Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction and Building Materials
Construction and Building Materials
Review
h i g h l i g h t s
Research findings on design and applications of repair techniques using confinement are discussed.
FRP confinement has significant potential in repairing applications.
The lacking in the current research development is discussed.
Issues that hindered the widespread use of confinement are critically analysed.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Repair and rehabilitation of existing damaged concrete structures have emerged as one of the most
Received 30 July 2016 important construction activities globally. Money used on repairing damaged structures has exceeded
Received in revised form 17 October 2016 that of the money used on building new structures. The earthquake strikes recently in Asian countries
Accepted 21 December 2016
such as Japan and Borneo Malaysia have attracted the attention of structural engineers and scholars
Available online 29 December 2016
on the research and development of rapid repairing techniques. Confinement is one of the rapid repairing
techniques that is popular and proven to be efficient in restoring the original capacities of damaged con-
Keywords:
crete. Although many research investigations have been done to confirm the suitability of these tech-
Confinement
Repairing
niques in repairing damaged concrete structures, there are several barriers that hindered the
Fibre-reinforced polymer widespread use in practical. These barriers include the lack of design and installation guidelines and
Concrete jacketing long-term durability studies. This paper reviewed the use of confinement as a repairing technique and
Steel jacketing the design and installation processes involved in order to facilitate the research development in this field.
Ferrocement laminate The findings have reached a consensus that confinement repair techniques are effective as they can
restore the original capacities of damaged concrete members. More investigations are still required to
establish sufficient design guidelines and lastly, the confinement pressure loss over a service period
should be tested to ensure the durability of the repaired concrete members.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
2. Types of confining methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
2.1. Concrete jacketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
2.2. Steel jacketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
2.3. Ferrocement laminate jacketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
2.4. Fibre-reinforced polymer (frp) confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Abbreviations: FRP, fibre-reinforced polymer; CFRP, carbon fibre-reinforced polymer; GFRP, glass fibre-reinforced polymer; AFRP, aramid fibre-reinforced polymer; SCC,
self-compacting concrete.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: machaukhun@gmail.com (C.-K. Ma).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.100
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C.-K. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 133 (2017) 502–515 503
Fig. 2. Concrete jacketing: (a) Roughening of concrete surface; (b) Installation of dowel bars; (c) Erection of new steel cage; (d) coating with epoxy; (e) Pouring of new
concrete layer (Source: www.theconstructor.org [13]).
506
An overview of existing studies on strengthening and repairing concrete structures using confinement.
Confinement Researcher(s) Confining material Number and type Type of Testing parameters Strengthening/ Loading scheme Remarks
type of specimen confinement Repairing
Concrete Bett et al. [14] Ordinary Concrete 3 two-third scale Passive Jacketed and unjacketted Strengthening
Monotonic lateral load Higher stiffness and lateral load capacity
jacketing columns + Repairing + constant axial load
Ersoy et al. [15] Ordinary Concrete 4 columns for (i); Passive Load history Strengthening
(i) Uniaxial load Jacketed columns performed better for both
5 columns for (ii) + Repairing (ii) Uniaxial load loading schemes
+ cyclic lateral loads
Rodriguez and Ordinary Concrete 4 square concrete Passive Arrangement in transverse Strengthening/ Seismic load Repaired columns showed significantly
Park [16] columns reinforcement Repairing higher ductility and strength compared to
strengthened columns.
Eduardo et al. Concrete jacketing 7 full scale Passive Interface treatment Strengthening/ Monotonic axial load Composite effectiveness can be achieved for
[17] + surface treatment column-footing Repairing undamaged concrete without surface
roughening.
Yuce et al. [18] Self-compacting 4 full scale square Passive Jacketed and unjacketted Strengthening/ Constant axial load Lateral stiffness increased of heavily
concrete concrete column Repairing + cyclic lateral displacement damaged columns.
Confinement Researcher(s) Confining material Number and type Type of Testing parameters Strengthening/ Loading scheme Remarks
type of specimen confinement Repairing
Bansal et al. Ferrocement 8 rectangular Passive Wire mesh orientation Repairing Monotonic flexural load Wire mesh with orientation at 45 degrees,
[30] concrete beams the energy absorption ability of stressed
beam is the highest
Takiguchi and Ferrocement 6 columns Passive Numbers of layers Strengthening/ Cyclic lateral forces Columns with jacketing increase in shear
Abdullah [28] of wire mesh repairing combined + constant strength
axial load
Kumar et al. Ferrocement 3 bridge pier Passive Axial load levels Strengthening/ Constant axial load The external confinement using
[29] specimens repairing + cyclic load ferrocement resulted in enhanced stiffness,
ductility, strength and energy dissipation
capacity. The mode of failure could be
changed from brittle shear failure to ductile
flexural failure.
Mourad and High strength 10 one-third scale Passive Damaged degree Repairing Axial compression The test results also indicated that repairing
Shannag [47] mortar square RC column similar reinforced concrete columns (after
507
ratio, interface bond
Confinement Researcher(s) Confining material Number and type Type of Testing parameters Strengthening/ Loading scheme Remarks
type of specimen confinement Repairing
Yan et al. [39] Posttensioned FRP 32 circular, Passive Shape effects Strengthening Uniaxial compression Externally bonded external jackets for
Composite Shells rectangular and square and rectangular columns are not as
square columns effective as they are for circular columns.
Harajli [49] FRP laminates 12 RC beams Passive Concrete strength, Repairing Cyclic load It was found that repairing the bond-
confinement types damaged zone through concrete
confinement leads to substantial regain of
flexural stiffness and strength up to or
exceeding those for the original specimens,
reduces the structural damage, and results
in considerable improvement of the energy
absorption and dissipation capacity under
cyclic loading.
He et al. [50] CFRP bond 3 half-scale Passive Damaged condition Repairing Monotonic compression Successful in restoring the strength of the
severely damaged columns without fractured bars, but only
aftershocks.
unwrapped following testing, extensive cracking of the concrete
Remarks
core was detected along with the buckling of multiple steel bars.
Notwithstanding this, all strengthened reinforced concrete col-
umns presented improved stress–strain behaviour with an approx-
Strengthening/ Monotonic or cyclic loading
damaged concrete.
Axial compression
Strengthening/ Loading scheme
Repairing
Repairing
Repairing
cement-based matrix
Different confining
Passive/
Passive
Passive
Active
Active
8 concrete bridge
highway bridge
A prototype
and flexural 4-points bending tests were among the methods nor-
piers
with prestressing
rebar parts, self-
Epoxy adhesive,
CFRP wrapping
concrete and
Tourtouras [42] vinylon and
strands
ropes
Rousakis and
Lavorato and
imens. Most of these studies have only reported the damaged level
of the tested specimens based on their subjective observation such
[58]
studies, only the studies done by Panjehpour et al. [5], Guo et al.
[54] and Wu et al. [3] studied the specimens that were damaged
type
Table 2
Confinement repairing methods and measure variables.
Table 3
Testing variables and methods.
5. Testing variables and methods characteristics of confining materials as variables. In fact, the most
important parameter, the pre-damaged level, was not commonly
In this area, researchers have adopted different testing methods tested.
to establish the efficiency of the repairing methods. The efficiency
of the repairing was affected by a number of factors. Common 6. Structure tests for evaluating repairing efficiency
influencing factors were the type of loading, characteristic of the
confining materials and confining scheme. Other influencing Structure tests conducted at small, medium and full scale levels
factors are summarized and tabulated in Table 3. The testing were used to establish the efficiency in repairing damaged con-
variables were dependent on the testing method and specimen crete structures. These included cylinder and unreinforced col-
types. From Table 3, it can be observed that repair technique using umns for the small scale test, medium sized specimens for the
FRP almost covered all the testing variables tested in this field, medium scale test and full scale member or frame for the full scale
except a few parameters which were not related such as the test. Repairing efficiency evaluated based on such tests are pre-
orientation of wire mesh, volume fraction of ferrocement and etc. sented in Table 4. Literature hinted that most of the studies had
It can also be seen that among the repair techniques, the least mainly focussed on the medium scale test. Several of them had
variables tested was steel jacketing, indicating the lack of conducted full scale tests and a very limited number of them car-
research. Most of the past researches focussed on setting the ried out the test at a small scale level. This could be the barrier
Table 4
Different scales of structure test.
in the research as the material properties and behaviour of the con- the load-deformation behaviour following the path R-S-T. It is clear
fined material was not yet established. that the repaired element exhibits a different behaviour compared
Although many studies had been carried out to study a wide to either unconfined structure element or retrofitted element
range of variables in small scale tests, it was found that most of (confined concrete element without pre-damage). The determina-
these studies were focused on FRP confinement. The stress-strain tion of the mechanical behaviour of repaired elements thus should
behaviour of the confined concrete was normally examined and not follow exactly the prediction based on the retrofitted element.
subsequently the stress-strain models were proposed for particular In the study of repaired concrete element using confining, it
confining schemes and materials. Reliable design of repair works can be seen that the important aspects that one should investigate
necessitated a clear understanding and accurate modelling of are the load carrying capacity, deformability, serviceability and
stress-strain behaviour. However, it can be evidenced that the restorability, which are critically discussed in the following
investigation in this area is still lacking. subsections.
Medium scale tests normally involved simulation of the con-
crete members in a smaller scale due to research budget, testing 7.1. Load-carrying capacity
equipment capacity and time constraints. It can be observed from
Table 4 that the majority of the tests for repair were within these Load carrying capacity of a material is the ability of a member to
categories. Wide ranges of variables were tested in these cate- resist load. The load carrying capacity of a repaired concrete ele-
gories. The specimens tested also included column, column-beam ment must at any time be larger than the load or force acting on
joint and bridge pier model. The tests confirmed the applicability the structure to avoid failure. However, most of the estimation of
of confinement repair techniques in restoring the damaged con- load carrying capacity using different types of confining methods
crete members. followed the empirical or theoretical prediction using retrofitted
The tests on full-scaled specimens were also being carried out column. The load carrying capacity of retrofitted element and
by a number of researchers. These tests had confirmed discernible repaired element can be different as can be seen in Fig. 7. The main
size effects on the results obtained compared with the medium barrier preventing the widespread use of confinement in the con-
scale tests. These tests had evidenced that medium scale tests were struction industry is the lack of established procedures and guide-
reliable. lines in estimating the load carrying capacity. An example is short
concrete columns tend to behave like slender columns after being
confined and experienced larger deformation. The load carrying
7. Design of confining method capacity of these confined columns is also reduced due to slender-
ness effects. These issues make it difficult to determine exactly the
Techniques of concrete repair by using confinement can become load carrying capacity of confined members. To understand the
a sustainable option. It can be a good strategy if limitations such as issues in determining the load carrying capacity of confined mem-
cost, time and construction space are concerned. Therefore, it is bers, researchers must first understand the components that affect
essential that the design issues, such as load carrying capacity, ulti- the load carrying capacity.
mate deformation, serviceability and restorability are studied and The factors that influence the load carrying capacity of a
assessed to determine which types of confinement are suitable repaired concrete are the confining pressure, confining efficiency,
for applications and which areas need improvement. This section types of confinement (active or passive), composite effect between
highlights the considerations required in designing the repair old structure and the new confining material and lastly, the dam-
works using confinement techniques. The design capabilities of age level of the old structure. Mostly, the confining method
these confining methods are explored together while the inade- adopted the strength model developed by Richart et al. [59] in
quacy in the design is highlighted. the determination of load capacity. The enhanced strength due to
The typical load-deformation behaviour of repaired concrete is confinement, fcc can be estimated as follows:
as shown in Fig. 7. The column is considered unconfined and it
should exhibit a load decrease after the post-peak followed A-B-C f cc ¼ f co þ kfl ð1Þ
in Fig. 7. Most of the past studies had proven that confinement where fco is the unconfined concrete strength; k is the confinement
can significantly enhance the original post-peak region of the effectiveness coefficient; fl is the confining pressure. Noted that the
structure element in terms of ultimate load, deformability and Eq. (1) was originally proposed for confined concrete, hence in the
ductility, following the path A-D-E. After the damage, load is case of repaired concrete, the unconfined concrete strength fco
released to point R and the structure element is repaired using needs to be revised to fcd which is the residual strength of damaged
the confining method. The repaired structure element will exhibit concrete [3]. It can be seen that the accuracy of prediction is highly
dependent on these parameters. The main issue here is the determi-
nation of the residual strength of a damaged concrete. However,
Retrofied there are still no practical guidelines in determining the damaged
element levels of a concrete element. Meanwhile, the confining pressures
E
provided are largely different from one confinement type to
another, which has rendered the impossibility for a standard unified
D equation to be used.
T
B S
Repaired 7.2. Deformation
element
C
Currently, there is no single model or standard being proposed
Unconfined for modelling strain related properties of concrete after a large
element deformation. In fact, plastic strain is related to confinement stiff-
ness and load path [60,61]; therefore, the modelling of ultimate
A R
strain is complicated. The determination of ultimate strain and
deformation of repaired concrete can only be empirical and thus
Fig. 7. Typical load-deformation behaviour of repaired concrete structures. it is difficult to develop a guideline for it.
C.-K. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 133 (2017) 502–515 513
Serviceability is the conditions where no large deflections and 7.5. Earthquake resistance
excessive cracks are observed in a structure. A building can be con-
sidered as unfit for occupation if the serviceability is exceeded, Very limited tests have been carried out in determining the
even though it is still structurally sound. Besides, serviceability of earthquake resistance compared to the static load resistance of
a structure can also be addressed through durability, overall stabil- confined concrete structures. However, it was consistently being
ity, fire resistance and excessive vibration. reported the confinement has the ability to increase the ductility
The assessment of the performance of the structure at the ser- of concrete structures subjected to excitation loads. The failure
vice load is an extremely important consideration when members modes of the confined structures were also found to be less sudden
are proportioned on the basis of the required strength. This is and explosive compared to unconfined columns. It was found that
because members with small sections and sections with little com- repairing the bond-damaged zone through concrete confinement
pression steel can satisfy the strength requirements but this will leads to the substantial regain of flexural stiffness and strength
lead to high stresses and deformations at the service load. There- up to or exceeding those of the original specimens, reduces the
fore, it must be verified that deflections at the service load are structural damage, and results in considerable improvement of
within acceptable limits. The control of cracking is very important the energy absorption and dissipation capacity under the cyclic
for the sake of the appearance and durability. The crack widths and loading [49].
deflections should not exceed a specified limit. However, these
limits are very difficult to be specified [62].
8. Summary and conclusion
The cracking and deflection behaviour of a member depend
upon the tensile strength and modulus of rupture of the material.
The present study analysed and compared several tests and
Many factors have been reported to influence the tensile strength
methods that were developed to evaluate the efficiency of confine-
of concrete and one of them is confinement level [63]. At the same
ment repairing technique in repairing damaged concrete members.
time, confinement has been reported to increase the deformability
It was found that there are roughly 5 groups of confinements used
of concrete members, significantly and subsequently leads to the
as repair techniques. They can be categorized as concrete jacketing,
increase of crack. However, there are no systematic studies being
steel jacketing, ferrocement laminate jacketing, FRP confinement
conducted to investigate the direct effects of confinement to the
and others. Among these methods, FRP confinement is the most
tensile strength of confined concrete to the best knowledge of
popular and effective in terms of restorability. Several conclusions
the authors. Hence, the understanding on the matter is still very
can be made based on the assessment made in this paper:
limited. As can be seen in Fig. 7 also, a repaired concrete element
might demonstrate larger deformation compared to retrofitted
a) The efficiency of the proposed methods was measured by
concrete element. This effect should also be incorporated in the
comparing the restored capacities of the damaged members
design of serviceability.
with the original capacities of undamaged members using
On the other hand, numerous studies have been conducted on
cylinder, beam and column tests. Axial, flexural and cyclic
the effects of confinement on the deformability of concrete mem-
loads were among the most popular load types being tested.
bers. It was found that the confinement can result in large defor-
b) Past studies have covered a wide range of variables includ-
mation of a confined member [64–72,42]. Some researchers have
ing load history, arrangement in transverse reinforcement,
even reported that the confinement can increase the susceptibility
interface treatment, types of confining material, configura-
of short concrete column to the slenderness effects [73–78]. The
tion of member, confinement modulus, axial load level, dam-
confinement effects on crack development and deformability are
aged degree, confining volumetric ratio, slenderness ratio,
not yet established.
514 C.-K. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 133 (2017) 502–515
shape effects, size effects and concrete compressive and Muhammad Fadhli undertook the tests as their final year pro-
strength. Most of the past studies have focused on testing jects supervised by the first author.
the efficiency of different types of confining materials as
repair techniques. The lack of tests in investigating pre-
damaged level and slenderness ratio was also highlighted. References
c) Three scales of tests are normally being carried out, namely
[1] A.G. Tsonos, Effectiveness of CFRP-jackets and RC-jackets in post-earthquake
small, medium and full scale tests. Most of the previous and pre-earthquake retrofitting of beam–column subassemblages, Eng. Struct.
studies have focussed on medium scale tests. Discernible 30 (3) (2008) 777–793.
size effects were reported. It was found that the small scale [2] S. Macdonald (Ed.), Concrete: Building Pathology, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[3] Y.F. Wu, Y. Yun, Y. Wei, Y. Zhou, Effect of predamage on the stress-strain
tests are still lacking.
relationship of confined concrete under monotonic loading, J. Struct. Eng. 140
d) In the design of confinement, few aspects need considera- (12) (2014) 04014093.
tion. They are load carrying capacity, deformation, service- [4] Y.W. Zhou, X.M. Liu, L.L. Sui, F. Xing, H.J. Zhou, Stress–strain model for fibre
reinforced polymer confined load-induced damaged concrete, Mater. Res.
ability and restorability. However, it can be observed that
Innov. 19 (6) (2015) S6–S125.
the designs of confinement repair techniques are still not [5] M. Panjehpour, N. Farzadnia, R. Demirboga, A.A.A. Ali, Behavior of high-
well standardized. The following are the shortcomings in strength concrete cylinders repaired with CFRP sheets, J. Civ. Eng. Manage. 22
the design based on the literature conducted: (1) (2016) 56–64.
[6] A. Peled, Confinement of damaged and nondamaged structural concrete with
– Load carrying capacity: The determination of residual FRP and TRC sleeves, J. Compos. Constr. 11 (5) (2007) 514–522.
strength of damaged concrete is not yet established. In [7] A. Ilki, O. Peker, E. Karamuk, C. Demir, N. Kumbasar, FRP retrofit of low and
addition, the guidelines in determining the damaged medium strength circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns, J.
Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (2) (2008) 169–188.
levels of concrete element are still not yet available. [8] D.S. Gu, G. Wu, Z.S. Wu, Y.F. Wu, Confinement effectiveness of FRP in
– Deformation: The investigation of confinement effect on retrofitting circular concrete columns under simulated seismic load, J. Compos.
the bond slip of reinforcement remains answered. Constr. 14 (5) (2010) 531–540.
[9] R.D. Iacobucci, S.A. Sheikh, O. Bayrak, Retrofit of square concrete columns with
– Serviceability: The confinement effect on crack develop- carbon fiber-reinforced polymer for seismic resistance, ACI Struct. J. 100 (6)
ment and deformability are not yet established. (2003) 785–794.
– Restorability: The studies on the restorability of repair [10] D.E. Lehman, S.E. Gookin, A.M. Nacamuli, J.P. Moehle, Repair of earthquake-
damaged bridge columns, ACI Struct. J. 98 (3) (2001) 233–238.
methods are still very new. It can also be seen that the [11] D.R. Stoppenhagen, J.O. Jirsa, L.A. Wyllie, Seismic repair and strengthening of a
all of these studies were focused on FRP and none of a severely damaged concrete frame, ACI Struct. J. 92 (2) (1995) 177–187.
unified equation was proposed for other repair methods. [12] Core & Cut, <www.coreandcut.com>, 2011.
[13] The Constructor, <www.theconstructor.org>, 2015.
[14] B.J. Bett, R.E. Klingner, J.O. Jirsa, Lateral load response of strengthened and
The above are presented based on the authors’ observation repaired reinforced concrete columns, ACI Struct. J. 85 (5) (1988) 499–508.
while future researches will highlight more. More studies are [15] U. Ersoy, A.T. Tankut, R. Suleiman, Behavior of jacketed columns, ACI Struct. J.
required to address these gaps before these techniques can be used 90 (1993) 288–293.
[16] M. Rodriguez, R. Park, Seismic load tests on reinforced concrete columns
confidently in practice. strengthened by jacketing, ACI Struct. J. 91 (2) (1994) 150–159.
[17] N.B.S. Eduardo, A.B. Fernando, D.S. Vitor, Reinforced concrete jacketing.
8.1. Recommendations for future research Interface influence on monotonic loading response, ACI Struct. J. 102 (2)
(2005) 252–257.
[18] S.Z. Yuce, E. Yuksel, Y. Bingol, K. Taskin, H.F. Karadogan, Local thin jacketing for
Based on the needs highlighted from this paper, the recommen- the retrofitting of reinforced concrete columns, Struct. Eng. Mech. 27 (5)
dations for future research are suggested as follows: (2007) 589–607.
[19] Y. Xiao, H. Wu, Retrofit of reinforce concrete columns using partially stiffened
steel jackets, J. Struct. Eng. 129 (6) (2003) 725–732.
8.2. Design tests [20] A. Ghobarah, A. Biddah, M. Mahgoub, Seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete
columns using steel jackets, Eur. Earthquake Eng. 11 (1997) 21–31.
[21] A. Ghobarah, A. Biddah, M. Mahgoub, Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete
Experimental investigation on the confinement to crack devel- columns using corrugated steel jacketing, J. Earthquake Eng. 1 (4) (1997) 651–
opment to improve their serviceability. 673.
Studies on bond slip and anchorage behaviour of reinforcing bar [22] Y.F. Wu, M.C. Griffith, D.J. Oehlers, Improving the strength and ductility of
rectangular reinforced concrete columns through composite partial
of confined concrete in order to determine the flexural strength
interaction: test, J. Struct. Eng. 129 (9) (2003) 1183–1190.
and deformability. [23] L.D. Sarno, A.S. Elnashai, D.A. Nethercot, Seismic retrofitting of framed
Load bearing capacity and restorability of confined section. structures with stainless steel, J. Constr. Steel Res. 62 (2006) 93–104.
[24] Building Research Institute (P) Ltd. <www.buildingresearch.com.np>, 2009.
[25] G.B. Batson, J.O. Castro, A.J. Guerra, M.E. Iorns, C.D. Johnston, A.E. Naaman, J.P.
8.3. Durability tests Romualdi, S.P. Shah, R.F. Zollo, N. Swamy, B.L. Tilsen, Guide for the design,
construction, and repair of ferrocement, ACI Struct. J. 85 (3) (1988) 325–351.
Further studies are required to ensure the confining effects will [26] P. Paramasivam, K.C.G. Ong, C.T.E. Lim, Ferrocement laminates for
strengthening RC T-beams, Cem. Concr. Compos. 16 (2) (1994) 143–152.
not diminish over a long service period. [27] H.H. Nassif, H. Najm, Experimental and analytical investigation of
The durability test on the confining material itself. ferrocement–concrete composite beams, Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (7) (2004)
Creep and shrinkage of confined concrete. 787–796.
[28] K. Takiguchi, Abdullah, Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete columns
using ferrocement jacket, Struct. J. 98 (5) (2001) 696–704.
8.4. Feasibility tests [29] P.R. Kumar, T. Oshima, S.H. Mikami, T. Yamazaki, Studies on RC and
ferrocement jacketed columns subjected to simulated seismic loading, Asian
J. Civ. Eng. (Build. Hous.) 8 (2) (2007) 215–225.
The confining methods should be tested for their reliability and [30] P.P. Bansal, M. Kumar, S.K. Kaushik, Effect of wire mesh orientation on strength
feasibility on an actual construction site. of beams retrofitted using Ferrocement jackets, Int. J. Eng. 2 (1) (2008) 8–19.
[31] R.F. Makki, Response of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted by ferrocement,
Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res. 3 (2014) 27–34.
Acknowledgements
[32] Y. Xiao, H. Wu, Compressive behavior of concrete confined by carbon fiber
composite jackets, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 12 (2) (2000) 139–146.
This work was funded by the Fundamental Research Grant [33] G. Wu, Z.T. Lü, Z.S. Wu, Strength and ductility of concrete cylinders confined
Scheme (FRGS) from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia with FRP composites, Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (3) (2006) 134–148.
[34] M.F. Green, L.A. Bisby, A.Z. Fam, V.K. Kodur, FRP confined concrete columns:
[R.J130000.7822.4F826]. The first author would like to acknowl- behaviour under extreme conditions, Cem. Concr. Compos. 28 (10) (2006)
edge that the undergraduate students Amirul Radzi, Melvay Allens 928–937.
C.-K. Ma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 133 (2017) 502–515 515
[35] X. Liu, A. Nanni, P.F. Silva, Rehabilitation of compression steel members using [58] M. Fakharifar, G. Chen, L. Sneed, A. Dalvand, Seismic performance of post-
FRP pipes filled with non-expansive and expansive light-weight concrete, Adv. mainshock FRP/steel repaired RC bridge columns subjected to aftershocks,
Struct. Eng. 8 (2) (2005) 129–142. Compos. B Eng. 72 (2015) 183–198.
[36] S.P. Tastani, S.J. Pantazopoulou, Experimental evaluation of FRP jackets in [59] F.E. Richart, A. Brandtzaeg, R.L. Brown, A Study of the Failure of Concrete under
upgrading RC corroded columns with substandard detailing, Eng. Struct. 26 (6) Combined Compressive Stresses, vol. 26, University of Illinois Bulletin, 1928.
(2004) 817–829. no. 12.
[37] V. Valdmanis, L. De Lorenzis, T. Rousakis, R. Tepfers, Behaviour and capacity of [60] T. Yu, J.G. Teng, Y.L. Wong, S.L. Dong, Finite element modeling of confined
CFRP-confined concrete cylinders subjected to monotonic and cyclic axial concrete-I: Drucker-Prager type plasticity model, Eng. Struct. 32 (3) (2010)
compressive load, Struct. Concr. 8 (4) (2007) 187. 665–679.
[38] A. Mirmiran, M. Shahawy, M. Samaan, H.E. Echary, J.C. Mastrapa, O. Pico, Effect [61] J.F. Jiang, Y.F. Wu, Identification of material parameters for Drucker-Prager
of column parameters on FRP-confined concrete, J. Compos. Constr. 2 (4) plasticity model for FRP confined circular concrete columns, Int. J. Solids
(1998) 175–185. Struct. 49 (3) (2012) 445–456.
[39] Z. Yan, C.P. Pantelides, L.D. Reaveley, Posttensioned FRP composite shells for [62] R. Park, T. Paulay, Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley & Sons, 1975.
concrete confinement, J. Compos. Constr. 11 (1) (2007) 81–90. [63] M. Ahmed, J. Mallick, M.A. Hasan, A study of factors affecting the flexural
[40] ZweigWhite LLC, <www.cenews.com>, 2016. tensile strength of concrete, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci. (2014).
[41] L. Janke, C. Czaderski, J. Ruth, M. Motavalli, Experiments on the residual load- [64] A.K.H. Kwan, C.X. Dong, J.C.M. Ho, Axial and lateral stress–strain model for
bearing capacity of prestressed confined concrete columns, Eng. Struct. 31 (10) circular concrete-filled steel tubes with external steel confinement, Eng.
(2009) 2247–2256. Struct. 117 (2016) 528–541.
[42] T.C. Rousakis, I.S. Tourtouras, RC columns of square section – passive and [65] V. Korsun, N. Vatin, A. Franchi, A. Korsun, P. Crespi, S. Mashtaler, The strength
active confinement with composite ropes, Compos. B Eng. 58 (2014) 573–581. and strain of high-strength concrete elements with confinement and steel
[43] R. Dubey, P. Kumar, Experimental study of the effectiveness of retrofitting RC fiber reinforcement including the conditions of the effect of elevated
cylindrical columns using self-compacting concrete jackets, Constr. Build. temperatures, Procedia Eng. 117 (2015) 975–984.
Mater. 124 (2016) 104–117. [66] K.J.H. Zhou, J.C.M. Ho, R.K.L. Su, Flexural strength and deformability design of
[44] G. Ruano, F. Isla, R.I. Pedraza, D. Sfer, B. Luccioni, Shear retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams, Procedia Eng. 14 (2011) 1399–1407.
reinforced concrete beams with steel fiber reinforced concrete, Constr. Build. [67] Y.S. Youcef, S. Amziane, M. Chemrouk, CFRP confinement effectiveness on the
Mater. 54 (2014) 646–658. behavior of reinforced concrete columns with respect to buckling instability,
[45] C.E. Chalioris, G.E. Thermou, S.J. Pantazopoulou, Behaviour of rehabilitated RC Constr. Build. Mater. 81 (2015) 81–92.
beams with self-compacting concrete jacketing – analytical model and test [68] C. Quon, L. Cheng, Y. Li, W. Yu, Confinement of concrete with hybrid FRP
results, Constr. Build. Mater. 55 (2014) 257–273. bistable structures, Cem. Concr. Compos. 37 (2013) 222–231.
[46] A.S. Abdel-Hay, Y.A.G. Fawzy, Behavior of partially defected RC columns [69] P. Colajanni, F. De Domenico, A. Recupero, N. Spinella, Concrete columns
strengthened using steel jackets, HBRC J. 11 (2) (2015) 194–200. confined with fibre reinforced cementitious mortars: experimentation and
[47] S.M. Mourad, M.J. Shannag, Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete modelling, Constr. Build. Mater. 52 (2014) 375–384.
square columns using ferrocement jackets, Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (2) (2012) [70] F.J.D.C. y Basalo, F. Matta, A. Nanni, Fiber reinforced cement-based composite
288–294. system for concrete confinement, Constr. Build. Mater. 32 (2012) 55–65.
[48] B. Li, E.S.S. Lam, B. Wu, Y.Y. Wang, Experimental investigation on reinforced [71] J. Chen, N. Chouw, Compressive behaviour of flax FRP double tube confined
concrete interior beam–column joints rehabilitated by ferrocement jackets, coconut fibre reinforced concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (2016) 666–673.
Eng. Struct. 56 (2013) 897–909. [72] J.C.M. Ho, C.X. Dong, Improving strength, stiffness and ductility of CFDST
[49] M.H. Harajli, Cyclic response of concrete members with bond-damaged zones columns by external confinement, Thin-Wall. Struct. 75 (2014) 18–29.
repaired using concrete confinement, Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (5) (2007) 937– [73] A. Mirmiran, M. Shahawy, T. Beitleman, Slenderness limit for hybrid FRP-
951. concrete columns, J. Compos. Constr. 5 (1) (2001) 26–34.
[50] R. He, S. Grelle, L.H. Sneed, A. Belarbi, Rapid repair of a severely damaged RC [74] W. Yuan, A. Mirmiran, Buckling analysis of concrete-filled FRP tubes, Int. J.
column having fractured bars using externally bonded CFRP, Compos. Struct. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 1 (03) (2001) 367–383.
101 (2013) 225–242. [75] Z. Tao, J.G. Teng, L.H. Han, L. Lam, Experimental behaviour of FRP-confined
[51] R. Contamine, A.S. Larbi, P. Hamelin, Identifying the contributing mechanisms slender RC columns under eccentric loading, in: Proceeding, 2nd International
of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) in the case of shear repairing damaged and Conference on Advanced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications in
reinforced concrete beams, Eng. Struct. 46 (2013) 447–458. Construction, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 2004.
[52] L. Nguyen-Minh, M. Rovňák, Size effect in uncracked and pre-cracked [76] J. Fitzwilliam, L.A. Bisby, Slenderness effects on circular CFRP confined
reinforced concrete beams shear-strengthened with composite jackets, reinforced concrete columns, J. Compos. Constr. 14 (3) (2010) 280–288.
Compos. B Eng. 78 (2015) 361–376. [77] M. Ranger, L.A. Bisby, Effects of load eccentricities on circular FRP-confined
[53] S.F. Jiang, X. Zeng, S. Shen, X. Xu, Experimental studies on the seismic behavior reinforced concrete columns, in: Proceeding, 8th International Symposium on
of earthquake-damaged circular bridge columns repaired by using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8),
combination of near-surface-mounted BFRP bars with external BFRP sheets University of Patras, Patras, Greece, 2007.
jacketing, Eng. Struct. 106 (2016) 317–331. [78] T. Jiang, J.G. Teng, Slenderness limit for short FRP-confined circular RC
[54] Y. Guo, J. Xie, Z. Xie, J. Zhong, Experimental study on compressive behavior of columns, J. Compos. Constr. 16 (6) (2012) 650–661.
damaged normal-and high-strength concrete confined with CFRP laminates, [79] Y.W. Zhou, X.M. Liu, L.L. Sui, F. Xing, H.J. Zhou, Stress–strain model for fibre
Constr. Build. Mater. 107 (2016) 411–425. reinforced polymer confined load-induced damaged concrete, Mater. Res.
[55] Z. Sun, D. Wang, X. Du, B. Si, Rapid repair of severely earthquake-damaged Innov. 19 (sup6) (2015) S6–S125.
bridge piers with flexural-shear failure mode, Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr. 10 (4) [80] A. Ilki, N. Kumbasar, Behavior of damaged and undamaged concrete
(2011) 553–567. strengthened by carbon fiber composite sheets, Struct. Eng. Mech. 13 (1)
[56] K. Fukuyama, Y. Higashibata, Y. Miyauchi, Studies on repair and strengthening (2002) 75–90.
methods of damaged reinforced concrete columns, Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (1) [81] B. Rabehi, Y. Ghernouti, A. Li, K. Boumchedda, Comparative behavior under
(2000) 81–88. compression of concrete columns repaired by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
[57] D. Lavorato, C. Nuti, Pseudo-dynamic tests on reinforced concrete bridges jacketing and ultra high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), J.
repaired and retrofitted after seismic damage, Eng. Struct. 94 (2015) 96–112. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 28 (22–23) (2014) 2327–2346.