two consecutive vertical asymptotes can be found by solving the

inequality
π π
− < Bx − C <
2 2
The midpoint between two consecutive vertical asymptotes is an
x-intercept of the graph.
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The Coefficient A:Vertical Stretches and
Compressions
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Example

3
Sketch two periods of the function y = 2 tan x + π .
4
3
A = 2, B = 1, C = − π
4
π π
period = = =π
B 1
π 3 π 5 1
asymptote : − <x+ π< =− π<x <− π
2 4 2 4 4
5 1
− π− π 3
midpoint: 4 4 =− π
2 4
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Exercise
Sketch two periods of the following functions.

1
(a) y = tan x
2
π
(b) y = tan x −
3 π
(c) y = 3 tan 2x −
4
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Graph of Cotangent
Domain : All real numbers other than x = k π = ±π, ±2π, ±3π, . . .

Range : (−∞, ∞) Asymptotes : x = k π Period: π
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Graph of Secant
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Graph of Cosecant
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Chapter 5 - 2

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BUM1113 Technical Mathematics

Chapter 5:Graphs of The Trigonometric Functions

Laila Amera Aziz

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

November 17, 2016

1 5.3 Graphs y = Asin(Bx − C) + D and y = Acos(Bx − C) + D

2 5.4 Graph of Tangent

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Identify periods, asymptotes, and intercepts of tangent function.

Sketch the graph of tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant

Graphing y=A sin x and y=A cos x

The graph of y = sin (Bx − C) and y = cos (Bx − C) are obtained

Sketch the following functions.

The constant D causes vertical shifts in the graphs of

Sketch the following functions.

The highest average monthly temperature in Vancouver, Canada is 64◦

In Oslo, Norway, the number of hours of daylight reaches as low as 6

Domain : All real numbers

Sketching the graph of y = A tan (Bx − C) is similar to sketching

Two consecutive vertical asymptotes can be found by solving the

Sketch two periods of the following functions.

Domain : All real numbers other than x = k π = ±π, ±2π, ±3π, . . .

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