How Do FPSOs Work?

Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessels, or FPSOs, are offshore production facilities
that house both processing equipment and storage for produced hydrocarbons. The basic
design of most FPSOs encompasses a ship-shaped vessel, with processing equipment, or
topsides, aboard the vessel's deck and hydrocarbon storage below in the double hull. After
processing, an FPSO stores oil or gas before offloading periodically to shuttle tankers or
transmitting processed petroleum via pipelines.

FPSO

Moored in place by various mooring systems, FPSOs are effective development solutions for
both deepwater and ultra-deepwater fields. A central mooring system allows the vessel to rotate
freely to best respond to weather conditions, or weathervane, while spread-mooring systems
anchor the vessel from various locations on the seafloor.

Usually tied to multiple subsea wells, FPSOs gather hydrocarbons from subsea production wells
through a series of in-field pipelines. Once tapped by subsea wells, hydrocarbons are
transmitted through flowlines to risers, which transport the oil and gas from the seafloor to the
vessel's turret and then to the FPSO on the water's surface.
FPSO

The processing equipment aboard the FPSO is similar to what would be found atop a
production platform. Usually built in modules, FPSO production equipment can consist of water
separation, gas treatment, oil processing, water injection and gas compression, among others.
Hydrocarbons are then transferred to the vessel's double-hull for storage.

Crude oil that is stored onboard is frequently transferred to shuttle tankers or ocean barges
going ashore, via a loading hose. Loading oil from the stern of the FPSO to the bow of the
shuttle tanker is known as tandem loading. While gas is many times transferred to shore via
pipeline or re-injected into the field to boost production.

FPSO Characteristics
Permanently moored, FPSOs are viable development solutions for a number of different
offshore field situations. Because FPSOs can be disconnected from their moorings, these
offshore production vessels are optimal for areas that experience adverse weather conditions,
such as cyclones and hurricanes.
FPSO

Additionally, because FPSOs can be moved, they are a more economical solution for more
marginal fields, in that the vessel can be moved to another development and redeployed once
the original field has been depleted. Also, FPSOs are an optimal choice for development when
there are no existing pipelines or infrastructure to transfer production to shore. Adding to the
economic advantages of FPSOs, existing tankers are frequently converted into FPSOs.

Used in offshore production since the 1970s, FPSOs have been historically utilized in the North
Sea, offshore Brazil, Asia Pacific, the Mediterranean Sea and offshore West Africa.

Oil spills do not usually occur from FPSOs, although in the late 1990s the Texaco Captain
FPSO spilled approximately 3,900 barrels of oil due to human error. Besides this incident,
FPSOs have spilled less than approximately 500 barrels of oil combined.

Besides FPSOs, similar floating systems include Floating Storage and Offloading systems
(FSOs), Floating Production Systems (FPSs) and Floating Storage Units (FSUs). Additionally,
the world's first FDPSO, or Floating Drilling Production Storage and Offloading vessel, was
developed in 2009 for Murphy Oil's Azurite field offshore Republic of Congo. This Azurite
FDPSO incorporates deepwater drilling equipment that will help to develop the field and can be
removed and reused after all the Azurite production wells have been drilled. Furthermore, the
world's first FLNG or Floating Liquid Natural Gas vessel is currently being developed.