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= − + µ


µ =
∂ ! !

"

# = + −
=− + + µ


$% µ =
∂ ! !

& ' $
( ) ! *

+ ,
,

α β

$ -
! α = α α + µ !α !α ! β = β β + µ !β !β

α + β = .! !α + !β =. α + β =.!
.=/ α − β α + / µ !α − µ ! β !α ! α ! !α

α = β
µ !α = µ ! β
0'

$ - ! µ /1 / = µ /1 /
"

α β

# * $ - ! µ !α > µ ! β
# - 2 $( 3
α = α + µ !α !α

β = β + µ !β !β

#
α + β =.
!α+ β =. .= + / µ !α − µ ! β !α
>.
α + >. >.
β

!α <.
$

α β

4 5 $ ! /( !
$ (

6
α
β
µ !α µ !β

4 ( - ! µ !α (
/ $ β $
$ β ( 77

/ µ ! 5
3 ! µ !
3 ! µ
/" 8 (
3
=− + +µ

"
∂µ ∂
=−
∂ ∂ !

/ ! ! = × / ! / ' ( !
∂µ
=− / !

3 $
=− + + µ

∂µ ∂
=− =−
∂ ∂ ! !

/6 8 (
3
∂µ ∂
= ! = / !
∂ ∂ !

∂µ
= / !

3
∂µ ∂
= =
∂ ! ∂ ! !

$ -
9 : $0 ;

• )

! !λ !λ

/ ! ! ! / ! !λ !λ
# / ! !λ !λ =λ / ! ! ! / ' (
/, ( λ" λ! $ )
)
" <
• ) $0
∂ / ! !λ ! ∂λ
× = / ! ! !
∂λ ∂λ
∂ / ! !λ ! ∂λ
! =µ =
∂λ ∂λ
= µ

/ $ $0 = $ =!
)

6
9
3 ! = µ! µ=
3 µ !
-

3 )
= "
/λ = λ" / /")
"

=" / / ) 8

" 9 ? -- =


=− + + µ ! = µ = µ + µ

µ =− +


' "
# * µ = µ@/ ! + / %
µ@ $ ! ( µ"
! '
µ + " µ" = .
+ " µ" = .

, + µ" = . /
+
"
"

µ" = − = "

" "

$% µ" = " + / ! = " + µ @" / !

?A
?A

• 0' µ
µ=
# = − !
= . + = . + −
. .
.

>

µ= . .
+ − +
. .
.

$% µ / ! = µ/ ! . +
.

= .B = -
.

µ/ ! . = µ . /
! µ/ ! = µ./ + .

• C ( A /
$ A µ = µ./ + .

# - $ ( (
∂µ
# = /

= =

" ?A

→ .! A *D A
/µ − .
= µ./ / A
→.

A
µ = µ./ + .
+

= µ./ + .

A 2 =
→.

∂µ
µ/ ! = µ/ ! .
+ = µ./ +
.
∂ .

" , -

# = µ/ ! = µ./ + / − .

B
F A

F A
$ A ∀ ! µ = µ./ + .
+

"

, = ! µ = µ./ + .
! A
# (
# =

! µ = µ./ + .

+ F '

$ ∀ ! µ = µ@/ ! +

"

∂µ @
µ = µ@/ ! .
+ +
.

µ. /

,
G / ( )
' ) ' /
0 ! ( ! "!<
# > ! ="

• µ = µ@/ ! +
• µ = µ∞/ ! +
* .
.

E
"

# µ./ = µ@/ ! .

∂µ @
! µ = µ./ + +

.


# .
=
# µ / .
=µ/ ! .
! = .

∂µ ∞
! µ = µ∞/ ! + = µ./ + +
.
∂ .
.

1 )
3 ) '
3 # $
3 , ( ≈

+ 0'

• µ = µ./ + .
/ A '
∂µ @
• µ = µ./ + + /
.

≈.

∂µ @
• µ =µ / .
+ . + / (
∂ ≈.
≈.

∂µ @
µ = µ./ + . + /
∂ .

≈.

• µ = µ./ + .
/ I
≈.

! µ = µ./ + % $ (
.
I A '

=
( I !
.
I

H
* ( )
! µ! * ( )

+ 0

• -
- ! ( !* . = "B° .
= -
- ! µ /"B° .
=.
• $ 1+ ! µ . /"B° =.


µ. µ
µ./ = µ./ . + ! =− ! - /$
.

-
µ./ J - µ./ .

• -

( : ; -
# - (
-

$ A

/ $ / − =
∂µ
= = +

µ= .
+ + /

µ− .
= µ./ ! / = µ./
→.

µ = µ./ + .
+

# µ = µ./ + .
µ = µ./ + .
% = '

A
'
µ

/" A 8 L + "
/ − =

# + − − "
=

= + − + "

, = + − + "
/ ! )
. "/

# $ " = + −

# = ×/ +ε = / −ε
×/ +ε
# / ε $ "

= + − = + M # - D ' µ
M
A ( = '

α 2 β ' 2 2"
# * µ !α µ !β
µ !β = µ @/ ! .
= µ./
µ !α = µ @ / ! .
+ < ! µ !α < µ ! β

K
# $ ( $'
! $ ! , - ! µ !α
# * $ - / -
# µ !α = µ ! β
, µ@ / ! + = µ@/ ! .

∂µ @
µ@/ ! .
+ . + = µ@/ ! .


∂µ @
# = + =.

! . !

! / − + =.
.
,
# π =/ − .
/ $
# = / − ≈− / << = "
!
+/
" " " "
"

! π= " = "

α π= "

π= "
≈ . × !6 > × 6.. = "B .6
α −6

$ -

- /α - /β '
( -
= "B° = .
! µα@ = . ! µ β@ = "!KNO −

• P - - * "B° .
= -
, - ! →
/ ) ! $ % $'

• "B° - ! ρα = "!" −6
! ρ β = 6!B −6
!α > !β

# * ' - $
$ ! M 3*3 µα / . ! = µβ / . !
∂µ ∂"µ ∂
# = ! = <.
∂ ∂ " ∂

.
( µ
µ


"!K NO

∂µα
# µα / . ! = µα / . ! .
+ = .+ !α
.
∂ .

∂µ β
0 µβ / . ! = µβ / . ! .
+ = µ β. / + !β

. . .

# ) ≈
α / − .
= µ β. / . + !β / − .

µ β. /
0 = .
+ .
= !> . K

ρα ρβ

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