Relativistic Klein-Gorden-Maxwell multistream

model for quantum plasmas

June 1, 2019

THE KLEIN-GORDEN-MAXWELL MULTISTREAM

MODEL

W 2 ψj − c2 P 2 ψj − m2 c4 ψj = 0 ; j = 1, , , , , , , N .........(1)
∂
W = ι~ + eφ and P = −ι~∇ + eA
∂t
putting values of W and P in eq 1
∂ ∂
[(ι~ + eφ)(ι~ + eφ)ψj ] − c2 [(−ι~∇ + eA)(−ι~∇ + eA)ψj ] − m2 c4 ψj = 0
∂t ∂t
∂ 2 ψj ∂ψj ∂φ ∂ψj
[−~2 2 + ιe~φ + ιe~ψj + ιe~φ + e 2 φ2 ψj ]
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
− [c2 (−~2 ∇2 ψj − ιe~A.∇ψj − ιe~ψj ∇.A − ιe~A.∇ψj + e2 A2 ψj − m2 c4 ψj )] = 0
∂ 2 ψj ∂ψj ∂φ
− ~2 + 2ιe~φ + ιe~ ψj + e2 φ2 ψ + ~2 c2 ∇2 ψj + 2ιec2 ~A.∇ψj − e2 c2 A2 ψj − m2 c4 ψj = 0
∂t2 ∂t ∂t
∵ ∇.A = 0
deviding by (−~c2 )
1 ∂ 2 ψj 2ιeφ ∂ψj ιeψj ∂φ e2 φ2 2 2ιe e 2 A2 m2 c2
− − − ψj − ∇ ψ j − A.∇ψ j + ψ j + ψj = 0
c2 ∂t2 ~c2 ∂t ~c2 ∂t ~2 c2 ~c2 ~2 ~2
1 ∂ 2 ψj 2ιeφ ∂ψj ιeψj ∂φ 2ιe e 2 φ2 e 2 A2 m2 c2
2 2
− ∇2 ψj − 2
− 2
− 2 A.∇ψj − 2 2 ψj + 2 ψj + 2 ψj = 0.....(I)
c ∂t ~c ∂t ~c ∂t ~c ~ c ~ ~
1 ∂2
∴  = 2 2 − ∇2 .......(9)
c ∂t
ιe ∂ψj ∂φ 1 e2 φ2
ψj − 2 (2φ + ψj + 2A.∇ψJ ) + 2 (e2 A2 − 2 + m2 c2 )ψj = 0.......(10)
~c ∂t ∂t ~ c

1
1 EIKONOL DECOMPOSITION

ψj = Rj exp(ιSj /~)......(11)
∂ψj ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
= Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )( ) + exp(ιSj /~)( )
∂t ~ ∂t ∂t
∂ 2 ψj ι ∂ 2 Sj ι ∂Sj 2 ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
2
= R j exp(ιS j /~)( )( 2 ) + Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )2 ( ) + exp(ιSj /~)( )( )( )
∂t ~ ∂t ~ ∂t ~ ∂t ∂t
∂ 2 Rj ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
+ e(ιSj /~)( 2 ) + exp(ιSj /~)( )( )(( )
∂t ~ ∂t ∂t
∂ 2 ψj ι ∂ 2 Sj ι ∂Sj 2
= R j exp(ιS j /~)( )( ) + Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )2 ( )
∂t2 ~ ∂t2 ~ ∂t
ι ∂Sj ∂Rj ∂ 2 Rj
+ 2exp(ιSj /~)( )( )( ) + exp(ιSj /~)( 2 )
~ ∂t ∂t ∂t
∇ψj = ∇(Rj exp(ιSj /~))
ι
∇ψj = Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )∇Sj + exp(ιSj /~)∇Rj
~
ι ι ι
∇2 ψj = Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )∇2 Sj + Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )2 (∇Sj )2 + exp(ιSj /~)( )∇Sj ∇Rj
~ ~ ~
ι
+ exp(ιSj /~)∇2 Rj + exp(ιSj /~)( )∇Sj ∇Rj
~
ι 2 ι ι
2
∇ ψj = Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )∇ Sj + Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )2 (∇Sj )2 + 2exp(ιSj /~)( )∇Sj ∇Rj + exp(ιSj /~)∇2 Rj
~ ~ ~
eq I
1 ∂ 2 ψj 2ιeφ ∂ψj ιeψj ∂φ 2ιe e 2 φ2 e 2 A2 m2 c2
2 2
− ∇2 ψj − 2
− 2
− 2 A.∇ψj − 2 2 ψj + 2 ψj + 2 ψj = 0
c ∂t ~c ∂t ~c ∂t ~c ~ c ~ ~
∂ 2 ψj
putting values of ( 2 ) and (∇2 ψj ) in above equation
∂t
ι ∂ 2 Sj Rj ∂Sj 2 2ι ∂Sj ∂Rj exp(ιSj /~) ∂ 2 Rj
2
Rj exp(ιSj /~) 2 − 2 2 exp(ιSj /~)( ) + 2 exp(ιSj /~) +
~c ∂t ~ c ∂t ~c ∂t ∂t c2 ∂t2
ιRj Rj 2ι
− exp(ιSj /~)∇2 Sj + 2 exp(ιSj /~)(∇Sj )2 − exp(ιSj /~)∇Sj ∇Rj − exp(ιSj /~)∇2 Rj
~ ~ ~
ιeRj ∂φ 2eφRj ∂Sj 2ιeφ ∂Rj 2eARj ιeA
exp(ιSj /~) + 2 2 − exp(ιSj /~) + 2 2 exp(ιSj /~)∇Sj − exp(ιSj /~)∇Rj
~c2 ∂t ~ c ∂t ~c2 ∂t ~ c ~
ι ∂ 2 Sj Rj ∂Sj 2 2ι ∂Sj ∂Rj 1 ∂ 2 Rj ιRj 2 Rj 2ι
2
Rj 2 − 2 2 ( ) + 2 + 2 2
− ∇ Sj + 2 (∇Sj )2 − ∇Sj ∇Rj − ∇2 Rj
~c ∂t ~ c ∂t ~c ∂t ∂t c ∂t ~ ~ ~
ιeRj ∂φ 2eφRj ∂Sj 2ιeΦ ∂Rj 2eARj 2ιeA e 2 A2 e 2 φ2 m2 c2
− + − + ∇S j − ∇R j + R j − R j + Rj = 0
~c2 ∂t ~2 c2 ∂t ~c2 ∂t ~2 ~ ~2 ~2 c2 ~2

2
2 REAL PART

Rj ∂Sj 2 1 ∂ 2 Rj Rj 2eφRj ∂Sj 2eA e 2 A2

− 2 2
( ) + 2 2
+ 2 (∇Sj )2 − ∇2 Rj + 2 2 + 2 Rj ∇Sj + 2 Rj
~ c ∂t c ∂t ~ ~ c ∂t ~ ~
e 2 φ2 m2 c2
− 2 2 Rj + 2 Rj = 0
~ c ~
~2
multiply both side by ( )
Rj
1 ∂Rj 2 ~2 ∂ 2 Rj ~2 2 2eφ ∂Sj e 2 φ2
− 2
( ) + 2 2
+ (∇Sj )2 − ∇ Rj + 2 + 2eA∇Sj + e2 A2 − 2 + m2 c2 = 0
c ∂Sj Rj c ∂t Rj c ∂t c
1 ∂Sj ~2 1 ∂ 2 R j
− 2
[ − eφ]2 + (∇Sj + eA)2 + m2 c2 + [ − ∇ 2 Rj ]
c ∂t Rj c2 ∂t2
1 ∂Sj ~2 Rj
2
( − eφ)2 − (∇Sj + eA)2 − m2 c2 = .......(12)
c ∂t Rj

3 IMAGIANARY PART

Rj ∂ 2 Sj 2 ∂Sj ∂Rj Rj 2 2 eRj ∂φ 2eφ ∂Rj 2eA

2 2
+ 2 − ∇ Sj − ∇Sj ∇Rj − 2 − 2 − ∇Rj = 0
~c ∂t ~c ∂t ∂t ~ ~ ~c ∂t ~c ∂t ~
multiply by~
Rj ∂ 2 Sj 2 ∂Sj ∂Rj eRj ∂φ 2eφ ∂Rj
+ 2 − Rj ∇2 Sj − 2∇Sj ∇Rj − 2 − 2 − 2eA∇Rj = 0
c2 ∂t2 c ∂t ∂t c ∂t c ∂t
2
1 ∂ Sj 2 ∂Rj ∂Sj eRj ∂φ
Rj ( 2 2
)+ 2 ( ) − 2∇Rj .(∇Sj + eA) − 2 =0
c ∂t c ∂t ∂t − eΦ c ∂t
e ∂φ 2 ∂Rj ∂Sj
Rj (Sj − 2 )+ 2 ( ) − 2∇Rj .(∇Sj + eA) = 0...........(13)
c ∂t c ∂t ∂t − eφ

4 Now we concentrate on the electrostatic case

and assume A=0

REAL PART
1 ∂Sj 2 2 2 2 ~2 Rj
( − eφ) − (∇Sj ) − m c = ........(16)
c2 ∂t Rj
IMAGIANARY PART
e ∂φ 2 ∂Rj ∂Sj
Rj (Sj − 2 )+ 2 ( ) − 2∇Rj .∇Sj = 0........(17)
c ∂t c ∂t ∂t − eφ

3
∇2 φ
1
∇2 φ = − (P + no e).......A
o
electric charge density is
j=1
e X ∗
P =− ψj W ψj + ψj (W ψj )∗ ].........(B)
2mc2
N
∂
W ψj = (ι~ + eφ)(Rj exp(ιSj /~))
∂t
ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
W ψj = ι~Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )( ) + ι~exp(ιSj /~) + eφRj exp(ιSj /~)
~ ∂t ∂t
ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
ψ ∗ W ψ = (Rj exp(ι−Sj /~))ι~Rj exp(ιSj /~)( )( ) + (Rj exp(ι−Sj /~))ι~exp(ιSj /~)
~ ∂t ∂t
+ (Rj exp(ι−Sj /~))eφRj exp(ιSj /~)
∂Sj ∂Rj
ψ ∗ W ψ = −Rj2 + ι~ + Rj2 eφ..............(a)
∂t ∂t
∂
W ∗ ψ ∗ = (−ι~ + eφ)(Rj exp(−ιSj /~))
∂t
−ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
W ∗ ψj∗ = −ι~Rj exp(−ιSj /~)( )( ) − ι~exp(−ιSj /~) + eφRj exp(−ιSj /~)
~ ∂t ∂t
−ι ∂Sj ∂Rj
ψj W ∗ ψj∗ = −(Rj exp(ιSj /~))ι~Rj exp(−ιSj /~)( )( ) − (Rj exp(ιSj /~))ι~exp(−ιSj /~)
~ ∂t ∂t
+ (Rj exp(ι−Sj /~)eφRj exp(ιSj /~)
∂Sj ∂Rj
ψj W ∗ ψj∗ = −Rj2 − ι~ + Rj2 eφ..............(b)
∂t ∂t
∂Sj ∂Rj ∂Sj ∂Rj
ψ ∗ W ψ + ψj W ∗ ψj∗ = −Rj2 + ι~ + Rj2 eΦ − Rj2 − ι~ + Rj2 eφ
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
∂Sj
ψ ∗ W ψ + ψj W ∗ ψj∗ = −2Rj2 + 2Rj2 eφ.............(c)
∂t
putting (c) in B
j=1
e X ∂Sj
P =− [−2Rj2 + 2Rj2 eφ]
2mc2 ∂t
N
j=1
eRJ X ∂Sj
P = [ − eφ]..........C
mc2 ∂t
N
putting C in A
j=1
1 eRj2 X ∂Sj
∇2 φ = − [ ( − eφ) + no e]
o mc2 ∂t
N
j=1
e X eRj2 ∂Sj
∇2 φ = − [ ( − eφ) + no e]...........(18)
o mc2 ∂t
N

4
ONE STREAM CASE

N = 1, R1 = R S1 = S
so eq 16, 17, 18 becomes
1 ∂S ~2 R
2
( − eφ)2 − ∇S 2 − m2 c2 = .......(19)
c ∂t R
e ∂Φ 2 ∂R ∂S
R(S − 2 )+ 2 ( − eΦ) − 2∇R.∇S = 0..........(20)
c ∂t c ∂t ∂t
2
e R ∂S
∇2 φ = − [ 2 ( − eφ) + no e].......(21)
o mc ∂t

5
5 LINEAR WAVES

The system of eq (19) − (21) has the equilibrium solution

n0
R0 = sqrt S0 = −γmc2 t + p.r φ0 = 0
γ
R1 = S1 = φ1 = exp(i[K.r − Ωt])
S = S0 + S1 R = R0 + R1 φ = φ0 + φ1
∂S0
= −γmc2
∂t
∂S1
= −iΩexp(i[K.r − Ωt])
∂t
∇S0 = P
∇S1 = iKexp(i[K.r − Ωt])
1 ∂S 2 ∂S ~2 R
eq 19 ⇒ 2
( ) + (eφ)2 − 2eφ − ∇S0 + S1 2 − m2 c2 =
c ∂t ∂t R
2
1 ∂ 2 ∂ 2 2 2 ~ R
( (S 0 + S 1 )) − 2eφ (S0 + S1 ) − P + 2iKpS 1 − m c =
c2 ∂t ∂t R

6
The system of eq (19) − (21) has the equilibrium solution
r
n0
R0 = S0 = −γmc2 t + p.r φ0 = 0
γ
R1 = S1 = φ1 = exp(i[K.r − Ωt])
S = S0 + S1 R = R0 + R1 φ = φ0 + φ1
∂S0
= −γmc2
∂t
∂S1
= −iΩexp(i[K.r − Ωt])
∂t
∇S0 = P
∇S1 = iKexp(i[K.r − Ωt])
1 ∂2
= − ∇2
c2 ∂t2
for R
1 ∂2
R = (R0 + R1 ) − ∇2 (R0 + R1 )
c2 ∂t2
1
R = 2 R1 (ιΩ)2 − R1 (ιK)2
c
Ω2
R = − 2 R1 − R1 (ιK)2
c
Ω2
R = (K 2 − 2 )R1
c
same for S
Ω2
S = (K 2 − )S1
c2
1 ∂ ∂ ~2 R
eq 19 ⇒ 2 [( (S0 + S1 ))2 + (eφ)2 − 2eφ (S0 + S1 )] − (∇(S0 + S1 ))2 − m2 c2 =
c ∂t ∂t R
2 2
1 ∂S0 2 ∂S0 ∂S1 ∂ ~ Ω
[( ) +2 − 2eφ1 S0 ] − [(∇S0 )2 + 2∇S0 ∇S1 ] − m2 c2 = (K 2 − 2 )R1
c2 ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t R0 c
2
1 2 2 4 ~
(γ m c + 2iΩγmc2 S1 + 2γmc2 eφ1 ) − (P 2 + 2iKP S1 ) − m2 c2 = BR1
c2 R0
~2
γ 2 m2 c2 + 2iΩγmS1 + 2γmeφ1 − P 2 − 2iKP S1 − m2 c2 − BR1 = 0
R0
K ~2
m2 c2 + p2 + 2iγm(Ω − )S1 + 2γmeφ1 − P 2 − m2 c2 − BR1 = 0
mγ R0
~2
2iγm(Ω − Kυ)S1 + 2γmeφ1 − BR1 = 0......(a)
R0
e ∂Φ 2 ∂R ∂S
eq 20 ⇒ R(S − 2 )+ 2 ( − eΦ) − 2∇R.∇S = 0..........(20)
c ∂t c ∂t ∂t
e 2
(R0 + R1 )(BS1 − 2 (−ιΩφ1 )) + 2 (−ιΩR1 (−γmc2 − S1 ιΩ)) − 2ιKR1 .(P + ιKS1 )
c c
e 2iΩR1
R0 BS1 + iR0 2 Ωφ1 − (−γmc2 ) − 2iKP R1 = 0
c c2
e 7
R0 BS1 + iR0 2 Ωφ1 + 2ιΩγmR1 − 2iKP R1 = 0
c
e
R0 BS1 + iR0 2 Ωφ1 + 2ιγm(Ω − Kv)R1 = 0
c
iR0 e
R0 BS1 + 2 Ωφ1 + 2ιγmAR1 = 0........(b)
c
 e R2 ∂S
eq 21 ⇒ ∇2 φ = − [ ( − eφ) + no e]
o mc2 ∂t
e 1
− φ1 K 2 = − [ (R2 + 2R0 R1 )(−γmc2 − ιΩS1 ) − (eφ1 ) + n0 ]
0 mc2 0
en0 ιen0 ΩS1 2eγR0 R1 e 2 n 0 φ1 en0
φ1 K 2 + + 2
+ + 2
−
0 0 γmc 0 γmc 0 0
2
ιen 0 ΩS 1 2eγR 0 R 1 e n 0 φ 1
φ1 K 2 + + +
0 γmc2 0 γmc2 0
2
ιen0 ΩS1 ωp 2eγR0 R1
2
+ (K 2 + 2 )φ1 + = 0......(c)
0 γmc γc 0
ω2
 
 ιen0 Ω 2eγR0 
 0 γmc2 (K 2 + γcp2 ) 0 

 R0 B ιR e 
c2 Ω 2ιγmA
0
 2 
2ιγmA 2γme − ~RB 0


ιen0 Ω ι~2 eΩB 2 2 2

ωp2 2 2 2 2 2 2eγR02 2eγmΩA
2
(− 2
− 4ιeγ m A) − (K + 2
)(−~ B + 4m γ A ) + (2eγmB + )=0
0 γmc c γc 0 c2
e 2 ~2 n 0 Ω 2 B 4e2 n0 Ωγm2 A 2 2 2
~2 ωp2 B 2
+ + ~ K B + − 4K 2 m2 A2 γ 2
0 γmc4 0 mc2 γc2
4ωp2 m2 γA2 4e2 n0 γm2 B 4e2 n0 γm2 ΩA
− 2
+ + =0
c m0 c2 m0
~2 ωp2 Ω2 B 4ωp2 Ωγm2 A ~2 ωp2 B 2
4K 2 m2 γ 2 A2 = + + ~ 2 2 2
K B +
γc4 c2 γc2
4ωp2 m2 γA2 4ωp2 γm2 ΩA
− 2
+ 4ωp2 γm2 B + =0
c c2
~2 ωp2 B Ω2 ΩA A2 ΩA
4K 2 m2 γ 2 A2 = ~2 K 2 B 2 + 2
(B + 2 ) + 4ωp2 γm2 ( 2 − 2 ) + 4ωp2 γm2 (B + 2 ) = 0
γc c c c c
2 2 2 2 2 2
~ ω p B Ω Ω 4ω p γm A
4K 2 m2 γ 2 A2 = ~2 K 2 B 2 + (K 2 − 2 + 2 ) + (Ω − Ω + Kυ)
γc2 c c c2
Ω2 Ω2 KυΩ
+ 4ωp2 γm2 (K 2 − 2 + + 2 − 2 ) = 0
c c c
2 2 2
~ ω p BK kυΩ kυΩ K 2 υ 2
4K 2 m2 γ 2 A2 = ~2 K 2 B 2 + + 4ω 2
p γm 2
(K 2
− + 2 − )=0
γc2 c2 c c2
~2 ωp2 BK 2 υ2
4K 2 m2 γ 2 A2 = ~2 K 2 B 2 + + 4K 2 2
ω p γm 2
(1 − )=0
γc2 c2
~2 ωp2 B ωp2
A2 = ~2 B 2 4m2 γ 2 + + =0
4m2 c2 γ 2 γ3

8
 ωp2 ~2 Ω2 2 ~2 ωp2 Ω2
(Ω − Kυ)2 = + (K 2
− ) + (K 2
− )........(24)
γ3 4γ 2 m2 c2 4γ 3 m2 c2 c2
ωp2 ~2 Ω2 2 ~2 ωp2 Ω2
γ 2 (Ω − Kυ)2 = + (K 2
− ) + (K 2
− ).......(A)
γ 4m2 c2 4γm2 c2 c2
√
Ω0 = γ(Ω − υK) K 0 = γ(K − υΩ/c2 ) ωp0 = ωp / γ
first we prove
2
Ω2 2 Ω0
(K 2 − 2
) = (K 0 − 2 )
c c
2
Ω υ 2 Ω2 KυΩ 1
(K 2 − 2 ) = γ 2 (K 2 + 4 − 2 2 ) − 2 (γ 2 (Ω2 + υ 2 K 2 + 2ΩυK))
c c c c
Ω2 γ2
(K 2 − 2 ) = γ 2 K 2 − 2 Ω2 ∴ υ = 0 and γ = 1
c c
2 Ω2 2 Ω2
(K − 2 ) = K − 2 .....a
c c
putting values into A
2 2 2
~2 02 Ω0 2 ~2 ω 0 p 02 Ω0
Ω02 = (ω 0 p )2 + (K − ) + (K − ).........(25)
4m2 c2 4γm2 c2 c2
to go for beam frame to laboratory frame we assume for simplicity that beam velocity is along
z axis so equation 24 becomes
ωp2 ~2 Ω2 2 ~2 ωp2 Ω2
(Ω − υKz )2 = + (K 2
− ) + (K 2 − 2 )........(26)
γ3 2
4γ m 2 c2 3
4γ m c2 2 c
ωp2 ~2 K 4 ~2 Ω4 ~ 2 K 2 Ω2
(Ω − Kυ)2 = 3
+ 2 2 + 2 2 4 − 2 2 2 2 + 0 ∴ Ω>>ωP c → ∞
γ 4γ m 4γ m c 4γ m c
2 2 4
ωp ~ K
(Ω − Kυ)2 = 3 + 3 2
γ 4γ m
ωp2 ~2 K 4
(Ω − Kυ)2 = 3 + 6 2 .......(27)
γ 4γ m
Last term in right hand side can be consider a quantum correction to relativistic beam-plasma mode.
on other hand in non relativistic limit c → ∞we have γ=1
2 4
~ K
(Ω − Kυ)2 = ωp2 + ........(28)
4m2
normalizing the physical quantities into dimensionless units according to
Ω cK p υ ~ωp
(Ω∗ = K∗ = p∗ = υ∗ = H = 2 )........(29)
ω ωp mc c m

9
 ωp2 ~2 Ω2 2 ~2 ωp2 Ω2
eq24 ⇒ (Ω − Kυ)2 = + (K 2
− ) + (K 2
− ).......(A)
γ3 4γ 2 m2 c2 4γ 3 m2 c2 c2
(Ω − Kυ)2 1 ~2 2 Ω2 2 ~2 ωp2 2 Ω2
= + (K − ) + (K − )
ωp2 γ3 4γ 2 m2 ωp c2 4γ 3 m2 c2 ωp2 c2
Ω cKυ 2 1 ~2 ωp2 c4 Ω2 ~2 ωp2 c2 Ω2
( − ) = 3 + 2 2 4 4 (K 2 − 2 )2 + 3 2 4 2 (K 2 − 2 )
ωp ωp c γ 4γ m c ωp c 4γ m c ωp c
1 H 2 c4 Ω2 2 H 2 c2 Ω2
(Ω∗ − K ∗ υ ∗ )2 = + (K 2
− ) + (K 2
− )
γ3 4γ 2 ωp4 c2 4γ 3 ωp2 c2
1 H 2 K 2 c2 Ω2 H 2 K 2 c2 Ω2
(Ω∗ − K ∗ υ ∗ )2 = 3
+ 2 ( 2 − 2 )2 + 3 ( 2 − 2 )
γ 4γ ωp ωP 4γ ωp ω
1 H2 H2
(Ω∗ − K ∗ υ ∗ )2 = + (K ∗2
− Ω ∗2 2
) + (K ∗2 − Ω∗2 )
γ3 4γ 2 4γ 3
omitting the asterisks
1 H2 H2
(Ω − Kυ)2 = 3
+ 2 (K 2 − Ω2 )2 + 3 (K 2 − Ω2 )........(30)
γ 4γ 4γ
putting υ=0 γ=1

H 2K 4 H 2 Ω4 H 2 K 2 Ω2 H 2K 2 H 2 Ω2
Ω2 = 1 + + − + +
4 4 2 4 4
H 2K 4 H 2 Ω4 H 2 K 2 Ω2 H 2K 2 H 2 Ω2
1+ + − + − − Ω2 = 0
4 4 2 4 4
H 2 Ω4 H 2K 2 H2 H 2K 4 H 2K 2
+ Ω2 (− − − 1) + (1 + 1+ )=0
4 2 4 4 4

by quadratic formula

10
 2 2
q
H2 2 2 H2 2 H2K4 H2K2
( H 2K + 4 + 1) ± (− H 2K − 4 − 1)2 − 4( H4 )(1 + 4 1 + 4 )
Ω2± = H2
2
2 2
q
H2 4 4 H4 H4K2 H2 H4K4 H4K2
( H 2K + 4 + 1) ± ( H 4K + 42 +1+ 4 + 2 + H 2 K2 − H 2 − 4 − 4 )
Ω2± = H2
2
2 2
q
H2 H4 H2
( H 2K + 4 + 1) ± (1 + 42 + H 2K 2 − 2 )
Ω2± = H2
2
2 2
q
H2 K2
( H 2K + 4 + 1) ± H 2 ( H14 + 1
42 + H2 − 1
2H 2 )
Ω2± = H2
2
2 2
q
H2 2
( H 2K + 4 + 1) ± H 2 (K 1
H2 + ( 4 −
1
H 2 ))
Ω2± = H2
2
2
1 2 K 1 1 1
Ω2± = + K 2 + 2 ± 2[ 2 + ( − 2 )2 ] 2 ...........(31)
2 H H 4 H
1 2 K2 1 1 1 1
Ω2± = + K 2 + 2 ± 2[ 2 + 2 + 4 − ]2
2 H H 4 H 2H 2
1 2 2 H4 H2 1
Ω2± = + K 2 + 2 ± 2 [K 2 H 2 + 2 + 1 − ]2
2 H H 4 2
1 2 2 H4 H2 1
Ω2± = + K 2 + 2 ± 2 [1 + K 2 H 2 + 2 − ]2
2 H H 4 2
H4 H2 2
1 2 2 1 H4 H2 ( −1 )(H 2 K 2 + 42 − 2 )
Ω2± = + K 2 + 2 ± 2 [1 + ( )(H 2 K 2 + 2 − )+ 4 ]
2 H H 2 4 2 2!
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 H4 H2
Ω± = + K + 2 ± 2 [1 + ( )(H K + 2 − )
2 H H 2 4 2
−1 H8 H4 K 2H 6 H6
+( )(K 4 H4 + 4 + + − 2 − K 2 H 4 )]
8 4 4 8 4
Ω2+
1 2 2 H2 1 K 4H 2 H6 H2 H 4K 2 H4 H 2K 2
Ω2+ = + K2 + 2 + 2 + K2 + 2 − − − 5 − 2 − + +
2 H H 4 2 4 4 4 43 43 4
2 2
4 H K
Ω2+ = 2 + 2K 2 + (1 − K 2 ) + O4 ........(32)
H 4
Ω2−
1 2 2 H2 1 K 4H 2 H6 H2 H 4K 2 H4 H 2K 2
Ω2− = + K2 + 2 − 2 − K2 − 2 + + + 5 + 2 + − −
2 H H 4 2 4 4 4 43 43 4
2 2
H K
Ω2− = 1 − (1 − K 2 ) + O4 ......(33)
4

11
NONLINEAR STATIONARY SOLUTION
Consider non-linear stationary solution of Eqs (19-21) in one spatial dimension,

R = R(x), S = −γmc2 t + S0 (x), φ = Φ(x),

eq 19 becomes

1 ∂ 2 2 2 2 2 ~2 ∂ 2 R(x)
R[ ( (−γmc t + S0 (x)) − eφ) − (∇(−γmc t + S0 (x))) − mc ] = − ~2 ∇2 R(x)
c2 ∂t c2 ∂t2
1 2
[ (−γmc2 − eφ)2 − S00 2 − mc2 ]R = −~2 R000
c2
1 2
[ 2 (γ 2 m2 c4 + e2 φ2 + 2γmc2 )2 − S00 2 − mc2 ]R = −~2 R000
c
p2 2
[(1 + 2 2 )m2 c4 + e2 φ2 + 2γmc2 eφ − (S00 )2 c2 − mc4 ]R = −~2 c2 R000
m c
2
[m2 c4 + p2 c2 + e2 φ2 + 2γmc2 eφ − (S00 )2 c2 − mc4 ]R = −~2 c2 R000
~2 c2 R002 = [(S 0 0 )2 c2 − p2 c2 − 2γmc2 eφ − e2 φ2 ]R......(35)

eq 20 becomes

1 ∂2 e ∂φ(x) 2 ∂R(x) ∂S
R( (−γmc2 t + S0 (x)) − ∇2 (−γmc2 t + S0 (x)) − 2 )+ 2 ( − eφ)
c2 ∂t2 c ∂t c ∂t ∂t
− 2∇(R(x)).∇(−γmc2t + S0 ) = 0
R(−S000 ) − 2R0 S00 = 0
R(S000 ) + 2R0 S00 = 0......(36)

12
eq 21 becomes

e R2 ∂
∇2 φ(x) = − [ ( (−γmc2 t + So (x)) − eφ) + no ] = 0
0 mc2 ∂t
e R2 R2 eφ eno
φ00 = − [ 2 (−γmc2 ) − 2
]−
o mc mc o
eγR2 R2 e2 φ eno
φ00 = + −
o 0 mc2 o
e n0 e2 R 2 φ
φ00 = (γR2 − no ) +
0 n0 0 mc2
e ωp R2 φ
φ00 = (γR2 − no ) + .......(37)
0 n0 c2
r
0 no
integrated as eq 33 as R2 SO = Jx = constant.Assuming R= and S00 = pso we have
γ
n0 p n0 p
R2 S00 = → S0 p = ....(38)
γ γR2
which is inserted in eq 31
n20 p2 c2
~2 c2 R00 = R[( ) − pc2 − 2eγmc2 φ − e2 φ2 ]
γ 2 R4
n2 p2 c2
~2 c2 R00 + (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 )R = 02 3 ....(39)
γ R

13
 To proceed,we transform physical quantities into dimensionless variables ac-
cording to

R eφ ωp x p ωp S0 n0 e2 p υ
R∗ = √ φ∗ = γ + x∗ = p∗ = S0∗ = ωp2 = υ= υ∗ =
n0 mc2 c mc mc2 m0 γm c

n20 p2 c2
~2 c2 R00 + (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 )R = .......(39)
γ 2 R3
~2 c2 R00 R n2 p2 c2
2 4
+ (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 ) 2 4 = 2 04 2 3
m c m c m c γ R
2 00 √
~ R R n0 υ 2
2 2
+ (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 ) 2 4 = 2 ∗3
m c m c c R
~2 R00 2 2 2 2 2 R υ ∗2
√ + (p c + 2eγmc φ + e φ ) √ =
n0 m2 c2 n0 m2 c4 R∗3
~2 R00 p2 ∗ 2eγφ e 2 φ2 2 2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + R + ( + + γ − γ )R =
n0 m2 c2 m2 c2 mc2 m2 c4 R∗3
~2 R00 p2 υ ∗2
√ 2 2
+ 2 2 R∗ + (φ∗2 − γ 2 )R∗ = ∗3
n0 m c m c R
~2 R00 p2 υ ∗2
√ 2 2
+ 2 2 R∗ + (φ∗2 + 1 − 1 − γ 2 )R∗ = ∗3
n0 m c m c R
~2 R00 p2 ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ ∗2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + R + 1R − γ R + (φ − 1)R =
n0 m2 c2 m2 c2 R∗3
~2 R00 2 ∗ 2 ∗ ∗2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + γ R − γ R + (φ − 1)R =
n0 m2 c2 R∗3
~2 R00 ∗2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + (φ − 1)R =
n0 m2 c2 R∗3
00
~2 R∗ ωp2 c2 ∗2 ∗ υ ∗2
+ (φ − 1)R =
m2 c4 ωp2 R∗3
00 c2 υ ∗2
H 2 R∗ 2
+ (φ∗2 − 1)R∗ = ∗3
ωp R
00 x2 υ ∗2
H 2 R∗ + (φ ∗2
− 1)R ∗
=
x2∗ R∗3
omitting asterisks
x2 υ2
H 2 R00 + (φ ∗2
− 1)R =
x2 R3
2
υ
H 2 R00 + (φ∗2 − 1)R = 3 .....(42)
R

14
 e ωp2 2
φ00 = (γR2 − n0 ) + R φ......(37)
0 n0 c2
en0 γR2 ωp2 2
φ00 = ( − 1) + R φ
0 n 0 n0 c2
0 0 no e2 R∗2 φ
φ00 = γR∗2 − 1 +
en0 en0 m0 c2
0 eφ ∗2
φ00 = γR∗2 − 1 + R
en0 mc2
eφ00 mc2 0
= R∗2 φ∗ − 1
mc2 e en0
00 c
2
φ∗ 2 = R∗2 φ∗ − 1
ω
00 x
2
φ∗ ∗2 = R∗2 φ∗ − 1
x
omitting asterisk
x2
φ00 = R2 φ − 1
x2
φ00 = R2 φ − 1.......(43)

n0 P
S00 = ......38
γR2
ωp S00 P ωp
=
mc2 γR∗2 mc2
0 ωp υ
S ∗ = ∗2 2
R c
0 ωp υ ∗
S ∗ = ∗2
R c
0 x∗ υ ∗
S∗=
xR∗2
omitting asterisk
xυ
S0 =
xR2
υ
S 0 = 2 .....(44)
R

15
 e ωp2 2
eq37 → φ00 = (γR2 − n0 ) + R φ
0 n 0 c2
R2 = R02 + 2R0 R1 , R2 φ = R0 φ1
e ωp2 2
− K 2 φ1 = (γR2 − n0 ) + R φ
0 n0 c2
ωp2
   
2 e n0
− K φ1 = γ + 2R0 R1 − n0 + 2 φ1
0 γ γc
2
2eγ ωp
− K 2 φ1 = R0 R1 + 2 φ1
0 γc
2 
ω

p 2eγ
φ1 K 2 + 2 + R0 R1 = 0........(a)
γc 0
n2 p2 c2
eq39 → R3 ~2 c2 R00 + (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ)R4 − 0 2
γ
3n 0
R3 = (R0 + R1 )3 = R03 + R1 , R4 = R04 + 4R03 R1
γ
 
3n0
3
R0 + R1 (−K 2 R1 ~2 c2 R00 ) + (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ1 )(R04 + 4R03 R1 )
γ
p2 c2 n20 2emc2 n20 φ1 p2 c2 n20
− K 2 ~2 c2 R03 R1 + + 4p 2 2 3
c R 0 R 1 + −
γ2 γ γ2
2 2
2emc n0 φ1
− K 2 ~2 c2 R03 R1 + 4p2 c2 R03 R1 +
γ
2 2
2emc n0 φ1
(4p2 c2 R03 − K 2 ~2 c2 R03 )R1 + .....(b)
γ
 
ω2 2eγR0
 K 2 + γcp2 )
 
0

 
 2emc2 n 
2 2 3 2 2 2 3 

γ
0
(4p c R 0 − K ~ c R 0 )
ωp2 4e2 mc2 n20 R0
 
K 2 + 2 (4p2 c2 R0 − K 2 ~2 c2 R03 ) − =0
γc 0
4p2 R03 ωp2 ωp2 K 2 ~2 R03 4e2 mc2 n20 R0
4K 2 p2 R03 − K 4 c2 R03 + − − =0
γ γ 0
4K 2 p2 c2 n0 K 4 ~2 c2 n0 4ωp2 p2 n0 ωp2 K 2 ~2 n0 4e2 mc2 n20
− + − + + =0
γ γ γ2 γ2 0
K 2 p2 c2 K 4 ~2 c2 4ωp2 p2 K 2 ~2 ωp2 e2 mc2 n0
− + − + + =0
γ 4γ γ2 4γ 2 0
K 4 ~2 ωp2 c2 m2 c4 K 2 m2 c4 ~2 ωp2 K 2 P 2 c2 P 2 ωp2 e2 mc2 n0
+ − − + =0
4γm2 c4 ωp2 4γ 2 m2 c4 γ γ 0
K 4 H 2 c2 2 4 H 2 K 2 2 4 K 2 p2 c2 p2 ωp2 e2 mc2 n0
m c + m c − − + =0
4γ ωp2 4γ 2 γ γ2 0
K 4 H 2 x2 H 2K 2 K 2 p2 p2 ωp2 ωp2
+ − − + =0
4γ x∗2 4γ 2 γm2 c2 γ 2 m2 c2 c2 c2
K 4 H 2 x2 H 2K 2 K 2 p∗2 p∗2
16x∗2 x∗
∗2
+ 2
− − 2 2 + 2 =0
4γ x 4γ γ γ x x
K 4H 2 H 2K 2 K 2 p2 p2
+ − − 2 +1=0 ∵ after omitting asterisks
4γ 4γ 2 γ γ
1 H 2K 2
  
1
− p2 K2 + + 1 = 0.........(45)
γ 4 γ
1 H 2K 2 1
( − p2 )(K 2 + ) + 1 = 0.....(45)
γ 4 γ
H 2K 4 H 2K 2 p2 K 2 p2
+ − − +1=0
4γ 4γ 2 γ γ2
H 2K 4 H 2K 2 p2 K 2 p2
+ 2
− − 2 +1=0
4γ 4γ γ γ
2 2 2
H H p p2
K 4( ) + K 2 ( 2 − ) + (1 − 2 ) = 0
4γ 4γ γ γ
q
p2 H 2
H 2 p 2
2 H2 p2
2 γ − 4γ 2 ± ( 4γ 2 − γ ) − γ (1 − γ 2 )
K± = H2
2γ
q
p2 H2 H4 P4 H 2 p2 H2 H 2 p2
γ − 4γ 2 ± 42 γ 4 + γ2 − 2γ 3 − γ + γ3
2
K± = H2
2γ
q
p2 H2 H4 P4 H 2 p2 H2
γ − 4γ 2 ± 42 γ 4 + γ2 + 2γ 3 − γ
2
K± = H2
2γ
q
1 H2 2
γ 2 (γp
2
− 4 ± ( H4 + γp2 )2 − γ 3 H 2 )
2
K± = 1 H2γ
γ2 ( 2 )
q
H2 2
γp2 − 4 ± ( H4 + γp2 )2 − γ 3 H 2
2
K± = H2γ
2
2
2 2 2 H H2 1
K± = 2
{γp − ±[( + γp2 )2 − γ 3 H 2 ] 2 }.......(47)
γH 4 4

17
 2 2 H2 H4 H 2 γP 2 1
K± = 2
{γP 2 − ±[ 2 + γ 2 P 4 + − γ3H 2] 2 }
γH 4 4 2
2 2 H2 H4 H2 γH 2 1
K± = 2
{γP 2 − ±γP 2 [ 2 2 4 + 1 + 2
− 4 ]2 }
γH 4 4 γ P 2γP P
2 2 4 2 2
2 2P H H H γH 1
K± = 2 {1 − ±[ +1+ − 4 ]2 }
H 4γP 2 42 γ 2 P 4 2γP 2 P
2 2 4 2 2
2 2P H H H γH 1
K± = 2 {1 − 2
±[1 + 2 2 4 + 2
− 4 ] 2 }.....(a)
H 4γP 4 γ P 2γP P
2 2 4 2
2 2P H 1 H H γH 2
K± = 2 {1 − ±[1 + ( + − )
H 4γP 2 2 42 γ 2 P 4 2γP 2 P4
1 H8 H4 γ2H 4 H6 H4 H6
− ( 4 4 8+ 2 4+ + − − )]}
8 4 γ P 4γ P P8 32γ 3 P 6 2P 6 42 γP 8
2 2P 2 H2 H4 H2 γH 2
K± = 2 {1 − ±[1 + ( + − )
H 4γP 2 32γ 2 P 4 4γP 2 2P 4
H8 H4 γ2H 4 H6 H4 H6
− − − − + + )]}
2.45 γ 4 P 8 32γ 2 P 4 8P 8 44 γ 3 P 6 16P 6 2.43 γP 8
2 2P 2 H2 H4 H2 γH 2
K± = 2 {1 − ±[1 + + −
H 4γP 2 32γ 2 P 4 4γP 2 2P 4
8 4 2 4 6
H H γ H H H4 H6
− − − − + + ]}
2.45 γ 4 P 8 32γ 2 P 4 8P 8 44 γ 3 P 6 16P 6 2.43 γP 8
2 2P 2 1 2P 2 H2 1 γ
K± = 2 − ±[ 2 + 2 2 2 + − 2
H 2γ H 4 γ P 2γ P
H6 H2 γ2H 2 H4 H2 H4
− 5 4 6− 2 2 2− 6
− 3 3 4
+ 4
+ 3 6 }]
4 γ P 4 γ P 4P 2.4 γ P 8P 4 γP
2
now we find K+
2 2P 2 1 2P 2 H2 1 γ H6 H2 γ2H 2 H4 H2 H4
K+ = − + 2 + 2 2 2+ − 2− 5 4 6− 2 2 2− − + + 3 6
H2 2γ H 4 γ P 2γ P 4 γ P 4 γ P 4P 6 3 3
2.4 γ P 4 8P 4 4 γP
2 4P 2 γ 2 2
γ H H 2
K+ = 2 − − + + 0H 4
H P2 4P 6 8P 4
2
now we find K−
2 2P 2 1 2P 2 H2 1 γ H6 H2 γ2H 2 H4 H2 H4
K− = − − − − + + + + + − −
H2 2γ H2 42 γ 2 P 2 2γ P2 45 γ 4 P 6 42 γ 2 P 2 4P 6 2.43 γ 3 P 4 8P 4 43 γP 6
2 2 2
2 1 γ γ H H
K− =− + 2 + 6
− + 0H 4
γ P 4P 8P 4

18
TWO STREAM CASE
Dispersion relation
F (Ω) = 1
with characteristic function F (Ω) defined by
ωp2 X 4m2 c4 − ~2 (Ω2 − c2 K 2 )
F (Ω) = .......(67)
γ +,− 4m c γ 2 (Ω ∓ Kυ)2 − ~(Ω2 − c2 K 2 )2
2 4

in classic limit ~ = 0
ωp2 X 4m2 c4
F (Ω) =
γ +,− 4m2 c4 γ 2 (Ω ∓ Kυ)2
ωp2 X 1
F (Ω) =
γ 3 +,− (Ω ∓ Kυ)2
ωp2 1 1
F (Ω) = [ + ]
γ 3 (Ω − Kυ)2 (Ω + Kυ)2
Equivalently, classical dispersion relation can be written as FC (Ω) = 1, with dispersion function as
ωp2 1 1
FC (Ω) = [ + ].........(70)
γ 3 (Ω − Kυ) 2 (Ω + Kυ)2
ωp2 (Ω + Kυ)2 + (Ω − Kυ)2
F (Ω) = [ ]
γ 3 (Ω − Kυ)2 (Ω + Kυ)2
∴ F (Ω) = 1
ωp2 Ω2 + K 2 υ 2 + 2ΩKυ + Ω2 + K 2 υ 2 − 2ΩKυ
1= [ ]
γ 3 (Ω2 + K 2 υ 2 − 2ΩKυ)(Ω2 + K 2 υ 2 + 2ΩKυ)
ωp2 2Ω2 + 2K 2 υ 2
1 = 3[ 4 ]
γ Ω + K 4 υ 4 − 2Ω2 K 2 υ 2
2ωp2 Ω2 2ωp2 K 2 υ 2
Ω4 + K 4 υ 4 − 2Ω2 K 2 υ 2 = +
γ3 γ3
2 2 2 2 2
2ωp Ω 2ωp K υ
Ω4 + K 4 υ 4 − 2Ω2 K 2 υ 2 − 3
− =0
γ γ3
2ωp2 2ωp2 K 2 υ 2
(Ω2 )2 + Ω2 (−2K 2 υ 2 − 3 ) + (K 4 υ 4 − )=0
γ γ3
q
2ω 2 2ω 2 2ω 2 K 2 υ 2
2K 2 υ 2 + γ 3p ± (2K 2 υ 2 + γ 3p )2 − 4(K 4 υ 4 − pγ 3 )
2
Ω =
q 2
2 2 2ωp2 4ωp 4 4 8ωb K 2 υ 2 8ω 2 K 2 υ 2
2K υ + γ 3 ± γ 6 + 4K υ + γ3 − 4K 4 υ 2 + bγ 3
2
Ω =
2
2 2 2ωp2 2ωb2 p 2
2K υ + γ 3 ± γ 3 ωb + 4γ K 2 υ 2 3
Ω2 =
2
2 2
ω ω
Ω2 = K 2 υ 2 + 3b ± 3b (ωb2 + 4γ 3 K 2 υ 2 )1/2 ..........(69)
γ γ
19
B. Nonlinear stationary solution

we consider the one dimension version of system (62) − (64) and stationary solution of the forms
2
R1,2 = R1,2 (x) S1,2 = −γmc t + σ1,2 (x) φ = φ(x)

eq 62 becomes

1 ∂ 2 2 2 2 2 ~2 ∂ 2 Rj (x)
Rj [ ( (−γmc t + σ(x)) − eφ) − (∇(−γmc t + σ(x)) − mc ] = − ~2 ∇2 Rj (x)
c2 ∂t c2 ∂t2
1 2
[ (−γmc2 − eφ)2 − σj (x)2 − mc2 ]Rj = −~2 Rj00
c2
1 2
[ 2 (γ 2 m2 c4 + e2 φ2 + 2γmc2 )2 − σj0 2 − mc2 ]Rj = −~2 Rj00
c
p2 2
[(1 + 2 2 )m2 c4 + e2 φ2 + 2γmc2 eφ − (σj0 )2 c2 − mc4 ]Rj = −~2 c2 Rj00
m c
2
[m2 c4 + p2 c2 + e2 φ2 + 2γmc2 eφ − (σj0 )2 c2 − mc4 ]Rj = −~2 c2 Rj00
~2 c2 Rj00 2 = [(σ 0 j )2 c2 − p2 c2 − 2γmc2 eφ − e2 φ2 ]Rj ......(a)

eq 63 becomes

1 ∂2 e ∂φ(x) 2 ∂Rj (x) ∂σj (x)

Rj ( (−γmc2 t + σj (x)) − ∇2 (−γmc2 t + σj (x)) − 2 )+ 2 ( − eφ)
c2 ∂t2 c ∂t c ∂t ∂t
− 2∇(Rj (x)).∇(−γmc2t + σj (x)) = 0
Rj (−σj00 ) − 2Rj0 σj0 = 0
Rj (σj00 ) + 2Rj0 σ00 = 0......(b)

20
eq 64 becomes
2
e 1 X ∂
∇2 φ(x) = − [ 2 Rj ( (−γmc2 t + σj (x)) − eφ) + no ] = 0
0 mc j=1 ∂t
2 2
e X Rj2 X Rj2 eφ eno
φ00 = − [ 2
(−γmc2
) − 2
]−
o j=1 mc j=1
mc o
2 2
X eγRj2 X Rj2 e2 φ eno
φ00 = + −
j=1
o 
j=1 0
mc2 o
2
eX n0 e2 Rj2 φ
φ00 = (γRj2 − no ) +
0 j=1 n0 0 mc2
2
eX ωp Rj2 φ
φ00 = (γRj2 − no ) + .......(c)
0 j=1 n0 c2
no
integrated as eq b as Rj2 σj0 = Jx = constant.Assuming Rj2 = and σ00 = pso we have
2γ
n0 p n0 p
Rj2 σ00 = → σ0 p = ....(d)
γ γRj2
which is inserted in eq a
n20 p2 c2
~2 c2 Rj00 = R[( ) − pc2 − 2eγmc2 φ − e2 φ2 ]
γ 2 Rj4
n20 p2 c2
~2 c2 Rj 00 + (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 )Rj = ....(e)
γ 2 Rj3

To proceed,we transform physical quantities into dimensionless variables accord-

ing to

R eφ ωp x p ωp S0 n0 e2 p υ
R∗ = √ φ∗ = γ + x∗ = p∗ = S0∗ = ωp2 = υ= υ∗ =
n0 mc2 c mc mc2 m0 γm c

21
 n20 p2 c2
eq e → ~2 c2 Rj 00 + (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 )Rj =
4γ 2 Rj3
~2 c2 R00 2 2 2 2 2 Rj n20 p2 c2
+ (p c + 2eγmc φ + e φ ) =
m2 c4 m2 c4 m2 c4 γ 2 Rj3
√
~2 Rj 00 Rj n0 υ 2
2 2
+ (p2 c2 + 2eγmc2 φ + e2 φ2 ) 2 4 = 2 ∗3
m c m c 4c Rj
~2 Rj 00 2 2 2 2 2 Rj υ ∗2
√ + (p c + 2eγmc φ + e φ ) √ =
n0 m2 c2 n0 m2 c4 4Rj∗3
~2 Rj 00 p2 2eγφ e 2 φ2 υ ∗2
√ + 2 2 Rj∗ + ( + 2 4 + γ 2 − γ 2 )Rj∗ =
2
n0 m c 2 m c mc 2 m c 4R∗3
~2 Rj 00 p2 ∗ ∗2 2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + Rj + (φ − γ )R j =
n0 m2 c2 m2 c2 4R∗3
~2 Rj 00 p2 ∗ ∗2 2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + R + (φ + 1 − 1 − γ )Rj =
n0 m2 c2 m2 c2 4R∗3
~2 Rj 00 p2 ∗ ∗ 2 ∗ ∗2 ∗ υ ∗2
√ + R + 1R − γ R + (φ − 1)Rj =
n0 m2 c2 m2 c2 4R∗3
~2 Rj 00 υ ∗2
√ 2 2
+ γ 2 R∗ − γ 2 R∗ + (φ∗2 − 1)Rj∗ = ∗3
n0 m c R
~2 Rj 00 υ ∗2
√ + (φ∗2 − 1)R∗ =
2
n0 m c 2 4Rj∗3
00
~2 Rj ∗ ωp2 c2 ∗2 ∗ υ ∗2
+ (φ − 1)R j =
m2 c4 ωp2 4Rj∗3
00 c2 υ ∗2
H 2 Rj ∗ + (φ∗2 − 1)Rj∗ =
2
ωp 4Rj∗3
00 x2 υ ∗2
H 2 Rj ∗ + (φ ∗2
− 1)Rj
∗
=
x2∗ 4Rj∗3
omitting asterisks
x2 υ2
H 2 Rj 00 + (φ ∗2
− 1)R j =
x2 4Rj3
υ2
H 2 Rj 00 + (φ∗2 − 1)R =
4Rj3
For j = 1
υ2
H 2 R1 00 + (φ∗2 − 1)R =
4R13
For j = 2
υ2
H 2 R2 00 + (φ∗2 − 1)R =
4R23

22
 2
eX ωp2 2
eq c → φ00 = (γR2 − n0 ) + R φ
0 j=1 n 0 c2
2
en0 X γR2 ωp2 2
φ00 = ( − 1) + R φ
0 j=1 n0 n 0 c2
2
0 X 0 no e2 R∗2 φ
φ00 = γR∗2 − 1 +
en0 j=1
en0 m0 c2
2
0 X eφ ∗2
φ00 = γR∗2 − 1 + 2
R
en0 j=1
mc
2
eφ00 mc2 0 X
2
= R∗2 φ∗ − 1
mc e en0 j=1
2
00 c2 X
φ∗ 2
= R∗2 φ∗ − 1
ω j=1
2
00 x2 X
φ∗ ∗2
= R∗2 φ∗ − 1
x j=1

omitting asterisk
2
x2 X
φ00 2
= R2 φ − 1
x j=1

φ00 = (R12 + R22 )φ − 1.......(43)

23