Presented to

The Faculty of the Senior High School

Manila Science High School
Ermita, Manila

EFFECTS OF COLOR-CODED DUSTBINS ON SOLID WASTE

SEGREGATION BEHAVIOR IN MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
FOR A.Y. 2018- 2019

A Thesis

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for
RESEARCH PROJECT SUBJECT

By:
REMO R. EVANGELISTA
FRANCIS AARON G. UMALI
RHEA MAE V. LIMIN
MA. THEA ANGELU OPRENARIO
LAUREN JILLIAN B. ORTIZ

September 2018
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research Project

Subject. This thesis entitled “EFFECTS OF COLOR-CODED DUSTBINS
ON SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION BEHAVIOR IN MANILA SCIENCE
HIGH SCHOOL FOR A.Y. 2018- 2019” has been prepared and
submitted by REMO R. EVANGELISTA, FRANCIS AARON G. UMALI,
RHEA MAE V. LIMIN, MA. THEA ANGELU OPRENARIO, and
LAUREN JILLIAN B. ORTIZ who are hereby recommended for
acceptance and approval.

LOLITA P. FERNANDEZ, Ed. D.

Adviser
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to give their utmost thanks and heartfelt

gratitude to all the ones that helped make the completion of the project possible.

Special mention is given to the following people:

DR. LOLITA P. FERNANDEZ, the research adviser and teacher of the

researchers, for encouraging and helping them start the research project.

Without her unwavering support and constant motivation, the researchers

wouldn’t have been able to produce this research.

MS. MARIA S. NACION, the principal of the school, for supporting our

research project proactively and lending the researchers a possible venue to

learn more about making and improving their research.

DR. REYNALDO S. PINEDA, teacher of the researchers, in helping them

during the seminar about the research title and making it possible by giving his

support for during the event.

YFUR PORSCHE P. FERNANDEZ, the main speaker of the seminar, for

helping the researchers in choosing their research topic and making their

research possible by imparting his knowledge and wisdom in making the best

possible research.
 Dedication
This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God—who gave His strength and

knowledge to the young researchers in every day, the ever loving and supportive

parents—who gave the researchers massive support and guidance in finishing

the study, the researchers' research adviser—who taught what they needed to

learn in conducting the study and helped them in correcting their mistakes.
 Abstract
Names: REMO R. EVANGELISTA, FRANCIS AARON G. UMALI, RHEA MAE
V. LIMIN, MA. THEA ANGELU OPRENARIO, LAUREN JILLIAN B.
ORTIZ

Title: EFFECTS OF COLOR-CODED DUSTBINS ON SOLID WASTE

SEGREGATION BEHAVIOR IN MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
FOR A.Y. 2018- 2019

Degree: RESEARCH PROJECT SUBJECT

School: MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

Statement of the Purpose:

1. To determine the significant difference between the waste segregation

behavior of Manila Science High School students with color-coded
dustbins and plain dustbins;

2. To know the factors to be integrated into the color-coded dustbins to to

improve the solid waste segregation behavior of Manila Science High
School students; and

3. To identify the relative number of color-coded dustbins needed to be

placed inside the school premises for the effectiveness of it on the
students
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Segregation refers to a solid waste management practice of separating

different materials found in solid waste to promote recycling and reuse of

resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal.

(Ecological Solid Waste Management, 2000)

In Metro Manila, 9,212.92 tons per day of wastes were generated in

2016. Wastes from institutional sources including educational and medical

institutions accounts for about 12 percent while the remaining 4 percent is waste

coming from the industrial or manufacturing sector. (Senate Economic Planning

Office, 2017)

In a study conducted by the UP College of Engineering in 2009, proper

labeling of waste receptacles for each building in the campus of every university

proved to have a positive impact on the students’ discipline in their own school

and at home. The reasons for not segregating can be classified into four major

factors: time, trash bin design and appearance, environment, and action towards

segregation. This could greatly affect the waste management habits of the
students, faculty, and the administrators. The installation of color-coded dustbins

has something to do with the decision of the waste generator to segregate and

to identify the most effective segregation design among three different existing

designs in the school.

Waste segregation through color-coded dustbins placed in different

institutions such as schools and offices have been a practice many years ago.

Solid waste rose in Manila Science High School due to its increased population,

since the addition of the Senior High Department. The school practices waste

segregation in its canteen through labeled trash bins. However, with the

construction of the trash bins, waste segregation is not done properly.

The researchers’ aim for this study was to make the students aware of

the solid waste situation of the school. It also promotes continuous proper

practice which will embed the value of segregation on students.

Theoretical Framework

Color is Nature's own powerful signaling system. Scientifically, it is the

first thing we register when we are assessing anything: a very simple and

obvious example of that is our reaction to a fly in our home: if it is black, we will

probably find it a minor irritation, but if it has

yellow stripes our reaction will be different. The same instinct tells us when food

is unsafe to eat and throughout the animal kingdom color is widely used to signal

sexual availability. (Color Psychology, Angela Wright)

Colour is a subtle stimulation with salient impact has been highly affecting

human lives physically, psychologically, physiologically and sociologically every

day, and has now been widely accepted. Every individual see colour differently

depending how one’s perceived the phenomenon.

An appropriate colour may contribute to longer span of concentration in

learning, improving performance and influence positive emotion and perception

to its surrounding.

Environmental Colour Impact upon Human Behaviour: A Review (Nurlelawati Ab.

Jalil, Rodzyah Mohd Yunus & Normahdiah S. Said)

EFFECTS
EFFECTSOF
OFCOLOR-CODED
COLOR-CODEDDUSTBINS
DUSTBINS
METHODS
METHODSUSED
USED
Behavior
Behavior
Color-coded
Color-codeddustbins
dustbins
Improvements
Improvements
Segregation
Segregation
Proper
Proper Practice
Practice
Survey
Survey

EFFECTIVE
EFFECTIVE SOLID
SOLID WASTE
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT

SS
OURCE
OURCEOF
OFWASTE
WASTE
Students
Students
Faculty
FacultyMembers
Members
Administrators
Administrators

MANILA
MANILA SCIENCE
SCIENCE HIGH
HIGH SCHOOL
SCHOOL
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Effects of Color-Coded Dustbins on Solid
Waste
Segregation Behavior in Manila Science High School for A.Y. 2018- 2019

Statement of the Problem

The researchers will answer the following questions throughout the study:

 What is the significant difference between the waste segregation behavior of

Manila Science High School students with color-coded dustbins and plain

dustbins?

 What are the factors to be integrated into the color-coded dustbins to to

improve the solid waste segregation behavior of Manila Science High School

students?

 What is the relative number of color-coded dustbins needed to be placed

inside the school premises for the effectiveness of it on the students?

Paradigm of the Study

For the raw data, the effects of color-coded dustbins on solid waste segregation

behavior in Manila Science High School were processed and analyzed through

questionnaires of Dichotomous Test Survey which can have two possible

answers. The questionnaire is used for clear distinction of qualities, experiences

or respondent’s opinions by answering Yes/No. (Talikoti, 2015)

Consequently, the processed data of the effects of color-coded dustbins were the

average academic self-efficacy and study hours of Grade 8 and Grade 9

students, and as shown in Figure 2, the correlation of these factors to test

anxiety, and the assessment of the test anxiety of the selected population.
 Data Input Process Data Output
Effects of color- Analysis of the The significant
coded dustbins data gathered difference
in Manila Science through between the
High School questionnaires waste
which are the segregation
Solid Waste following: behavior of
segregation Dichotomous Manila Science
behavior of Test Survey High School
Grade students with
7,8,9,10,11, and The following color-coded
12 students statistical tools dustbins and
were applied: plain dustbins
T-test
Relative number
Correlation
of color-coded
Test
dustbins needed
to be placed
inside the school
premises
relative
number of
color-coded
dustbins
needed to be
Figure 2. Paradigm of the Study placed inside
the school
premises for
the
Hypotheses effectiveness of
it on the
students
The researchers formulated different hypotheses based on the problems

stated above:
relative
number of
1. There is no significant difference between the waste segregation behavior
color-coded
dustbins
of Manila Science High School students with color-coded dustbins and
needed to be
placed inside
plain dustbins.
the school
premises for
2. There is no significant difference in the relative number of color-coded
the
effectiveness of
dustbins needed to be placed inside the school premises for the
it on the
students
effectiveness of it on the students

relative
number of
color-coded
dustbins
 placed inside
the school
premises for
the
effectiveness of
it on the
students

Significance of the Study

The results of the study might greatly benefit the administration and

students of Manila Science High School by facilitating information and

managing the effectiveness of color-coded dustbins inside school premises. The

research also aims to find out if the factors of waste disposal decisions of

students in Manila Science High School, improvements on its current waste

management system can be relayed to the administration.

Improper waste disposal is a threat to the environment and as much as

schools contribute to 12 percent of waste disposed in the country, proper

management is crucial. Strict implementation of waste segregation of the school

is sustainable for the environment. With the study’s aim to determine the factors

of waste disposal decisions of students in Manila Science High School,

improvements on its current waste management system can be relayed to the

administration.

The study does not only make the students aware of the solid waste

situation of the school. It also promotes continuous proper practice which will

embed the value of segregation on students.

Scope and Limitations

The segregation of wastes in Manila Science High School will be studied.

The researchers will evaluate data from the actual solid waste generated and

segregated in two buildings, and surveys will also be conducted.

 Considering the number of trash bins in the building, the labeling of the

trash bins, and the population that occupies the building, two buildings were

chosen to be examined. Color-coded dustbins are placed in front of the Science

Building, as well as in the Amadome. Experimental color-coded dustbins will also

be placed in these areas. The researchers will only conduct surveys on students

who occupy the Science building and the Main Building. Other buildings such as

the Computer Building, Bordner Building and Maceda Building will not be part of

the study.

The study will only last for four months, and therefore it represents only

a fraction of student body’s waste segregation behavior for the A.Y. 2018-2019.

The solid waste segregation of students after the lengthened period of placing

the experimental color-coded dustbins design will not be studied.

Definition of Terms

In this academic endeavor, the following terms were defined based on

how its concept was used in the study. This can help for the further

understanding of this research work.

• Segregation- is the act or process of segregating; a setting apart or

separation of things from other or from the main body or group.

• Solid Waste- any garbage, refuse; discarded materials including solid,

liquid, semi- solid or contained any gaseous materials

• Recycling- process of converting waste materials into new materials and

objects
• Reuse- to use again especially in a different way or after reclaiming or

repressing

• Industrial Sector- is a category that refers to producing goods in

construction and manufacturing, this sector includes companies involved

with aerospace and defense, industrial machinery tools, lumber

production, construction, waste management, manufactured housing and

metal fabrication

• Receptacle- an object or space used to contain something

 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature and studies of this research is divided into

following categories.

The studies have been analyzed by keeping the objectives, methodology,

and results of the study to strengthen the rationale of this research.

Foreign Literature

A. Books

Study Hours
In any school system, academic performance is the priority to students as

well as the teachers. Several studies have shown that factors such as motivation

and study time have impacted on students’ achievement (Cote & Levine, 2000,

Singth, Granville & Dika, 2002).

In recent years, much effort has been dedicated to understanding the

parameter affecting success of undergraduate students in higher institutions of

learning. Nonis, Philhours, Syamil, and Hudson (2005) analyzed the personality

variables of 228 universities students attending a medium size AACSB accredited

public university. Using a hierarchical regression model, they discovered that

self-reported time per credit hour spent on academic activities outside of

classroom explains a significant portion of the variation in the semester grade

point average (GPA) for senior students, but has no impact on the cumulative

GPA.

Brookshire and Palocsay (2005) also analyzed the achievement of

undergraduate students in public management and science courses and report

that overall academic achievement as measured by students’ G.P.A. has a

significantly higher impact on achievement than students’ mathematical skills as

measured by their study time scores.

Many studies have been carried out on study time behaviour and

students’ achievement. The recent ones include that of Logunmakin (2001),

Kumar (2002) and Gbore (2006). They all agreed that study time attitude affects

strong relationship with academic performance of students while other

researchers like Owolabi (1996) and Adeyemo (2005) concluded that students’

academic achievement was the outcome of a combination of the study time

behaviour and other factors in any course of study. Adeyemo (2005) specifically

opined that study time attitude is an exercise that goes beyond merely reading

for pleasure.

B. Published Journals

Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila

There are numerous stringent directions overseeing the treatment

and disposal of waste in the Metro Manila and in most other cities also.

Offices engaged with waste disposal and treatment require licenses, and
all staff who work at such offices require the correct sort of preparing that

runs with the treatment of waste that can regularly be unsafe if not taken

care of appropriately. Waste management facilities and administration

offices likewise should have the capacity to react rapidly to emergency

circumstances. By their extremely nature there is infrequently any notice

that a crisis is going to happen. Hence emergency response groups should

be on reserve or standby each hour of consistently, and each day of

consistently. Waste management disposal and treatment can begin from

both local and industrial sources (Rose, 2009).

In specialized note, the term 'solid waste' is utilized to incorporate

all non-fluid wastes produced by human action and a scope of solid waste

material coming about because of the catastrophe, for example, general

residential junk, for example, sustenance waste, cinder and bundling

materials; human excrement discarded in refuse; emergency waste such

as plastic water containers, bottles and bundling from other emergency

supplies; rubble coming about because of the disaster; mud and slurry

stored by the cataclysmic event; and Allen trees and shakes deterring

transport and interchanges. Other specialist waste, for example,

therapeutic waste from doctor's facilities and lethal waste from industry

will likewise should be managed desperately, yet they are not secured by

this specialized note (World Wellbeing Association, 2011).

 The Municipal Council authorized a law setting up solid waste

management otherwise called "Perkash Fashura Law Na Isadanga."The

ordinance precludes dumping of junk anyplace other than those perceived

and set up trash offices; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at

the reclamation focus/office; releasing of human defecation along the

rivers and streams; tossing of squanders in rivers, waterways, open

places, for example, streets, walkways and foundations; and consuming of

refuse especially non-biodegradable squanders. It additionally expects

occupants to rehearse isolation of solid waste at source. Reusable solid

waste, for example, bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers will be

conveyed to the barangay material recuperation office appropriately

isolated or specifically to the operator purchasers. Non-recyclable

materials and extraordinary solid waste will be conveyed to the material

recuperation office, while dangerous waste or synthetic concoctions will

be arranged in a joint effort with concerned government organizations as

per recommended techniques. The neighborhood government is in charge

of gathering reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials

from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the reusing

focuses as well as to the metropolitan material recuperation office.

Gathering of disposal solid waste is planned per barangay (Saley, 2012).

Implementation of RA 9003 in Schools

The topic of environmental protection has attained highest

importance in this era globally but the practices of basic concepts waste

disposal are often neglected. People around the globe are aware of the

impact of improper waste disposal practices, but the negative attitude of

implementation gives rise to chaotic situations. (Raghavan, 2013)

Assessing waste production in schools highlights the contribution of

school children and school staff to the total amount of waste generated in

a region, as well as any poor practices of recycling (the so-called separate

collection of waste) in schools by the students, which could be improved

through educational activities. Educating young people regarding the

importance of environmental issues is essential, since instilling the right

behavior in school children is also beneficial to the behavior of their

families. (Bezzi, 2016)

The way waste management was carried out in different schools in

Trento (northern Italy) was analyzed: a primary school, a secondary

school, and three high schools were taken as cases of study. The possible

influence of the age of the students and of the various activities carried

out within the schools on the different behaviors in separating waste was

also evaluated. The results showed that the production of waste did not

only depend on the size of the institutes and on the number of occupants,
 but, especially, on the type of activities carried out in addition to the

ordinary classes and on the habits of both pupils and staff. In the light of

the results obtained, some corrective measures were proposed to schools,

aimed at increasing the awareness of the importance of the right behavior

in waste management by students and the application of good practices of

recycling. (Rada, 2016)

C. Unpublished

Different Trash Box Designs

The amounts of trash compared to the amount of recyclable materials we

produce are much comparable. Society nowadays does not realize it that much.

The size of the trash bin, for example, has an impact on how it is being shown.

Making the trash bins smaller compared to the recycling bin shows these results.

Waste audits on campus have shown that 30-40% (by weight) of what building

occupants put into their trash should be recycled instead, and nearly 10% of our

landfill waste on campus is trash can liners. This is partly due to our historical

waste infrastructure tipping the scales in favor of land filling. By leveling the

playing field so that recycling is treated equally (or even more favorably) to

trash, we can increase our recycling and decrease our landfill waste. Small trash

bin size accurately reflects how little of our waste stream is trash; most of the

waste we generate can be recycled. (Uiowa, 2018)

An experiment was conducted where six trash receptacles in a mall were

weighed three times a week for forty-one weeks. Then two of the trash
receptacles was replaced with two trash receptacles that have a shape of an

eagle and have designs around it and also weighed three times a week for forty-

one weeks. The data were compared and got results of the trash receptacles

that have designs attract substantially more litter than the unobtrusive

receptacles. Litter counts showed markedly less litter in the vicinity of the

designed trash receptacles. Less litter was found in the area surrounding

beautified receptacles than in the vicinity of relatively unobtrusive trash cans,

because some people were less apt to litter in the vicinity of the decorative trash

cans and/or because some people were more likely to pick up litter in the vicinity

of the beautified trash cans. Trash receptacles with antilitter prompts were used

more frequently than standard, unobtrusive trash receptacles. (Geller, E. S. et al.

, 1980)

Garbage bins should be covered to prevent invasion by pests and insects,

and to reduce odor. Specialized can liners helps control leakage and odors. The

trash, if left loose and uncovered, can also create a fire hazard if scattered

materials like paper are allowed to blow out of the cans and around the area.

With the availability of so many different sizes, shapes and types of garbage bins

and trash bins, there is absolutely no reason to not provide enough waste

containers for any building or property. (“Clean It Supply” ,2010)

The combined effects of population explosion and changing modern living

standard have had a cumulative effect in the generation of a large amount of

various types of wastes. Solid waste can be classified into different types

depending on their sources; Municipal Solid Waste, Hazardous Wastes, Industrial

Wastes, Agricultural Wastes, Bio-medical Wastes, and Waste Minimization. From

these classifications, we were able to segregate wastes that can be very helpful

in maintaining the health of our environment. (Puja Mondal, 2014) By knowing

the classification of a solid waste, we can be able to know the proper method in

disposing of them and how to recycle each type. Solid waste can be classified

into different types depending on their source; Household waste is generally

classified as municipal waste, Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and

Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste. Municipal solid waste

consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation

residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from

residential and commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change in

lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been

increasing rapidly and its composition changing. Industrial and hospital waste is

considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Certain types of

household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to

humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive;

and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. Hospital waste is generated

during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or

in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biological.

(Kahlon, 2015)
D. Internet

Types of Solid Waste Disposal

The procedure in which solid waste is treated and collected is

referred to as solid waste disposal management. Valuable resources can

be obtained from solid waste through solid waste management.

One factor that leads to the pollution of the environment is

improper waste disposal of municipal solid waste. Improper waste disposal

conduce to unsanitary conditions that may cause diseases to be spread by

rodents and insects that roam through these wastes. The tasks of solid

waste disposal management are complex technical challenges. It poses an

alarming threat to the economy, administration and society that must be

changed and solved.

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal and Management are as follows:

1. Solid Waste Open Burning. This refers to burning garbage in barrels, outdoor

furnaces, open pits and wood stoves.

2. Sea Dumping Process. Hazardous waste is disposed deliberately at see

through vessels, aircrafts, platforms or other human-made structures.

3. Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills. Refers to a means of waste disposal in which

waste is piled up or buried underground.

4. Incineration Method. A way to dispose waste by combustion of organic

substances.
5. Composting Process. Nature’s way of disposing waste. It is where

microorganisms break down the organic matter.

6. Disposal by Hog Feeding. Waste is turned in pig feed.

7. Salvaging Procedure. Wastes that seem to still have value are scavenged and

salvaged.

8. Biological Digestion. Organic waste is transformed into biogas through

anaerobic digestions.
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this study, the researchers used the descriptive research. In this

method, information is gathered from the current existing phenomena or subject

being studied. It uses analysis and observation of the subject in its environment.

Using the descriptive method, the researchers will be able to present the

implications of the existing color-coded dustbins in the solid waste segregation of

students in Manila Science High School.

Figure 3. Methodological Framework

Locale of the Study

The researchers chose the most convenient and easiest place to conduct

the study. Since it focuses on effects of color-coded dustbins on solid waste

segregation behavior, it is highly recommended that it would be conducted in a

school and Manila Science High School is the one that best fits the criteria and

standard that researchers depend on. Also, respondents needed by the

researchers were students who had experienced having color-coded dustbins and

plain dustbins around the campus.

Sampling Procedure

To obtain the necessary information required to answer the research

problems, the researchers need to conduct surveys from students of Manila

Science High School. Using the stratified sampling method, 10 students from

Grade 7, 10 students from Grade 8, 10 students from Grade 9, 10 students from

Grade 10 will be surveyed. The Senior High Department will also participate: 10

from Grade 11 and 15 from Grade 12. The responses from the survey will be

analyzed and subject to t-test.

Data Gathering Instrument

In this research, the instrument used were questionnaires approved by

registered scientist that is appropriate for testing the effects of color-coded

dustbins to determine the segregation behavior. The Academic Self-Efficacy Test

wherein it is an 5-point Likert scale instrument with items on the student’s

perceived ability to perform well academically, and Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI),

which is a self-report instrument to measure individual differences in test

anxiety. Also, researchers asked the respondents to state the number of hours

they studied.

Validation of the Instrument

The study was based on UP Diliman’s study entitled “Effects of Trash Box

Design On Solid Waste Segregation Behavior in University of the Philippines

Diliman”. The survey will be patterned considering the comparison of waste

characterization and survey results of the study.

Method of Collecting Data

To determine the solid waste behavior of Manila Science High School

students with the introduction of color-coded dustbins, survey regarding solid

waste segregation will be conducted. Results from the survey will serve as the

data for the t-test.

Sources of Data

The results from the survey and the empirical data gathered from

interviews with the sanitation and maintenance personnel of the school as well

as observation of solid waste will serve as the sources of data.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The results from the survey answered by Grades 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12

will be subjected to t-test. Using the t-test, the researchers will determine if

there is significant difference in the solid waste segregation behavior of students

with the introduction of various designs of color-coded dustbins.

 Bibliography
A. Published Journals

Acosta V, Lao C, et al. (2012-2016). Development of the Philippines National

Solid Waste Management

Galarpe, V & Heyasa B. Solid waste management response of selected public

secondary school science teachers

Moya V. (2013). Practices, Systems and Issues on Solid Waste Management in

Catbalogan City, Philippines.

Senate Economic Planning Office. (2017) Philippine Solid Wastes at a Glance.

Marcial, J., Tanchuling, M. Tibon, N. (2016) Effects of Trash Box Design on Solid
Waste Segregation Behavior in University of the Philippines Diliman.

B. Unpublished Journals

Aseto. (2016)Waste Management in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study

of University of Nairobi, Kenya.

Castillo AL, Otoma S, et al. Status of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines.

Gequinto. (2016) Solid Waste Management Practices of Select State Universities

in CALABARZON, Philippines.

Rosana. (2013) Privatisation of Solid Waste Management Services: Practices in

Developing Countries.

Sabir, W., Waheed, S. N., Afzal, A., Umer, S. M., & Rehman, S. (n.d.). A Study of
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Agamutha, P. (2018). Waste Management & Research.

Remo A. (2017) Addressing Waste Management Woes in Cities.

Galarpe VRK. (2017) Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the
Philippines. Research then Action for Solid Waste Management.

Zurbrugg, C. (n.d.). Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for

Development.

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❧ https://www.edglossary.org/summative-assessment/
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❧ http://korbedpsych.com/R06Sample.html
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ml

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Akhtar, M. (2008). What is Self-Efficacy? Bandura’s 4 Sources of Efficacy Beliefs.

Positive Psychology.

Great Schools Partnership (2013). Summative Assessment. Glossary for

Education Reform. Retrieved from
https://www.edglossary.org/summative-assessment/

Ng, S. F., Zakaria, R., Lai, S. M., & Confessore, G. J. (2014). A study of time use
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Nonis, S. A., & Hudson, G. I. (2010). Academic Performance of College Students:

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Steiner, M. (2015). The Neuroscience of Test Anxiety. Compass Education

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