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08
08
∂
µ =
∂ ! !
"
# = + −
=− + + µ
∂
$% µ =
∂ ! !
& ' $
( ) ! *
+ ,
,
α β
$ -
! α = α α + µ !α !α ! β = β β + µ !β !β
α + β = .! !α + !β =. α + β =.!
.=/ α − β α + / µ !α − µ ! β !α ! α ! !α
α = β
µ !α = µ ! β
0'
$ - ! µ /1 / = µ /1 /
"
α β
# * $ - ! µ !α > µ ! β
# - 2 $( 3
α = α + µ !α !α
β = β + µ !β !β
#
α + β =.
!α+ β =. .= + / µ !α − µ ! β !α
>.
α + >. >.
β
!α <.
$
α β
4 5 $ ! /( !
$ (
6
α
β
µ !α µ !β
4 ( - ! µ !α (
/ $ β $
$ β ( 77
/ µ ! 5
3 ! µ !
3 ! µ
/" 8 (
3
=− + +µ
"
∂µ ∂
=−
∂ ∂ !
/ ! ! = × / ! / ' ( !
∂µ
=− / !
∂
3 $
=− + + µ
∂µ ∂
=− =−
∂ ∂ ! !
/6 8 (
3
∂µ ∂
= ! = / !
∂ ∂ !
∂µ
= / !
∂
3
∂µ ∂
= =
∂ ! ∂ ! !
$ -
9 : $0 ;
• )
! !λ !λ
/ ! ! ! / ! !λ !λ
# / ! !λ !λ =λ / ! ! ! / ' (
/, ( λ" λ! $ )
)
" <
• ) $0
∂ / ! !λ ! ∂λ
× = / ! ! !
∂λ ∂λ
∂ / ! !λ ! ∂λ
! =µ =
∂λ ∂λ
= µ
/ $ $0 = $ =!
)
6
9
3 ! = µ! µ=
3 µ !
-
3 )
= "
/λ = λ" / /")
"
∂
=" / / ) 8
∂
" 9 ? -- =
•
=− + + µ ! = µ = µ + µ
µ =− +
•
' "
# * µ = µ@/ ! + / %
µ@ $ ! ( µ"
! '
µ + " µ" = .
+ " µ" = .
, + µ" = . /
+
"
"
µ" = − = "
" "
?A
?A
• 0' µ
µ=
# = − !
= . + = . + −
. .
.
>
−
µ= . .
+ − +
. .
.
$% µ / ! = µ/ ! . +
.
= .B = -
.
µ/ ! . = µ . /
! µ/ ! = µ./ + .
• C ( A /
$ A µ = µ./ + .
# - $ ( (
∂µ
# = /
∂
= =
" ?A
→ .! A *D A
/µ − .
= µ./ / A
→.
A
µ = µ./ + .
+
= µ./ + .
A 2 =
→.
∂µ
µ/ ! = µ/ ! .
+ = µ./ +
.
∂ .
" , -
# = µ/ ! = µ./ + / − .
B
F A
F A
$ A ∀ ! µ = µ./ + .
+
"
, = ! µ = µ./ + .
! A
# (
# =
! µ = µ./ + .
+ F '
$ ∀ ! µ = µ@/ ! +
"
∂µ @
µ = µ@/ ! .
+ +
.
∂
µ. /
,
G / ( )
' ) ' /
0 ! ( ! "!<
# > ! ="
• µ = µ@/ ! +
• µ = µ∞/ ! +
* .
.
E
"
# µ./ = µ@/ ! .
∂µ @
! µ = µ./ + +
∂
.
−
# .
=
# µ / .
=µ/ ! .
! = .
∂µ ∞
! µ = µ∞/ ! + = µ./ + +
.
∂ .
.
1 )
3 ) '
3 # $
3 , ( ≈
+ 0'
• µ = µ./ + .
/ A '
∂µ @
• µ = µ./ + + /
.
∂
≈.
∂µ @
• µ =µ / .
+ . + / (
∂ ≈.
≈.
∂µ @
µ = µ./ + . + /
∂ .
≈.
• µ = µ./ + .
/ I
≈.
! µ = µ./ + % $ (
.
I A '
=
( I !
.
I
H
* ( )
! µ! * ( )
+ 0
• -
- ! ( !* . = "B° .
= -
- ! µ /"B° .
=.
• $ 1+ ! µ . /"B° =.
•
µ. µ
µ./ = µ./ . + ! =− ! - /$
.
-
µ./ J - µ./ .
• -
( : ; -
# - (
-
$ A
/ $ / − =
∂µ
= = +
∂
µ= .
+ + /
µ− .
= µ./ ! / = µ./
→.
µ = µ./ + .
+
# µ = µ./ + .
µ = µ./ + .
% = '
A
'
µ
/" A 8 L + "
/ − =
# + − − "
=
= + − + "
, = + − + "
/ ! )
. "/
# $ " = + −
# = ×/ +ε = / −ε
×/ +ε
# / ε $ "
= + − = + M # - D ' µ
M
A ( = '
α 2 β ' 2 2"
# * µ !α µ !β
µ !β = µ @/ ! .
= µ./
µ !α = µ @ / ! .
+ < ! µ !α < µ ! β
K
# $ ( $'
! $ ! , - ! µ !α
# * $ - / -
# µ !α = µ ! β
, µ@ / ! + = µ@/ ! .
∂µ @
µ@/ ! .
+ . + = µ@/ ! .
∂
∂µ @
# = + =.
∂
! . !
! / − + =.
.
,
# π =/ − .
/ $
# = / − ≈− / << = "
!
+/
" " " "
"
! π= " = "
α π= "
π= "
≈ . × !6 > × 6.. = "B .6
α −6
$ -
- /α - /β '
( -
= "B° = .
! µα@ = . ! µ β@ = "!KNO −
• P - - * "B° .
= -
, - ! →
/ ) ! $ % $'
• "B° - ! ρα = "!" −6
! ρ β = 6!B −6
!α > !β
# * ' - $
$ ! M 3*3 µα / . ! = µβ / . !
∂µ ∂"µ ∂
# = ! = <.
∂ ∂ " ∂
.
( µ
µ
−
"!K NO
∂µα
# µα / . ! = µα / . ! .
+ = .+ !α
.
∂ .
∂µ β
0 µβ / . ! = µβ / . ! .
+ = µ β. / + !β
∂
. . .
# ) ≈
α / − .
= µ β. / . + !β / − .
µ β. /
0 = .
+ .
= !> . K
−
ρα ρβ