EXPERIMENT 1

Viscosity of fluids

OBJECTIVE

To determine the viscosity of given fluids

APPARATUS

Tall cylinder, fluids, balls or marbles, band marker, stopwatch, vernier caliper, balance

RESULTS

Liquid A: ______________ Density of liquid A: ______________________kg/m3

No. Distance Mass of Diameter Density Time Velocity Kinem Dynamic

between marble of of (s) ,u atic viscosity, μ
bends (kg) marble, d marble, σ (m/s) viscosi (Ns/m2)
(m) (m) (kg/m3) ty, ѵ
(m2/s)
1

Average

Liquid B: ______________ Density of liquid B: ______________________kg/m3

No. Distance Mass of Diameter Density Time Veloc Kinemati Dynamic

between marble of marble, of (s) ity, u c viscosity,
bends (kg) d marble, σ (m/s) viscosity μ
(m) (m) (kg/m3) ,ѵ (Ns/m2)
(m2/s)

Average
 Liquid C: ______________ Density of liquid C: ______________________kg/m3

No. Distance Mass of Diameter Density Time Veloc Kinemati Dynamic

between marble of marble, of (s) ity, u c viscosity,
bends (kg) d marble, σ (m/s) viscosity μ
(m) (m) (kg/m3) ,ѵ (Ns/m2)
(m2/s)

Average

( )
( )

( )

QUESTION

1. How will the velocity vary with,

a) diameter of the ball?

b) density of the ball?

c) viscosity of fluids?

2. How can you demonstrate variation in viscosity of different fluids?

EXPERIMENT 2

The accuracy of a Bourdon Pressure Gauge

OBJECTIVE

To calculate the accuracy of the Bourdon Pressure Gauge using dead weight tester

APPARATUS

Bourdon type pressure gauge (specification as follows):

Pressure range: 0 – 200 kN/m2

Area of piston: 246.0x10-6 m2

Mass of piston: 0.557 kg

Dead weight tester (0.25 kg, 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg)

DATA ANALYSIS

1. Calculate the actual pressure for each total mass using the following equation:

( ⁄ ) ( )

( )

2. Calculate the average measured pressure gauge for the increasing and decreasing pressures (make
sure to convert the unit into kN/m2).

3. Calculate the gauge % error.

4. Plot the graph Gauge pressure vs. Actual pressure (both increasing and decreasing, in the same
graph).

RESULTS
 Mass Total Actual INCREASING PRESSURE % Error = (Actual
added to mass, M Pressure Gauge Reading (kN/m2) pressure/Average
piston (kg) (kN/m2) gauge reading) x 100
(kg)
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Average
0 0.557
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.25

Mass Total Actual DECSRAESING PRESSURE % Error = (Actual

removed mass, M Pressure Gauge Reading (kN/m2) pressure/Average
from (kg) (kN/m2) gauge reading) x 100
piston Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Average
(kg)
0
0.25
0.5
1.0
2.0

QUESTION

1. How the increasing and deceasing pressure affected the accuracy of the Bourdon gauge pressure?

2. If the object of the same mass placed in the moon, how the pressure will (increase or decrease)?
Explain your answer.
EXPERIMENT 3

Bernoulli’s Theorem

OBJECTIVE

To determine the accuracy of Bernoulli’s theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal tapered pipe

THEORY
RESULTS
 No. Tube Cross- Volume Time Flow rate, Q Velocity, v=Q/A Velocity head, Manometer Total head,
tube diameter section (m3) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g level, h (velocity head
(m) are of (m) (m) + manometer
tube, level)
A=πr2 (m)
(m2)
1 0.0250
2 0.0139
3 0.0118
4 0.0107
5 0.0100
6 0.0250
No. Tube Cross- Volume Time Flow rate, Q Velocity, v=Q/A Velocity head, Manometer Total head,
tube diameter section (m3) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g level, h (velocity head
(m) are of (m) (m) + manometer
tube, level)
A=πr2 (m)
(m2)
1 0.0250
2 0.0139
3 0.0118
4 0.0107
5 0.0100
6 0.0250
No. Tube Cross- Volume Time Flow rate, Q Velocity, v=Q/A Velocity head, Manometer Total head,
tube diameter section (m3) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g level, h (velocity head
(m) are of (m) (m) + manometer
tube, level)
A=πr2 (m)
(m2)
1 0.0250
2 0.0139
3 0.0118
4 0.0107
5 0.0100
6 0.0250
QUESTION

1. How the velocities vary with the increasing of pressure head? Increase or decrease? Explain.

2. How the variation of total head of each tube for each test? Slightly constant, increase or decrease? Explain.
EXPRIMENT 4

Determination of orifice coefficient

OBJECTIVE

To determine the coefficient of velocity from jet trajectory

Results

No. Head Horizontal Vertical Volume Time Flowrate (yh)0.5 (h)0.5

distance Distance
H (m) x (m) y (m) V (m3) t (s) Q (m3/s) (m0.5) (m0.5)
1
2
3
4

Plot flowrate Q vs (h)0.5 and determine the slope of the graph. The coefficient of discharge Cd can be
calculated from Cd =slope/Ao√(2g)

Plot x vs (yh)0.5 and determine the slope of the graph. The velocity coefficient Cv is equal to the average
slope/2.

QUESTION

1. How the varies in head, h affect the flowrate and vertical distance of the water jet?

2. Estimate the likely experimental erors in each of the quantities measured.

3. What is the relationship between coefficient of velocity Cv and coefficient of discharge Cd? Explain.
EXPERIMENT 5

Reynolds Number
RESULT

Temperature of water, T: _____________°C

Density of water, ρ: __________________ kg/m3

Viscosity of water, μ: _________________ Pa.s

Diameter of tube, d: 0.010 m Cross-sectional area of tube, A: ____________ m2

No. Volume, Time, t Flow Velocity, Reynolds Types of flow Types of flow
V (m3) (s) rate, Q v = Q/A number, from the Re from observation
(m3/s) (m/s) Re=ρvd/μ values
1
2
3
4
5
6

QUESTION

1. How the Reynolds number varies when the velocity increased? Explain.

2. Compare your results between by observation and calculated values. What are the possible errors that
affected your results?
EXPERIMENT 6

Co-efficient of conduits

OBJECTIVE

To determine friction coefficient for flow under turbulent conditions

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the length of the pipe section (l), which is the distance between the two tapping.
2. Measure the internal diameter (d) of the pipe section.
3. Connect the tubes to the two tapping accordingly and open the flow control valve as maximum as it
can. Remove all interrupted bubbles by tapping the valve that attach to the pressure reading.
4. Now start, observation, adjust flow control valve to the desired flow rate. For each flow rate, record
the pressure reading.
 5. Repeat the whole steps using other type of pipes to compare their friction coefficient.

TYPES OF PIPES
Pipes for measurement of friction are available as options as follow:
Type of pipes Length between pressure Internal diameter, d (mm)
tappings, l (cm)
PVC pipe 1 inch 125 28
PVC pipe ¾ inch 125 21
PVC roughened pipe ¾ inch 125 21
Steel pipe ¾ inch 125 21
PVC pipe ½ inch 125 16.3

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

QUESTION

1. How will the head loss, hf vary with:

a) Velocity?
b) Diameter of pipe?
c) Types of pipe?

2. How can you demonstrate variation in friction coefficient of different types of pipe?
DATA EXPERIMENT 8: FRICTION COEFFICIENT

PIPE TYPE: ______________________________________ LENGTH OF PIPE, (l): ____________________________ m

INTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE: ___________________ m AREA OF PIPE, (A): _____________________________ m2

No. Flow Flow rate, Q Velocity, Pressure Head loss, Friction coeff, Reynolds Remarks
rate (m3/s) v = Q/A reading, h hf = h÷1000 f = 2gdhf/4lv2 number, Re =
(gpm) (m/s) (mmH2O) (m) ρvd/μ
1

PIPE TYPE: ______________________________________ LENGTH OF PIPE, (l): ____________________________ m

INTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE: ___________________ m AREA OF PIPE, (A): _____________________________ m2

No. Flow Flow rate, Q Velocity, Pressure Head loss, Friction coeff, Reynolds Remarks
rate (m3/s) v = Q/A reading, h hf = h÷1000 f = 2gdhf/4lv2 number, Re =
(gpm) (m/s) (mmH2O) (m) ρvd/μ
1

4
PIPE TYPE: ______________________________________ LENGTH OF PIPE, (l): ____________________________ m

INTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE: ___________________ m AREA OF PIPE, (A): _____________________________ m2

No. Flow Flow rate, Q Velocity, Pressure Head loss, Friction coeff, Reynolds Remarks
rate (m3/s) v = Q/A reading, h hf = h÷1000 f = 2gdhf/4lv2 number, Re =
(gpm) (m/s) (mmH2O) (m) ρvd/μ
1